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Scalp diseases with photographs. Infectious diseases of the scalp

Scalp fungus (tinea capitis) is a fairly common disease. Its cause is dermatophytes - mold fungi of the genus Microsporum and Trichophyton, causing microsporia, trichophytosis and favus. In our latitudes, among all types of mycoses of the head, microsporia is the most common. Up to 90 - 97% of patients become infected with zooanthropophilic fungi Microsporum canis from sick kittens, cats and dogs. In terms of frequency of lesions, trichophytosis is inferior to microsporia. The disease is most common in the southern regions, as well as in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). head infection in humans, caused by trichophytons, occurs upon contact with sick large domestic animals and rodents. Favus is extremely rare in the Russian Federation.

Rice. 1. Fungus on the head: microsporia (photo on the left) and trichophytosis (photo on the right).

Rice. 2. Threads of fungal mycelium in the stratum corneum of the skin.

Causes of fungal scalp infection

Microsporia is the most common infection of the scalp. Causes of the disease:

In 98% of cases, microsporia is caused by zooanthropophilic fungi Microsporum canis(canine microsporum) and Microsporum folineum (cat microsporum). Cats (more often) and dogs (less often) get sick and transmit the infection to humans. These pathogens cause superficial microsporia.
In 2% of cases, the cause of microsporia is anthropophilic fungi Microsporumaudouinii(more often) and more contagious Microsporumferrugineum(less often). These pathogens cause infiltrative-suppurative microsporia.
Microsporumgypseum And Microsporumnanum live in the soil. This type of microsporia is very rare.

Trichophytosis of the scalp is less common than microsporia. Its causative agents are:

Anthropophilic fungi Trichophyton tonsurans, less often - Trichophyton violaceum. They cause superficial trichophytosis and are also the cause of chronic trichophytosis in adults.
Zooanthropophilic fungi Trichophytonmentagraphytes (var.gipseum) And Trichophytonverrucosum (var.faviforme). Infection occurs from large domestic animals and rodents. Fungi are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis.

Favus or scab is extremely rare in the Russian Federation. Its cause is the anthropophilic fungi Trichophyton Schonleinii. Cases of infection from mice and cats have been reported.

Rice. 3. Colonies of fungi Microsporum canis (photo on the left) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (photo on the right).

Epidemiology

Microsporum canis fungi are infected from sick cats and dogs (usually kittens). Mostly children get sick. They become infected through direct contact with animals. By the time of puberty, self-healing is noted, which is associated with the normalization of cellular-humoral immunity.
Infection with the fungi Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum nanum occurs in adults cultivating the soil.
Anthropophilic species of fungi that cause microsporia and trichophytosis are infected from sick people and infected household items (pillowcases, hats, scarves, scissors, combs, etc.).
The source of Trichophyton mentagraphytes mushrooms is domestic animals: cattle, horses, calves, goats and donkeys, as well as wild animals. The source of Trichophyton verrucosum are small mouse-like rodents, rabbits, ground squirrels and Guinea pigs. Transmission of infection from a sick person is possible. Infection from animals occurs through direct contact, as well as through the hair and scales that animals leave on the soil, hay and feed. Rural and urban residents - workers of hippodromes, circuses, zoos and veterinary institutions - are getting sick. In addition to animals, the role of grasshoppers in transmitting infection has been proven. Trichophytons were found in corn stalks and straw.
Favus spreads mainly among members of the same family. Low levels of sanitation and personal hygiene contribute to the appearance of mycosis.

Rice. 4. Kittens, cats and dogs are the main sources of microsporia.

Rice. 5. Cattle and horses are the main sources of zooanthroponotic trichophytosis.

Signs of fungal damage to the scalp

There are superficial and infiltrative-suppurative forms of microsporia and trichophytosis. In some patients, trichophytosis becomes chronic.

Superficial form of microsporia

5 - 7 days after infection, 1 - 2 large foci (3 - 5 cm in diameter) of hair thinning and many small ones (0.1 - 0.3 cm in diameter) appear on the scalp. The lesions are round, have clear boundaries, covered with grayish-white (asbestos-like) scales. Inflammation is mild or absent.

With microsporia, hair breaks off not at the root, as with trichophytosis, but at a height of 4 - 8 mm, which is why they appear trimmed (the appearance of a mown meadow), are easily pulled out, and are surrounded, like a muff, by accumulations of fungal spores. After 10 - 12 days from the onset of the disease, you can see an emerald-colored glow in the rays of a Wood's fluorescent lamp.

Rice. 6. In the photo there is a scalp fungus - microsporia.

Rice. 7. In the photo there is a scalp fungus - microsporia or ringworm.

Superficial form of trichophytosis

6-7 days after infection, single very small (small-focal form) or large (large-focal form) lesions appear on the scalp. Some of the lesions increase in size due to fusion, as a result of which the scalp is covered with many flaky bald patches. Large lesions have an irregular shape and unclear outline. The inflammatory component is weakly expressed.

The hair on the head breaks off at the root - at a height of 2 - 3 mm, as a result of which the skin looks like black dots. Affected hair becomes dull, loses elasticity, becomes brittle, turns gray and thickens. Some of the hair ends are curved in the form of a hook. Along with broken hair, healthy hair growth is noted. There is no glow under Wood's lamp.

Without treatment, the disease lasts for years and often takes a chronic course, which is observed only in women. In men, trichophytosis is self-healing. In some cases, damage to the mustache and beard growth area is observed.

Rice. 8. In the photo there is a scalp fungus - “black dot” trichophytosis.

Rice. 9. The photo shows trichophytosis of the mustache growth area.

Features of hair damage with trichophytosis

Trichophyton ectothrix

Zooanthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton ectothrix (ecto - outside). They have large and small spores, which form sheaths at the base of the hair: the wider ones are large-spored, the narrower ones are small-spored. Along with spores, short or long chains of rounded spores are found in the peripheral region of the hair. Trichophyton ectothrix are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative processes and purulent melting of follicles.

Trichophyton endothrix

Anthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton endothrix (endo - inside). The spores of these fungi are found inside the hair. They have a round shape, are large in size (5 - 7 microns), densely fill the hair inside without going beyond their limits, are arranged either in the form of chains, or fill the hair like a bag of nuts.

Rice. 10. Trichophyton ectothrix: pathogen spores envelop the outside of the hair, like a muff (photo on the left). Trichophyton endothrix: The inside of the hair is filled with spores (photo on the right).

Infiltrative-suppurative form of scalp fungus

The cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative trichophytosis (more often) and microsporia (less often) are zoophilic dermatophyte fungi. When the disease occurs, large infiltrated, sharply hyperemic lesions first form on the scalp. Further, the development of a purulent process is noted. The surface becomes covered with crusts, which, when removed, reveal pus secreted from the follicles (the picture resembles a honeycomb). This education called "follicular abscess" or kerion Celci (Celsius honeycomb). Kerion is accompanied by malaise, headache and fever. Regional lymph nodes enlarge and become painful.

Rice. 11. Fungus on the head. Initial stage of inflammation. There is infiltration and redness in the affected area.

Rice. 12. Infiltrative-suppurative phase of the disease.

Rice. 13. Purulent inflammation of the follicles in the head area.

Rice. 14. The focus of suppuration on the head is a kerion, reminiscent of a large abscess.

Rice. 15. The photo shows an infiltrative-suppurative form of trichophytosis in the area of mustache and beard growth.

Signs of damage to the scalp with chronic trichophytosis

The cause of chronic trichophytosis of the scalp is the anthropophilic fungi Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton violaceum. The disease in boys, acquired in childhood, self-heals by puberty. Trichophytosis in girls in some cases becomes chronic, which is associated with dysfunction of the endocrine system. In 80% of cases, patients experience ovarian hypofunction. The disease has scanty manifestations and lasts a long time. Adults become a source of infection for children.

Mainly the occipital and temporal areas of the head are affected. The lesions are small, pale pink in color, with diffuse or finely focal peeling. Broken hair at the roots resembles black dots (black dot trichophytosis). The affected areas are often difficult to identify.

Rice. 16. Fungus on the head. Chronic form of trichophytosis.

