What can cause nosebleeds? Why does the nose bleed: reasons, ways to stop

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Health 03/16/2016

Today we are with you, dear readers, let's talk about nosebleeds, an unpleasant and sometimes dangerous phenomenon, especially if it occurs in children. Sometimes the sight of a large amount of blood makes us feel horrified, and nosebleeds usually occur unexpectedly, leading a person into a state of panic, so you need to clearly know what to do in such cases and how to provide first aid to yourself and your loved ones if a nosebleed occurs.

Most often, bleeding occurs from the anterior parts of the nose due to a rupture blood vessels. Such bleeding can be quite heavy, but it is easy to stop. It is much more difficult to cope with bleeding from the back of the nose on your own; sometimes in these cases emergency medical intervention is required.

First of all, you need to determine from which departments nose goes blood. In the anterior parts of the nose, blood vessels are located on the nasal septum, and damage to them usually causes bleeding from one nostril. If you observe heavy bleeding from both nostrils, then it can be assumed that the vessels of the posterior parts of the nose are damaged. Let's take a closer look at the causes of nosebleeds, first aid methods and treatment methods.

Nosebleeds in adults and children. Causes

There are many causes of nosebleeds in adults and children. They can occur in completely healthy people under the influence of certain external factors, such bleeding usually occurs sporadically and goes away on its own. Sometimes nosebleeds are a consequence of some medical condition, and in these cases it is necessary to find the root cause and treat the underlying condition.

What can cause nosebleeds? In practically healthy people, nosebleeds can be caused by:

• changes atmospheric pressure;
• overheating or sunstroke;
• dry indoor air;
• nasal injuries;
• foreign body in the nose;
• the effect of certain medications;
• excessive alcohol consumption;
• influenza or ARVI, when a person’s vessels in the nasal cavity swell, and since the vessels in the nose are very thin and delicate, they can burst when high temperature and when blowing your nose.

Nosebleeds can cause more serious reasons, which include diseases such as

• atrophy of the nasal mucosa, in which the mucous membrane becomes thinner and the slightest strain or blowing the nose causes rupture of blood vessels;
• pathology of vascular development in the nose, in which vascular wall thin, which leads to frequent ruptures;
• allergic rhinitis;
• high blood pressure;
• blood diseases;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• tuberculosis;
• liver diseases;
• hormonal disorders;
• lack of vitamin C in the body.

First aid for nosebleeds

What to do if your nose suddenly bleeds? First of all, do not panic, and if this happened to someone close to you, calm the person down and provide first aid. If you have a nosebleed, you should not lie down or throw your head back so that blood does not get into your nose. Airways. You need to sit down and lower your head slightly.

The blood must be spat out, not allowed to enter the stomach, so as not to cause vomiting. Place some container in front of the person for convenience.

Close both nostrils with a handkerchief, put something cold on the bridge of the nose, at least moistened cold water handkerchief, and sit with your head bowed. After 10 - 15 minutes, bleeding from the anterior parts of the nose usually stops. You need to breathe through your mouth.

Advice from me from practice: It is very useful to always have cold at home. Ice cubes are inconvenient to use, ice containers in the form of containers are also inconvenient, I do this: I pour a little water into a medical glove, tie it tightly and freeze it like that. And in case of need - you never know, a bruise or something else, there is always a remedy at hand. Very simple and convenient.

Many people fall into a semi-fainting state at the sight of blood, and if you see that a person not only has blood coming out of his nose, but he is feeling ill, you need to ensure a flow of fresh air into the room, unfasten the collar, and, if necessary, call ambulance.

It is not recommended to instill nasal drops during bleeding and immediately after it stops; in the future, the use of any medications should be agreed with a doctor.

If the bleeding does not stop within 15 minutes, then you can insert a cotton or gauze swab moistened with hydrogen peroxide into the nasal passages.

If the bleeding cannot be stopped on its own within 20 minutes, it is necessary to call an ambulance or take the person to the nearest medical facility for assistance. In this case, it can be assumed that the cause of the bleeding was a rupture of a blood vessel in the posterior parts of the nose, which requires special measures to eliminate it.

Here is a visual reminder for us on how to help with nosebleeds.

