This disease is one of the forms of gastritis - chronic inflammation gastric mucosa. At this stage inflammatory phenomena gradually spread to the duodenum (duodenum).

When exposed to various pathogenic factors Inflammation gradually develops on the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. This, in turn, leads to disruption of normal cell restoration processes. Some chronic pathologies digestive tract also contribute to tissue damage.

Various pathological processes lead to the formation of a large amount of active oxygen in the tissues. This causes impaired gastric motility, duodenum, failures in the formation of hydrochloric acid. Duodenal dyskinesia is also noted.

These phenomena lead to the development of a specific clinical picture. As this pathology progresses, erosions and ulcers form on the walls of the gastrointestinal tract.

Main types

The classification of this disease is quite complicated. There are acute and chronic gastroduodenitis. In addition, depending on the main causative factor, exogenous (primary) and endogenous (secondary) gastroduodenitis are distinguished.

Depending on the extent of the pathological process, gastroduodenitis can be generalized or localized. And depending on the level of acidity of the gastric juice in this pathological process, gastroduodenitis can be hyperacid, hypoacid and with normal secretion-forming function.

The following forms are also distinguished:

1. Superficial gastroduodenitis. Its symptoms develop against the background of thickening of the folds of the duodenum. Often occurs as a result of uncontrolled use of antibiotics.
2. Hypertrophic gastroduodenitis is characterized by severe swelling of the mucous membrane of the affected organs. The appearance of a large number of small hemorrhages - hemorrhages - is noticeable on its surface.
3. Mixed gastroduodenitis is characterized by the appearance of atrophy in some areas of the mucosa.
4. Erosive gastroduodenitis is characterized by the appearance of multiple erosions on the mucous membrane.

Main reasons

Regardless of the reasons for its appearance, pathology always leads to changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. Reasons for the development of gastroduodenitis:

1. Immune disorders. Damage to the mucous membrane of the digestive organs is caused by the body's production of specific autoantibodies. They are capable of infecting cells and tissues of their own body.
2. Hormonal imbalances. An increased level of glucocorticosteroids in the blood can reduce the protective properties of mucus.
3. Disturbances in the functioning of the central nervous system contribute to vascular spasms of the digestive tract.
4. Unfavorable genetic predisposition.
5. Infection of the gastrointestinal tract with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. During its life, the microorganism releases substances that are toxic to mucous membranes.
6. Binge eating. The absence of a full breakfast and a large dinner at a later time increase the production of gastric juice, and it begins to act aggressively on the mucous membranes.
7. The predominance of smoked, salted, fried, pickled foods, and fatty foods in the diet. This leads to intense production of gastric juice.
8. Smoking and drinking alcohol. Beer and low-quality wine are the most harmful to the stomach and duodenum.

How does the disease manifest itself?

Symptoms of gastroduodenitis are ulcer-like and gastritis-like. Ulcerative symptoms such:

• pain in the epigastric region;
• severe heartburn;
• nausea;
• rarely - vomiting (at first it alleviates the person’s condition, but soon after it pain appears);
• appetite is usually normal;

Symptoms in adults in this case are practically no different from those in children. Gastritis-like course is characterized by the presence of the following symptoms:

• pain in the epigastric region occurs after eating and goes away on its own after an hour or an hour and a half;
• after eating there is a feeling of fullness in the stomach;
• there is a decrease in appetite, as a result of which the person gradually loses weight;
• belching is noted;
• nausea and vomiting are very rare;
• body temperature is subfebrile.

Symptoms of chronic gastroduodenitis are less pronounced. First of all, attention is drawn to the heaviness and feeling of fullness in the stomach. After eating, aching, less often spasmodic, pain may appear. Belching with sour contents and dyspeptic symptoms (constipation or diarrhea) are also typical.

Patients cannot help but notice changes in the color of the tongue (it becomes yellowish). Sometimes, due to swelling, teeth marks may appear on it.

Chronic gastroduodenitis has a cyclical course. The maximum frequency of exacerbations of gastroduodenitis occurs in the off-season. If the patient does not complain, but at the same time endoscopic and morphological changes, then they talk about a hidden chronic course of the disease.

How is the disease diagnosed?

Diagnosis of such a disease is necessary to identify its causes, as well as to select the necessary treatment regimen. We strongly warn readers against self-medication: in most cases it is not only ineffective, but also extremely harmful. Diagnostics includes such mandatory procedures as:

1. Endoscopy. It allows you to detect foci of hyperemia, swelling, and atrophy on the mucous membrane.
2. Histology (tissue examination) is necessary to detect atrophically altered areas of the gastric and duodenal mucosa, as well as to study the composition of gastric juice.
3. pH measurement is carried out using electrodes.
4. Study of the motor function of the stomach and duodenum. This is best done using electrogastrography and ultrasound examination.
5. Fluoroscopy is prescribed to assess the evacuation capacity of the organs being examined.
6. Diagnosis of the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach and intestines.

Differences in treatment between adults and children

For chronic gastroduodenitis in children, it is extremely important to follow comprehensive treatment. Patients are prescribed appropriate medications (with mandatory dosage and dosage adjustments). However, psychotherapy and psychological correction are extremely important for children and adolescents.