Favus - a rare form of mycosis capitis

Favus (scab) is extremely rare in the Russian Federation. Its cause is the fungi Trichophyton schonleinii. The disease affects weakened people (usually children) suffering from severe debilitating diseases. Low levels of sanitation contribute to its development. Pathogens are transmitted through contact with a sick person or his things. Mycosis of the head is severe and long-lasting. The disease is characterized by the appearance of fetid crusts (scutulae, scutes) on the scalp, followed by the development of scar tissue on the skin. atrophic changes and alopecia. During puberty in children, the disease does not cure spontaneously.

With the classic picture of mycosis, scutules appear on the scalp - dirty yellow in color, dry, saucer-shaped crusts, which are colonies of fungi tightly surrounding the hair. At first, the scutules are single, then multiple, in advanced cases they cover the entire head, from which an unpleasant barn (mouse) smell emanates.

In the squamous form of the disease, the scalp lesion resembles seborrheic eczema; in the impetiginous form, pustules appear on the affected areas.

Rice. 17. Scutulae with favus.

Rice. 18. The photo shows the scuticular (left) and impetiginous (right) forms of the favus.

Rice. 19. Severe form of favus. The scutulae cover the entire head.

Diagnosis of mycosis of the scalp

Diagnosis of scalp fungus is based on collecting an epidemiological history, clinical picture of the disease and laboratory diagnostics.

Microscopy

With this type of study, spores and mycelium of fungi are detected, but it is impossible to differentiate microscopy from trichophytosis. Microorganisms are identified using the culture method followed by microscopy. The material for the study is the patient's scales and hair taken from the peripheral zone of the lesion.

Rice. 20. Microscopic picture of Microsporum canis (fluffy microsporum). The mycelium (photo on the left) and numerous exospores (photo on the right) are clearly visible.

Cultural examination

The most reliable sign scalp fungus is the detection of the growth of pathogens on nutrient media. Microscopy of the obtained material makes it possible to identify the type of mushroom.

Rice. 21. Type of colonies of Microsporum canis (fluffy microsporum). It is detected in patients with microsporia in 98% of cases.

Establishment of the tissue form of trichophytons

Microscopy of affected hair reveals the tissue form of trichophytons:

Zooanthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton ectothrix (ecto - outside). The spores of these fungi are found on the outside of the hair. Trichophytons of this species are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative processes on the scalp.
Anthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton endothrix (endo - inside). The spores of these fungi are found inside the hair.

Rice. 22. Trichophyton ectothrix hair lesion.

Rice. 23. Trichophyton endothrix hair damage.

Diagnosis of scalp fungus using a Wood's fluorescent lamp

The emerald-colored glow in the rays of a fluorescent lamp (Wood's lamp) is characteristic only of microsporia.

Rice. 24. Fluorescence (glow) of hair in the rays of a fluorescent lamp during microsporia.

Treatment of scalp fungus

When the scalp is affected, complex treatment is used, including systemic antimiotics, local use of antifungal drugs and antiseptics, and hair removal in the affected area.

The hair in the hearth is shaved off. With black-spot (chronic) trichophytosis, the stratum corneum of the epidermis is detached according to Arievich.

Systemic antimiotics include Griseofulvin, drugs containing terbinafine and ketoconazole, Fluconazole and Intraconazole.

Antifungal ointments and gels for local application represented by antimiotics different groups. Lamisil, Exoderil, Mycospor, Clotrimazole, Bifonazole, Oxiconazole, etc. are widely used.

For local treatment, antiseptics are necessarily used: 2 - 5% tincture of iodine, a solution of furacillin, potassium permanganate and rivanol.

Preparations containing sulfur, tar and ichthyol have a good exfoliating effect. Salicylic acid has keratolytic properties. Applications of sulfur-salicylic ointment and lubrication of lesions with 2% tincture of iodine are indicated.

In cases of severe inflammation, combination drugs containing cortisteroid hormones are used.

For favus, griseofulvin is used orally. You can use drugs containing intraconazole or terbinafine. Removal of scutulae is done by applying salicylic ointment.

Read more about the treatment of microsporia, trichophytosis and favus in the articles “”, “” and “”.

If you have the slightest suspicion of a scalp disease, consult a dermatologist. Only in a specialized medical institution will you be given the correct diagnosis and prescribed adequate treatment. Wrong therapy aggravates the course fungal disease and increases the risk of infection of contact persons.

Follow the rules of personal hygiene.
Do not use other people’s personal belongings: hats, combs, towels, hairpins, elastic bands, etc.
Contact us in a timely manner medical care. Don't self-medicate!

Rice. 26. Microsporia is the most common fungal infection of the scalp. Up to 90% of patients (mainly children) become infected from sick kittens (more often), cats and dogs (less often).
Most popular

Appearance is important for a person, as he is in society, communicates, and engages in various activities. Both men and women with neatly styled and well-groomed hair look more attractive.

That's why we get so upset when our hair's health is compromised. This is often associated with the occurrence of scalp disease. In such cases, it is necessary to establish the cause of the deterioration and take appropriate measures to correct the situation.

The skin, like any human organ, is exposed to internal and external factors. It requires a normal supply of nutrients and protection from bacterial and fungal infections.

If your hair looks bad, it often falls out or even in clumps, your scalp is flaky, there may be an infection and treatment is needed.

The main diseases of the scalp and hair that occur due to fungal infection:

seborrheic dermatitis caused by the yeast Malassezia;
lichen;
white and black piedra (tricosporia);
sporotrichosis;
dermatomycosis.

The appearance of rashes on the scalp may be associated with exposure to external factors. A lesion such as eczema bacterial infection, is accompanied by the appearance of ulcers and requires complex treatment.

Seborrhea

The cause of this disease is a malfunction of the sebaceous glands on the head.

Dandruff appears due to insufficient oil secretion through the pores or oily secretions, acne - due to excess.

Types of seborrhea:

fat;
dry;
combined.

Most often it occurs during adolescence in girls. The causes of dry seborrhea can be a decrease in the body's immune functions, neuroses, poor nutrition, and hormonal changes.

Long lasting oily seborrhea in men it can result in baldness. The source of pathology is often an increase in the level of androgens and, as a result, an increase in the secretion of fat from the sebaceous glands. Women also develop seborrhea due to changes in the balance of androgens, progesterone and estrogens.

In addition to the listed reasons, seborrhea can lead to:

Parkinson's and Itsenko-Cushing's disease;
psychosis, epilepsy;
lack of biotin (vitamin H);
abuse of anabolic steroids;
sleeping sickness;
long-term use of glucocorticosteroids.

The difference between seborrhea and seborrheic dermatitis lies in the very cause of the pathology. Dermatitis is caused by yeast-like fungi.

Normally, everyone has them, but any negative factors lead to the active proliferation of fungi, which becomes the cause of the disease.

What measures need to be taken:

consult a dermatologist;
pass the necessary tests to make a diagnosis (blood for biochemistry and hormones, skin scraping);
if there is a suspicion of hormonal disorders, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland should be performed.

After diagnosis, the patient is prescribed medications to combat the causes of the disease: antifungal drugs, selenium and sulfur compounds, vitamins and others.

Psoriasis

A disease of non-infectious nature associated with autoimmune processes in the body. It looks like red spots that rise above the surface of the skin. and peels off.

Manifestations of scalp disease, photos of which clearly demonstrate them appearance, look like plaques. They become inflamed on the scalp, and pain may occur due to scratching.

The roughened dermis must be treated by taking medications and application of products for external use. Creams, ointments are used, vitamin complexes are taken. Research into the nature of psoriasis is still ongoing.

Various theories have been put forward about its causes:

endocrine and metabolic disorders;
genetic predisposition;
failure in immune system body.

Some scientists adhere to the theory viral origin psoriasis. But so far there are no reliable facts that would unambiguously confirm this version.

Can be used by a doctor following methods fighting psoriasis:

medications for internal use;
local medications in the form of ointments containing glucocorticosteroids, tar and vitamins;
treatment with ultraviolet radiation;
cryotherapy.

