Many people notice that with age or for other reasons (after strokes, cranial brain injuries, asphyxia at birth and other lesions of the central nervous system) their thinking becomes more difficult to solve production and everyday problems. And sometimes the mental load is too high for normal perception (for students during exams). In such cases, new generation nootropics prescribed by a neurologist come to the rescue.
Patients often ask questions: what are nootropics and how do they affect the central nervous system? It is worth learning more about this in order to use these funds more competently.
Nootropic drugs are medications that improve metabolic processes in the brain and protect it from harmful influences. Thanks to this, they have a positive effect on memorizing information, mental activity and learning ability.
Nootropics for the brain officially belong to psychotropic drugs, but they differ from them in their ability to protect the brain from hypoxia () and a significantly smaller number of side effects (do not cause drowsiness, do not reduce the speed of reaction, do not depress brain activity, there is no getting used to them).
Groups
The list of nootropic drugs for the brain is very extensive, so for convenience they are divided into the following main groups:
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid preparations (Aminalon, Picamilon and others).
- Preparations of pyrrolidone (piracetam) and diaphenylpyrrolidone (phenotropil).
- Pyridoxine derivatives (pyritinol).
- Polypeptides (cerebrolysin).
- Vitamin-like substances (idebenone).
- Amino acids (glycine, tyrosine).
- Other groups.
Neuroprotective substances that reduce oxygen starvation Central nervous system, prevent seizures, relax muscles.
Drugs that have a nootropic effect stimulate cognitive functions, promote better memorization and assimilation of information, and learning. They improve interneuron connections in the brain. Protective action nootropics (cerebroprotectors) is to normalize carbohydrate metabolism in the central nervous system, stimulate neuronal recovery, have an antioxidant effect, and stabilize cell membranes.
The mechanism of action of nootropics on the brain includes the following effects:
- antioxidant;
- antihypoxic;
- neuroprotection;
- membrane stabilization.
In order for a positive effect to occur, nootropic medications must be taken in courses over a long period of time, since their effect usually does not appear or is minimal after one tablet. They are often prescribed in combination with other drugs that strengthen and protect the nervous system (vitamins, statins, psychostimulants).
As a rule, such treatment is indicated for elderly people, or those who have had organic cancer, and sometimes it is prescribed to children so that they develop normally.
Indications
Which nootropics are best to take for the brain should be decided individually by a neurologist.
There are the following indications for nootropics:
- Diseases leading to degenerative phenomena in the central nervous system, such as discirculatory encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, infectious brain lesions, epilepsy.
- Chronic alcohol abuse.
- Constant drug use.
- Asthenic syndrome, insufficient sleep.
- Various neuroses.
- Mental illnesses.
- Mental retardation in childhood.
Contraindications
Contraindications to these medications depend on the group of the particular drug. It is contraindicated for people who have had an allergic reaction to the nootropic. However, they can choose a drug with a similar effect with a different composition.
You should also not take nootropics after hemorrhagic stroke, with renal or liver failure, during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It must be remembered that to avoid unwanted effects Treatment with nootropic substances should be prescribed by a doctor. When self-medicating, the risk of various complications is much higher.
Side effect
When taking modern nootropic drugs, side effects occur much less frequently.
The following undesirable effects are possible:
- sleep disturbance;
- general weakness;
- increased excitability;
- digestive disorders (dyspepsia);
- toxic effects on the liver and kidneys;
- feeling of heat in the face and its redness;
- allergic rash;
- increased body temperature;
- deterioration of balance;
- sometimes - worsening of the course.
Description
New generation nootropics for the brain are usually more effective and have fewer side effects compared to older drugs:
- Piracetam: has a positive effect on metabolic processes in the central nervous system. Indications for it are attacks of dizziness, speech disorders in children, and memory impairment. It is used as part of a complex emergency treatment with alcoholic delirium, with inflammatory processes in the brain, heart attacks.
- Fezam: used for . It improves blood flow through the microvasculature and promotes metabolic processes in brain tissue. It also has a positive effect on the auditory and visual centers, has a pronounced antihypoxic effect, helps with headaches, memory and attention disorders.
- Cerebrolysin: The positive effects of this medicine have been proven through research. There are forms for oral and intravenous administration. IN complex therapy it helps with strokes and traumatic brain injuries. It is also used for mental disorders. It has a positive effect on the mood and general well-being of patients, and improves cognitive function.