After eating, many children are recommended to go for walks. The duration of walks should not be less than half an hour. It is necessary to monitor the duration of sleep. It should be at least eight hours, and for younger children school age- at least ten.

Children often have attacks of dizziness, emotional disorders. Therefore, it is very important to prescribe them sedatives. Intense and prolonged physical exercise and work involving heavy lifting.

Antacids, medications such as Omeprazole and Ranitidine, antispasmodics are prescribed as needed and in acceptable doses.

What tablets and medications are used in treatment

Treatment in adults with medications should only take into account the form of gastroduodenitis. In the acute phase, treatment of gastritis is aimed at eliminating pain syndrome and dyspepsia. Usually, it is enough to take medications such as Creon and antispasmodics. It is very important to take vitamin mixtures.

To combat increased gastric acidity, proton pump blockers are prescribed (the most well-known and effective drug- Omez). Such tablets reduce the secretion of hydrochloric acid, and ulcers on the mucous membrane heal much faster.

The use of the drug De-Nol promotes the formation of a film on the mucous membrane. Affected areas heal faster. A significant decrease in the activity of the microorganism Helicobacter pylori has been proven when taking De-Nol.

If pain occurs due to increased acidity of gastric juice, taking antacids is indicated. They are made on the basis of aluminum salts. They are safe when consumed up to three times daily. Continuous use of such drugs is undesirable, as it can cause encephalopathy and hypophosphatemia.

Many patients are interested in what to take for gastroduodenitis. In search of an answer to this question, they often turn to medical reference books. You cannot prescribe medications on your own.

Use of antibiotics

To inactivate Helicobacter pylori, doctors prescribe antibiotics. For this purpose, Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin are used. Often prescribed combination medications based on several antibacterial drugs.

However, this treatment has a number of disadvantages. And the main one is high risk side effects. Violations of the liver and hematopoietic system are especially dangerous. Treatment with antibiotics during pregnancy is prohibited. Only the doctor decides what antibiotics to take.

Folk remedies

Alternative treatment of gastroduodenitis is acceptable if the patient consults with the attending physician. In other cases, treatment with folk remedies can be harmful.

Proven and effective remedy for this disease - flax seeds. An infusion prepared from this raw material coats the mucous membranes well. It is necessary to take it half an hour before meals, the course of treatment is at least a month.

During treatment with folk remedies, it is necessary to exclude all junk food from the diet.

The opportunity to heal forever

Naturally, preventing such a disease is much easier than completely curing it. And if a patient is diagnosed with this disease, it is very important to begin treatment as early as possible. This will guarantee a successful recovery and prevent possible relapses. Attentive attitude to your health, giving up alcohol and smoking are the main preventive measures.

If treatment is carried out incorrectly, then there is a high risk of developing all kinds of complications. The most dangerous of them is a perforated ulcer.

Forecast

If treatment is started in a timely manner, there are no exacerbations and the patient follows a diet, the prognosis for the disease is usually favorable. It worsens when untimely and improper therapy, self-medication, diet violations.

If a person sticks to a diet and follows all the doctor’s recommendations, then recovery will certainly occur. But neglecting your health and not following the doctor’s recommendations will only complicate the situation and worsen the prognosis.

How to eat with gastroduodenitis

The main rule of the diet for this disease is to avoid overeating, taking large amounts of food at one time, and also not fasting. Food should not be too hot or cold.

Eating solid foods is not allowed; food must be thoroughly chewed. The optimal number of meals is 5 per day.

You need to enrich your diet with such products and dishes as:

• soups (best pureed) - fish, meat, with cereals and potatoes;
• lean boiled meat;
• steam cutlets;
• herring (only lean and well soaked);
• eggs (soft-boiled), pureed omelet;
• well-cooked porridge;
• fruits, juices, tea.

It is necessary to ensure that the amount of table salt is not exceeded. If gastroduodenitis worsens, then you need to stay on bed rest for about one week.

Now many people suffer from a gastrointestinal disease such as gastroduodenitis. This common disease affects all age groups: it occurs in both adults and the elderly, as well as in children. In order to prevent the development of this disorder, you need to know the reasons why it appears and carry out its prevention in a timely manner.

Description and classification

Gastroduodenitis refers to such a disorder digestive system, in which the mucous layer of the initial part of the intestine and the part of the stomach adjacent to it is affected by inflammation. In this case, the inflammatory process covers two organs at once: the duodenum and the pyloric, or pyloric, zone of the stomach (the place where the sphincter - the circular muscle) is located.

There can be any number of causes for this disease, which is quite common in adults and children. However, regardless of what causes gastroduodenitis, it leads to degeneration of the mucous membrane of both organs and disruption of the digestive system.

The disorder is dangerous because, if left untreated, inflammation develops into defects in the inner layer that affect muscle tissue. The inner surface of the stomach and intestines, under the influence of hydrochloric and bile acids, which corrode the epithelium, becomes covered with erosions and ulcers. Diseases of the erosive-ulcerative type are much more difficult to treat.

In adults, such disruption of the gastrointestinal tract occurs in 30% of cases. School-age children get sick half as often, but this is still a fairly high figure. Diagnosis and treatment of this disorder in children requires special attention.