Psoriasis is a very common disease. It may occur in a mild form, but under the influence of negative factors it leads to severe consequences. If there is a risk of complications, in addition to basic treatment, doctors recommend giving up bad habits, eating right and avoiding stressful situations. Hair loss due to inflammation of the hair follicle

Hair loss due to inflammation of the hair follicle

When bacteria enter the hair follicle, it becomes inflamed. , turning into small greenish ulcers. Over time, they burst and dry out. In severe cases, boils appear.

Treatment of hair disease includes the application of compresses or lubrication with medications: salicylic, camphor alcohol, brilliant green. Medicinal shampoos, ointments and balms are used to help destroy the infection. Compliance with personal hygiene rules is mandatory.

The disease primarily affects the scalp, but the ears, chest, and shoulder blades can also be affected. Outwardly it looks like red plaques with a yellowish or red color. Gradually, the spots can connect, forming brown redness in the shape of a wave. In severe cases, painful wounds form due to trauma to the skin.

Unfavorable factors contribute to the occurrence of eczema:

poor nutrition;
alcohol abuse;
exposure to chemicals;
thermal burns;
active proliferation of fungal microflora.

Eczema most often occurs in people with a family history of a similar disease.

Treatment of the scalp is quite lengthy and is accompanied by the use of medications that help eliminate the lesions.

Pediculosis

If head lice is not treated promptly, severe scratching may occur. Red spots, itching, and peeling of scales appear on the head and neck. The surface of the skin is severely damaged.

To avoid suffering from the consequences of the disease, you need to be careful and minimize the risk of scalp diseases.

Treating hair diseases, especially if they are fungal in nature, is quite difficult. The lengthy process is aggravated by the difficulty in making a diagnosis.

The identified pathogenic factor may be difficult to influence. Tips for hair care and prevention of skin diseases include the following:

observing the rules of personal hygiene, which means using only your own comb. You cannot wear other people's hats. Clothing and personal hygiene items may contain pathogens;
Washing your hair with shampoo too often is not recommended. Hair care cosmetics should not contain aggressive ingredients. The correct selection of shampoo and conditioner will eliminate the need to carry out further medical procedures;
It is advisable to take vitamins and monitor your diet. A painful condition associated with poor nutrition and gastrointestinal disorders leads to poor absorption of nutrients. Pathologies such as anorexia, bulimia, chronic diarrhea cause hair loss, since human organs do not receive enough nutrients.

Conclusion

When the first signs of a pathological process appear in the body, you cannot postpone a visit to the doctor. It is necessary to correctly identify the factors causing hair loss and undergo the necessary treatment.

It is necessary to get rid of stress, neuroses, depression and other mental disorders. Neuropsychic pathologies lead to hormonal changes. In severe cases, hair may even fall out in clumps.

One of the common reasons for turning to dermatologists and, somewhat less frequently, cosmetologists is diseases of the scalp and hair, which are associated with defects in the structure and shape of the latter, their fragility, early baldness, dandruff, itching of the scalp, focal and diffuse hair loss and many others. symptoms.

Diseases of the scalp, accompanied by the listed clinical symptoms, become an important source of psycho-emotional discomfort for many people, contributing to a decrease in quality of life. They often lead to social isolation and difficulties in finding a job.

Hair diseases and internal discomfort

Hair loss, rapid and early baldness, difficult to remove dandruff, dermatological diseases of the scalp negatively affect the beauty of the hairstyle and force a person to experience internal discomfort.

Self-selected methods for restoring curls do not always bring the desired result, and the problem only gets worse.

To prevent this from happening, it is advisable to always seek help from a trichologist; the specialization of this doctor allows you to determine the main cause of deterioration in hair condition and, based on this, the appropriate course of therapy is selected.

Home treatment for seborrhea

Home treatments for seborrhea show excellent results. But if 3-4 weeks after the start of therapy the skin condition has not improved, it is recommended to consult a specialist to avoid baldness.

Recipes traditional healers can be effectively combined with conservative treatment under the supervision of a doctor. In this case, it is better to discuss with the doctor the compatibility of home treatment with drug therapy.

If seborrhea of the scalp occurs, treatment at home is carried out in accordance with the following recommendations.

Diet. During treatment, you should avoid salty, spicy, fatty foods and from sugar in any form. Regular cereals (not instant), fruits and raw vegetables, fermented milk products will help the body cope with the disease.
Taking mineral and vitamin complexes. Seborrhea often appears when the body's immune strength decreases. Taking balanced complexes of minerals and vitamins will restore your own defense mechanisms. Vitamins B, A and E and zinc are especially important. You should pay attention to special complexes designed to improve hair condition.
Healthy daily routine. To improve immunity, an 8-hour night sleep and daily half-hour walks in the fresh air.

What does trichology study?

Trichology is considered a separate branch of dermatology; the object of study of this science is the structure of hair, its functioning and pathological changes, leading to problems with curls.

Trichologists diagnose diseases of the scalp and the hair itself, develop treatment methods and preventive measures.

Trichology is closely interconnected with such branches of medicine as dermatology, endocrinology, cosmetology, gastroenterology, and immunology.

Such a close relationship is explained by the fact that deterioration in the condition of curls often occurs due to internal disorders, the correction of which requires integrated approach to treatment.

Features of hair damage with trichophytosis

Trichophyton ectothrix

Zooanthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton ectothrix (ecto - outside). They have large and small spores, which form sheaths at the base of the hair: the wider ones are large-spores, the narrower ones are small-spores. Along with spores, short or long chains of rounded spores are found in the peripheral region of the hair. Trichophyton ectothrix are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative processes and purulent melting of follicles.

Trichophyton endothrix

Anthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton endothrix (endo - inside). The spores of these fungi are found inside the hair. They have a round shape, are large in size (5 - 7 microns), tightly fill the hair inside without going beyond their limits, are arranged either in the form of chains, or fill the hair like a bag of nuts.

Types of hair and scalp diseases

A conditional division of all diseases of the skin of the scalp and hair into four types has been accepted:

Infectious and fungal diseases. Infections include pediculosis, which develops when a person is infected with head lice. Microsporia and trichophytosis are fungal skin lesions.
Diseases caused by dysfunction of the sebaceous glands. The most common diseases in this category include seborrhea and dandruff.
Pathological hair loss. There are a huge number of reasons for excessive loss of curls, and identifying the main one in each specific case is considered the first step towards restoring the beauty of your hair.
Damage to the hair shaft. Injury to the hair shaft occurs as a result of thermal, chemical and mechanical external influences.

Depending on the type of disease, not only trichologists, but also doctors of other specialties take part in the treatment of the patient.

A joint approach to eliminating the cause of pathology and restoring the strength of curls greatly increases the effectiveness of therapy.

READ ON THE TOPIC: Causes of hair loss in children.

Hairline eczema

The symptoms of eczema in the initial stage are similar to seborrhea - plaques with an itchy surface form under the hair. These plaques merge, the skin underneath them becomes wet, the follicles are weakened, and at the slightest force, the hair comes out - the “change” is much worse in quality.

The causes of the disease have not yet been precisely studied. Polyvalent allergy, exacerbation chronic diseases, hormonal disorders, a general decrease in immunity - there are enough factors under the influence of which eczema appears.

Without help official medicine It is impossible to bring the disease into remission.

Seborrheic eczema can spread to the eyebrows and eyelashes, causing baldness in these areas.

Therapeutic methods are very similar to the treatment of psoriasis: topical corticosteroids and general action, immunity boosters, antihistamines, sedatives. The treatment course is complemented by ointments and talkers, which stop the secretion of sebaceous secretions. They contain: sulfur, salicyl, rhizocin and the like.

The following methods complement therapeutic measures:

cryomassage;
Magnetic and laser therapy;
exposure to currents of varying frequency;
spa treatment;
competent diet.

Infectious and fungal hair diseases

Pediculosis

Head lice develops as a result of transmission of lice through contact and household contact. In the zone increased risk there are children. Head lice bites are accompanied by pain and severe itching.

Scratching the skin causes secondary infections, and scarring may form on the skin.

In advanced cases, pediculosis leads to the appearance of purulent crusts on the head, to the sticking of individual strands of hair due to pus and egg laying.

General manifestations of the disease include enlargement of regional lymph nodes. The attachment of a huge number of nits to the curls causes damage to their shaft.