Nootropics (Greek noos mind, reason + tropos direction)
The main N. page used in medical practice, is piracetam, which is chemically a cyclic analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid (). Properties of N. s. Some other GABA analogues are also present, for example aminalone, pantogam and a number of drugs belonging to other classes chemical compounds(acephen, pyriditol, etc.). Along with nootropic activity, drugs in this group also have other pharmacological properties. For example, piracetam, pantogam and aminalone show some anticonvulsant activity, and pyriditol has antidepressant and sedative properties. Mechanisms of action of N. s. little studied. It has been established that the stimulating effect of N. s. on memory and learning are determined mainly by their effect on metabolic processes in nervous tissue. So, it is known that many N. s. stimulate tissue metabolism, increase the turnover rate and enhance the utilization of glucose by brain cells. Most N. s. have antihypoxic properties. Ability N. s. improving energy processes in nervous tissue is one of the main reasons for increasing the brain’s resistance to hypoxia and toxic effects on it under the influence of drugs of this group. Caused by some N. s. An increase in cerebral blood flow also appears to be important in the mechanisms of their action on the processes of memory, thinking and learning. Obviously, for this reason, some drugs (for example, Cavinton, nicergoline) have nootropic activity, mainly improving. Apply N. s. mainly for disorders of memory, attention, speech, etc., caused by vascular diseases of the brain (atherosclerosis, chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency, stroke), traumatic brain injuries, intoxication (for example, alcoholism), in the recovery period after suffering neuroinfections and mental deficiency (mental retardation) and mental retardation in children. Along with this, certain drugs from among N. s. prescribed for other indications. So, piracetam is sometimes used as a corrector side effect neuroleptics (see Antipsychotics) and other psychotropic drugs, because it weakens the mental, neurological and somatovegetative disorders they cause. Pantogam is used for Jacksonian epilepsy, hyperkinesis, parkinsonism, clonic stuttering in children and as a corrector for neuroleptic syndrome that occurs during intoxication with antipsychotics. Pyriditol can be included in complex therapy neurotic disorders Side effects of certain drugs of group N. s. manifests itself differently, although for many of them the most characteristic signs of this action are increased anxiety, anxiety, etc. Along with this, piracetam can cause dyspeptic disorders and coronary insufficiency, aminalon - dyspeptic disorders, fever and fluctuations, mainly in the first days after the administration of this drug. The side effects of Pantogam are manifested mainly by allergic reactions of the skin (cutaneous) and mucous membranes (allergic and conjunctivitis). Pyriditol can cause nausea and headache, and in children - psychomotor problems. Side effects of acephen are characterized by anxiety and fear. In patients with paranoid and hallucinatory symptoms, acephen can cause their intensification. General contraindications for use for the N. group. in no. The use of aminalon and pantogam has not been established. Piracetam is contraindicated in acute renal failure and pregnancy, pyriditol - in case of increased convulsive readiness, epilepsy and psychomotor agitation, acephen - in infectious diseases of the central nervous system. The main N. pages, their doses, methods of application, release forms and storage conditions are given below. Aminalon(Aminalonum; synonym: gammalon, ganevrin, etc.) prescribed orally (before meals) for adults at 0.5-1.25 G 3 times a day, for children depending on age - in daily doses from 0.5 to 3 G. The duration of treatment ranges from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Release form: tablets 0.25 G, coated Acefen(Acephenum; synonym: analux, cerutil, meclofenoxate hydrochloride, etc.) used orally at 0.1-0.3 G 3-5 times a day. The duration of treatment is 1-3 months. Release form: tablets 0.1 G, coated. Storage: list B; in a dry place, protected from light. Pantogam(Pantogamum) taken orally after 15-30 min after meal. Adults are usually prescribed 0.5-1 G, children - 0.25-0.5 G appointment. Daily dose 1.5-3 G(adults) and 0.75-3 G(for children) is divided into 3-6 doses. The course of treatment is 1-6 months. Repeated courses of treatment are carried out after 3-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.25 and 0.5 G. Storage: in a dry place, protected from light. Piracetam(Pyracetamum; synonym: nootropil, pyramem, etc.) is used orally, intramuscularly or intravenously. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is prescribed orally at 0.4 G 3 times a day and increase the dose to a total daily dose of 2.4-3.2 G and more. Upon achieving a therapeutic effect, the daily dose is reduced to 1.2-1.6 G. For children under 5 years of age, the drug is usually prescribed orally at 0.2 G for admission, from 5 to 16 years old - 0.4 each G 3 times a day. The duration of treatment ranges from 2-3 weeks to 2-6 months. Repeated courses of treatment are carried out after 6-8 weeks. The drug is administered intramuscularly or intravenously initially in daily doses of 2-4 G, then in daily doses of 4-6 G. Release form: capsules containing 0.4 G drug; tablets 0.2 G, coated; 20% solution in ampoules of 5 ml. Storage: list B; in a dry place, protected from light. Pyriditol(Pyriditolum; synonym: encephabol, pyritinol, etc.) prescribed orally after 15-30 min after meals for adults 0.1-0.3 G per appointment, children - 0.05-0.1 G 2-3 times a day. Daily doses for adults 0.2-0.6 G, for children 0.05-0.3 G. At the beginning of treatment, the drug is taken in smaller doses than average. The course of treatment is from 1-3 months to 6-8 months in adults and from 2 weeks to 3 months in children. Repeated courses are carried out in adults after 1-6 months, in children after 3-6 months. Release form: tablets of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 G, coated. Under the name "Encephabol" the drug is produced in 0.1 G in dragees and in the form of syrup containing 0.1 G in every 5 ml, in bottles of 200 ml. Storage: in a dry place, protected from light. 1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms. - M.: Soviet encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.
See what “Nootropic drugs” are in other dictionaries:
- (nootropics) (from the Greek noos mind and tropos turn, direction), lek. in va, selectively stimulating the functions of the brain and increasing energy. body potential. N.p. are capable of accelerating learning processes, improving memory and mental... ... Chemical encyclopedia
I Psychotropic drugs (Greek psychē soul, consciousness + tropos turn, direction; synonym psychopharmacological drugs) drugs that affect mental functions, emotional sphere and behavior. The following are distinguished... Medical encyclopedia
I Anti-alcohol drugs are drugs that weaken or eliminate the effects of alcohol or the consequences of its use. Among P. s. There are so-called sobering drugs and drugs for the treatment of chronic alcoholism. IN… … Medical encyclopedia
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Nootropics or nootropics, also known as neurometabolic stimulants, are substances taken to improve mental abilities. The term “nootropic” is derived from the Greek. νους mind and τροπή I turn, I interfere, I change. It was introduced in 1972 to describe... ... Wikipedia
Nootropics or nootropics, also known as neurometabolic stimulants, are substances taken to improve mental abilities. The term “nootropic” is derived from the Greek. νους mind and τροπή I turn, I interfere, I change. It was introduced in 1972 to describe... ... Wikipedia
Nootropics or nootropics, also known as neurometabolic stimulants, are substances taken to improve mental abilities. The term “nootropic” is derived from the Greek. νους mind and τροπή I turn, I interfere, I change. It was introduced in 1972 to describe... ... Wikipedia
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Nootropic drugs are drugs that have a direct effect on the higher functions of the brain, increasing its resistance to excessive stress and the influence of others. negative factors(intoxication, injury, hypoxia). Taking such drugs helps improve memory, increase intelligence and cognitive activity of the brain. No wonder, translated from Greek, the concept of “nootropics” means “the desire to think.” Popular medicines are popularly called “smart” pills.
Nootropic drugs are used in the most different areas medicine - neurology, cardiology, psychology, psychiatry, narcology, pediatrics. With their help, you can “escape” from a stroke and support brain functions not only in old age, but also in full working age.
Good to know
Nootropics do not disrupt brain functions, do not cause addiction or drug dependence, and do not have a hypnotic effect.
