Home Removal What is the pressure in the aorta. Blood pressure in various parts of the vascular bed

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What is the pressure in the aorta. Blood pressure in various parts of the vascular bed

Answer from Danil Strubin[guru]
What atmospheres? It would break into pieces. Measure with a tonometer..

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is the pressure in the aorta?

Answer from Super Mobi Club[guru]
The maximum systolic pressure is normal - 120–145 mm Hg.
End-diastolic pressure - 70 mm Hg.

Answer from Mechs[guru]
that is - 1/5-1/6 of the atmosphere :))

Answer from AO[guru]
Well, it's already been answered here.

Answer from Foxius[guru]
the value blood pressure mainly determine two conditions: the energy that is reported to the blood by the heart, and the resistance of the arterial vascular system, which has to be overcome by the flow of blood flowing from the aorta.
Thus, the blood pressure will not be the same in different departments vascular system. The greatest pressure will be in the aorta and large arteries, in small arteries, capillaries and veins it gradually decreases, in the vena cava the blood pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. The blood pressure will also be different throughout the cardiac cycle - it will be greater at the moment of systole and less at the moment of diastole. Fluctuations in blood pressure during systole and diastole of the heart occurs only in the aorta and arteries. In arterioles and veins, blood pressure is constant throughout the cardiac cycle.
The greatest pressure in the arteries is called systolic, or maximum, the smallest - diastolic, or minimum.
The pressure in different arteries is not the same. It can be different even in arteries with the same diameter (for example, in the right and left brachial arteries). For most people, the value blood pressure is not the same in the vessels of the upper and lower extremities(usually the pressure in femoral artery and lower leg arteries more than in the brachial artery) due to differences in functional state vascular walls.
At rest in adults healthy people systolic pressure in the brachial artery, where it is usually measured, is 100-140 mm Hg. Art. (1.3-1.8 atm) In young people, it should not exceed 120-125 mm Hg. Art. Diastolic pressure is 60-80 mm Hg. Art. , and is usually 10 mm higher than half the systolic pressure. A condition in which blood pressure is low (systolic below 100 mm) is called hypotension. A persistent increase in systolic (above 140 mm) and diastolic pressure is called hypertension. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure, usually it is 50 mm Hg. Art.
Blood pressure in children is lower than in adults; in older people, due to a change in the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, it is higher than in young people. Blood pressure in the same person is not constant. It changes even during the day, for example, increases with food intake, during emotional manifestations during physical work.
Human blood pressure is usually measured in an indirect way, which was proposed by Riva-Rocci at the end of the 19th century. It is based on determining the amount of pressure required to completely compress an artery and stop blood flow in it. To do this, a cuff is placed on the limb of the subject, connected to a rubber pear, which serves to pump air, and a pressure gauge. When air is forced into the cuff, the artery is squeezed. At the moment when the pressure in the cuff becomes higher than the systolic one, the pulsation at the peripheral end of the artery stops. The appearance of the first pulse impulse when the pressure in the cuff decreases corresponds to the value of the systolic pressure in the artery. With a further decrease in pressure in the cuff, the sounds first increase and then disappear. The disappearance of sounds characterizes the magnitude of diastolic pressure.
The time during which the pressure is measured should not exceed 1 min. , as blood circulation below the cuff application site may be impaired.

The magnitude of blood pressure is mainly determined by two conditions: the energy that is reported to the blood by the heart, and the resistance of the arterial vascular system, which has to be overcome by the flow of blood flowing from the aorta. Thus, the value of blood pressure will be different in different parts of the vascular system. The greatest pressure will be in the aorta and large arteries, in small arteries, capillaries and veins it gradually decreases, in the vena cava the blood pressure is less than atmospheric pressure. The blood pressure will also be different throughout the cardiac cycle - it will be greater at the moment of systole and less at the moment of diastole. Fluctuations in blood pressure during systole and diastole of the heart occurs only in the aorta and arteries. In arterioles and veins, blood pressure is constant throughout the cardiac cycle. The greatest pressure in the arteries is called systolic, or maximum, the smallest - diastolic, or minimum. The pressure in different arteries is not the same. It can be different even in arteries with the same diameter (for example, in the right and left brachial arteries). In most people, the value of blood pressure is not the same in the vessels of the upper and lower extremities (usually the pressure in the femoral artery and arteries of the lower leg is greater than in the brachial artery), which is due to differences in the functional state of the vascular walls. At rest in healthy adults, systolic pressure in the brachial artery, where it is usually measured, is 100-140 mm Hg. Art. (1.3-1.8 atm) In young people, it should not exceed 120-125 mm Hg. Art. Diastolic pressure is 60-80 mm Hg. Art. , and is usually 10 mm higher than half the systolic pressure. A condition in which blood pressure is low (systolic below 100 mm) is called hypotension. A persistent increase in systolic (above 140 mm) and diastolic pressure is called hypertension. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure, usually it is 50 mm Hg. Art. Blood pressure in children is lower than in adults; in older people, due to a change in the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, it is higher than in young people. Blood pressure in the same person is not constant. It changes even during the day, for example, it increases when eating, during emotional manifestations, during physical work. Human blood pressure is usually measured in an indirect way, which was proposed by Riva-Rocci at the end of the 19th century. It is based on determining the amount of pressure required to completely compress an artery and stop blood flow in it. To do this, a cuff is placed on the limb of the subject, connected to a rubber pear, which serves to pump air, and a pressure gauge. When air is forced into the cuff, the artery is squeezed. At the moment when the pressure in the cuff becomes higher than the systolic one, the pulsation at the peripheral end of the artery stops. The appearance of the first pulse impulse when the pressure in the cuff decreases corresponds to the value of the systolic pressure in the artery. With a further decrease in pressure in the cuff, the sounds first increase and then disappear. The disappearance of sounds characterizes the magnitude of diastolic pressure. The time during which the pressure is measured should not exceed 1 min. , as blood circulation below the cuff application site may be impaired.