Pediculosis is treated with special topical medications. And it is imperative to remove nits and adult insects mechanically.

Microsporia

Or microsporosis - fungal infection. Microsporum fungi are most often transmitted from sick people, less often from animals. The main category of patients are children, from whom their family members become infected.

The rate of spread of microsporia is one of the highest compared to others infectious diseases scalp.

The main signs of this disease are the formation of rounded areas on the scalp that have clear boundaries.

The skin in these areas peels off, the hair is brittle, breaks off a few millimeters from the skin, and the remaining “stumps” are covered with a grayish coating that looks like mold.

There are almost no inflammatory changes in the affected area; over time, these areas become covered with purulent crusts.

Trichophytosis

Ringworm (trichophytosis) is a highly contagious and severe lesion of the scalp.

Fungal spores are transmitted by using the personal belongings of a sick person or by direct contact with him.

The superficial form of ringworm is characterized by the appearance of foci of skin peeling and hair breaking off at a distance of 2-6 mm from the follicles.

The size of the lesion reaches three centimeters, the skin in this place is most often swollen, inflamed and itchy, broken hair looks like black dots.

The infiltrative purulent form of trichophytosis develops for about two months.

Initial signs are symptoms of intoxication, soreness and swelling of the lymph nodes, allergic rashes.

Round spots form on the head, surrounded by a clear, inflamed rim.

On this contour, blisters and crusts with purulent contents may appear; some patients experience deformation of the nails.

Treatment should be carried out quickly, since the lesions are prone to rapid spread.

Favus (scab)

The main symptoms are the formation of crusts on the scalp and other parts of the body with a yellowish tint and an indentation in the middle.

Hair often grows in this center; if there is no treatment, the individual crusts merge with each other and large areas of damage to the body appear.

In advanced cases, the skin under the crusts atrophies and permanent baldness develops.

When the scalp is damaged, the curls lose their shine and strength, are easily pulled out, and the remaining strands resemble tow.

Scab most often occurs in residents of the southern regions, and among sick people there are more children and women.

Microsporia

Microsporia is another fungal disease that simultaneously affects the skin and scalp, and in the most severe cases, also the nail plates.

All the features of the course and treatment of this disease are given below:

Children aged 5-12 years are at risk; microsporia occurs in adults only in rare cases. This is due to high level concentrations organic acids in the hair, which does not allow the pathogenic fungus to actively multiply.
The lesions from which the lesions spread are most often located on the crown or temples. Their size is usually no more than 2-5 cm, and the borders have clear, rounded outlines. The first symptom is peeling of the skin in the affected areas, but after a week the fungus also affects the hair, which becomes too brittle and begins to fall out after numerous mechanical damages. Sometimes there are forms of microscopy in which swelling and inflammatory processes of a purulent type occur, which is why soft blue-red nodes appear on the head.
To treat microsporia, 5% tincture of iodine is usually used, as well as various ointments containing salicylic acid, tar or sulfur. The specifics of therapy depend on the form of the disease and the specifics of its course; oral antibiotics are often additionally prescribed.

Sebaceous gland dysfunction

Seborrhea

This is an inflammatory disease that occurs due to increased secretion of sebum with a changed composition.

The main manifestations of seborrhea on the scalp are itching, flaking, redness of the skin; in advanced cases, hair falls out and baldness may develop.

Seborrhea is divided into dry and oily, treatment is selected by a trichologist or dermatologist.

Normalization of the condition of the scalp is achieved through antifungal systemic and local therapy, dietary correction, and exclusion of causative factors of the disease.

Seborrheic dermatitis

A chronic inflammatory disease that develops due to excessive proliferation of the yeast-like lipophilic fungus Pityrosporum ovale.

The disease occurs as dermatitis with the formation of clearly defined spots of inflammation on the skin.

These lesions are red in color and tend to merge, and the desquamated epidermis leads to the formation of a yellowish crust on the spots.

Seborrheic dermatitis most often affects the scalp, upper torso and face, that is, areas with a large number of sebaceous glands.

The appearance of foci of inflammation on the head is often preceded by the formation of a large amount of dandruff.

Seborrheic dermatitis is one of the causes of hair loss, the growth of which is restored only with persistent remission of the disease.

The main treatment for the disease is special hypoallergenic diet, the use of antifungal drugs and a number of physiotherapy procedures.

Scalp eczema

The first appearance of eczema and subsequent exacerbations of this disease are associated with the activation of fungi from the genus Pityrosporum; skin damage by staphylococcus is also called the cause of the disease.

Not always these microorganisms can cause disease. Eczema of the scalp develops in people with allergic reactions to external irritants, in diseases with chronic course digestive organs, with damage to the liver, kidneys, nervous and endocrine systems.

The main manifestations of eczema are the formation of round rashes in the form of plaques, spots, papules. Their appearance is accompanied not only by itching and burning, but also by pain.

Eczema on the head can occur simultaneously with seborrhea; in addition to the characteristic rashes, there is increased dryness of the strands and skin.

Eczema is not a contagious disease. But to get rid of it, you first need a full examination, which will help identify disturbances in the functioning of internal organs.

Dandruff

The term dandruff refers to the desquamation of the epithelium of the scalp, leading to the appearance of white or yellowish scales.

The formation of dandruff leads to an itchy scalp, hair becomes dry and dull or becomes oily.

Dandruff often occurs with fungal infections of the skin, in patients with seborrhea, after serious psycho-emotional stress, with hypovitaminosis, and gastrointestinal pathologies.

Its appearance can also be provoked by improper care of the scalp.

Dandruff varying degrees severity worries more than 70% of the world's population.

The treatment consists of careful care of the curls, preventing the action of aggressive external influences and treating the hair with preparations specially selected by the trichologist.

Dandruff not only worsens the appearance of hair, but is also one of the most common causes of hair loss.

Psoriasis

The situation with psoriasis is much more complicated, since this disease, although it does not pose a threat to human life, often goes into a chronic phase and disrupts the aesthetic appearance.

All its main features are discussed in more detail below:

There are different forms of psoriasis, but the main symptom is always the appearance of noticeable patches covered with easily detachable scales, which are usually grayish or white in color.
Factors that can provoke this disease are: excessive increase in load on the central nervous system; dietary disorders; previous injuries; frequent hypothermia; tendency to an allergic reaction and its exacerbation.
In the initial stages, psoriasis can be cured by treating the affected areas with various ointments, which include one of the following components: salicylic acid, zinc oxide or tar. In all other cases, specialists prescribe potent pharmacological drugs for oral administration. Drug therapy usually includes sedatives, corticosteroids and vitamin complexes.

Damage to the hair shaft

Injury to the hair shaft occurs very often. Perm, use of heat irons, curling irons, dyeing curls - all this damages the shaft along its entire length.

Mechanical, thermal and chemical aggressive effects do not always provoke excessive hair loss, but become the main cause of increased hair fragility, damage to the ends, dryness, and loss of elasticity.

Hair health also depends on a balanced diet, regular hygiene procedures, ecology, psycho-emotional background.

Shiny, strong and strong curls are not only external beauty, but also an indicator of internal health.

Trichoclasia

The term trichoclasia refers to increased fragility. The main cause of the anomaly is infections suffered by the mother during pregnancy.

Trichoclasia is divided into two types:

Twisted hair

Trichokinesis (twisted hair) - such an anomaly of the shaft first becomes noticeable before the age of two.

With this disease, the hair is coarse, of different lengths, hard, and practically devoid of natural shine. Some children have noticeable patches of alopecia.

The damaged rod has flattened areas and grooves, and bends around its axis at different angles. Weak degree twisting is most often a variant of the norm.

With pathology, the curls cannot be combed normally; they constantly become tangled and pulled out.

Trichokinesis is found mainly in girls. By about eight years of age, the number of healthy hairs increases, and twisted curls become less noticeable against their background.

Monilethrix

One of the rarest anomalies. Monilethrix appears in the first months of life, affecting not only the scalp, but also eyebrows, eyelashes and other areas with hair.

The disease is characterized by the appearance of thinning and thickening on the hair shaft. Thickened areas look darker on light strands.