Today we will learn more about the properties and benefits of nootropic drugs, we will talk about the most popular drugs and methods of their use.
Classification of nootropic drugs
The first representative of the pharmacological group of drugs that improve brain function was Pirocetam. This drug was synthesized in 1963 and after a series of clinical trials that confirmed its therapeutic effect (improving mental abilities, memory), it was admitted to the pharmaceutical market and became the founder of the now popular medicinal group of nootropics. Today, all nootropic drugs are divided into two categories:
- True nootropics - therapeutic effect is to improve memory, speech and mental abilities.
- Neuroprotectors are combined agents that additionally exhibit anticonvulsant, sedative, antihypoxic and relaxing effects.
According to the mechanism of action, drugs are divided into the following subgroups:
- drugs that accelerate metabolic processes in the brain (Piracetam, Phenibut, Actovegin, Glycine, Cerebrolysin, folic acid, vitamins E and B).
- vasotropic agents that have a positive effect on blood vessels in the brain (Cinnarizine, Vinpocetine, Instenon);
- medications that improve memory and stimulate the processes of assimilation and perception of educational material (Choline, Galantamine, Corticotropin).
Currently, pharmacological laboratories are developing the latest nootropic drugs, which have a minimum of contraindications, have virtually no toxic effect on the body and provide high efficiency.
Beneficial features
Initially, doctors prescribed drugs from the group of nootropics to elderly people suffering from brain dysfunction. But in last years drugs of this group are found wide application in representatives of different age groups. This was made possible thanks to the diverse range therapeutic action nootropics. The positive effect of taking the drugs is as follows:
- memory and speed of thought processes improves;
- processes of assimilation and storage are activated new information, learning abilities;
- the activity of brain cells is normalized by eliminating hypoxia and improving blood supply;
- the ability to withstand stress factors is restored;
- concentration of attention increases, brain functions are activated;
- metabolic processes in the cerebral cortex are stimulated;
- the functioning of the nervous system, impaired due to injuries and insufficient oxygen supply to tissues, is restored;
- performance increases, symptoms of asthenia disappear, a feeling of vigor and clarity of consciousness returns;
- a psychostimulating factor appears, allowing you to fight apathy and inhibition;
- intellectual abilities increase;
- the body's resistance to the influence of unfavorable factors improves, resulting in a reduced risk of stroke and other vascular disorders.
At the same time, nootropic drugs do not provoke drug dependence, do not have a negative effect on higher nervous activity, and do not cause psychomotor agitation and physical exhaustion of the body.
The latest nootropic drugs have a positive effect on increasing physical activity and endurance, which allows them to be used without harm to health during intense sports activities.
Drugs from the group of nootropics are prescribed to representatives of different age groups. Nootropic drugs for the elderly are used to correct age-related intellectual impairment. For students and schoolchildren, these tools help assimilate information and support brain function during intense mental stress during the period of studying and passing exams. For children, nootropics are used when it comes to developmental delays.
When are nootropics prescribed?
Drugs that improve nutrition and blood circulation in the brain are used for the following conditions:
- chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency;
- consequences of a stroke (impaired cerebral circulation);
- senile or vascular dementia;
- neuroinfections, cortical myoclonus;
- traumatic brain injuries;
- for neurotic and neurosis-like disorders;
- during manifestations vegetative-vascular dystonia, depressive states;
- psychoorganic syndrome, accompanied by memory impairment, decreased concentration and mental performance;
- for drug addiction and related conditions (withdrawal syndrome, delirium, encephalopathy);
- for sleep disorders, frequent headaches, dizziness;
- for chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency;
- with organic disorders of brain function in elderly people;
- with sickle cell anemia;
- for urinary disorders caused by neurogenic causes;
- for psychopathologies (schizophrenia, mental retardation).
The list of indications for the use of nootropic drugs is quite wide and allows them to be used in a wide variety of fields of medicine.
Features of the use of nootropics in children
Today, new generation nootropic drugs are being produced, which are highly effective and have fewer contraindications and side effects. However, their use in pediatrics is limited, since drugs in this group cause increased excitability and insomnia in children. And such a reaction is quite natural, because the mechanism of action of the drugs is aimed at accelerating metabolism in the brain and activating its functions.
Therefore, the use of nootropic drugs for children is limited to the following conditions:
- delayed mental, speech, mental development;
- attention deficit disorder;
- congenital pathologies, cerebral palsy;
- damage to the baby’s nervous system during childbirth.
For these pathologies, the use of nootropics is a necessity, but all drugs must be prescribed by a doctor, taking into account the condition and age of the child. Today, a new nootropic drug Pantogam has been developed specifically for use in pediatrics, which has a mild effect and is better tolerated by young patients, since it does not cause sleep disturbances or other side effects.
Contraindications for use
Any drug from the group of nootropic drugs has its own list of contraindications. Therefore, before using the drug, you should consult your doctor and carefully read the instructions. However, there are a number of general limitations inherent in most nootropics. This list contains the following states:
- renal and liver failure;
- period of pregnancy and breastfeeding;
- individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
- hereditary diseases of the nervous system (Huntington's disease);
- recovery period after a hemorrhagic stroke.
Nootropic drugs, even the new generation, can cause a number of adverse reactions, of which the most common are manifestations of anxiety, insomnia, weakness or hyperactivity, dyspeptic disorders, impaired coordination of movements, convulsions and other manifestations.
It should be borne in mind that most nottropes have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys. Therefore, you should not self-medicate; all medications should be prescribed by a specialist, taking into account individual characteristics patient and possible contraindications.
The best nootropic drugs that improve brain nutrition
On the list the best drugs the palm is held by true nootropics, which do not have additional effects and directly affect the improvement of thought processes. Among them are the following drugs:
- (nootropil). This is the first drug that clinical practice began to be used to improve memory and activate brain functions. Available in the form of tablets and solution for intravenous injection. It is used to treat patients from different age categories. Improves nutrition of nerve cells, eliminates hypoxia, increases brain resistance to high mental stress. It is often recommended for schoolchildren and students in the process of studying and passing exams. Helps relieve withdrawal symptoms in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. Contraindications for use are renal failure and recovery period after a stroke. The cost of the drug is from 250 rubles.