The level of blood pressure is measured in mmHg and is determined by a combination of different factors:

1. By the pumping power of the heart.

2. Peripheral resistance.

3. The volume of circulating blood.

The pumping power of the heart. The main factor in maintaining the level of blood pressure is the work of the heart. Blood pressure in the arteries fluctuates constantly. Its rise during systole determines maximum (systolic) pressure. In a middle-aged person in the brachial artery (and in the aorta), it is 110–120 mm Hg. The pressure drop during diastole corresponds to minimum (diastolic) pressure, which is equal to an average of 80 mm Hg. It depends on peripheral resistance and heart rate. Oscillation amplitude, i.e. difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is pulse pressure is 40–50 mm Hg. It is proportional to the volume of ejected blood. These values are the most important indicators of the functional state of the entire cardiovascular system.

The blood pressure averaged over the time of the cardiac cycle, which is the driving force of blood flow, is called medium pressure. For peripheral vessels, it is equal to the sum of diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure. For the central arteries, it is equal to the sum of diastolic + 1/2 pulse pressure. The mean pressure decreases along the vascular bed. Systolic pressure gradually increases with distance from the aorta. In the femoral artery, it rises by 20 mm Hg, in the dorsal artery of the foot by 40 mm Hg more than in the ascending aorta. Diastolic pressure, on the contrary, decreases. Accordingly, pulse pressure increases, which is due to peripheral vascular resistance.

In the terminal branches of the arteries and in the arterioles, the pressure decreases sharply (up to 30–35 mm Hg at the end of the arterioles). Pulse fluctuations significantly decrease and disappear, which is due to the high hydrodynamic resistance of these vessels. In the hollow veins, the pressure fluctuates around zero.

mm. rt. Art.

The normal level of systolic pressure in the brachial artery for an adult is usually in the range of 110-139 mm. rt. Art. The normal range for diastolic pressure in the brachial artery is 60-89 Cardiologists distinguish concepts:

optimal level Blood pressure when systolic pressure is slightly less than 120 mm. rt. Art. and diastolic - less than 80 mm. rt. Art.

normal level- systolic less than 130 mm. rt. Art. and diastolic less than 85 mm. rt. Art.

high normal level- systolic 130-139 mm. rt. Art. and diastolic 85-89 mm. rt. Art.

Despite the fact that blood pressure usually increases gradually with age, especially in people over 50 years old, it is currently not customary to talk about the age-related increase in blood pressure. With an increase in systolic pressure above 140 mm. rt. Art., and diastolic above 90 mm. rt. Art. it is recommended to take measures to reduce it.

An increase in blood pressure relative to the values \u200b\u200bdefined for a particular organism is called hypertension(140–160 mm Hg), reduction - hypotension(90–100 mm Hg). Under the influence of various factors, blood pressure can change significantly. So, with emotions, there is a reactive increase in blood pressure (passing exams, sports competitions). There is a so-called advancing (prelaunch) hypertension. Daily fluctuations in blood pressure are observed, during the day it is higher, during a quiet sleep it is slightly lower (by 20 mm Hg). When eating, systolic pressure moderately increases, diastolic moderately decreases. Pain is accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, but with prolonged exposure to a painful stimulus, a decrease in blood pressure is possible.

During physical exertion, systolic - increases, diastolic - may increase, decrease, or does not change.