In areas of thinning, the hair breaks off, and therefore the hair on the head rarely reaches more than one and a half centimeters in length.

With monilethrix, congenital changes in the innervation of the skin are noted, and this causes deformation of the hair follicles.

Gradually, the curls become too dry, thin and break. The disease is accompanied by the development of follicular hyperkeratosis.

Diagnosis of mycosis of the scalp

Diagnosis of scalp fungus is based on collecting an epidemiological history, clinical picture of the disease and laboratory diagnostics.

Microscopy

Rice. 20. Microscopic picture of Microsporum canis (fluffy microsporum). The mycelium (photo on the left) and numerous exospores (photo on the right) are clearly visible.

Cultural examination

The most reliable sign of scalp fungus is the detection of growth of pathogens on nutrient media. Microscopy of the obtained material makes it possible to identify the type of mushroom.

Rice. 21. Type of colonies of Microsporum canis (fluffy microsporum). It is detected in patients with microsporia in 98% of cases.

Establishment of the tissue form of trichophytons

Microscopy of affected hair reveals the tissue form of trichophytons:

Zooanthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton ectothrix (ecto - outside). The spores of these fungi are found on the outside of the hair. Trichophytons of this species are the cause of the development of infiltrative-suppurative processes on the scalp.
Anthropophilic trichophytons belong to the group Trichophyton endothrix (endo - inside). The spores of these fungi are found inside the hair.

Rice. 22. Trichophyton ectothrix hair lesion.

Rice. 23. Trichophyton endothrix hair damage.

Diagnosis of scalp fungus using a Wood's fluorescent lamp

The emerald-colored glow in the rays of a fluorescent lamp (Wood's lamp) is characteristic only of microsporia.

Rice. 24. Fluorescence (glow) of hair in the rays of a fluorescent lamp during microsporia.

Hair loss

Excessive hair loss is caused by various triggering factors. This can be either internal diseases or direct damage to the follicles.

In older people, hair thinning is associated with age-related changes.

Alopecia

The term alopecia refers to progressive hair loss, leading to partial or complete baldness. Alopecia is divided into diffuse, focal and androgenic.

The problem can affect both men and women; most people with this cosmetic defect are over 50 years old.

Baldness not only worsens your appearance, but also causes a lot of psycho-emotional distress.

Effective treatment for alopecia is quite difficult to find without finding out the underlying cause of excessive hair loss. In some cases, a trichologist may prescribe lifelong use of a number of external products that help restore hair thickness.

Oily seborrhea: home treatment

Mustard

Ammonia

Place a teaspoon in a glass of warm water ammonia. Rinse washed hair with this solution.

Oak bark and honey

A tablespoon of crushed oak bark is boiled for 10-15 minutes in a glass of water (water bath). The broth is filtered and a spoonful of honey is dissolved in it. The mixture is rubbed into the damaged epidermis, the head is wrapped in a scarf and the product is left for 1 hour.

Walnut peel

The product helps destroy the fungal flora of the epidermis. 100 g of unripe walnut peel is crushed and poured with half a liter of vodka (alcohol). Keep the tincture for 15 days. The product is rubbed into the scalp.

Decoctions and tinctures

St. John's wort, yarrow, and oak bark are mixed in equal proportions. Boil a spoonful of the mixture in a glass of boiling water for 1 hour (water bath). The cooled decoction is used to rinse the head.
A decoction is prepared from chamomile flowers: 2 tablespoons of the raw material are boiled for half an hour in a glass of water (water bath). The strained broth is used for rinsing, lotions and compresses.
A spoonful of St. John's wort is infused in a glass of boiling water. The tincture is used to wipe the scalp or make lotions.

Other hair diseases

Hypertrichosis

The term hypertrichosis in medicine refers to enhanced growth hair on different parts of the body - back, hips, forearms, stomach, buttocks, chest.

This hair growth is not caused by the action of androgens. The disease occurs in women and men, while another pathology with similar manifestations - hirsutism - can only occur in women.

The main causes of hypertrichosis:

Congenital gene mutations that occur as a result of exposure to unfavorable factors on the developing fetus;
Long-term use of certain medications;
Consequences of TBI.

Treatment is selected based on the data of a hormonal and dermatological examination of a person.

If effective medicines it is not possible to find a cure for hypertrichosis, then the patient is offered removal of unnecessary hair using electrolysis.

IMPORTANT TO KNOW: What is trichotillomania and how to treat the disease.

Greasy hair

Excessive greasiness in curls occurs due to increased activity sebaceous glands located in the scalp.

Oily curls almost always look untidy, oily, they get dirty easily and quickly, and sticky strands appear.

For oily hair types, even frequent washing of the scalp does not help solve the problem, and styling it into a beautiful hairstyle is practically impossible.

For oily hair type it is required professional approach to eliminate the defect. It is necessary not only to consult a trichologist, but also to be examined by a gastroenterologist, dermatologist, and endocrinologist.

Complex treatment consists of the use of special lotions, balms and shampoos.

The patient is prescribed physiotherapy - darsonvalization, mesotherapy, course use of herbal infusions, medicinal serums, masks is recommended.

Early gray hair

Early gray hair is indicated by the appearance of a large number of gray hairs before the age of 25 and the discoloration of most of the curls before the age of 40.

The problem arises due to disruption of the functioning of melanocytes, which in turn is caused by various internal changes in organism.

To stop early graying, you need to consult with a trichologist in time, take tests to determine the levels of microelements and vitamins in the blood, and determine the ratio of thyroid hormones.

The process of bleaching curls slows down after a course of head massage through mesotherapy; masks and various hardware procedures help with this.

Thin hair

Hair with a diameter of less than 50 microns is considered thin. Such curls are characterized by excessive softness, they quickly become tangled, difficult to comb and lack volume.

The thickness and density of hair increases through the use of various ampoule preparations, serums, professional masks; mesotherapy and scalp massage give good results.

But to achieve a noticeable result, you need the help of a trichologist.

Hairdressers can also help solve the problem. Keratin prosthetics of curls, their lamination and extensions make curls stronger, thicker and more attractive.

Dry brittle hair

Loss of moisture inside the rod can be caused by both improper painting and thermal effects. In rare cases, this anomaly occurs with trichoclasia nodosa.

Returning your hair to its normal state is only possible if the root cause of the changes is eliminated. Additionally, the trichologist prescribes the use of products that enhance the hydration and strength of curls. Pathological changes in hair structure and scalp diseases have a specific cause for their appearance.

A complete examination will make it possible to understand what caused the deterioration of the condition of the curls, and this, in turn, is the most important thing in choosing drugs that help solve a cosmetic and dermatological problem.

Pediculosis

All features of the course of pediculosis and treatment for it are discussed below:

A disease that affects the hair follicles. Most often provoked staphylococcal infection. When the disease occurs, elements with pus inside appear. When the boil ripens, it bursts and the pus spreads across the skin, infecting the tissue. Infection usually occurs when there is trauma to the skin. Furunculosis can be cured with antibiotics and wound cleansing.

Can't deal with dandruff and hair loss?

With our active lives filled with stress, poor diet, lack of sleep, vitamin deficiency, there can be a lot of reasons for dandruff on the head.
Dandruff is not only unsightly, but also harmful. When there is a lot of dandruff on the head, the roots become weaker, the hair breaks and begins to fall out.

It has the following properties:

Eliminates itching and flaking of the scalp
Awakens dormant hair follicles
Stops hair loss
Returns hair health, strength and beauty!

Therapeutic cosmetics and preparations for dermatological problems

The fight against dandruff, as well as seborrheic dermatitis, includes the use of medicated shampoos, such as Nizoral, Friederm Zinc.

In any treatment, you need to use a set of measures that can lead to recovery. Diet you need to follow:

give up sweets;
fat;
salted and fried.

Folk remedy: wash your hair with tar soap.

Mesotherapy carried out in medical institutions, is a microinjection into the scalp. A mixture of vitamins, microelements and minerals is selected individually. The procedure normalizes the functioning of the sebaceous gland and helps get rid of dandruff.