- (vinpocetine). Corrects cerebral circulation, mitigates the effects of hypoxia, dilates brain vessels, protects nerve cells from the effects of free radicals. Available in tablet form and in the form of solutions for parenteral administration. The scope of its application is wide - the drug helps to cope with the consequences of strokes, is used for vascular disorders, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Its powerful nootropic effect allows it to be included in complex therapy for traumatic brain injuries and concussions. The drug is well tolerated at any age and is used in both elderly and young patients. average price Cavintona from 280 rubles.
- Pantogam. One of the best and modern nootropics used in pediatric practice. The basis of the drug is hopantenic acid. This substance has been well studied and has been successfully used to treat children with organic and functional disorders. Pantogam is produced in the form of tablets, capsules and sweet syrup with cherry flavor, which is very popular with young patients. The mild action and minimum side effects allow the drug to be used from the first days of a child’s life. Pantogam successfully combines a stimulating effect with a mild sedative effect and well neutralizes various toxic effects on brain tissue. The drug is used to treat cerebral palsy, mental and mental retardation. It allows you to eliminate neurosis-like conditions and hyperactivity syndrome, and is used in the treatment of urinary incontinence (enuresis). The cost of the drug is from 500 rubles.
The best nootropics with an additional activating effect
- . A drug from the group of neuroleptics, which has a pronounced psychostimulating effect, therefore it is widely used in the treatment of asthenic syndrome that develops against the background of severe infections and somatic diseases. Phenotropil has a powerful activating effect on subcortical structures, accelerates the exchange of information, improves the emotional background and additionally manifests anticonvulsant effect. The drug is able to increase the pain threshold, so it can be used as an analgesic for neuropathic pain. Phenotropil helps the body adapt to high mental and physical stress and tolerate stress more easily. Additionally, it helps improve color perception, increases visual fields, and can be used as part of complex therapy for varicose veins and obesity. The average price is from 900 rubles.
The best nootropics with a calming effect
- . The drug relieves increased anxiety, relieves unreasonable fears, normalizes sleep, and provides a slight sedative effect. It is successfully used in the complex therapy of encephalopathy, helps to recover from a stroke, and improves psychological indicators. Used for prevention purposes seasickness. It is well tolerated by patients and does not have a depressing effect on the psyche when used in the elderly. The price of the drug is from 350 rubles.
- . The most inexpensive and accessible nootropic drug based on purified amino acids. It is used to improve memory during the learning process of schoolchildren and students, as well as in the treatment of the consequences of strokes. Glycine helps fight mental burnout, relieves neurosis-like conditions, relieves manifestations of vegetative-vascular dystonia, alleviates the condition of hypertensive and hypotensive crises, and increases the body's resistance to stress factors. The drug has virtually no side effects and can be used in various age groups. The price of Glycine is from 40 rubles.
Popular new generation nootropic drugs
- Orocetam. Combined remedy with a nootropic effect based on piracetam and orotic acid. Available in the form of a solution for intravenous injection. It is used for severe brain intoxication, improves metabolic processes in nerve cells and activates the detoxification functions of the liver. The price of one ampoule of Orocetam is about 50 rubles.
- . Combination drug, which contains piracetam and cinnarizine. Available in capsule form. The drug improves blood microcirculation in the brain, promotes expansion blood vessels, improves visual and auditory perception. Fezam removes well headache, fights dizziness, the consequences of hypoxia and cerebrovascular accidents, helps fight the manifestations of amnesia. A new nootropic drug is included in the complex therapy of encephalitis, traumatic brain injuries, and is used to combat the consequences of a stroke. The cost of the drug is from 260 rubles.
- Thiocetam. The basis of the drug is a combination of piracetam and thiotriosalin. Available in the form of tablets and solution for injection. They are used to treat speech disorders caused by cerebrovascular accidents, as well as to eliminate the consequences of intoxication of the body due to chronic alcoholism. The price of tablets is from 550 rubles.
List of nootropic drugs used to eliminate functional disorders brain and improving intellectual abilities, is not limited to the above means. Popular drugs widely used in neurological practice include the following:
- Cinnarizine,
- Actovegin,
- Cerebrolysin.
This list is supplemented by such popular medications as Semax, Tanakan, Lucetam, Instenon or Biotropil. Only a specialist can decide which drug will be most effective in a particular case.
Nootropics are widely used in various fields of medicine; ophthalmologists, cardiologists, pediatricians or neurosurgeons use them in their practice. But most often neurologists and psychiatrists resort to prescribing nootropic drugs.
It is this group of medications that helps a person cope with intellectual and physical activity, which are inevitable in the frantic rhythm of modern life. Reviews from patients indicate that nootropics normalize the condition of vascular disorders, help cope with cerebrovascular insufficiency and reduce the risk of stroke.
Nootropics or neurometabolic stimulants are medicinal substances that help improve mental and mental activity of the brain. Nootropic drugs directly affect highest state, and also protect the central nervous system from various negative factors and everyday phenomena. In this article we will take a detailed look at what nootropics are, how they affect processes in the human body, and how this can affect.
Description and mechanism of action of the group
The first developments and scientific research of nootropic substances that could improve the psycho-emotional component of the human body began at the dawn of the 60s of the twentieth century. 
Since then, many neurometabolic stimulants have been developed that can improve brain function by stimulating blood microcirculation. Moreover, such stimulants protect the brain from all sorts of harmful external influences, including.
Did you know?Corneliu Giurgea is a Romanian psychologist and chemist who is considered the inventor of nootropics. In 1964, he isolated neurotransmitter substances from the Piracetam cocktail.
Today, there are two main groups of nootropics: true and neuroprotectors. Substances that make up the first group contribute to the activation of the mnestic function of the brain, and no longer affect the psycho-emotional component. 
While neuroprotectors are able to have a complex effect on the mental system. The effect of neurometabolic stimulants can be both primary (the substance binds directly to the neuron and interacts with it) and secondary (has an antihypoxic and antiplatelet effect).
Doctors and scientists call nootropic substances by many different terms: neuroanabolic, neuroregulatory, neurodynamic or eutotrophic agents.