Nosebleeds in children

I would like to pay special attention to children's nosebleeds, since this unpleasant phenomenon is quite often observed in children. In most cases, nosebleeds in children occur due to damage to the walls of small vessels in the anterior part of the nose, which are located on the nasal septum. In children, the vessels are very delicate and not fully formed, so any minor injury or overheating can cause nosebleeds. It does not cause danger; the main thing is to provide the child with timely help.

Much more serious, if blood is released from large vessels, such bleeding can be very severe and in this case the help of a specialist is necessary, since a large loss of blood is very dangerous for a child. With severe blood loss, weakness, dizziness, and decreased blood pressure, violation heart rate, fainting may occur. Therefore, medical attention is necessary if you see heavy bleeding.

It is especially dangerous if blood vessels rupture in the posterior parts of the nose. Blood may enter the stomach, causing vomiting, or may enter the respiratory tract, which is even more dangerous; in this case, it is necessary to urgently call an ambulance. As I wrote above, bleeding from the back of the nose occurs from two nostrils at once and this is already a signal for emergency assistance. Don't hesitate, call an ambulance!

Causes of nosebleeds in children

Let's look at the most common causes of nosebleeds in children:

• nasal injuries
• foreign bodies in the nose
• dry indoor air
• overheating in the sun
• excessive physical or mental stress in schoolchildren
• hormonal changes in adolescents
• high blood pressure
• anemia
• bleeding disorder

How to stop nosebleeds in children

Since the most common cause of nosebleeds in children is mechanical damage to the vessels on the nasal septum, stopping such bleeding usually does not present any particular difficulties.

First aid for nosebleeds in children

The child must be seated, his head slightly tilted forward and both nostrils of the child should be closed with his fingers. The child should sit in this position for 10 minutes. We need to be patient.

At the same time, cold should be applied to the bridge of the nose. Usually after 10 minutes the blood from the nose stops coming out. If after 20 minutes the bleeding cannot be stopped, then you need to urgently call an ambulance.

The main mistakes parents make when providing first aid for nosebleeds in children.

What should not be done in case of nosebleeds in children?

When bleeding from the nose, you should not throw your head back.

You can't lie down either. I talked about the child’s pose above.

Do not insert cotton swabs into a child's nose. Of course, it makes us feel better because the cotton wool absorbs the blood, but when we remove these tampons, we can only harm the child. During this time, blood clots form, they will remain on the cotton wool, and you yourself understand that dried blood can only aggravate the problem.

Now a little about those 10 minutes that are recommended to be spent in calm state to stop nosebleeds. 10 minutes - of course, we understand that it’s not easy for a child to stand in such a position. Especially for a small fidgety child.

What additional advice can you give to parents? Give a child sitting in this position ice cream, plain water with a small number of ice cubes, but drink it only through a straw so that the child sits with his head slightly tilted forward. You can also turn on the TV or give him a tablet and watch his favorite cartoons. So time will pass more quickly... And you and I will make sure that the child’s head is in the right position.

I suggest watching a video with a speech by children's doctor Komarovsky about the causes of children's nosebleeds, first aid and prevention.

Nose bleed. Treatment.

We can talk about treating nosebleeds only in cases where they are caused by certain diseases. If nosebleeds occur frequently, you should be concerned and get examined.

First of all, you will need to donate blood for analysis and do an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity. Perhaps the doctor will prescribe some other tests, and if the cause is found, prescribe appropriate treatment. Doctors often prescribe ascorutin to strengthen capillaries.

Nose bleed. Prevention

In all other cases, we will talk less about treatment, and more about the prevention of nosebleeds. Let's talk about it in more detail.

First of all, it is necessary to analyze Lifestyle Perhaps the cause of nosebleeds is chronic lack of sleep, overwork, and insufficient rest. Sometimes it is enough to include in your daily routine hiking on fresh air and add a vitamin and mineral complex to your diet to stop nosebleeds.

In winter, dry indoor air can contribute to the fragility of nasal vessels, so it is easiest to install humidifier . Humidifiers are freely sold, they vary in price and configuration, you can choose the one that suits you.