Treatment of psoriasis requires much more effort and includes general therapy, local therapy, and physical therapy. The shampoos discussed above can also be used to combat psoriasis. You should definitely try ichthyol or salicylic ointments, they are used as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent, the drugs cost only 50 - 150 rubles. Along with this, doctors prescribe vitamins, antihistamines and sedatives.

There is also effective recipe from traditional medicine:

IN medical institutions To combat psoriasis, the cryotherapy method is used - freezing individual areas of the skin with nitrogen, which activates blood circulation, immune defense, and improves hormonal balance. The course of treatment is 10-20 procedures, 15 minutes each, the cost of one is 700-1500 rubles.

Folliculitis

This is a purulent infectious skin lesion that affects the head and other parts of the human body. May be caused by bacteria or fungus, to be prescribed adequate treatment it is necessary to establish the nature of folliculitis. The risk group includes people living in hot climates or unsanitary conditions. The lesion affects the area near the hair follicle, then a purulent pustule forms. After opening the pustule, an ulcer forms with a crust of blood and pus. The crust peels off gradually, leaving a scar. Most often, scalp treatment requires an inpatient stay.

Skin diseases, for the most part, indicate a disruption in the functioning of the entire body. Therefore, it is extremely important to seek medical help in time to diagnose accurate diagnosis and receiving adequate treatment.

What will you have to give up?

Immediately forget about “aggressive” cosmetics, conditioners, shampoos with parabens, harmful sulfates. In winter, when sitting in a heated room, it is recommended to stay away from warm radiators, which have a drying effect. When going for a walk, be sure to wear a hat; it will protect sensitive strands from the wind and low ambient temperatures. Don't forget about panama hats, hats in the summer - today fashion brands delight women with quite stylish options.

And most importantly, eat right, drive healthy image life, avoid alcohol, smoked, pickled foods, hot peppers, sour juices.

Ringworm

One of the most common infectious diseases that significantly affects the scalp. Scalp lesions are caused by a type of fungus. It has been found that people with vitamin A deficiency are more susceptible to the disease.

Causes of the disease:

violation of personal hygiene rules;
contact with a carrier of lichen: animal or human;
use of contaminated personal hygiene items;
serious damage to the skin;
significant decrease in immunity.

The incubation period lasts up to four days. Symptoms: the skin on the head is covered with red or pink spots in the shape of rings, there is severe itching. The success of treatment largely depends on the patient and his lifestyle.

How to get rid of head lice at home?

Important! Do not use gasoline or kerosene to treat lice. This can cause damage to the scalp and face.

"Pediculen R Ultra".
"Paranite Lotion".
"Para-Plus".

It is better to use drugs in the form of a lotion. You need to apply it to your head according to the instructions and, after time, rinse with water and shampoo. The products are contraindicated for young children and pregnant women. The price varies from 200 to 400 rubles. You may also be interested in the article “How and with what to remove hair dye from skin at home?”.

IN folk medicine used 9% table vinegar(not an essence by any means!): dilute 2 tbsp in 1 glass of water. l. vinegar and rinse your hair with this solution. You can also use alcohol by applying it to all your hair for 30 minutes, you need to be careful when using it.

Features of Vitiligo disease

With vitiligo, the formation of melanocytes in the skin is disrupted. Because of this, white spots of different shapes and sizes form on its surface. Pathological process destruction of melanocytes also affects the condition of the hair. This is expressed in the appearance of spots on the head. In these places, complete discoloration occurs, which creates the appearance of gray hair. A similar symptom may appear in adolescence. No other symptoms - peeling, hair atrophy, alopecia - are observed.

Alopecia: a disease or something more?

Alopecia is not a specific disease, but the manifestation of certain pathologies in the form of baldness or simply increased hair loss. Alopecia is almost never an independent disease, but only a symptom of one or more disorders of the body. If it acts as an independent illness, it is usually in the form of a complication after skin diseases or improper hair care.

Despite the fact that alopecia does not manifest itself in any other way, it has nothing to do with disruption of the hair structure. Strictly speaking, hair, as if deprived metabolic processes parts of the body cannot hurt on their own - unlike the skin. But the areas at the roots, closer to the hair follicles, are already “built-in” into the circulatory system, and therefore are susceptible to damage, which is often mistakenly mistaken for hair pathology.

How to treat head sores

Dandruff and scalp sores do not go away on their own; they require treatment. At the first symptoms of the disease, contact a specialist (dermatologist or trichologist). He will determine the cause of the disease and prescribe appropriate therapy.

Drug treatment

Most of the sores on the head are accompanied by severe itching and profuse dandruff. To treat the disease, specialists turn mainly to ointments; among them, the following drugs have received positive reviews:

Clotrimazole ointment- used against many fungal skin infections. The drug is applied to a clean and dry surface in a thin layer, you can rub the product in a little. The procedure is repeated up to 3 times a day. The medicinal ointment is used for 1–4 weeks, depending on the diagnosis. To consolidate success, it is recommended to apply the drug within 2 weeks after the end of treatment. Not suitable for treating pregnant and lactating women, as well as those planning pregnancy. The cost of the ointment is from 77 rubles.

Substance-powder Pyrithione zinc- the drug is intended for the treatment of psoriasis, seborrhea, dandruff, various dermatitis, relieves inflammation and reduces peeling. To use, simply dilute the powder and treat the affected areas with it up to 3 times a day. The duration of the treatment course is 14 days, for psoriasis - 30 days. After the symptoms of the disease disappear, use of the drug is continued for another 7 days.

Cream Zinocap- an alternative version of zinc pyrioin, applied in a thin layer to the affected area several times a day. It is used to treat psoriasis, atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, and helps eliminate dry skin. The course of drug therapy lasts 2–6 weeks, depending on the complexity of the disease. Can be prescribed to children older than one year; the drug has not been tested on pregnant or lactating women. The cost of the drug is about 400 rubles for 20 g.

To increase the patient’s immunity and speed up the recovery process, the doctor prescribes a complex of vitamins and microelements. It is especially important to pay attention to B vitamins, retinol (vitamin A), nicotine and ascorbic acid, taking calcium will be helpful.

Traditional methods

Folk remedies can relieve itching, get rid of dandruff and promote a speedy recovery from the disease. They are especially relevant for children. Let's consider several effective self-medication options.

Mix in equal proportions tomato juice and unrefined vegetable oil(preferably olive). Apply the mixture 2-3 times a day, continue the procedure for 5 days. You will notice relief after the first use of the composition.
The simplest, fastest way to relieve inflammation and alleviate the symptoms of the disease is a salicylic acid (aspirin) tablet. Grind the drug into powder and sprinkle it on the wound. You can add salicylic acid to your shampoo to wash your hair.
Rinsing hair with decoction medicinal herbs(St. John's wort, chamomile, calendula and string) will complement drug treatment, will fill the epidermal cells with nutritional components, preserving the natural beauty and health of the hair.
Applesauce compresses will help get rid of dandruff quickly. Grate a fresh apple, rub the resulting pulp into the affected areas of the skin, do not rinse for half an hour.
You can get rid of sores caused by unsuccessful hair coloring with the help of dandelion infusion. To do this, pour ½ liter of vodka over the root of the plant (250 g), cover with a lid and leave to infuse. After a week, make compresses with the tincture for 10 minutes. Repeat the procedures daily until the disease disappears.

Important! Do not rely only on traditional methods when treating sores and scabs. They will complement the effect of prescribed medications and speed up recovery. Consultation and examination by a specialist, identifying the cause of the disease are mandatory.

Alternative Methods

No less effective in combating sores are modern alternative treatments:

Laser therapy- aimed at launching regeneration processes inside the skin, helping to normalize blood circulation and metabolism in cells in the affected areas. In addition, the laser is a powerful antiseptic.
Mesotherapy- a complex of vitamins, mineral supplements or medications are introduced into the skin through injections. They will strengthen the immune system and normalize intracellular processes.
Hirudotherapy- the essence of the method is to influence special acupuncture points what leeches are used for. They help cleanse the body of toxins and secrete a secretion filled with various types of enzymes. This accelerates metabolism in skin cells, has anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects, and normalizes blood circulation.
Biocomplex procedure- includes a massage using a steam capsule. Natural oils are used to fill the affected areas with nutritional components. The treatment course lasts at least 5 days, each session will last up to half an hour.

