Circulation
Our respiratory and cardiovascular systems are closed-loop systems. The heart and circulatory system maintain pulse and blood pressure. Hemoglobin helps transport gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Our blood consists of plasma and serum.
Nervous system
The nervous system controls the functions and actions of the body through two subsystems: the CNS and PNS, the central and peripheral nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system controls environment and is located within the central nervous system. Our nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, the first speeds up, and the second slows down heartbeat. Their combined effect is responsible for maintaining normal heart rhythm.
Respiratory system
Our respiratory system provides the body with oxygen. The stimulus for inhalation and exhalation is the accumulation of CO2. Inhalation overcomes the surface tension of the lungs and is triggered by "stretch sensors" in the lungs. By breathing incorrectly, we create a turbulent gas flow in the trachea, which leads to poor ventilation of the lungs. With proper breathing, we ensure complete ventilation of the lungs. For diving, the preferred breathing cycle is a slow, deep inhalation followed by a slow, full exhalation.
Factors affecting breathing and gas consumption
Our breathing rate affects the degree of its effectiveness and varies depending on the depth and density of the gas, the speed of movement under water, and the type of breathing ( chest or diaphragm). A balanced breathing rate is achieved when we match the speed of swimming and breathing.
Transportation of gases
During breathing, gas exchange occurs in the lungs. The gas is transported by the blood using hemoglobin in tissue fluids, where it is absorbed by our cells. This is called metabolism. Oxygen (O2) combines with hemoglobin at the cellular level. Our body burns fuel—fat and carbohydrates—and produces carbon dioxide, CO2, as a metabolic byproduct. CO2 is transported by hemoglobin back to the lungs and we exhale it. Burning and energy production occurs in subunits known as mitochondria. They use enzymes called cytochrome oxidases. The energy is then transferred to a storage molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Changes in the breathing process
Carbon monoxide (CO) combines with hemoglobin 240 times faster than oxygen. Smokers have 5% to 10% of hemoglobin bound to CO2. The health of the respiratory system should be a diver's priority. All smokers have some degree of emphysema. Oxygen toxicity, especially pulmonary toxicity, can alter the respiratory process due to inflammation lung tissue and change the rate of gas exchange.
Breath
To ensure maximum safety, it is necessary to understand and develop the correct breathing techniques. To breathe correctly, you must understand the basic physiology of the process.
Problems and disorders in diving are often associated with changes in the physiology and anatomy of the diver. To understand the big picture, you must study nervous system, circulatory and respiratory systems.
Simple breathing exercises and developing proper breathing techniques will help you
cope with stress and feel more relaxed. The important thing is that it will help you become a better diver. Correct breathing and good skills go hand in hand. It doesn't take a genius to realize that cave diving involves managing a very limited supply of gas. If you are planning to explore the amazing new world Where no man has gone before, prepare to manage your gas reserves every minute of the dive.
While exploring new passages and places, you may experience stress and life threatening situation. It is essential to be able to react immediately by taking control of your breathing rate and your mind. Improper breathing itself leads to stress and increased panic due to the accumulation of CO2 due to incomplete ventilation of the lungs.
Warning
All rights reserved. Full or partial copying of materials from our site is permitted only with the obligatory indication of the author and a direct hyperlink (not a redirect and not blocked from indexing by search engines) to our site http://site, and with the written permission of the site administration ( Feedback with us in the “Write to us” section, indicating the address of the site on which you want to post the material). At the same time, if there are internal links in articles and other materials on the site, they must be kept unchanged when republishing, without blocking them from indexing. It is prohibited to add links to other sites to our materials.
Lesson type: combined
Target
— formation of a holistic picture of the world and awareness of a person’s place in it based on the unity of rational-scientific knowledge and the child’s emotional and value understanding personal experience communication with people and nature;
Problem: respiratory, circulatory systems
Tasks: introduce the human respiratory and circulatory systems
Subject results
Learn to explain the structure and principles of operation
respiratory and circulatory systems, learn about the role of blood in the body, learn to measure the pulse.
Universal learning activities(UUD)
Regulatory: plan the necessary actions, act according to plan
Cognitive: realize the cognitive task, make generalizations and conclusions
Communicative: engage in educational dialogue, participate in general conversation, observing the rules of speech etiquette
Personal results
Formulate conclusions, answer questions and evaluate achievements in the lesson
Basic concepts and definitions
Respiratory system, circulatory system.
Learning new material
ABOUT BREATHING
Using drawings, study how the human respiratory and circulatory systems work. Think about how they are connected.
All his life a person breathes - inhales and exhales air. When you inhale, air enters the lungs through the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi. All these organs make up the respiratory system. It provides the body with oxygen and helps remove carbon dioxide from the body. How does this happen?