Hypertension occurs:

With an increase cardiac output;

With an increase in peripheral resistance;

An increase in the mass of circulating blood;

With a combination of both factors.

In the clinic, it is customary to distinguish between primary (essential) hypertension, which occurs in 85% of cases, the causes are difficult to determine, and secondary (symptomatic) - 15% of cases, it accompanies various diseases. Hypotension is also distinguished primary, secondary.

When a person moves to a vertical position from a horizontal one, blood is redistributed in the body. Temporarily decrease: venous return, central venous pressure (CVP), stroke volume, systolic pressure. This causes active adaptive hemodynamic reactions: narrowing of resistive and capacitive vessels, increased heart rate, increased release of catecholamines, renin, vozopressin, angiotensin II, aldosterone. In some individuals with low BP, these mechanisms may not be sufficient to maintain normal upright BP levels and fall below acceptable levels. There is orthostatic hypotension: dizziness, darkening in the eyes, loss of consciousness is possible - orthostatic collapse (fainting). This can be observed when the ambient temperature rises.

peripheral resistance. The second factor that determines blood pressure is peripheral resistance, which is determined by the state of resistive vessels (arteries and arterioles).

The amount of circulating blood and its viscosity. When transfusing large amounts of blood, blood pressure rises, with blood loss it decreases. BP depends on venous return (for example, during muscular work). BP constantly fluctuates from some average level. When recording these oscillations on the curve, they distinguish: waves of the first order (pulse), the most frequent, reflect the systole, diastole of the ventricles. Waves of the second order (respiratory). On inspiration, blood pressure decreases, on expiration it rises. Waves of the third order reflect the influence of the central nervous system, they are rarer, perhaps this is due to fluctuations in the tone of peripheral vessels.

Techniques for measuring blood pressure

In practice, two methods of measuring blood pressure are used: direct and indirect.

Direct (bloody, intravascular) is carried out by introducing a cannula or catheter connected to a recording device into the vessel. It was first carried out in 1733 by Stephen Hels.

Indirect (indirect or palpatory) proposed by Riva-Rocci (1896). Used clinically in humans.

The main device for measuring blood pressure is sphygmomanometer. A rubber inflatable cuff is superimposed on the shoulder, which, when air is injected into it, compresses the brachial artery, stopping blood flow in it. The pulse in the radial artery disappears. When releasing air from the cuff, monitor the appearance of a pulse, registering the pressure at the time of its appearance using a manometer. This method ( palpatory) allows you to determine only systolic pressure.

In 1905, I.S. Korotkov suggested auscultatory method, by listening to sounds (Korotkoff sounds) in the brachial artery below the cuff using a stethoscope or phonendoscope. When the valve opens, the pressure in the cuff decreases, and when it falls below systolic pressure, short, clear tones appear in the artery. The systolic pressure is noted on the manometer. Then the tones become louder and further fade, while diastolic pressure is determined. Tones may be constant or rise again after fading. The appearance of tones is associated with the turbulent movement of blood. When laminar blood flow is restored, the tones disappear. With increased activity of the cardiovascular system, tones may not disappear.

Being in good health people don't usually think about their blood pressure readings.

It is unlikely that anyone questions how important blood pressure indicators are for the body.

An increase in blood pressure initially does not affect the patient's well-being. The first symptoms appear only in the advanced stages of the disease.

Blood pressure in the vessels does not coincide with its indicators in the atmosphere. Thanks to this fact, proper blood circulation and blood supply to all organs and systems is possible.

The highest blood pressure in the central arterial vessels: aorta, pulmonary trunk, subclavian arteries.

Many smaller vessels depart from these vessels, which carry blood throughout the body, literally to every cell.

During the contraction of the heart, or systole, blood is ejected from the heart into the bloodstream. At this point in the arteries observed the highest numbers of blood pressure. This parameter is called systolic, but for most people it is familiar as the top.

The lower value when measuring pressure is called diastolic or lower.

The difference between these two is also important indicator. This is pulse blood pressure, changes in which are also a sign of the development of pathologies.

There is a special table of the European Union of Cardiologists, according to which doctors are guided by assessing the blood pressure of patients.

The magnitude of blood pressure depends on many factors: on the fraction of cardiac output, the diameter of the vascular lumen, on the work of the myocardium and resistance vascular wall.

Measurement of blood pressure norms

Since ancient times, healers have understood that many ailments of people depend on the state of their vessels.

Thus, an invasive method for measuring blood pressure was invented.

A special needle was inserted into the blood vessel, which measured the tension of the fluid circulating in the vessels.

Today, a gentle method of measuring blood pressure is used. It is important to measure and bring minimal risk to the health of the patient.

The modern measurement method is the Korotkov method.