Scabs and sores on the head under the hair are quite common. They will not cause you much trouble if you respond in a timely manner with appropriate treatment. What and how to treat diseases is determined by a specialist after a detailed examination of the scalp and diagnosis.

Do not try to cure sores and scabs under the hair using traditional methods; only in combination with medications and modern alternative methods will the disease be quickly and completely defeated. Be attentive to the condition of your skin; it is often the first to signal problems in the body.

Diseases of the hair and scalp occur under the influence of external and internal factors: this is the influence of physical conditions and chemicals, adverse weather conditions, metabolic disorders, pathologies of the endocrine and nervous systems. The symptoms of such diseases are varied: from increased hair fragility to complete hair loss. Treatment methods are selected on a case-by-case basis, depending on the cause.

Causes

Hair diseases can be associated with various factors, including:

prolonged exposure to direct sunlight;
scalp frostbite;
diseases of the epidermis (furunculosis, mycoses);
hormonal disorders;
deficiency of vitamins and microelements;
past infectious diseases (herpes, syphilis);
frequent use of hair dryer on high temperature conditions, as well as devices for hot styling (iron, curling iron);
combing with brushes made of rough materials (metal, wood with burrs);
frequent coloring.

Hair diseases are caused by medications: hormonal oral contraceptives, antidepressants, steroids, drugs to lower blood pressure. Addiction to dietary supplements for weight loss, which contain heavy metal salts, also adversely affects the condition of the strands.

Diseases of the scalp

Diseases of the scalp are classified into groups depending on their origin:

Infectious

The most common hair pathologies infectious origin are:

Pediculosis

Its causative agents are blood-sucking insects - lice. Characteristic symptoms diseases - itching at the site of the bite, rash, the appearance of nits on the hair that resemble dandruff.

Folliculitis

This inflammatory process hair follicles, accompanied by purulent inflammation of the skin. The development of pathology is provoked by Staphylococcus aureus. With folliculitis, purulent-inflammatory elements form around the hairs, causing pain. If there are a lot of them, the scalp swells. When the blisters burst and dry out, itching and flaking occur.

Fungal

Diseases of this group are caused by fungal microorganisms of various types.

The following fungal diseases are common:

Trichophytosis

The disease is also known as ringworm. It is contagious, meaning it is quickly transmitted from one person to another. Trichophytosis manifests itself in the formation of inflammatory foci. Hair affected by the fungus becomes brittle and breaks off at a level of 2-3 mm from the scalp. The patient is bothered by severe flaking of the scalp.

Microsporia of the scalp

Favus (also known as scab)

The disease occurs when a fungus invades the stratum corneum of the epidermis. Foci of redness appear on the scalp, then a yellowish circle forms. Hair breaks, becomes coarser, and becomes dull. As the disease progresses, the scalp becomes rough, and lesions become sources of unpleasant odor. If treatment is not started in time, areas of baldness will form.

Lichen

Red flat, pink and ringworm can develop on the scalp. The first two types are not associated with infections, so a person with such a disease is not dangerous to others. Lesions form on the head. The skin in this area peels off and gray or white scales appear, reminiscent of dandruff. The hair breaks off, the scalp turns red, and itching occurs.

Herpes

The disease develops when the herpes virus penetrates this area. Characteristic symptoms are redness and itching in the affected areas, the formation of blisters with liquid inside and their subsequent ulceration. When this happens, exudate is released. Crusts form on the affected areas, injury to which causes bleeding.

Diseases associated with dysfunction of the sebaceous glands

Common hair diseases of the sebaceous and sweat glands:

Hyperkeratosis of the scalp

This disease is associated with thickening of the stratum corneum of the skin, which causes the hair follicles to become clogged with horny scales. The first symptom of hyperkeratosis is the appearance of dandruff. Hair becomes fragile, dull, thin. Hair loss occurs, and in some cases baldness is possible. The scalp becomes hard, rough to the touch, and severe itching occurs. An infection may occur, which aggravates the course of the disease.

Seborrhea (seborrheic dermatitis)

This is a chronic process of the scalp that occurs with inflammation. The development of the disease is associated with increased fat secretion. The disease is provoked by opportunistic fungi. The affected areas of the skin are covered with papules and scales, which are glued together by sebaceous secretions. An inflammatory process develops, the epidermis itches. Pain may occur.

Eczema

The disease is of allergic origin. It manifests itself in two main forms: dry and weeping eczema. In the first case, scaly plaques form on the scalp, which constantly flake off and settle in flakes on the hair. Sebaceous glands The scalp produces excess oil, causing hair to become dirty and untidy. With weeping eczema, papules filled with liquid form on the skin. Later they burst and form a wet surface. Both forms are accompanied by severe itching.

Dandruff

In medicine, this phenomenon is called “bran”. Dandruff is a syndrome characterized by the rapid detachment of scalp scales. She is considered mild form seborrheic dermatitis. Those who suffer from dandruff find a large number of white scales along the entire length of their hair and on the scalp. Hair quickly gets dirty and greasy.

Psoriasis

The disease is chronic in nature, occurring with alternating periods of exacerbation and remission. The exact nature of psoriasis has not been established. With psoriasis of the scalp, lesions are localized on the skin in the area above and behind the ears. The forehead and back of the head are covered with plaques. The first symptom of the disease is the formation of scaly papules, which subsequently cause inflammation and become a source of itching. The plaques increase in size and become dense. Gradually they cover the entire hairy area.

Demodicosis

Pathological hair loss (baldness, alopecia)

Baldness, or alopecia, is persistent hair loss, leading to patchy or complete loss of scalp hair.

There are 3 types of alopecia:

diffuse (thinning);
focal (the appearance of lesions in which hair is completely absent);
androgenic (male-pattern hair loss associated with the concentration of male sex hormones in the blood);
total (complete absence of curls).

Depending on the characteristics of the manifestation, the following forms of alopecia are distinguished:

cicatricial. There is no hair growth in areas that are covered with scar tissue. Cicatricial alopecia occurs after mechanical, thermal, and chemical exposure.
seborrheic. Baldness develops against the background of skin seborrhea. There is focal thinning of curls, accompanied by increased greasiness and flaking of the skin.
symptomatic. Lack of hair is associated with severe systemic diseases, avitaminosis, intoxication. After the cause of baldness is eliminated, the hair begins to grow again.

Damage to the hair shaft

Injury to the hair shaft occurs when the strands are exposed to high temperature, mechanical factors, or chemicals.

Trichoclasia

A pathology characterized by the breaking off of individual hairs that look healthy at a distance of about 10 cm from the scalp. This is due to the weakening of the hair shaft. In this condition, the curl breaks when exposed.

There are 2 types of trichoclasia: nodular and idiopathic. In the first case, hair shafts break off in the area of thickening, which spoils the appearance of the hairstyle.

In the idiopathic form of the disease, the scalp becomes dry, itchy and flaky, and the hair, although broken off, has a healthy appearance.

Trichokinesis

A problem that results in spiral twisting of curls. The reason for the phenomenon is the twisting of the hair shaft along its entire length, a change in thickness and pigmentation. Affected hair is white and appears grey.

In the most difficult cases trichokinesis can lead to localized baldness.

Monilethrix (spindle curl atrophy)

A disease in which the rod does not grow constantly, but periodically. When growth stops for a while, small nodules form on the hair. Between each of these nodes, brittle areas are observed.

Strands affected by this disease look dry, lifeless, and become stiff. Externally, monilethrix looks like a lot of black dots on the hair. It looks like clinical picture ringworm.

Diseases of the scalp bulbs: thinning, atrophy, falling asleep

Hair follicles are subject to the following pathological processes:

thinning;
atrophy;
"falling asleep"

Thinning of the hair follicle is associated with emotional turmoil and hormonal imbalances in the body. A thinned bulb is not able to produce strong and long hair, so it is weakened and falls out quickly.

Atrophy occurs if thinned follicles are not treated. The bulb can still produce curls, but they are sparse and depleted.

Dormant bulb - this is how they characterize the condition in which the follicle dies. It is irreversible.