This digestive disorder can manifest itself in two stages: acute and chronic. At acute form Abdominal pain is sharper and brighter. Gastroduodenitis of the chronic type is characterized by less intense pain that is permanent. In this case, the disease proceeds cyclically, with alternating remissions and exacerbations.

Depending on the degree of damage to the mucous membrane and the location of inflammation, gastroduodenitis has the following classification:

• Superficial type disease. Leaks in mild form, the least dangerous to human health. Inflammation affects only the surface layer of the epithelium, without penetrating deep into the tissue. The mucous layer has swelling and compaction;
• Hypertrophic course of the disease. Characterized by disruption blood vessels in the inner surface of the organ. Bloody formations appear in the mucous membrane, which can spread in patches or throughout the entire cavity. The epithelium becomes covered with plaque and becomes more swollen;
• Erosive stage. On mucous layer multiple defective formations appear - erosion. This causes changes in shape and degeneration of the inner surface of the digestive organs. The most dangerous and severe form of the disease. At this stage, intestinal metaplasia (replacement of gastric mucosal cells with intestinal epithelium) may occur.

There are also mixed forms, in which focal bloody lesions of the upper layer of the epithelium are observed, in combination with areas of thinned atrophied mucosa.

In addition, when diagnosing gastroduodenitis, the acidic environment is taken into account internal organs. The classification distinguishes diseases with high or low acidity, as well as with normal secretory function.

Symptoms of the disorder

When a disease such as gastroduodenitis occurs, the symptoms can be quite diverse. The nature of their manifestation depends on the changes that have occurred in the internal layer of organs, the places of distribution, and the stage of inflammation. If it is superficial, the disease may have the following symptoms:

• low-intensity, aching pain that appears after eating. However, their localization is missing. Painful manifestations pass after some time;
• heaviness in the stomach, feeling of fullness;
• belching, nausea;
• vomiting may be present;
• bowel dysfunction (diarrhea, constipation, bloating);
• the patient experiences a decrease in appetite and weight loss;
• weakness, fever.

These signs often appear in children, as they are characterized by a gastritis-like form of the disease. In addition to these signs, they have disorders emotional nature, such as sleep disturbances, dizziness, headaches.

With more severe forms ah diseases, erosive and ulcerative, the nature of pain changes. The pain has a clear localization and can be quite intense. It can be observed in the upper abdomen and upper left, as well as in the middle. Additional signs There may be heartburn and vomiting, dizziness, and general weakness.

The acute form of gastroduodenitis can last 1-2 months. The chronic course of the disease can be very long - up to 10 years. During the period of improvement, symptoms may disappear, and during exacerbation they may appear again.

If a chronic disease is not treated, the inflammatory process spreads to other areas of the gastrointestinal tract. Degeneration of the gastric epithelium and dysfunction of the motility of the digestive organs may occur. Also, the bile ducts may be affected.

Causes of the disease

There can be many reasons for the appearance and development of gastroduodenitis various factors. Inflammation of the inner layer of the duodenum and stomach can cause disturbances in various systems human body or aggressive environmental influences.

Internal (endogenous) factors include:

• hormonal changes in the human body;
• disruption secretory gland stomach;
• infectious diseases of the respiratory tract;
• disruption of the liver and bile ducts;
• presence of Helicobacter bacteria in the body;
• genetic predisposition.

Also, this disease can begin as a result of a person’s irresponsible attitude towards their health. The cause is often poor nutrition, with the use of harmful products, ingestion of spoiled food into the body, eating too hot or cold food. Often, stomach upset occurs after a diet carried out for the purpose of losing weight.

Other common reasons are addiction to alcoholic beverages and smoking for a long time. This causes gradual poisoning of the body, and in addition to the digestive organs, others may also be affected.

Intoxication of the human body can be caused by chemicals when working at hazardous industries. A similar reaction also occurs with long-term use. medicines, during treatment for serious illnesses.

Diagnosis of the disease

Diagnosis of this disorder is comprehensive examination internal human organs. The doctor, after examining and identifying symptoms, prescribes laboratory tests, which may include:

• blood analysis;
• analysis of the acidic environment of the stomach;
• Ultrasound and x-ray of internal organs;
• endoscopy;
• histological examination.

A laboratory test of the patient's blood is performed to identify inflammatory process in organism. Determining the acidic environment of the stomach is necessary to prescribe specific treatment, since low and high acidity are treated differently.

This analysis can be performed using intragastric pH-metry. In this case, the measurement of the acidity of gastric juice occurs inside of this body using electrical appliances. A special probe with electrodes is inserted into the stomach area, which measures the pH level and determines deviations from the norm.

Ultrasonic and X-ray examination done using contrast agents. These methods make it possible to detect the presence of ulcerative formations of internal organs.

Endoscopy is a mandatory procedure for serious gastrointestinal disorders. It makes it possible to visually examine the stomach area to get a picture of the disease. The doctor can see and evaluate the condition of the mucous membrane, the nature of swelling and erosion, and the degree of tissue damage. The analysis is carried out by inserting a flexible hose with a video camera into the patient’s stomach. This is the most informative method, without which the doctor cannot make a final diagnosis.

With the histological method, a deep analysis of the mucous layer of the stomach and duodenum is performed. In this case, tissue may be collected from the patient for examination.