For execution this method a tonometer is required, which includes a sphygmomanometer and a stethophonendoscope.

Measurements should be taken at regular hours, with a certain frequency. Don't forget to keep a BP diary.

Measurement is usually carried out three times, with a break between measurements. It is important to measure blood pressure in both arms, as the values may vary.

Before the proposed measurement, you should not smoke, drink coffee and tea, alcohol. Do not use decongestant nasal drops (Nazivin, Naphthyzin, Farmazolin, etc.). This group drugs have a vasoconstrictive effect, and leads to vasoconstriction.

Before starting the procedure, the patient is offered to rest for a quarter of an hour.

During this event, a person sits, leaning on the back of a chair (armchair), relaxing the upper and lower limbs.

The examined hand is on the same level with the probable projection of the heart. It is recommended to place a support under the arm, such as a pillow.

The hand must be bare. The cuff is applied a couple of centimeters above the elbow crease. It is necessary to leave a distance between the surface of the arm and the cuff.

The head of the phonendoscope is applied in the projection of the brachial artery.

Blood pressure and its norms in adults

Normal blood pressure in adults fluctuates in several divisions.

IN this case it depends on the constitution, features of physiology and metabolic exchange.

The norm by age sometimes depends on gender.

Many people think that only 110 over 80 is normal, while at the same time 110 over 70 is normal, and high 120 over low 70 is also normal. Patients often worry about such jumps, but all of the numbers listed are within the age norm.

There are the following blood pressure standards:

upper norm, or systolic;
lower rate, or diastolic;
pulse rate.

The pressure of 120 to 70, which means, is of interest to every patient suffering from disorders in the functioning of the cardiovascular system.

Systolic blood pressure should not exceed a value of more than 139 millimeters of mercury.

If the numbers exceed this value, arterial hypertension is diagnosed.

If the pressure drops beyond the normal range, then the reverse diagnosis is made - hypotension.

There are many reasons for changes in blood pressure. The list includes age indicators (older vessels react poorly to pressure), gender, lifestyle.

With changes in blood pressure norms, appropriate therapy is prescribed:

With small fluctuations, the patient's lifestyle should be considered and taken into account. Normal enough is just changing habits. Should quit smoking, increase uniform motor activity proper rest and sleep. It has long been proven that there is a relationship between lifestyle and the state of the vessels of patients.
When the values rise above, special pharmacological therapy is prescribed. Antihypertensive drugs for pressure are used. Upon reaching the numbers 110-130 for the systolic state, the optimal dose is set.
With a sharp jump or hypertensive crisis used emergency antihypertensive treatment which is ideally performed by an emergency physician.
Concomitant treatment of additional pathology is also used to lower blood pressure, as any heart disease, diabetes mellitus, circulatory failure, kidney failure, problems thyroid gland entails an increase in systemic, intracranial and intraocular blood pressure.

You should carefully monitor and understand what the norm of blood pressure is, so misinterpretation and treatment can lead to complications.

The most common complications include:

spicy coronary syndrome, he is a myocardial infarction of varying severity;
strokes of various origins;
hypertensive crises;
violations of the blood supply to various organs;
dilatation of the heart chambers;
cardiac hypertrophy;
hypertensive angiopathy;
visual impairment.

As a complication, the patient may develop renal failure.

Lower limits of blood pressure indicators and pressure indicators during pregnancy

Not only the increase in the upper level of blood pressure is a danger to the patient.

In this regard, the patient must know the norm of the lower limit and what pressure is normal for him.

The scale of the lower limits ends at 70 millimeters.

Anything lower can lead to a collapsed state.

Reasons for changing the norm of lower blood pressure:

Shocks of various origins - infectious-allergic, toxic, cardiogenic, anaphylactic.
Bleeding.
Adrenal insufficiency.
Violation of brain activity.

These conditions are very dangerous because of their detrimental effect on the renal glomeruli. If systemic blood pressure falls below 50, the kidneys refuse to work properly and acute renal failure develops.

A feature of the pregnant body is the blood supply not only to itself, but also to the developing fetus.

A dangerous condition for mother and child is eclampsia. It is characterized by high jumps in blood pressure, as a result of which the mother may experience cardiovascular insufficiency, placental abruption and fetal death.

The first signs of gestational hypertension are functional noise in the ears, dizziness, a sharp deterioration in well-being, increased heart rate, increased heart rate. Often, pregnant women develop vomiting and nausea.

Many note that before the onset of an attack, everything begins to spin before their eyes.

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Cardiologists and therapists take into account the indicators of upper and lower blood pressure. For making a diagnosis hypertonic disease or essential hypertension requires a simultaneous increase in both indicators. Treatment of hypertension is carried out with the help of drugs that regulate not only upper, but also increased lower pressure.