If the cause of nosebleeds lies in atrophy of the nasal mucosa, then it is necessary treat atrophic rhinitis . It must be said that in most cases this disease is chronic and can accompany a person throughout his life. All measures should be aimed at preventing the formation of dry crusts on the nasal septum; it is necessary to humidify the air in the apartment and use moisturizing nasal sprays. For better discharge drop dried mucus and relieve inflammation into the nose oil solution vitamin A or insert tampons with sea buckthorn oil into the nasal passages.

Sometimes nosebleeds can be caused by allergic rhinitis , in this case it is necessary to identify the allergen that causes swelling of the mucous membrane and avoid provoking factors. If an allergy does take you by surprise, you need to take it on time. antihistamines, but, of course, only after consulting an allergist. In addition, it is necessary to use special nasal drops or sprays that relieve allergic swelling of the mucous membrane. About allergic rhinitis I told you in more detail

I wish everyone good health, so that we do not encounter such nosebleeds, and if something does happen, we will know how to provide first aid. And to continue the topic, I will say that how important it is to rest, not overexert yourself, and avoid stress. One of my daughters, when she graduated from Moscow State University last year, just suffered from nosebleeds before the semester. As soon as I defended my thesis, it was all over, and the bleeding went away.

And for the soul we will listen today A. Dvorak Melody . Wonderful music and paintings by the artist Edouard Manet.

I wish everyone, my dear readers, health, a wonderful spring mood with our scents of happiness, harmony and warmth in your families. Give your warmth to your loved ones.

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Nosebleeds are quite common in medical practice. We stop nosebleed.
Epitaxis, or bleeding from nose may be a symptom of a number of diseases nose and other organs

Nose bleed is a symptom of diseases such as the nasal cavity (acute and chronic rhinitis, as well as benign and malignant tumors nose) and the body as a whole.
Nosebleeds can be a consequence of injury, blood clotting disorders, hypertension, or severe physical exertion.

Possible causes that can lead to nosebleeds are varied:

1. diseases cordially- vascular system(hypertension, heart defects and vascular abnormalities with increased blood pressure in the vessels of the head and neck, atherosclerosis of blood vessels);
2. bleeding disorders, hemorrhagic diathesis and diseases of the blood system, hypovitaminosis and vitamin deficiency;
3. fever as a result of acute infectious diseases, with heat and sunstroke, with overheating;
4. hormonal imbalances(bleeding during puberty, bleeding during pregnancy).

Blood may come out of the nose in drops or streams. If it is swallowed and enters the stomach, bloody vomiting may occur. With prolonged, and especially hidden nosebleeds, a fainting state develops: the skin is pale, cold sweat, weak and rapid pulse, blood pressure drops.

First aid for nosebleeds:

1. It is necessary to sit the patient comfortably so that the head is higher than the body.
2. Tilt the patient's head slightly forward so that blood does not enter the nasopharynx and mouth.
3. If you have a nosebleed, you should not blow your nose, this can make the bleeding worse!
4. Press the wing of the nose against the septum. Before this, you can insert cotton swabs into the nasal passages, moistened with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, 0.1% naphthysine (tampons are prepared from cotton wool in the form of a cocoon 2.5-3 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick; tampons for children should be injected no more than 0.5 cm thick).
5. Place an ice pack (hot water bottle) on the back of your head and bridge of the nose for 20 minutes.
6. Here’s the method: if your nose is bleeding, you need to take (clean) paper about 6X6 cm, and quickly make a ball out of it, put the ball under your tongue. Medicine is not able to explain this phenomenon, but the blood stops within 30 seconds and there is no need to throw your head back, you just need to sit quietly.

When is it necessary to consult a doctor?

1. If the blood from the nose flows in a stream and does not stop after attempts to stop on its own for 10-20 minutes.
2. If nosebleeds are a consequence of blood clotting disorders, diabetes, or increased blood pressure.
3. If the patient constantly takes medications such as aspirin, heparin, ibuprofen.
4. If blood, flowing profusely down the back wall of the pharynx, enters the throat and causes bloody vomiting.
5. If, against the background of nosebleeds, fainting or pre-fainting occurs.
6. For frequently recurring nosebleeds.

Nosebleeds are treated by an ENT doctor.