Treatment of the disease

Treatment of gastroduodenitis, especially its severe forms, can take a long time. It includes medication, diet and proper nutrition. In addition, treatment can be supplemented by the use of folk remedies. Diet is a necessary condition treatment and should not be ignored.

Drug treatment includes several steps. In order to completely cure such a complex disease as gastroduodenitis, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive impact on all aspects of this process. The following groups of drugs are used for this:

• medicines of the antacid group. Stabilize the level of acidity in the stomach, bringing this indicator to a normal value;
• enzymes that restore the microflora of the stomach and intestines;
• analgesics and antispasmodics to relieve pain symptoms;
• antibiotics, if there is Helicobacter bacteria in the body;
• immunomodulatory agents that restore protective function body;
• vitamin complexes.

Treatment regimen (how many times to take a certain medicine) and necessary medications determined by the doctor. The course depends on the severity of the disease and individual factors. The doctor also recommends a diet and nutrition regimen.

The need for a diet for diseases of the digestive system is determined by the specifics of these diseases. Since the gastric mucosa during gastritis is affected by inflammation, it cannot fully perform its function. To digestive organ it was easier to digest food, it should be soft and not irritate the walls of the stomach. Therefore, the menu must be compiled selectively.

The patient's refusal to diet may cause an exacerbation and disrupt the course of treatment. Therefore, the question of how long to treat the disease depends on himself. In order to cure gastroduodenitis forever, you must strictly follow the instructions of your gastroenterologist. This is especially true for proper nutrition.

During treatment, you must exclude from your menu harmful and unnatural products containing chemical substances. These include canned food of any kind, marinades, sauces, carbonated drinks. In addition, it is prohibited:

• fatty and fried foods;
• spicy, smoked, salty foods;
• eating raw vegetables and fruits;
• mushrooms in any form;
• fresh bakery;
• ice cream, chocolate, coffee;
• alcoholic drinks.

The patient can eat low-fat soups and cereals, purees, steamed or boiled dishes. Baking in the oven without the use of fat is allowed. Of the baked goods, only crackers and biscuit-type cookies are allowed to be eaten.

You can eat low-fat fermented milk products. It is acceptable to eat boiled sausage and soft cheese of mild varieties. Fruits and berries must be pre-processed and eaten in the form of compotes, fruit drinks, jellies, etc.

During exacerbations and erosive diseases, food should be ground or semi-liquid. After completing treatment, you need to gradually switch from the diet to normal nutrition. The menu consistently includes products such as Rye bread, fresh herbs and vegetables, dairy products.

When dieting you need to follow correct mode nutrition. You should eat every 3-4 hours, in small portions. Food must be chewed thoroughly and ensure that it is at the optimal temperature.

Prevention of gastroduodenitis is healthy way life and balanced diet. It is necessary to eliminate bad habits that are a provoking factor.

Features of the disease in children

Children are often exposed to diseases such as gastritis various types. The causes of gastroduodenitis in children are often factors such as irregular and unbalanced diet. To this you can add the consumption of unhealthy and spicy foods (fast food, snack food, etc.).

Psychological components play a huge role in the appearance of this disease in a child. Stress at school and family has a direct impact on the functioning of the stomach and intestines. Children's chronic gastroduodenitis can often be combined with other disorders of the digestive system.

Exacerbation phases chronic course diseases coincide with the autumn and spring seasons, stressful situations at school, with an increased academic load.

When undergoing treatment, the child is recommended to have bed rest and strict adherence to a diet. The doctor prescribes medications, depending on the severity of the disease and its form. Upon completion of the course, the child is shown Spa treatment, physiotherapy.

If you notice symptoms that resemble those of a digestive disorder, don't ignore them. It is easier to cure the disease early stages than to fight its advanced form for a long time.

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Symptoms and treatment of gastroduodenitis in adults

Feeling of discomfort constant nausea and in adults there may be symptoms of gastroduodenitis. What is this and how to deal with it in more detail in the article.

What is gastroduodenitis?

Gastroduodenitis is an inflammation of the pyloric region of the stomach and. Variety.

Main pathogen bacteria, which enters the body, multiplies and causes inflammation in the digestive tract.

It is estimated that 23 out of 100 adult women and 18 out of 100 men will develop gastroduodenitis during their lifetime.

With age the likelihood of colonizing the stomach increases: almost 60% of people over 60 years of age in Western countries are infected with the bacterium.

Forms of gastroduodenitis, causes and symptoms

Gastroduodenitis, according to symptoms, course and etiology, is divided into acute and chronic.

Acute form of gastroduodenitis

Manifested by inflammation of the mucous membrane. It occurs once, but if left untreated it can develop into a chronic form. The causes may be either the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or disturbances in the digestive tract.

Causes of acute gastroduodenitis:

• gastrointestinal infections;
• often reception;
• endocrine disorders;
• hereditary predisposition;
• unhealthy diet, eating hot, spicy foods;
• chronic, kidney, pancreas;
• alcohol abuse.

Divided into primary (arising under pressure external factors) and secondary (the catalyst is chronic diseases organism).

In acute gastroduodenitis, symptoms may occur suddenly. This is usually the result of an overdose of painkillers, food poisoning or acute gastrointestinal infections.