What is lower blood pressure?

To understand the pressure indicators, you need to know how both numbers are formed:

top pressure or systolic illustrates the pumping function of the heart. The indicator is formed at the moment of expulsion of blood from the left ventricle, so it is higher than the lower pressure;
lower pressure or diastolic is fixed by the device at the time of diastole, or relaxation of the heart muscle. It is formed at the time of closing aortic valve and illustrates the state of vascular elasticity, their tone and response to cardiac ejection fraction.

The lower pressure is normally at the level of 60 - 89 mm. rt. Art. It can rise or fall, which characterizes various pathologies. For example, lower pressure is reduced in stenosis renal artery. It is often called "renal", since the condition of this indicator is often associated with kidney pathologies. And the upper pressure is called cardiac.

Blood pressure is determined by indicators of systolic (upper) and diastolic pressure (lower)

High lower pressure: what is the danger of the condition?

The danger of increased lower pressure lies in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the process. Gradually, the state of the body changes:

The heart pumps blood in an enhanced mode, then both indicators of pressure rise or the heart pumps blood in a normal mode, then the lower pressure rises.
Normal functioning of the heart and an increase or decrease in lower pressure indicate that changes in the walls have occurred in the aorta and other blood vessels. Circulatory system is in a state of stress, which leads to wear of the vessels.
The wear of the vascular wall leads to the fact that it breaks and becomes the cause of a stroke or heart attack.
A gradual change in the wall causes the deposition on it atherosclerotic plaques which also leads to strokes and heart attacks. Atherosclerosis also becomes an impetus for the development of senile dementia, a decrease in intelligence and cognitive abilities, the appearance diabetes second type.
Over time, along with atherosclerotic plaques, calcifications and blood clots are deposited on the vessels. Thrombosis and thromboembolism are possible.
In the kidneys, stenosis of the artery develops over time, which provokes a gradual wrinkling of the tissue or atrophy of the parenchyma of the organ. The kidneys do not remove metabolic products in the same volume, which is characterized by the development of chronic kidney failure and intoxication of the body.

Diastolic pressure measures the level of blood flow pressure on the vascular membrane when the heart muscle is relaxed, when the volume of blood in the vessels decreases.

How to recognize high blood pressure?

If the lower pressure is increased, then the patient will not complain about the direct manifestations of this condition. An isolated increase in lower pressure will not manifest itself in the form of a headache or asthma attacks. Such symptoms are typical only for increased upper and lower pressure.

diastolic pressure in elevated state can be detected incidentally during the examination of the patient.

It is also possible, over time, to complain about comorbidities and the consequences of increased lower indicators in the form of:

memory and cognitive impairments;
frequent urination in small volumes (pollakiuria);
thromboembolism or thrombosis.

The loss of vascular elasticity is accompanied by a violation of the blood supply to organs, namely, it becomes difficult for oxygen in the composition of erythrocytes to penetrate through the vascular wall. Organ ischemia develops. This can cause the development of coronary artery disease, which in the future will provoke a heart attack against the background of constant stress in the work of the myocardium.

Raise normal indicators speaks of a constant state of tension of the vessels

Why does high blood pressure develop?

An essential increase in lower pressure occurs no more than in 25% of cases. If only the lower indicators increase, then the reason is more often in secondary diseases. An increase in lower pressure will provoke an increase in the systolic parameter in the future.

The doctor should suspect changes and examine body structures such as:

adrenal glands and kidneys;
organs of the endocrine system;
pituitary;
heart and malformations of its development;
neoplasms in the body that produce hormones.

It is important to determine the level of hormones, namely:

aldosterone;
cortisol;
thyroxine;
vasopressin;
renin.

More often, the increase occurs due to a decrease in the lumen of the renal artery, and main function kidneys - maintaining blood balance in vessels and arteries

An increase in systolic and diastolic pressure requires drug treatment. More specifically, about the pathologies that cause pressure surges:

Diseases of the kidneys, adrenal glands.

The kidneys contain receptors that affect the body's blood pressure. In the organs, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated with the help of electrolytes and hormones, which ensures the interaction of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone. Due to them, the amount of urine excreted varies, the level of fluid and BCC in the body is regulated. Some substances are produced by the adrenal glands, for example, cortisol, corticosteroids. Mineralocorticoids of the aldosterone type have a hypertensive effect and remove potassium from the body, increasing the amount of sodium. To investigate the function of these structures, CT, excretory urography is prescribed.

Pathology of the thyroid gland.