Causes of painful scalp

A painful scalp is the result of factors such as:

vascular spasms (this is typical for vegetative-vascular dystonia);
impaired blood circulation in the vessels passing through the head area. This may be due to the presence cholesterol plaques, increased blood pressure;
hairstyle too tight;
use of traumatic accessories (hairpins, sharp hairpins).

Also, pain that occurs when touching the scalp occurs with diseases affecting nerve endings. This may be inflammation of the occipital nerve, trigeminal neuralgia.

Features of Menkes disease

Menkes disease, also known as curly hair disease - genetic pathology, which is passed on to boys from their mother. It manifests itself in poor absorption of copper by the body.

A characteristic symptom of Menkes disease is tangled, spindle-shaped hair with increased fragility. Microscopic examination of the sample reveals a number of curl anomalies, including tortuosity and fractures along the hair shaft.

Features of Vitiligo disease

With vitiligo, the formation of melanocytes in the skin is disrupted. Because of this, white spots of different shapes and sizes form on its surface. The pathological process of destruction of melanocytes also affects the condition of the hair. This is expressed in the appearance of spots on the head. In these places, complete discoloration occurs, which creates the appearance of gray hair. A similar symptom may appear in adolescence. No other symptoms - peeling, hair atrophy, alopecia - are observed.

A disease in which hair does not grow

A rare phenomenon is the absence of curls on the head. If signs of baldness appear before the age of three, then we are talking about congenital baldness. There is no hair on the entire human body due to the influence of a gene inherited by the child from one of the parents. Pathology occurs in representatives of any gender.

Upon examination, it becomes known that the reason for this phenomenon is the complete absence of hair follicles or their insufficient development.

Treatment and prevention

Treatment for hair diseases depends on the specific type of disease. Fungal processes require the use of local and systemic antimycotics. If the pathology is caused by an infection, then antibiotics are prescribed.

Genetic abnormalities of hair follicles are practically untreatable. Many hair diseases are associated with abnormalities in the functioning of internal organs. To identify the cause, you need to undergo an examination.

To prevent diseases of the scalp and hair you need:

protect them from exposure to direct ultraviolet rays and low temperatures;
use detergents suitable for a specific hair type;
choose quality hair care products;
use personal hygiene products (comb, towel) to avoid contracting a fungal or infectious disease;
eat properly and rationally, deficiency of vitamins and microelements affects the condition of the hair;
stop washing your hair hot water;
abandon the hair dryer in favor of natural drying;
Avoid frequent styling using devices that expose hair to high temperatures.

Video

Video shows how to diagnose hair diseases:

conclusions

Hair diseases are not always an indicator of improper hair care. They can be caused by any changes in the functioning of internal organs.
If you have any symptoms, you should visit a trichologist - a specialist in hair and scalp diseases. If he does not find any deviations, then you should contact other specialist doctors.

705 10/08/2019 5 min.

A person's hair is one of his main decorations. Therefore, any diseases of the scalp and hair can quickly spoil the appearance of a man or woman - and cause considerable harm to health. But, fortunately, most of these diseases can be treated quickly and effectively - if they are recognized in time.

Fungal skin diseases

One of the most common causes of scalp diseases is the contact with microorganisms and fungi, which gradually begin to develop, causing discomfort and pathological changes in the skin. There are several different types of fungal diseases, including the following:

microsporia. This disease is usually transmitted by domestic animals. It can be recognized by redness of the scalp and the appearance of small blisters on it. Hair becomes more brittle, even with slight exposure it becomes very easy to pull it out;

Microsporia

favus. This chronic form fungal disease. Most often it occurs in people who regularly wear wigs or tight hats and other headgear that put pressure on the head. When favus occurs, hair loss begins, the skin changes color, becoming bright yellow;
superficial trichophoria. The disease begins from contact with an infected person (not necessarily directly, just using one comb or towel). It can be recognized by redness and peeling of the skin. Hair becomes more brittle, periodically it falls out, and at the site of loss you can see a characteristic black dot;
deep trichophytosis. This disease, like microsporia, is transmitted by infected animals. It can be recognized by the characteristic bluish or red bumps that appear in place of lost hair. The mounds are very large, sometimes their diameter reaches eight centimeters.

Deep trichophytosis.

Treatment options

Treatment of fungal diseases is carried out using special ones. It is better not to buy them at random, but to consult a doctor who will recommend the antifungal shampoo or ointment that is most suitable for your situation. With their help, you can eliminate the symptoms and causes of the disease.

In addition to antifungal agents, it is recommended to prepare special rinses based on lemon (a teaspoon of lemon is diluted in a glass of warm water) or onion (the peels of several onions are poured into a liter of water, boiled and settled for an hour). It is necessary to treat the scalp with these products in between the use of special ointments or shampoos.

Dermatological diseases

There are a few common diseases skins, which are conventionally called dermatological. If they occur, it is recommended to consult a specialist for comprehensive treatment. These include:

psoriasis. The disease is a chronic type, which can be recognized by plaques that visually resemble frozen wax. The disease proceeds cyclically, then weakening its effect, then strengthening it again;

Psoriasis along the hairline

acne/pimples/pimples. In very mild forms, you can self-treat the problem using popular cosmetics, but if the situation has become more serious, you should definitely consult a doctor;
eczema. Inflammation of the top layer of skin, which is promoted by various rashes. Often occurs due to direct contact with irritating chemicals. Eczema cannot be cured entirely, but it is possible to control and reduce its impact even in cases where it is very severe.

Seborrhea

Seborrhea is an inflammatory disease that occurs at least sometimes in every fourth inhabitant of the Earth. It begins when the sebaceous glands malfunction. Depending on the nature of these failures, there are two main subtypes of seborrhea:

If the glands begin to produce too much sebum, then a person develops oily seborrhea.
If the glands begin to produce too little sebum, then a person develops dry seborrhea.

You can determine that the disease has begun to develop by:

peeling of the scalp;
itching;
excessive dryness or rapid salting;
hair loss.

The stratum corneum of the skin also thickens. Most often they provoke the development of the disease - that’s why it so often manifests itself in adolescence. The cause may also be other diseases and pathologies occurring in the body, including Parkinson's disease, encephalitis and others, as well as the presence of fungal microorganisms on the skin.

When seborrhea is provoked by a third-party disease, it is necessary to begin therapy by eliminating this problem, and then move on to normalizing the condition of the scalp.

Getting rid of illness with pharmaceutical drugs

You can find them in pharmacies; they do an excellent job with the manifestations of seborrhea. Shampoos that contain tar and ketoconazole are also often purchased. It is enough to wash your hair with them twice a week for a noticeable effect to appear after a while. When seborrhea subsides, it is recommended to continue using them at least twice a month for purely preventive purposes.

Tar shampoo for seborrhea

In addition to these remedies, it is recommended to use those prescribed by a doctor if seborrhea was caused by manifestations of a fungus. Sometimes the doctor may additionally prescribe local hormonal medications, and if the problem is at a fairly severe stage, then also taken orally.

Ketoconazole, which is taken 200 mg per day, has recently become considered the most popular drug in the treatment of seborrhea. In combination with this drug, sedatives and tablets are often used to normalize the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

Home treatment

You can cure seborrhea with simple ones, which are prepared from natural remedies. For example, you can prepare a decoction of equal parts of willow, dried nettle and burdock. The mixture must be poured with hot water and cooked in a water bath for half an hour. After this, you need to wash your hair with this mixture at least a couple of times a week.

You can also make a mask for the scalp by mixing burdock oil with a few drops essential oil tea tree. The mask is applied to the head, after which the hair is washed after a while.

Infectious diseases of the scalp

If a person does not take sufficient care of scalp hygiene or does not avoid contact with infected people, then infectious diseases may develop on his skin. The most common of them are the following:

folliculitis. It is characterized by formations near the base of the hair that are red in color. If you do not resort to treatment under the supervision of a specialist, these formations will turn into itchy purulent papules;

Folliculitis

Conclusion

The first step to being effective is identifying them. Pay attention to the most characteristic signs - and take appropriate measures. But it’s best, no matter what the disease, consult a doctor who will select the most appropriate comprehensive treatment for you.