Signs of acute gastroduodenitis:

• heartburn after eating;
• abdominal pain;
• yellow-brown;
• diarrhea;
• nausea, vomiting;

The most common symptom is, which is often described by patients as burning. Sometimes this burning pain spreads to the sternum. There may also be a feeling of slight satiety, hiccups, and flatulence.

Chronic form of gastroduodenitis

It is difficult and takes a long time to treat. Leads to disruption of the pancreas and autonomic disorders.

Causes of chronic gastroduodenitis:

• chronic diseases of the digestive tract;
• chronic renal failure;
• as consequences of an untreated acute form.

Symptoms of chronic gastroduodenitis are less pronounced than in the acute form:

• occasional stomach pain;
• nausea;
• bad breath persists;
• autonomic disorders: sweating, sleep disturbance, irritability.

Despite the crime signs, the disease regresses.

For complications may arise , .

Possible complications of gastroduodenitis

Inflammation in the severely damaged gastric mucosa can spread to the duodenum. This may cause bleeding or rupture of the stomach (perforation).

Due to damaged gastric mucosa, with gastroduodenitis increases the risk of stomach cancer.

What examinations need to be completed?

To make a diagnosis, the gastroenterologist collects a general history and performs an endoscopic examination of the walls of the duodenum.

Endoscopic examination of the intestinal mucosa

To detect gastroduodenitis, esophagogastroduodenoscopy of the walls of the stomach and upper intestine is performed. To do this through the esophagus a tube with a camera at the end is inserted, which transmits the state of organs to the monitor. Performed by a qualified endoscopist.

Before the procedure you need to avoid eating food 12 hours in advance, tell the doctor about drug intolerance, if any, availability chronic diseases and allergies. In a hospital setting, the night before the procedure, the patient may be prescribed sedatives. Before the procedure, the throat is treated with an anesthetic.

Before the study begins, the person is given a mouthpiece to hold with his teeth, and the tube will be inserted through it. After the hose is inserted into the esophagus, through the apparatus a small amount of air is transferred, which will help expand the walls for better visibility. Many are afraid that they may suffocate during the study, but this is simply impossible in any case!

Other examination methods:

• Histological examination: After the tube is completely inserted into the intestine, the doctor takes a biopsy of the mucosal tissue. To keep the picture clean, biomaterial is collected at the border healthy tissue with several affected areas.
• Antroduodenal manometry: helps to study the motility of the upper digestive system while simultaneously recording pressure in the stomach.
• Study of secretory function: There are probe and probeless research methods. It is carried out on an empty stomach. To secrete the necessary secretion from the stomach, a 0.1% histamine solution or 0.025% pentagastrin is administered. Unlike the first drug, the second does not cause such side effects, How headache, nausea, dizziness, etc. Therefore, pentagastrin is often administered.
• Electrogastrography: carried out to assess the motor function of the stomach. On an empty stomach, the patient is given a trial breakfast consisting of a slice of bread and a glass of warm tea. After this, suction cups are applied. One on the area along the midline of the abdomen, the other on the right leg.
• Ultrasonography: will help to see the condition of the gastric and intestinal mucosa and evaluate their motor function. A day before the procedure, all gas-forming foods are excluded - legumes, cabbage, white bread, vegetables and fruits. In a hospital setting, gas-destroying drugs (Smecta, Espumisan) can be prescribed.
• X-ray: the specialist takes a series of photographs to rule out other chronic and pathological processes. Prescribed in rare cases due to the harmfulness of the procedure. It can be performed with or without a contrast agent. Indicated for differentiation. Required condition preparation is an empty stomach and intestines. To do this, stop eating 12 hours in advance and, if necessary, take a mild cleanser (for example, Duphalac). If necessary, it is possible to use gas-forming agents that will expand the walls of the mucosa. Pictures are taken in three projections during horizontal position patient.

Since gastroduodenitis often hides a bacterial infection Helicobacter pylori, additional studies are prescribed:

• Breath test for Helicobacter: patients take a urea preparation containing specially labeled carbon atoms C13 or C14 (C is the element symbol for carbon in periodic table). If there is an infection Helicobacter pylori, bacteria convert urea, releasing C13- or C14-labeled carbon dioxide.

Treatment of gastroduodenitis

Therapy for gastroduodenitis is long-term, step-by-step. Recovery may take months. Much will depend on the stage, the chosen therapy, and the patient’s lifestyle.

Treatment includes a strict diet, medication and symptomatic therapy.

Nutrition

Nutrition for gastroduodenitis is 60% of success.

Basic nutrition rules:

• food should be warm, never hot. Eating cold food is also prohibited;
• eat slowly, chewing every spoonful of food thoroughly. Quick snacks on the run are not allowed;
• meals are split, six times a day. Food should be supplied to the stomach regularly, in small portions;
• It is unacceptable to consume store-bought sweets, soda, chips, French fries, nuggets, and fast food products that are harsh on the intestines;
• giving up alcohol and smoking;
• exclusion of fatty, fried, seasonings.