The trachea and bronchi are tubes. The lungs consist of many small bubbles. Blood is constantly moving in the walls of these bubbles. When Fresh air fills the bubbles, the blood takes oxygen particles from the air and gives off carbon dioxide particles. (Carbon dioxide is formed during the functioning of all organs of the body.) Then the blood carries oxygen to each organ, and we exhale the air remaining in the lungs, in which there is little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide.
ABOUT BLOOD MOVEMENT
Blood plays a huge role in the body! It brings nutrients and oxygen to all organs, and removes carbon dioxide from them.
Blood moves through blood vessels, which penetrate all organs. Her heart makes her move. It has thick muscle walls. The heart can be compared to a pump. It forces blood into the blood vessels. Having flown around the entire body, the blood returns to the heart, which sends it to the lungs, and then again makes it travel throughout the body.
The heart and blood vessels are the circulatory organs. They form circulatory system. Its job is to keep the blood moving.
Comprehension and understanding of acquired knowledge
Practical work
Look at the photo. Feel the pulse in your left hand. Each pulse beat corresponds to a heart beat. Count your pulse beats for a minute. Take each other's pulse. Do five squats and take your pulse again. What changed? Why?
Independent application of knowledge
check yourself
1. How does the respiratory system work and work? 2. What is the role of blood in the body? 3. How is the circulatory system structured and functioning?
Conclusion
The respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen. The circulatory system ensures the movement of blood, which transports various substances within the body.
Homework assignments
1.Write in the dictionary: respiratory system, circulatory system.
2. Take the pulse of your family members. Write down the data in your workbook.
Human breathing - an encyclopedia for children
Lungs. The structure of the lungs - educational cartoon for children
Throat. Structure of the throat - educational cartoon for children
About breathing
All his life a person breathes - inhales and exhales air. When you inhale air through nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi enter the lungs. All these organs make up the respiratory system. It provides the body with oxygen and helps remove carbon dioxide from the body. How does this happen?
The trachea and bronchi are tubes. The lungs consist of many small bubbles. Blood is constantly moving in the walls of these bubbles. When fresh air fills the bubbles, the blood takes oxygen particles from the air and releases carbon dioxide particles. (Carbon dioxide is formed during the functioning of all organs of the body.) Then the blood carries oxygen to each organ, and we exhale the air remaining in the lungs, in which there is little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide.
About the movement of blood
Blood plays a huge role in the body! She brings to all organs nutrients and oxygen, and carries carbon dioxide away from them.
Blood moves through blood vessels that penetrate all organs. Her heart makes her move. It has thick muscle walls. The heart can be compared to a pump. It forces blood into the blood vessels. Having flown around the entire body, the blood returns to the heart, which sends it to the lungs, and then again makes it travel throughout the body.
The heart and blood vessels are the circulatory organs. They form circulatory system. Her job is to keep the blood moving.
Practical work
Look at the photo. Feel the pulse in your left hand. Each pulse beat corresponds to a heart beat. Count your pulse beats for a minute. Take each other's pulse. Do five squats and take your pulse again. What changed? Why?
check yourself
- How does the respiratory system work?
- What is the role of blood in the body?
- How is the circulatory system structured and how does it work?
Homework assignments
- Write in the dictionary: respiratory system, circulatory system.
- Take the pulse of your family members. Write down the data in your workbook.
Next lesson
Let's find out what it means to be seasoned. We will learn to strengthen the body and prevent diseases.
Have you ever had a cold or flu? What treatment were you prescribed?
Breathing and circulation
Breath
To live, the body constantly needs oxygen, a gas contained in the atmosphere. Oxygen is collected by the respiratory system: nose, trachea and lungs. "Exhaust" carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the lungs and is released at the moment of exhalation.
Air enters the lungs through the trachea. It consists of two narrow tubes (primary bronchi), which divide into smaller tubes (secondary bronchi). At their tips there are pulmonary air sacs (alveoli). Oxygen passes through the thin walls of the alveoli, and from there enters the blood through the blood vessels.
Respiratory system
Blood plays a huge role in the body! It brings nutrients and oxygen to all organs, and removes carbon dioxide from them. In addition, it keeps the body warm and protects us from diseases by destroying bacteria and viruses. The heart pumps it throughout the body through tubes called blood vessels. They are of three types - arteries, capillaries and veins.
The heart can be compared to a pump. It forces blood into the blood vessels. Having flown around the entire body, the blood returns to the heart, which sends it to the lungs, and then again makes it travel throughout the body.
Heart And blood vessels -
circulatory organs. They form the circulatory system. Her job is to keep the blood moving.
What makes up the circulatory system? Fill out the diagram. 
Blood vessels are large and small. These include veins, arteries, and capillaries. Write out from explanatory dictionary
the meanings of these words.
- Vein blood vessel
, blood moves through it to the heart. Artery
- a blood vessel through which blood moves away from the heart. Capillary