Thyroid diseases are characterized not only by the influence on pressure, but also by changes in the central nervous system. Pathologies with an excess of thyroid hormones can increase lower pressure. Substances have a hypertensive effect, and also affect the state of the heart, changing the structure of the myocardium. They increase both upper and lower pressure. Influence on tonometer indicators is one of the first symptoms of thyroid damage, it appears before other signs.

Diseases associated with the musculoskeletal system.

An increase in upper and lower blood pressure can be explained not only by vascular pathologies. If the holes in the spine, through which the arteries pass, narrow due to pathology or injury, then the indicators on the tonometer increase, and the elasticity of the vascular wall is lost due to squeezing of the structures.

In medicine, such factors of increase are distinguished: improper functioning of the thyroid gland

Excessive amount of fluid in the body.

This condition is explained by the intake of excess water or the restriction of excretion of fluid associated with the kidneys. The increase in lower pressure is affected by aldosterone and the amount of sodium ions. Water is retained in the tissues of the body if you eat salty foods. Water helps dilute excess salt in the body and is not excreted in the urine. To reduce the lower pressure, you can remove the water using physical activity, the use of diuretic decoctions and drugs.

Atherosclerosis.

Pathology in which the elasticity of blood vessels decreases due to the deposition of lipid plaques on the vascular wall, which eventually turn into calcifications. Pathology develops over the years and does not manifest itself on early stages. Increased lower pressure is detected when there are changes on the aortic wall and hypertension joins the pathology with an increase in systolic pressure.

Changes in the vascular wall and an increase in lower pressure indicators can be provoked by autoimmune vasculitis, systemic lupus erythematosus. Diseases manifest more often in girls aged 20-25 years.

Ways to lower high diastolic pressure

If the patient is not worried about the symptoms of increased diastolic pressure, but only cares about the tonometer readings, then you can take metabolic drugs, as well as angioprotectors. Effective for cardiac and vascular activity such means as "Asparkam", "Panangin", ATP, "Tonginal". Potassium preparations nourish the myocardium and prevent it from depleting. It is important to take these drugs according to the instructions, with interruptions in the courses. Potassium in excessive amounts can cause fibrillation of the heart chambers and even stop them in systole.

Medicines are prescribed exclusively by the attending physician after a comprehensive examination

Together with potassium preparations, diuretics can be used. They are prescribed if the patient is concerned about swelling. You can make your own diuretic teas based on:

field horsetail;
bearberry;
raspberries and currants;
lingonberry leaves.

Pharmacies sell diuretic decoctions with instructions for brewing teas and how to use them. Such funds will reduce both lower and upper pressure. As diuretic medications, aldosterone antagonists are most often prescribed - Spironolactone, aka Veroshpiron. The drug begins to act after three to four days of regular use.

Often used drugs "Hypochlorothiazide", "Sidnokarb", "Torsid". They are potent, so the dosage is calculated strictly by a specialist. Means such as Triamteren, which saves potassium, increases the amount of the mineral in the body, therefore, it also requires a doctor's consultation and testing for electrolytes. Diuretics are not prescribed during pregnancy.

High blood pressure therapy

If there is an isolated or combined elevated lower pressure (from 95 mm Hg and above), then doctors prescribe centrally acting antihypertensive drugs:

Moxonidine is an alpha2 blocker and imidazoline receptor antagonist.

Medications are taken after a comprehensive examination

"Methyldopa" is an alpha2 blocker responsible for the inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system.
Albarel is an alpha2 blocker that suppresses sympathomimetic activity.

The drugs eliminate vasospasm by inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system and reducing the number of receptors that bind substances that increase pressure. As a result of the reception, both the upper and lower pressure, indicators are normalized. You can buy the drug only on the basis of prescriptions written by a specialist.

Basic therapy high blood pressure supplemented with conventional antihypertensive drugs in the form of ACE inhibitors or ARA2. Before prescribing funds, it is important to check the degree of renal artery stenosis. A significant degree of narrowing is a contraindication to taking APA2 and ACE inhibitors. If stenosis of the renal artery is fixed, it is necessary to choose calcium antagonists or new drugs - renin antagonists. The representative of this group is Aliskiren.

As ACE inhibitors are used:

"Captopril",
"Enalapril",
"Lisinopril"
"Pyrindopril".

They are often combined with diuretics. You can take APA2 drugs in the absence of contraindications, namely:

"Losartan"
"Valsartan"
"Candesartan".

These groups have the least number of contraindications and side effects. They are well tolerated by patients with long-term therapy for two months.

To find out exactly what to do if the pressure (systolic or diastolic) is elevated, you need to contact your doctor, check the readings on the tonometer. You can independently keep a notebook and write down the results of examinations in it in order to track the indicator in dynamics. It is required to measure up to five times a day and at the time of ailments.