The mechanism of action of such agents is complex; it is divided into several components.:
- The components of neuroregulatory substances help accelerate the process of synthesis of proteins and RNA, which activate the activity of the central nervous system, in particular its plastic component.
- Antioxidant and antihypoxic effects make it possible to enhance the processes of ATP synthesis, and this directly affects the energy component of the state of neurons.
- Neuroprotectors are the main utilizers of glucose.
- Synaptic transformation of impulses in the central nervous system increases significantly under the influence of nootropics.
- Stabilization of the functionality of CNS membranes.
Moreover, nootropics are able to interact with neurotransmitters, substances that are responsible for the frequency and speed of impulses that transmit information to the central nervous system. Direct impact neurometabolic stimulants on adenylate cyclase promotes release from sensory neurons seratonin.
This effect also helps the production of ATP in brain cells without the participation of oxygen, and this contributes to the normal functioning of the central nervous system under conditions of hypoxia (lack of oxygen).
Nootropic compounds are able to correct the processes of neuron-neuron interactions and prevent mental and intellectual developmental delays in adolescence.
The main mechanism of action of neurometabolic substances is aimed at stimulating the metabolism of nucleic acids and improved synthesis of protein, ribonucleic acid and ATP under extreme conditions. Classification by chemical composition
By chemical composition nootropic drugs are classified as follows:
- dimethylaminoethanol derivatives;
- pyrrolidone derivatives;
- pyridoxine derivatives;
- diaphenylyrrolidone derivatives;
- neuropeptide analogues and the neuropeptide itself;
- analogues and derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid;
- 2-mercantobenzimidazole derivatives;
- amino acids and analogs that have a stimulating effect on the amino acid system of the central nervous system;
- organic composites and polypeptides;
- products based on vitamin complexes;
- other nootropic substances (psychostimulants, neuromodulators, adaptogens, antihypoxants, etc.).
Each of the above-mentioned positions of nootropic substances has a different chemical composition and is produced by manufacturers under different names. Accordingly, the mechanism of action of each substance will differ. Indications for use
At first, any class of neurometabolic stimulants was used only in the fight against mental impairment in age.
A little later, when all sorts of laboratories around the world began to speak out about their supposedly proven effectiveness of nootropics, they began to be used in narcology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and neurology. 
Today, a doctor can prescribe a therapeutic course of treatment with such chemicals in cases of the following diseases:
- Alzheimer's disease and or senile dementia;
- neuroinfection, intoxication;
- neurosis-like or neurotic disorder;
- psychoorganic syndrome;
- vegetative-vascular dystonia;
- cranial and impaired blood circulation in the brain;
- chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency;
- chronic (withdrawal, encephalopathy);
- syndromes and intellectual-mnestic disorders.
Popular drugs
Today, there are many nootropic drugs, in particular the new generation, which are derivatives of various chemicals, they have different effects on the central nervous system. 
We will provide a list of nootropics that are best to take for various clinical indications below, but which will be most effective for you should be decided by your healthcare professional.
"Piracetam" ("Nootropil")
This drug belongs to chemically active substances, the effect of which on the human body has not been fully proven. 
“Nootropil” is a prominent representative of the group of neurostimulating substances, which, according to manufacturers, can improve brain activity, promote the processes of ribonucleic acid synthesis, and improve cerebral microcirculation of red blood cells.
In our country, this drug is often used for Alzheimer's disease and various diseases of the central nervous system. 
Many medical workers It is believed all over the world that Piracetam, apart from the “Placebo effect,” has no effect, but recent clinical studies have confirmed the fact that this drug helps reduce platelet aggregation, thereby improving blood microcirculation in the brain.
"Pramiracetam"
Like the previous substance, it is a neurometabolic stimulant (a derivative of piracetam), but with a more pronounced effect, and therefore is used in smaller dosages. 
According to manufacturers, it stimulates and. Full effect the effect of the drug has not been proven, therefore "Pramiracetam" It is considered to be a homeopathic remedy.
Cavinton (Vinpocetine)
It is a Hungarian neurodynamic drug that has a therapeutic effect on the affected areas of the brain. It improves blood microcirculation in ischemic areas by relaxing smooth muscles. 
Since the mid-80s it has been produced synthetically based on vincamine. Used to treat cerebral (acute) disorders of cerebral blood flow. The effectiveness of Cavinton has often been questioned over the decades. IN early XIX century the drug was listed biologically active additives(dietary supplement).
It is a pharmaceutical drug, the main component of which is hopantenic acid, which is involved in many processes of brain activity. This remedy is most effective in the treatment of chronic intoxication, as well as during periods increased risk manifestations of hypoxia. 
"Pantogam" stimulates various functional actions in the neuronal system and helps accelerate neuron-neuron signal transmission.
This sedative is included in the list of the best nootropics of the latest generation, the effect of which has been largely proven. Clinical researches showed that Pantogam is able to improve the mental activity of adolescents who have speech and writing disorders.
A domestic tableted nootropic drug that is used in medical practice in Russia (it has not found its use in other countries of the world).
Included in the list of the most important medicines. Widely used as a neuroprotective, antihypoxic and psychostimulant agent. 
Workers medical institutions Semax is often prescribed for recovery from ethanol intoxication, inflammation of the nerves in areas near the brain, chronic disorders cerebral blood flow.
In addition, this drug has been used in pediatrics for decades, where its effectiveness and safety have been repeatedly proven.
Semax does not cause addiction or withdrawal symptoms. Moreover, it easily overcomes the blood-brain barrier and stabilizes all brain processes.
It is a neurometabolic stimulant that has stimulating, anticonvulsant and antitoxic effects. In 2007, Phenotropil was recognized as an obsolete drug, and the frequency of its use for therapeutic purposes decreased sharply. 
Moreover, this drug was recognized as one of those nootropic drugs whose effectiveness has not been proven. However, “Phenotropil” has found its use in the world, where it is actively used as a doping; some global companies even produce the active substance “Phenotropil” under a different name.
Nootropic agent, a derivative of gamma-aminobutyric acid. It is a domestic drug, which in the mid-70s was included in the list of important drugs. 