Folk remedies for nosebleeds:

1. If blood comes from the right nostril, then right hand lift up above your head, and pinch your left nostril, and vice versa.
2. The patient raises both hands behind his head, and a second person closes both nostrils or one for 3-5 minutes. The bleeding will stop soon.
3. Grind fresh yarrow leaves until they are moist and insert into your nose. And even more effective is to squeeze the juice and drop it into your nose.
4. Squeeze the juice of 1/4 lemon into a glass of cold water or pour in 1 teaspoon of 9% vinegar. Draw this liquid into your nose and hold it there for 3-5 minutes, closing your nostrils with your fingers. Sit or stand quietly, but do not lie down. Place a wet, cold towel on your forehead and nose.
5. Corn silk will help with frequent nosebleeds. 1 tbsp. Pour 1.5 cups of boiling water over a spoonful of corn silk and boil in a water bath for 10 minutes. Then cool the broth and take a quarter glass 3 times a day.
6. For nosebleeds, drink an infusion of dry herb medicinal cap. Pour 3 pinches of raw material with a glass of boiling water and cool. Strain and drink the infusion in 3 doses.

Nose bleed.

Most common reason nosebleeds- injuries. For some, the blood vessels may even be damaged by strong nose blowing or the habit of picking your nose with your finger. In children, nosebleeds often occur due to inflamed adenoids or due to too dry air in the room: the dry mucous membrane cracks and ruptures the blood vessel .
It happens that nosebleeds occur during the flu or a cold - the blood vessels become fragile due to the disease. They are also more vulnerable during pregnancy. Another one possible reason- lack of vitamins C or K, long-term use of aspirin, heparin, ibuprofen.
Sometimes nosebleeds occur when sharp decline atmospheric pressure, prolonged exposure to the sun, physical stress.
Regular nosebleeds occur with blood diseases, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver diseases. They often accompany hypertension: with a sharp rise in blood pressure, the walls of the blood vessels cannot withstand it and burst. In this case, the blood will not stop until the pressure normalizes.

What to do if you have a nosebleed?
First of all, you need to calm down - when you are nervous, your heart starts beating faster, and this only increases the bleeding. Then sit down and tilt your head forward a little.
Under no circumstances should you tilt it back, as many do!
Firstly, because of this, blood can enter the esophagus and cause vomiting, and secondly, in this position the veins in the neck are compressed and the pressure in the vessels of the head increases, which increases bleeding.
Cold should be applied to the back of the head and bridge of the nose (hold for 3-4 minutes, then the same break), and heat should be applied to the legs. Pinch your nose with your fingers and sit there for 5-10 minutes.
If the bleeding is severe, you can first carefully insert cotton swabs soaked in hydrogen peroxide or naphthysine into the nostrils. In order not to damage the bleeding vessel again, the cotton wool from the nose can be removed no earlier than an hour later.
It is better not to instill any drops: blood along with the medicine can get from the nasal cavity into the auditory tubes and then cause ear inflammation.
After the bleeding stops, you should not blow your nose for a day (so as not to dislodge the formed blood clot). It is also better to refrain from hot food and drinks at this time. They can cause blood vessels to dilate and cause re-bleeding.

If the cause of nosebleeds is mild vessels, you can strengthen them in the following ways:

1. rinse your nose with salt water;
2. lubricate the inside of the nostrils with Vaseline to protect the mucous membrane from drying out;
3. drink green tea and rosehip decoction more often;
4. drink 1 tbsp three times a day. nettle infusion (3 tsp of dry herb, pour 1 tbsp of boiling water, leave for 20-30 minutes);
5. take ascorutin (it contains vitamins necessary for blood vessels.

Barberry will relieve frequent nosebleeds

1/2 teaspoon of crushed barberry bark should be infused for 1 hour in a glass of boiling water. Strain and drink half a glass 3-4 times a day and rinse your nose with this cool infusion several times a week. Gradually the bleeding will stop bothering you.

Turnip for nosebleeds

This treatment for nosebleeds: grate turnips, squeeze out the juice, add sugar. Take 1 tablespoon 3 times a day. Bleeding will stop after 1 day, but for prevention, take the juice for two more days. There will be no more bleeding.