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Features of the circulatory system of the heart

Ensuring normal human life is engaged in essential system body - the circulation of the heart. Naturally, the cardiac organ is fundamental in this system. Blood circulation occurs from the heart and back, the task of which, on the one hand, is to deliver nutrients and oxygen in a timely manner, and on the other hand, to remove harmful toxins and carbon dioxide.

Organ structure

To understand the role of the heart in blood circulation, one should consider its structure in more detail.

The transport of blood is carried out thanks to the uninterrupted contractions of a hollow organ, that is, the heart. This peculiar cone-shaped pump is located in the chest cavity, or more precisely, a little to the left of the central part. The organ is surrounded by a pericardial sac, which contains a fluid that reduces friction during contractions.

The mass of a hollow organ varies from 250 to 300 g. The structure of the heart is quite complex.

It is necessary to distinguish between the presence of four chambers:

left and right atria;
left and right ventricles.

The dimensions of the atria, as well as the wall thickness, are smaller. A solid partition is installed between both parts.

Such a device of the main pump can be explained by the fact that each cavity has its own function. Blood flows in only one direction - from the atria to the ventricles, and already those, in turn, contribute to the expulsion of blood into the circulatory circles.

The heart wall is made up of 3 layers:

Epicardium.
Myocardium.
Endocardium.

Why is there a rhythmic contraction and relaxation in the organ? Because in the middle layer, that is, the myocardium, there are bioelectric impulses. The place where they appear is called the sinus node. It is located in the right atrium. If we talk about the processes occurring in the body of an adult, then in a normal state, about 80 impulses are generated by the node in one minute. Accordingly, the myocardium is reduced by the same amount.

But when the blood supply to the sinus node is disrupted or its work is inhibited due to some negative factors arrhythmia is diagnosed.

For 0.3 seconds, the heart contracts, then it rests for 0.4 seconds. The performance of the body is truly fantastic. During the day, he is able to pump approximately 14 tons of blood. How better circulation will function, the work of the heart will be more efficient. Providing the body with oxygen and substances depends on the condition of the coronary arteries.

Features of the blood supply system

There is a certain pattern of blood circulation.

In the area where the heart is blood vessels intertwine and, accordingly, form circles of blood circulation:

big;
small.

The right ventricle is the place where the small circle originates. From it comes the flow of venous blood into the pulmonary trunk. This is the largest vessel. central part small circle - lungs.

Each circle has its own purpose. If the large one is engaged in the blood supply to all organs without exception, then the task of the small one is gas exchange in the pulmonary alveoli and heat transfer.

In addition, it is necessary to say about the presence of additional circles of blood flow:

placental (when maternal blood containing oxygen enters the developing fetus);
willisian (engaged in blood saturation of the brain and is located at its base).

The blood supply system is characterized by some features:

Arteries have more high level elasticity, but their capacity is less than that of veins.
Despite its isolation, the vascular system boasts a large branching of the vessels.
Tubular formations have a variety of diameters - from 1.5 cm to 8 microns.

General characteristics of vessels

If the blood circulation functions without disturbance, there will also be no failures in the heart.

Blood circulation in the human body is carried out thanks to five types of vessels:

arteries. They are the most durable. According to them blood is coming from the fibromuscular hollow organ. Muscle, collagen and elastic fibers form their walls. For this reason, the diameter of the arteries increases or decreases depending on the amount of blood that passes through them.
Arterioles. Vessels that are slightly smaller than the previous ones.
Capillaries - the thinnest and shortest tubular formations. Consist of a single layer of epithelium.
Venulam. Formations, although small, are responsible for the removal of blood containing carbon dioxide.
Venam. Wall thickness is medium. They carry blood to the heart. They contain more than 70% liquid mobile connective tissue.

The movement of blood through the vessels is carried out due to the functioning of the heart and the resulting pressure difference.

Not so long ago, there was an opinion that veins have a passive role. However, according to the results of the study, scientists were able to find that these vessels are a kind of reservoirs, thanks to which the amount of circulating blood is controlled. Thus, the human body relieves the heart muscle of unnecessary stress or increases it as needed.

When the blood flow presses on the walls of both the vessels and the heart, this phenomenon is called blood pressure. Normal material metabolism and urine formation depend on this parameter.

The pressure can be:

Arterial. It occurs when the ventricles contract as blood flows out of them.
Venous. The tension created in the right atrium.
Capillary.
Intracardiac. Its formation occurs at the moment when the myocardium is relaxed.

The heart is an organ, although small in size, but truly amazing and hardy. It has been proven that age does not affect its functioning. In the absence of disease and the presence of moderate physical activity it works effectively for anyone. If the load is continuous and nutrients will act irregularly short time appears oxygen starvation and fatigue of the heart muscle. Accordingly, these factors contribute to the rapid wear of the organ.