The developers talked about what would reduce stress levels and stabilize too increased level CNS activity. Almost all tablets based on gamma-aminobutyric acid can calm and improve sleep, in addition, they enhance the effect of sleeping pills and narcotics.
Important!Phenibut can be addictive when used for a long time.
For stuttering, chronic stress, Meniere's disease. "Phenibut" can be indicated as a medicine. The main substance of "Phenibut" directly affects neurons and reduces their activity, which promotes calm and. 
In large dosages it exhibits an analgesic effect. Phenibut is contraindicated for children under 10 years of age and people who regularly use drugs and alcohol.
This pharmaceutical drug refers to nootropic drugs, the derivatives of which are simple amino acids. 
developed on the basis of aminoacetic acid, it exhibits a calming, sedative, anti-stress and hypnotic effect.
Moreover, as the manufacturers claim, “Glycine” helps improve memory and protect the central nervous system from various unpleasant external stimuli (consequences of intoxication due to drug addiction and alcoholism).
And “Glycine” is one of the few drugs that can reduce and stimulate the production of seratonin (which causes joy in people).
Side effects and contraindications Side effects 
from the use of neurometabolic stimulants may arise from a psychological component. Often, such effects occur with overdoses or long-term use of drugs.
Patients may experience hyperactivity of central nervous system processes, which manifests itself in the form of increased, disturbance. in 5% of cases it causes side effects when dosages are increased.
Did you know?One in four Harvard students takes nootropics, although these substances are not considered drugs in their country (doctors say they are practically ineffective).
From the neuralgic component, tendon reflexes, tremor, and dizziness may occur. There are also a number of unpleasant side effects from the somatic system.
Sometimes loss of taste and dry mouth may occur. Elderly people complain of high blood pressure and dizziness when taking nootropics for a long time. 
In addition, improper and uncontrolled use of neurometabolic stimulants can cause various types. Pyriditol can complicate the course of the disease in people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.
Also, nootropics are prohibited for use by people who have suffered a hemorrhagic stroke and those who suffer from hereditary disease CNS - Gettington's chorea.
Who Prescribes Nootropics?
Nootropics have a wide range of applications in medical practice in our country. In almost all other countries of the world, homeopathic medicines have long faded into the background. However, our doctors prescribe nootropics for a variety of diseases, as we have already discussed. 
For example, even a cardiologist can prescribe the drug Phenibut. The whole point is that patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia, for the most part, first of all turn to a cardiologist because of surges in blood pressure and a constant “feeling” of rhythm.
And since VSD is not serious, which can drag unpleasant consequences, then the cardiologist often prescribes various homeopathic medications, including nootropics.
Important!Some nootropic substances in high dosages can cause narcotic intoxication.
But to a greater extent, nootropic drugs are prescribed by psychiatrists, neurologists and pediatricians. In addition, toxicologists and narcologists can also prescribe nootropics with caution.
We can conclude that the safety of using nootropic drugs is quite high, but their effectiveness has not been fully proven. Therefore, it is up to you to decide whether to take such drugs or not.
The majority of the population of our planet, especially residents of large cities, are forced to live in conditions of constant environmental and psycho-emotional stress. It has been proven that stress is not harmless to the human body, it is a risk factor for many, and also has a negative effect on the nervous system, as a result of which a person becomes irritable, his performance decreases, his memory and thinking processes deteriorate. In this regard, scientists are continuously searching for ways to prevent and correct the negative effects of stress on the nervous system. About 50 years ago, the concept of nootropic drugs arose, Piracetam was synthesized and tested. This gave a powerful impetus to the search and creation of other substances with a similar principle of action; these studies continue to this day.
From this article, the reader will get an idea of what nootropics are and what effects they have, get acquainted with the indications, contraindications, side effects of these drugs in general, and also learn the characteristics of individual representatives of drugs in this group, in particular new generation nootropics. Let's begin.
What are nootropics
According to the definition of the World Health Organization, nootropic drugs are drugs that have an activating effect on learning, improve mental activity and memory, and increase the resistance (stability) of the brain to such aggressive influences as injury, intoxication, and hypoxia.
The first nootropic in history is Piracetam, which was synthesized and used clinically by Belgian pharmacologists back in 1963. During the study, scientists found that this medicinal substance significantly increases mental performance, improves memory and promotes learning. Subsequently, other drugs with similar effects were synthesized, which we will discuss below.
Effects and mechanisms of action of nootropic drugs
The main effects of drugs in this group are:
- psychostimulant;
- sedative;
- anti-asthenic (reducing feelings of weakness, lethargy, mental and physical asthenia);
- antidepressant;
- antiepileptic;
- actually nootropic (impact on impaired higher cortical functions, which is manifested by improved thinking, speech, attention, and so on);
- mnemotropic (effect on learning and memory);
- adaptogenic (increasing the body’s ability to resist harmful environmental influences);
- vasovegetative (improved blood supply to the brain, which is manifested by a decrease and, as well as the elimination of other autonomic disorders);
- antidiskinetic;
- increasing clarity of consciousness and level of wakefulness.
These drugs do not cause pharmacological dependence and psychomotor agitation; taking them does not deplete the physical capabilities of the body.
The action of drugs in this group is based on the following processes:
- activation of plastic processes in the central nervous system by enhancing the synthesis of proteins and RNA;
- activation of energy processes in neurons;
- activation of the processes of transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system;
- optimization of polysaccharide utilization processes, in particular glucose;
- inhibition of the formation of free radicals in cells;
- decreased oxygen demand of nerve cells under hypoxic conditions;
- membrane-stabilizing effect (regulate the synthesis of proteins and phospholipids in nerve cells, stabilize the structure of cell membranes).
Nootropic drugs activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase, increasing its concentration in nerve cells. This substance is necessary to maintain the stability of the cell’s production of the main source of energy for biochemical and physiological processes - adenosine triphosphoric acid, or ATP, which, moreover, under hypoxic conditions, transfers metabolism in the brain to an optimally maintained mode.