Horsetail will stop nosebleeds

As soon as bleeding begins, you need to prepare a horsetail decoction: 1 tbsp. l. pour 0.5 liters of water, bring to a boil, boil for 5 minutes, cool quickly by placing the saucepan with the broth in a large container with cold water, strain and suck the broth through your nose several times. The procedure is not pleasant.

Willow (white willow) powder against nosebleeds

Dried willow bark is used for nosebleeds. It must be ground in a coffee grinder. You will get a powder that you need to inhale through your nose. This should not be done during bleeding, but in advance. Inhale willow powder every two days for several weeks and the bleeding will stop.

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Nosebleeds always occur as a result of damage to blood vessels. This phenomenon is most often recorded in children under 10 years of age and in adults over 50 years of age. Doctors have identified several dozen causes and factors that can provoke nosebleeds - they can be accurately determined only with a full examination of the patient. This will be done in medical institutions, and here are the rules of first aid for heavy nosebleeds and principles general assistance in such cases, everyone needs to know.

Table of contents:

Causes of nosebleeds

The most common cause of nosebleeds is fragility of blood vessels. Some people note the appearance of blood from the nose even with normal sneezing, and more often this reason is revealed during examination of children under 10 years of age - the body is still growing, so over the years the described syndrome disappears. People with persistent high blood pressure also complain of spontaneous nosebleeds; this syndrome almost always appears with a nasal injury. In general, medicine distinguishes two large groups of causes of nosebleeds - local and systemic.

Local causes of nosebleeds

These include:




Note:It is not at all necessary that the above factors necessarily lead to the opening of nosebleeds, but they can provoke it. For example, some types of nasal trauma are characterized by the absence of blood discharge, but the presence of swelling, difficulty breathing and other signs of developing pathology.

Systemic causes of nosebleeds

In this case, the appearance of nosebleeds will be influenced by general state health and certain chronic pathological processes. Systemic factors that can provoke nosebleeds include:

• diagnosed allergy to any external or internal irritant;
• – not a periodic increase in blood pressure, but stable hypertension;
• drinking alcohol in large quantities and often - drinks containing alcohol dilate blood vessels;
• chronic diseases of the liver and heart of an inflammatory or infectious nature;
• long-term use of certain medications - in this case, nosebleeds will be classified as a side effect;
• excessive physical exercise, sunstroke, overheating - nosebleeds in this case begin suddenly and are short-lived;
• hormonal disorders - this factor applies more to women; it is not surprising that complaints about the described syndrome come from pregnant women;
• infectious diseases - with, the permeability of the walls of blood vessels increases.

In addition, nosebleeds can be associated with changes in barometric pressure - a similar syndrome is characteristic of divers, pilots, and climbers.

Classification of nosebleeds

The syndrome in question is differentiated in medicine as anterior and posterior nosebleeds. If a person has anterior bleeding from the nose, then there is no need to worry - it stops on its own (in extreme cases, you will need to use the simplest self-help methods), never lasts long and does not pose a health hazard. Posterior nosebleeds are completely different. It occurs as a result of damage to large vessels, so large blood loss is a reality.



Important:Posterior nosebleeds never stop on their own and always require professional help.

In addition to these two main types of the described syndrome, doctors also differentiate the degree of blood loss. She may be:

• easy– the person practically does not feel any problems, the bleeding stops on its own and is short-lived;
• average– bleeding from the nose is intense, while the person feels slightly dizzy, and nausea may be present;
• severe– nosebleeds do not stop even after taking emergency measures, the person becomes ill: severe dizziness, pallor skin, a sticky cold sweat appears on my face, and there are complaints of nausea.

Medicine has deeply studied the nature of nosebleeds and identified this syndrome, which occurs in childhood, as a separate category. The fact is that if a child periodically experiences anterior nosebleeds, this means that the blood vessels located in the nose have simply not yet fully formed. The described syndrome, which appeared precisely for this reason, is absolutely safe - the bleeding quickly stops, and the child does not experience any consequences or complications.

Children are characterized by nosebleeds associated with problems in the functioning of the trachea, stomach, and esophagus. Parents should be alert to the dark color of the blood coming out of the nose; it will resemble ink and be distinguished by the presence of small clots. This means that it is actively developing dangerous pathology internal organs.