For gastroduodenitis, the following products are allowed:

• fresh lean fish, lean meats;
• cereals;
• from dairy products - cottage cheese, kefir;
• whole wheat bread;
• sweets – honey, marshmallows, dried fruits, homemade compotes;
• lean soups, porridges.

In some cases, gastroduodenitis may lead to the need to completely switch to liquid nutrition to protect the stomach. Many people suffering from gastroduodenitis automatically adjust their diet according to how they feel.

Medications

When treating gastroduodenitis, the following drugs are used:

• Antibiotic therapy against the bacterium Helicobacter pylori – Metronidazole, Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin(used only for HP-positive gastroduodenitis).
• Drugs that neutralize the effect bile acids, lysolecithin for reflux gastroduodenitis and gastroduodenitis provoked by taking (Aspirin, Indomethacin) - prescribed Cholestyramine, Magalfil 800(apply only if accepted medicines(NSAIDs)).
• Drugs that normalize the movement of food bolus in the digestive tract - Motilium, Cerucal, Raglan, Metoclopramide, Trimedat. (used for diarrhea, vomiting, feeling of heaviness in the epigastrium).
• Antisecretory therapy to reduce the acidity of gastric juice (used for gastroduodenitis with increased or normal acidity of gastric juice) – proton pump inhibitors(Omeprazole, Omez, Nexium), H2-histamine receptor blockers(Ranitidine, Famotidine, Zantac, Acyloc, Quamatel, Ulfamid, Roxatidine, Nizatidine) and M1-cholinergic receptor antagonists(Pirenzepine, Gastrozem, Piren).
• Preparations for gastric juice, when it decreases - Plantaglucid, Limontar.
• Antacids to relieve pain, reduce the acidity of gastric juice and protect the gastric mucosa - Almagel, Alumag, Vikalin, Vikair, Gastal, Gastrofarm.
• Prostaglandin preparations to reduce gastric acidity - Misoprostol(used only in adults instead of antisecretory therapy).
• Gastroprotectors to accelerate the restoration of normal structure and protect the gastric mucosa - Actovegin, Biogastron, Dalargin, Carbenoxolone, Liquiriton.
• Bismuth agents to protect the gastric mucosa and relieve inflammation - Peptobismol, Novbismol, De-Nol.
• Painkillers (antispasmodics) – Halidor, Gastrotsepin, Buscopan, No-Shpa, Papaverine, Platyfillin(used to relieve pain).

Drug therapy is prescribed comprehensively, in case of exacerbation - in a hospital under supervision.

It is not difficult to guess that the main component of prevention is proper nutrition. Any person, and especially those who have a history of a one-time manifestation of acute gastroduodenitis, should exclude from the menu:

• spicy;
• fried foods;
• marinades, hot sauces;
• sugar;
• alcohol;
• fatty foods.

Because the smoking also affects the gastric mucosa, it makes sense to give up the bad habit to avoid gastroduodenitis. If you regularly take medicines, causing damage stomach (for example, painkillers from the NSAID group), after consultation with a gastroenterologist It may be appropriate to stop taking the medications and talk about alternatives.

Interesting

Gastroduodenitis occurs quite often in adults. It refers to an inflammatory process that spreads to areas of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, as well as some areas of the epigastrium.

This disease is divided into acute gastroduodenitis, the symptoms and treatment of which are interrelated (its manifestations are characterized by intermittent, short-term pain), as well as chronic gastroduodenitis, during which pain systematically occurs in the stomach and duodenum.

During the second type of gastroduodenitis, a violation of the secretory or motor-evacuation functions of the gastrointestinal tract may be observed with further deformation of the gastric wall.

When gastroduodenitis is detected, symptoms and treatment are interrelated.

The fact is that based on the existing signs, it is possible to determine the causes of the disease and prescribe appropriate treatment.

Causal factors and symptoms

Among the main factors leading to the development of such a disease in adults as gastroduodenitis, the following can be identified:

Endogenous

• insufficient mucus production;
• high degree of acidity;
• disruption of the process of hormone secretion;
• ailments associated with the liver and bile ducts;
• chronic diseases affecting the pharynx and oral cavity(inflammatory processes in the tonsils, dental caries);
• the presence of a genetic predisposition.

Exogenous

They are based on a variety of external factors, which under some circumstances can provoke the development of such an illness in adults as acute or chronic gastroduodenitis.

It is necessary to list the main exogenous causes of this disease:

• excessive consumption of fatty, spicy, heavy, too hot or cold foods;
• irregular food intake, consumption of dry foods;
• regular drinking of alcoholic beverages;
• psychological factors (presence of frequent stress);
• infection with bacteria of the genus Helicobacter pylori;
• long-term use of certain medications(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotic drugs).

In general, the appearance of gastroduodenitis is associated with errors in nutrition, infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and psychogenic effects.

The bacterial agent of the Helicobacter genus noted above is a very serious factor in the development of gastroduodenitis.

When it penetrates the stomach and duodenum, disturbances in various natural functions of these organs are observed.

For this reason, even erosions or ulcers can form on the surface of the walls of the stomach and duodenum.

Due to the aggressive effect of gastric juices on these defects, the inflammatory process that accompanies gastroduodenitis may worsen.

However, in most situations, gastroduodenitis can occur due to the combined influence of a number of causative factors.