In addition, nootropics affect the neurotransmitter systems of the brain, in particular:
- monoaminergic (increase the content of dopamine and norepinephrine, as well as serotonin in the brain);
- cholinergic (increase the content of acetylcholine in nerve endings, necessary for adequate transmission of impulses from cell to cell);
- glutamatergic (also improve signal transmission from neuron to neuron).
As a result of all the effects described above, the patient improves memory, attention, thought processes and perception processes, its ability to learn increases, intellectual functions are activated.
Classification of nootropics
The class of nootropic drugs includes substances of various pharmacological groups, which have a positive effect on the functioning of nerve cells and improve their structure.
- Substances that stimulate metabolic processes in nerve cells:
- pyrrolidone derivatives: Piracetam, Pramiracetam, Phenylpiracetam and others;
- derivatives of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): Aminalon, Picamilon, Hopanthenic acid, Phenibut;
- derivatives pantothenic acid: Pantogam;
- derivatives of vitamin B6 - pyridoxine: Pyritinol;
- products containing dimethylaminoethanol: Acefen, Centrophenoxin;
- preparations containing neuroaminoxylates and peptides: Glycine, Cerebrolysin, Actovegin;
- antihypoxants: Oxymethylethylpyridine succinate;
- vitamins, vitamin-like, general tonic substances: vitamin B15, vitamin E, folic acid, succinic acid, ginseng extract and others.
- Drugs that have a positive effect on blood vessels, or vasotropic drugs:
- Xanthinol nicotinate;
- Vinpocetine;
- Pentoxifylline;
- Cinnarizine;
- Instenon.
- Drugs that stimulate memory and learning processes:
- cholinomimetics and anticholinesterases: Galantamine, Choline, Amiridin and others;
- hormones: Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropic hormone;
- endorphins, enkephalins.
Indications for the use of nootropics
Medicines of the nootropic class are used to treat the following diseases:
- of various nature (vascular, senile);
- chronic cerebral vascular insufficiency;
- consequences of cerebrovascular accident;
- neuroinfections;
- intoxication;
- psychoorganic syndrome with symptoms of memory impairment, decreased concentration and general activity;
- cortical myoclonus;
- dizziness, with the exception of dizziness of vasomotor and mental origin;
- chronic alcoholism (for the purpose of treating encephalopathy, withdrawal and psychoorganic syndromes);
- reduced mental performance;
- astheno-depressive, depressive, astheno-neurotic syndromes;
- neurosis-like disorders;
- traumatic brain injury;
- hyperkinesis;
- sleep disorders;
- migraine;
- V complex treatment open angle glaucoma, vascular diseases retina, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration.
In pediatric practice, nootropics are used to treat the following conditions:
- mental retardation;
- delayed mental development and speech development;
- cerebral palsy;
- consequences of damage to the central nervous system during childbirth;
- attention deficit disorder.
Contraindications to taking nootropics
Medicines in this group should not be taken in the following cases:
- in case of individual hypersensitivity of the patient’s body to the active substance or other components of the drug;
- in case of an acute period of hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in brain tissue);
- with Gettington's chorea;
- when severe violation renal function (if creatinine clearance is less than 20 ml/min);
- during pregnancy and lactation.
Side effects of nootropics
Medicines in this group rarely cause any side effects, however, some patients may experience the following undesirable reactions while taking them:
- headache, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances, drowsiness;
- rarely, in elderly patients, increased symptoms of coronary insufficiency;
- nausea, stomach discomfort, or;
- increased psychopathological symptoms;
Brief description of drugs
Since there are actually quite a lot of medicines belonging to the class of drugs we are describing, we will not be able to consider all of them, but we will only talk about those that are most widely used in the world. medical practice to date.
Piracetam (Piracetam, Lucetam, Biotropil, Nootropil)
Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for injections and infusions.
The drug has a positive effect on blood circulation and metabolic processes in the brain, resulting in increased resistance of brain tissue to hypoxia and the effects of toxic substances, as well as improved memory, integrative activities brain, learning ability increases.
When taken orally, it is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 1 hour. Penetrates into many organs and tissues, including through the blood-brain and placental barriers. The half-life is 4 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.
Routes of drug administration: orally or parenterally (intramuscular or intravenous). It is recommended to take the tablets before meals. The dosage and duration of treatment are determined individually, depending on the disease and the characteristics of its clinical course.
When treating patients suffering from, caution should be exercised and the dose adjusted depending on the level of creatinine clearance.
Side effects of the drug are standard, and they usually occur in elderly and senile patients, provided they receive a dosage of more than 2.4 g of piracetam per day.
It has an effect on platelet aggregation, therefore it is used with caution in persons suffering from hemostasis disorders and a tendency to hemorrhage.
Contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.
If sleep disturbances develop while taking piracetam, you should stop taking it in the evening and add this dose to the daytime dose.
Pramiracetam (Pramistar)
Chemical formula of Pramiracetam Release form: tablets.
Has a high degree of affinity for choline. Improves learning ability, memory and mental performance in general. Does not have a sedative effect and does not affect the autonomic nervous system.
Absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract quickly and almost completely, the maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined after 2-3 hours. The half-life is 4-6 hours. Excreted by the kidneys.
During pregnancy and lactation, taking Pramistar is contraindicated.
When treating patients with impaired renal function, you should carefully monitor the development of side effects of the drug in them - this will be a sign of an excess of the active substance in the body and require a dose reduction.
Vinpocetine (Cavinton, Neurovin, Vinpocetine, Vicebrol)
Available in the form of tablets and solution for infusion.
Improves microcirculation in the brain, enhances cerebral blood flow, does not cause the phenomenon of “stealing”.
When taken orally, it is absorbed by 70% of the digestive tract. The maximum concentration in the blood is determined after 60 minutes. The half-life is almost 5 hours.
It is used both in neurology (for chronic cerebrovascular accidents and other diseases described in the general part of the article) and in ophthalmology (for the treatment of chronic diseases retinal vessels) and in otiatrics (to restore hearing acuity).
If therapy is started in acute period illness, vinpocetine should be administered parenterally, and then continued orally at a dose of 1-2 tablets three times a day after meals.
Phenibut (Bifren, Noofen, Noobut, Phenibut)
Release form: tablets, capsules, powder for the preparation of oral solution.