If a child has posterior nosebleeds, this can lead to a sharp deterioration in health - weakness, pale skin, dizziness, a sharp decline blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

Important:in some cases, in the posterior form of the described syndrome, blood flows into the pharynx, and the child swallows it. In this case, nosebleeds can only be detected by the presence of blood in the vomit. Excessive posterior bleeding often leads to critical blood loss and fatal outcome child.

Both children and adults need to know the rules of first aid for the described syndrome - this way they can help themselves, and a simple passer-by or neighbors, acquaintances and colleagues.

What to do if you have anterior nosebleeds

First of all, you need to sit up or lay down the victim (in a lying position, the head must be slightly raised).

note: You should not raise your head too much, as this may lead to swallowing blood.

• 3% hydrogen peroxide;
• vasoconstrictor nasal drops (for example, Naphthyzin).

With these remedies, you need to moisten a cotton swab and insert it into the nostril where the blood is coming from (or both), squeeze the nasal passage with the swab a little with your fingers and remain in this position for a maximum of 15 minutes. You can apply cold to the bridge of your nose as additional help - even ice from the refrigerator will do.



If you don’t have a first aid kit at hand, you can quickly stop mild bleeding from the front nose with a regular handkerchief - moisten it in water and apply it to the bridge of your nose.

Important:If bleeding from the nose continues after the measures taken and blood flows out in a stream, with clots, you should urgently seek medical help.

What to do if you have a posterior nosebleed

In this case, you cannot do without the help of specialists, so you need to call an ambulance and go (or send the victim) to the hospital. What can doctors do in a medical facility?



Firstly, specialists direct their actions to stop bleeding. To do this, tampons soaked in specific medications are inserted into the nasal passages. Such tamponade can last more than 1 day. At the same time, doctors can inject hemostatic agents, which will help speed up the process of restoring normal functioning of the nose.

Secondly, if the above measures do not produce any effect within 2 days, then surgical intervention is prescribed - surgeons will stop the bleeding using coagulation, restoring the integrity of the damaged vessel. There is nothing terrible about such an operation - specialists work with ultra-modern equipment and there is no need to open the nose.

Thirdly, after emergency assistance is provided, a full examination of the patient will be carried out, the causes of nosebleeds will be identified and specific treatments will be prescribed. medicines(for example, to strengthen the walls of blood vessels). It is much easier to undergo a course of therapy and then just follow the recommendations of your doctor than to deal with blood loss every time.

Note:all of the above activities are carried out in medical institutions only for those patients who have been admitted to a doctor without visible signs of deterioration in health. In all other cases, an emergency examination of the patient is carried out - ultrasound and X-ray examination will enable doctors to understand what is actually happening in the patient’s body.

Many people try to cope with prolonged nosebleeds on their own, using folk recipes. Please note that this behavior is fraught with serious consequences:

• visible bleeding may become less, in fact the blood simply flows down the throat into the esophagus and stomach;
• if the described syndrome is associated with a nasal injury, then stopping the bleeding may mean a fracture of the distant bones of the nasal sinuses, the penetration of their fragments into the skull;
• the loss of blood is so great that it can end very sadly for the patient.

Nosebleeds most often turn out to be a harmless syndrome that even a child can cope with. But you should be attentive to your own health and if the syndrome recurs (more than once every two months), you need to consult a doctor for full examination. Even if children have bleeding and it is not intense, then consulting a specialist will not hurt - this syndrome may indicate banal fragility of blood vessels, but it can also be a sign of serious pathologies of internal organs.

Tsygankova Yana Aleksandrovna, medical observer, therapist of the highest qualification category.

Nosebleeds, which have the scientific name epistaxis, are quite common pathology, which every adult has encountered at least once in their life. It is characterized by bleeding from the nose, which occurs due to rupture of blood vessels. It happens that the blood loss is so great that it poses a threat not only to the health, but also to the life of the patient. The nasal mucosa is very thin and is characterized by the presence of a very large number of blood vessels. As a rule, when they are damaged, blood flows out of the nostrils (or one nostril), but it happens that the contents of the vessels enter the larynx.