The symptoms of gastroduodenitis are quite varied. Main clinical manifestations, signs and symptoms characterizing acute gastroduodenitis in adults, consist of:

1. Pain in the stomach (painful sensations are accompanied by cramps).
2. Nausea.
3. Lack of appetite.
4. Heartburn.
5. Belching.
6. Bad taste in the mouth.
7. Feelings of fullness in the stomach.
8. Constipation or diarrhea.

In adults, there are signs and symptoms of a general type that accompany chronic gastroduodenitis.

These symptoms include irritability, fatigue, pale skin, dizziness, weight loss, and sleep disturbances.

Symptoms chronic form diseases also consist of a feeling of heaviness and fullness in the stomach along with a feeling of discomfort in the epigastric region.

During the examination, the doctor determines increased sensitivity abdomen during palpation. He may also notice symptoms such as a yellowish-white coating on the tongue and teeth marks on it.

With gastroduodenitis, such signs and symptoms are not uncommon.

Pain syndrome with gastroduodenitis is characterized by an increased pain load after eating (as a rule, it is observed after one to two hours).

In addition to nausea, heartburn and belching, the patient often has a desire to vomit.

Violation of the defecation process is expressed in the form of constipation or, conversely, diarrhea.

An exacerbation of the chronic form of a disease such as gastroduodenitis in adults is usually observed in the autumn and spring periods.

This can be explained by the spread infectious diseases V given time, non-compliance proper diet nutrition and increased psychological stress.

The duration of the worsening illness varies from one to two months.

Feelings of pain during gastroduodenitis and its exacerbation often stop after ten days, however, sensitivity abdominal cavity during palpation it may persist for another one to two weeks.

Remission during gastroduodenitis is observed when the patient has no complaints, as well as in the presence of moderate manifestations characteristic of gastroduodenitis.

Diagnosis and treatment of gastroduodenitis

In order to identify acute or chronic gastroduodenitis, you can use various methods examinations. Therefore, the main ones will be listed below.

The endoscopy method allows the doctor to visually identify the condition of the duodenal wall using an endoscope.

At the same time, they are often performed diagnostic procedures by type of biopsy and chromoscopy.

During such manipulations, the doctor can record damage to the mucous membrane by taking photos and videos.

Based on the results endoscopic examinations, the specialist can tell the patient about pathological processes accompanying acute or chronic gastroduodenitis, taking into account inflammation of the wall of the stomach and duodenum.

To perform a histological examination, the patient must take a biopsy from the walls of the gastrointestinal tract organs such as the stomach and duodenum.

Then the obtained materials are examined using a microscope, which makes it possible to determine the level of dystrophic or inflammatory process.

To study gastric motility, peripheral electrogastrography can be used. Thanks to this method it is possible to record smooth muscle contractions in any part of the gastric wall.

For this purpose, skin electrodes located in the epigastric region and extremities are used. All received information is analyzed and displayed on a computer monitor.

In addition, special devices with built-in strain gauges can be used to study the motor functions of the gastrointestinal tract.

The probes themselves are devices similar to catheters. They are inserted into the area of ​​the lower nasal passage, after which they are installed during fluoroscopy in different parts of the stomach.

Strain gauges record the level of intracavitary pressure, and the result is displayed on paper tapes thanks to a recorder.

The most accurate information for studying the evacuation functions of the stomach can be obtained using the radionuclide method.

Its meaning is that the patient is given a “test breakfast” containing substances labeled with radionuclides.

Special devices then record the period of time spent defecating a given breakfast. Based on the results, the gastric emptying function can be assessed.

To study the secretory functions of the stomach, the following methods are usually used:

1. Aspiration probe with extraction of gastric juice.
2. Intragastric pH-metry.

Using an aspiration probe inserted through the mouth, extract gastric juice. After this, all the properties of the juice are studied in the laboratory, then a conclusion is made about basal and stimulated secretion.

A type of this method is an aspiration probe with continuous formation of gastric contents. In this way, more information can be obtained about the secretory function of the stomach.

However, experts consider intragastric pH-metry to be the most objective method. The advantages of this method:

• it provides doctors with objective and quick data on the pH status in the stomach;
• pH information can be recorded over a long period of time (up to two days);
• at the same time, it is possible to conduct various pharmacosecretory tests;
• at any selected time interval the volume of hydrochloric acid can be determined;
• it is possible to evaluate additional indicators.

In particular, drugs in the antacid category can provide direct impact to hydrochloric acid, they reduce the intensity of spasms, reducing the level of intracavitary pressure and stimulating peristalsis.

• drugs in the form of lozenges, which are characterized by rapid action and low cost. However, they also have some disadvantages, in particular, stimulating increased acid secretion in the stomach, which is accompanied by the appearance of additional symptoms;
• insoluble antacids - these types of drugs are well tolerated and are often used for long courses of therapy.

Antisecretory medications. These drugs are divided into three subgroups:

1. Histamine blockers. They were previously used in the treatment of gastroduodenitis. On this moment there are drugs modern generation, they are easily tolerated, but they also have their own drawback - after prolonged use, you develop dependence on them.
2. Proton pump inhibitors. Their effect is based on a decrease in the production of hydrogen protons, which leads to a decrease in the level of acid production in the stomach. During chronic gastroduodenitis, long courses can be prescribed because they are well tolerated.
3. M-anticholinergics. They are more often used in severe cases of acute gastroduodenitis and cannot be used for long period time, since they have noticeable side effects on the body.