The dominant effects of this medicinal substance are antihypoxic and antiamnestic. The drug improves memory, increases mental and physical performance, and stimulates learning processes. In addition, it eliminates anxiety, fear, psycho-emotional stress, improves sleep. Strengthens and prolongs the effect of sleeping pills, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Reduces manifestations of asthenia.
After oral administration, it is well absorbed and penetrates into all organs and tissues of the body, in particular through the blood-brain barrier.
It is used for decreased emotional and intellectual activity, concentration, memory impairment, asthenic, anxiety-neurotic and neurosis-like conditions, insomnia, Meniere's disease, as well as for the prevention of motion sickness. In the complex therapy of preliriious and delirious alcoholic conditions, osteochondrosis cervicothoracic region spine, menopausal disorders.
It is recommended to take 250-500 mg orally, before meals, three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 2.5 g, the maximum single dose is 750 mg. Duration of therapy is from 4 to 6 weeks.
In different clinical situations, the dosage regimen may vary.
It has an irritating effect, so it is used with caution in people suffering.
Hopanthenic acid (Pantogam)
Available in tablet form.
Reduces motor excitability, normalizes behavioral reactions, increases performance, and activates mental activity.
Rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum concentration of the active substance in the blood is determined 60 minutes after administration. Creates high concentrations in the kidneys, liver, stomach wall and skin. Penetrates the blood-brain barrier. It is eliminated from the body after 2 days.
Indications are standard.
Take the drug orally, half an hour after eating. A single dose for adults is 250-1000 mg. Daily dose – 1.5-3 g. Course of treatment – 1-6 months. After 3-6 months you can repeat the course. When treating different diseases, the dose of the drug may vary.
Contraindications and side effects are described above.
Pyritinol (Encephabol)
Available in the form of tablets and suspension for oral use (this dosage form intended for children).
It has a pronounced neuroprotective effect, stabilizes neuronal membranes, reduces the number of free radicals, and reduces red blood cell aggregation. Positively affects behavioral and cognitive functions.
If the drug dosage regimen is followed, the development of side effects is unlikely.
Glycine (Glycine, Glycised)
Release form: tablets.
Improves metabolism in muscles and brain tissue. Has a sedative effect.
Use sublingually (dissolving under the tongue).
To treat depression, anxiety and irritability, take glycine 0.1 g 2-4 times a day. For chronic alcoholism, it is prescribed according to recommended treatment regimens.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity to glycine. Side effects are not described.
Cerebrolysin
Release form: solution for injection.
Improves the function of nerve cells, stimulates their differentiation processes, activates protection and recovery mechanisms.
Penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
It is used for metabolic, organic and neurodegenerative diseases of the brain, in particular, and is also used in the complex treatment of strokes and traumatic brain injuries.
Daily doses of the drug vary widely depending on the pathology and range from 5 to 50 ml. Routes of administration: intramuscular and intravenous.
Use with caution to treat patients with allergic diathesis.
Actovegin
Release form: tablets, solution for injections and infusions.
Contains exclusively physiological substances. Increases the brain's resistance to hypoxia and accelerates the processes of glucose utilization.
Used for ischemic and residual effects hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury. Widely used for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy, burns, peripheral circulatory disorders, as well as for trophic disorders in order to accelerate wound healing processes.
As a rule, it is well tolerated. In some cases, the reactions described at the beginning of the article develop.
Approved for use during pregnancy and lactation.
Contraindicated in case of individual hypersensitivity to the components of the drug.
Contains sucrose, so it is not used in patients with hereditary disorders of carbohydrate metabolism.
Hexobendine (Instenon)
Available in the form of tablets for oral administration and solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration.
Has a stimulating effect on metabolic processes in the brain and myocardium, improves brain and coronary circulation. Antispasmodic.
Indications for the use of this drug are diseases of the brain of an age-related and vascular nature, the consequences of insufficient blood supply to the brain, dizziness.
Contraindicated in case of individual sensitivity to the components of the drug, increased intracranial pressure, epileptiform syndromes. During pregnancy and lactation it is used exclusively according to indications.
It is recommended to take orally during or after meals, without chewing, with plenty of water. The dosage is 1-2 tablets three times a day. The maximum daily dose is 5 tablets. The duration of treatment is at least 6 weeks.
The injection solution is administered intramuscularly, slowly intravenously or by drip. The dosage depends on the characteristics of the clinical course of the disease.
During treatment with this drug, you should not drink tea and coffee in large quantities. If the drug is administered intravenously, only a slow infusion is allowed, and the intravenous injection should last at least 3 minutes. Rapid administration of the drug may lead to sharp decline blood pressure.
Combination drugs
There are many drugs that contain 2 or more components that are similar in action or mutually enhance the effects of each other. The main ones are:
- Gamalate B6 (contains pyridoxine hydrochloride, GABA, gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, magnesium glutamate hydrobromide; prescribed for adults in the complex treatment of functional asthenia; recommended to take 2 tablets 2-3 times a day for 2-18 months);
- Neuro-norm (contains piracetam and cinnarizine; indications are standard for nootropics; dosage – 1 capsule three times a day for 1-3 months; take the tablet after meals, do not chew, drink plenty of water);
- Noozom, Omaron, Fezam, Cinatropil, Evriza: drugs similar in chemical composition and other indicators to Neuro-norm;
- Olatropil (contains GABA and piracetam; recommended for use before meals, 1 capsule 3-4, maximum 6 times a day for 1-2 months; if necessary, the course can be repeated after 1.5-2 months);
- Thiocetam (includes piracetam and thiotriazoline; it is recommended to take 1-2 tablets three times a day; the course of treatment is up to 30 days; in some cases it is used in the form of an injection solution: 20-30 ml of the drug is administered intravenously in 100- 150 ml of saline solution or 5 ml intramuscularly once a day for 2 weeks).
So, above you got acquainted with the most popular nootropic drugs today. Some of them are the first drugs of this class, but many were developed much later and act much more effectively, so they can safely be called new generation nootropics. Please note that the information provided in the article is not a guide to action: if you experience any unpleasant symptoms You should not self-medicate, but rather seek help from a specialist.