Bleeding in adults may be affected by local or system factors.


TO Experts attribute local factors to:

• external or internal trauma to the nose;
• the presence of a foreign object in the nasal cavity;
• inflammatory diseases, such as ARVI, sinusitis, rhinitis, sinusitis;
• abnormal development of the vascular system of the nasal cavity;
• use narcotic drugs inhalation method;
• cancer of the nose;
• low humidity of the air that the patient inhales for a long time;
• the use of a nasal oxygen catheter, which dries out the mucous membrane;
• frequent use of certain medications in the form of a nasal spray;
• surgical interventions.

System factors include:

• allergic reactions;
• hypertension;
• increased physical activity;
• sun or heatstroke;
• colds;
• side effects of certain medications;
• frequent consumption of alcohol and alcohol-containing drinks, which cause dilation of the vessels of the nasal cavity;
• diseases of the circulatory system;
• liver pathologists;
• heart failure;
• severe infectious pathologies in which there is an increase in vascular permeability;
• some hereditary diseases;
• professional activities that are associated with sudden surges in pressure (divers, climbers, submariners);
• hormonal imbalances, for example, during pregnancy.

Video about the causes of nosebleeds

Causes in older people

At the age of over 45, epistaxis occurs much more often.


It's connected with age-related changes nasal mucosa - it becomes much drier and thinner. At the same time, the functions of vascular contraction are much lower than in more at a young age. In more than 80% of cases when older people consult a specialist, the patient is diagnosed with disorders in the hemostatic system.

In addition, in elderly patients there is a sharp progression of hypertension, in which the fragile nasal vessels are unable to withstand blood pressure and rupture. In cases where elderly people experience nosebleeds along with signs of hypertension, it is very important to seek help. urgent help medical workers, because such a situation suggests that hypertension has reached its peak.

Reasons why bleeding is observed from only one nostril

The following reasons contribute to the occurrence of blood flow from one nostril:

• deviated nasal septum;
• trauma to a vessel of the nasal passage;
• presence of a foreign object in the nasal passage;
• the presence of a benign or malignant neoplasm in the nostril.

Classification

Epistaxis in adults is classified according to various signs: by localization, by frequency of manifestation, by mechanism of appearance; by type of vascular damage, by volume of blood loss.

• Depending on the location, the following forms of bleeding from the nasal cavity are distinguished:

front, which originates in the anterior sections of the nasal cavity. This form of epistaxis is the most common; it does not pose a threat to the patient’s life and stops on its own or after some manipulations;

rear, the focus of which is located in the posterior sections of the nasal cavity. Often such bleeding requires medical attention. This form of pathology is characterized by partial blood entering the throat and flowing out of the nose.

one-sided, in which blood flows from only one nostril;

bilateral, in which blood flow is noted from both nostrils.

• Based on the frequency of manifestations, they are distinguished:

recurrent, which is repeated periodically;

sporadic, which appears rarely or once.

• Based on the mechanism of occurrence, nosebleeds are classified into:

capillary(in case of damage to small superficial vessels);

venous(with rupture of the veins of the nasal cavity);

arterial(for damage to large arteries).

• Based on the volume of blood loss during epistaxis, the following are distinguished:

minor bleeding, the blood volume in which is no more than 70-100 ml;

moderate, the amount of blood released is 100-200 ml;

massive, with blood loss more than 200 ml;

profuse- portion bleeding of 200-300 ml or single, in which the patient loses more than 500 ml of blood. The condition requires immediate treatment!

We invite you to watch a video about the causes of nosebleeds, as well as details of this condition.

Clinical picture

Front bleeding from the nose is determined by the flow of blood from the nostrils (or one nostril) in a stream or drops.

At posterior bleeding There may be no obvious manifestations in adults. Often blood flows into the throat, resulting in the following symptoms:

• feeling of nausea;
• vomiting blood;
• hemoptysis;
• change in the color and consistency of stool (stool becomes black and resembles tar in consistency).