Therefore than better man takes care of his health, the less likely to end up in a hospital bed.

The pressure exerted on the wall of an artery by the blood in it is called blood pressure. Its value is determined by the strength of heart contractions, blood flow to arterial system, cardiac output, the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, blood viscosity and a number of other factors. Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

systolic blood pressure- the maximum value of pressure, which is observed at the moment heart contraction. diastolic pressure - the lowest pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called pulse pressure. Average dynamic pressure is the pressure at which, in the absence of pulse fluctuations, the same hemodynamic effect is observed as with natural fluctuating blood pressure. The pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole does not drop to zero, it is maintained due to the elasticity of the arterial walls, stretched during systole.

Blood pressure is not the same in different parts of the vascular system. Blood pressure decreases along the course of the vessels from the aorta to the veins. In the aorta, the pressure is 200/80 mm Hg. Art.; in the arteries of medium caliber - 140/50 mm Hg. Art. In the capillaries, the pressure at the time of systole and diastole does not fluctuate significantly and is 35 mm Hg. Art. In small veins, blood pressure does not exceed 10-15 mm Hg. Art.; at the mouth of the vena cava, it is close to zero. The difference in pressure at the beginning and at the end of the vascular system is a factor that ensures the movement of blood.

Some pressure fluctuation is due to respiratory movements: inhalation is accompanied by its decrease (blood flow to the heart increases), and exhalation is accompanied by an increase (blood flow to the heart decreases). Periodically, the pressure rises and falls due to an increase and decrease in tone. nerve center systems.

Arterial blood pressure is determined by two methods: direct (bloody) and indirect.

At direct method to measure blood pressure, a hollow needle or glass cannula is inserted into an artery connected to a manometer by a tube with rigid walls. The direct method for determining blood pressure is the most accurate, but it requires surgical intervention and therefore not used in practice.

Later, to determine the systolic and diastolic pressure, N.S. Korotkov developed an auscultatory method. He suggested listening to vascular tones (sound phenomena) that occur in the artery below the cuff. Korotkov showed that in an uncompressed artery, sounds are usually absent during the movement of blood. If the pressure in the cuff is raised above the systolic pressure, then the blood flow in the clamped brachial artery stops and there are also no sounds. If you gradually release air from the cuff, then at the moment when the pressure in it becomes slightly lower than systolic, the blood overcomes the squeezed area, hits the wall of the artery and this sound is picked up when listening below the cuff. The indication of the manometer at the appearance of the first sounds in the artery corresponds to the systolic pressure. As the pressure in the cuff decreases further, the sounds first increase and then disappear. Thus, the pressure gauge reading at this moment corresponds to the minimum - diastolic - pressure.

As external indicators of the beneficial result of the tonic activity of the vessels are: arterial pulse, venous pressure, venous pulse.

arterial pulse - rhythmic oscillations of the arterial wall caused by a systolic increase in pressure in the arteries. A pulse wave occurs in the aorta at the moment of expulsion of blood from the ventricle, when the pressure in the aorta rises sharply and its wall stretches. The wave of increased pressure and the oscillation of the vascular wall caused by this stretching propagate at a certain speed from the aorta to the arterioles and capillaries, where the pulse wave goes out. The pulse curve registered on a paper tape is called a sphygmogram (Fig. 14.2).

On the sphygmograms of the aorta and large arteries, two main parts are distinguished: the rise of the curve - anacrota and the decline of the curve - catacrota. Anacrota is caused by a systolic increase in pressure and stretching of the arterial wall by blood ejected from the heart at the beginning of the exile phase. Catacrot occurs at the end of the systole of the ventricle, when the pressure in it begins to fall and there is a decline in the pulse.

Rice. 14.2. Arterial sphygmogram of the owl curve. At the moment when the ventricle begins to relax and the pressure in its cavity becomes lower than in the aorta, the blood ejected into the arterial system rushes back to the ventricle. During this period, the pressure in the arteries drops sharply and a deep notch appears on the pulse curve - an incisura. The movement of blood back to the heart encounters an obstacle, since the semilunar valves close under the influence of the reverse flow of blood and prevent its entry into the left ventricle. The blood wave reflects off the valves and creates a secondary pressure wave called dicrotic rise.

The pulse is characterized by frequency, filling, amplitude and rhythm of tension. Pulse good quality- full, fast, filled, rhythmic.

Venous pulse noted in large veins near the heart. It is caused by obstruction of blood flow from the veins to the heart during atrial and ventricular systole. A graphical recording of a venous pulse is called a phlebogram.