Antibacterial and antimicrobial drugs are prescribed to influence the bacterial agent Helicobacter pylori when it is detected in the body during gastroduodenitis.

Naturally, this treatment has its drawbacks, because it can lead to dysbacteriosis and digestive disorders.

Compliance with certain dietary standards is one of the basic principles of gastroduodenitis therapy.

The main goal to achieve which the diet is introduced is to restore impaired gastric functions (both motor and secretory).

In general, nutrition must be balanced and healthy. In this situation, the basis of a healthy diet will be diet No. 2. It can be prescribed during all periods of the disease, except for its exacerbation.

It is worth taking a closer look at this diet and the set of foods that are allowed and prohibited for gastroduodenitis.

The diet involves eating dried or day-old bread. Dry cookies and salty crackers are allowed. Pies with eggs, boiled meat, apples, rice and jam are allowed for consumption.

For soup ingredients, use finely chopped vegetables, puree or noodles.

Soups from fresh vegetables like cabbage, carrots and beets. However, the entire vegetable set in the soup should be finely chopped.

If the patient follows the above diet, it is recommended that he add veal, rabbit, chicken and turkey dishes to the menu. Among other meat dishes, boiled tongue is allowed.

Consumption of any fatty meat is prohibited. It is also advisable to exclude lamb and pork from the diet.

The diet includes the use of almost all types of lean fish. It is best to cook it whole or in pieces.

Stewing and baking fish is also encouraged. The diet prohibits any fatty, smoked, salted seafood.

The consumption of yogurt, kefir and others is encouraged fermented milk products. Hard low-fat cheese can be grated; fresh cottage cheese is also allowed. Cream and milk are added to dishes.

You can prepare a variety of omelettes - steamed, fried (without crust) or baked. Eggs are best used in soft form. Hard-boiled eggs are prohibited.

As can be seen from the examples of dishes, diet and nutrition during gastroduodenitis are very diverse in the composition of the products that can be consumed.

It is important to note that before starting a diet, it is necessary to consult with your attending gastroenterologist or professional nutritionist regarding the possibility of consuming specific dishes for gastroduodenitis, compiling a list of recommended and prohibited foods, taking into account individual characteristics the body of a patient suffering from gastroduodenitis.

Besides, medical specialist will tell you how to properly treat gastroduodenitis with the help of medications, and will also prescribe medications to the patient so that he can perform effective treatment gastroduodenitis.

Useful video

An exacerbation of gastroduodenitis can occur unexpectedly in the form of an attack, when on an empty stomach after sleep, pain is felt in the upper abdomen (an attack and then relaxation, as during contractions), accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Chronic gastroduodenitis manifests itself regularly aching pain, heartburn, frequent urges to vomiting. Symptoms may differ between children and adults.

The clinical picture depends on the stage of the disease - exacerbation or remission. The acute stage is characterized by intense pain that can last up to two weeks; during remission, the patient does not feel any problems with digestion, but endoscopic examination damage is visible. There is also an intermediate state - incomplete remission, when there is no pain, but the person continues to be bothered by bloating, heartburn, and heaviness.

Reasons to assume a diagnosis after examination include weight loss, pallor skin, plaque on the tongue and pain on palpation. Additionally, you can check yourself by examining the inner surface of your cheeks - dents from your teeth will be visible on it. The child experiences more symptoms and finds it difficult to tolerate them, which results in emotional suffering.

In general, the clinical picture for acute and chronic gastroduodenitis looks similar to the picture for a duodenal ulcer - the same three main syndromes are observed. Let's take a closer look at them.

Pain syndrome occurs during exacerbation and with chronic gastroduodenitis. Localization pain depends on age - in adults it is observed in the area of ​​the stomach and intestines, in children where the solar plexus is located or near the navel. Pain associated with periods of nutrition can be divided into 3 types:

• night pains - occur 4-5 hours after dinner, during sleep (if you eat, they will disappear);
• hunger pains - a person wakes up with them, but relief comes after breakfast;
• late pain - occurs when a lump processed in the stomach passes into the duodenum, which occurs after 1-3 hours.

Exactly what kind of pain the patient feels depends on the location of the inflammation - late pain is observed in patients localized in the stomach, at night and when hungry in patients localized in the intestines. Late pain is difficult to deal with, but patients with localization in the intestines are “lucky”; they can relieve the symptom simply by eating. In addition to nutrition, pain can be caused by overexertion or stress.

Dyspeptic syndrome occurs due to the fact that food remains in the stomach for a long time (the muscles of the intestines and stomach do not work correctly) and enters the intestines at the wrong time. This syndrome includes heartburn, belching, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea + constipation in turn, heaviness, bloating, bitterness. Children, and sometimes adults, experience slipping syndrome, when the child goes to the toilet immediately after eating. If a child has high acidity, he or she will experience a symptom such as sweating.

And the last group of symptoms is collected in the category of asthenovegetative syndrome, which includes weakness, fatigue, lethargy, rare pulse, low blood pressure.