The clinical picture of this condition depends on the volume of blood lost. At minor bleeding the patient's general condition remains stable. With prolonged moderate, as well as massive bleeding, patients experience the following symptoms:

• general weakness, fatigue;
• extraneous noise in the ears, ear congestion;
• the appearance of spots and spots before the eyes;
• feeling of thirst;
• headache and feeling dizzy;
• increased heart rate;
• the skin acquires a pale tint, pale mucous membranes;
• slight shortness of breath.

With profuse bleeding in adults, the following are observed:

• some lethargy and other disturbances of consciousness;
• arrhythmia, tachycardia;
• pulse is threadlike;
• drop in blood pressure;
• decrease in volume or complete absence urine.
Important: profuse bleeding requires emergency treatment , since it carries threat to the patient's life.


Diagnostics

In order to prescribe the necessary treatment for nosebleeds, it is necessary to carry out full diagnostics. Diagnosis of epistaxis consists of determining the cause of the pathology and includes the following:

• taking anamnesis;
• external examination of the patient;
• examination of the patient's nasal cavity;

In some cases it is carried out differential diagnosis, which allows you to exclude (or detect) areas of bleeding located in other organs (lungs, stomach, esophagus). In such cases, blood can enter the nasal cavity, flowing out of the nostrils.

Important: diagnosis and treatment of such a condition only a specialist does it.


First aid

In case of bleeding from the nasal cavity, the following measures must be taken:

1. Calm down or reassure the victim. Deep breathing will help you cope with anxiety. This helps reduce emotional overstimulation and prevent increased heart rate and blood pressure, which can only worsen the situation.
2. Sit down or sit the person who is bleeding in a comfortable position, with the head slightly tilted forward, so that the blood flows out freely.
3. Press the nostril from which blood is flowing with your finger against the nasal septum for several minutes. This promotes the formation of a blood clot at the site of a ruptured vessel.
4. Place 6-7 drops of vasoconstrictor nasal medications into the nose, for example Naphthyzin, Glazolin, etc.
5. Place 8-10 drops of hydrogen peroxide (3%) into each nostril.
6. Apply a cold compress to your nose (you can use ice from the refrigerator or a cloth soaked in cold water). Leave the compress on for 10-15 minutes, then take a break for 3-4 minutes. Repeat the procedure 2-3 times.
7. Experts recommend that if you experience a nosebleed, immerse your hands in cold water and your feet in warm water. This manipulation helps to quickly narrow the blood vessels and, accordingly, stop the flow of blood.

What is absolutely forbidden to do?

Some people, when faced with nosebleeds, make a number of mistakes that can lead to serious complications. In addition to ideas about what needs to be done, it is important to know what to do is strictly prohibited. So, IT IS FORBIDDEN:

• accept horizontal position . In this case, blood enters the head, leading to an increase in the intensity of bleeding;
• throw your head back. In this case, blood enters the respiratory tract, which can lead to vomiting. Besides, bleeding can enter the bronchi, causing a cough and, therefore, sharp increase pressure. Also, throwing back the head leads to pinching of the veins, increasing blood pressure;
• blow your nose. This action prevents thrombus formation on the damaged vessel;
• independently try to remove a foreign body from the nasal cavity(if the bleeding was caused by it). In this case, incorrect actions may result in the object entering the respiratory system.

When is medical help needed?

In some situations, seeking emergency medical attention is necessary. Call an ambulance immediately should be in the following cases;

• bleeding occurred due to injury to the nose or head;
• bleeding is prolonged and does not stop with first aid;
• there is heavy blood loss;
• there is an exacerbation of renal or hepatic pathologies;
• There is a sharp deterioration in the patient's health, manifested by general malaise, pallor, dizziness, and fainting.

Detailed and interesting material about possible treatment of nosebleeds

Complications

Minor blood loss due to nosebleeds, as a rule, does not lead to complications and does not have negative consequences.

Massive nosebleeds can be complicated by increased blood loss and functional disorders internal organ systems, including hemorrhagic shock - a condition manifested by confusion or retardation of consciousness, a drop in blood pressure, thread-like pulse, tachycardia.

Nasal bleeding is a condition that may be a symptom serious and dangerous disease.


Frequent cases of epistaxis, as well as heavy blood loss, require urgent specialist consultation, detailed diagnosis and proper treatment.