Psychological methods of influence in psychotherapy include primarily linguistic communication, which, as a rule, is implemented during a specially organized meeting between a psychotherapist and a patient or group of patients.

Great importance is also given to means of non-verbal communication. IN general view the psychological tools of psychotherapy include such means and forms of influence that can influence intellectual activity the patient, on his emotional state and behavior.

Classification of psychotherapy methods according to Aleksandrovich: 1) methods that have the nature of techniques; 2) methods that determine the conditions that contribute to the achievement and optimization of the goals of psychotherapy; 3) methods in the sense of a tool that we use during the psychotherapeutic process; 4) methods in the meaning of therapeutic interventions (interventions).

There are different methods of psychotherapy that reveal the causes of conflicts and methods that do not reveal them (this refers to the different positions of psychotherapists in relation to unconscious complexes and conflicts). Methods that reveal the causes of conflicts are basically identical to psychoanalysis or methods oriented towards psychoanalysis; they suggest that the unconscious component of personality plays an important role.

For the practical application of certain methods of psychotherapy, their classification according to their goals is important. Wohlberg distinguishes 3 types of psychotherapy: 1) supportive psychotherapy, the purpose of which is to strengthen and support the patient’s existing defenses and develop new, better ways of behavior to restore mental balance; 2) retraining psychotherapy, the goal of which is to change the patient’s behavior by supporting and approving positive forms of behavior and disapproving negative ones. The patient must learn to better use his existing capabilities and abilities, but this does not set the goal of truly resolving unconscious conflicts; 3) reconstructive psychotherapy, the goal of which is to understand the intrapsychic conflicts that served as the source of personality disorders, and the desire to achieve significant changes in character traits and restore the fullness of individual and social functioning of the individual.

The most well-known and widespread psychotherapeutic methods are: suggestive (hypnosis and other forms of suggestion), psychoanalytic (psychodynamic), behavioral, phenomenological-humanistic (for example, Gestalt therapy), used in individual, collective and group forms.

Verbal and non-verbal methods of psychotherapy. This division is based on the predominant type of communication and the nature of the material received. Verbal methods are based on verbal communication and are aimed primarily at analyzing verbal material. Nonverbal methods rely on nonverbal activity, nonverbal communication and concentrate on the analysis of non-verbal products.

Verbal methods of group psychotherapy usually include group discussion and psychodrama, non-verbal methods include psychogymnastics, projective drawing, music therapy, choreotherapy, etc.

Formally, the division of group psychotherapy methods into verbal and nonverbal is justified, but almost any interaction in a group includes both verbal and nonverbal components.

Taking into account and analyzing nonverbal behavior and interaction in the process of using verbal methods (for example, group discussion) allows us to more fully and adequately reveal the content of a particular verbal communication. In connection with the development of psychotherapeutic trends, based primarily on direct emotional experiences, there has been a partial identification of the term “verbal” with the terms “rational”, “cognitive”, “cognitive” and the opposition of the last three to the concepts of “non-verbal”, “emotional”, “experienced” "(in the sense of direct experience).

The distinction between methods of group psychotherapy is largely conditional and is advisable only from the point of view of the predominant type of initial communication.

Psychotherapeutic persuasion. The method that is most conducive to the formation of a connection with the patient creates a system of their relationships that has an impact on the emotional side of activity, on the intellect and personality of the patient as a whole.

Such an impact provides the broadest connections between the words spoken by the doctor and the patient’s experience, with his ideas about the disease, life attitudes, and can prepare him for the intelligent processing of everything said by the doctor, and can contribute to the assimilation of the doctor’s words. Using the method of psychotherapeutic persuasion, the doctor can influence not only the patient’s ideas and views on the disease, but also influence personality traits. In this influence, the doctor can use criticism of the patient’s behavior, his inadequate assessment of the situation and those around him, but this criticism should not insult or humiliate the patient. He should always feel that the doctor understands the patient’s difficulties, sympathizes and has respect for him and a desire to help.

Misconceptions about the disease, about relationships with others, about behavioral norms are formed in a person over the years and to change them requires repeated dissuading. The arguments given by the doctor must be understandable to the patient. When persuading a patient to change the current situation, it is necessary to take into account his real capabilities, life attitudes, ideas about morality, etc. A conversation conducted with the patient should evoke an emotional reaction in him, contain an element of suggestion, and should be aimed at actively stimulating him and restructuring his behavior.

Using this method, the doctor can inform the patient about the causes of the disease, the mechanisms of its occurrence, in a form understandable to the patient. painful symptoms. For clarity, the doctor can use drawings, tables, graphs, give examples from life and literature, but must always take into account the principle of the strength and accessibility for the patient of the facts that are reported.

If a doctor uses an unknown term or talks about incomprehensible patterns, the patient may not ask what this means, for fear of showing his illiteracy or lack of culture. Conversations that are insufficiently understandable to the patient usually cause harm instead of benefit, since the patient, who is emotionally attuned to his illness, tends to evaluate the doctor’s incomprehensible words not in his favor.

Suggestion. Presentation of information that is perceived without critical evaluation and influences the course of neuropsychic and somatic processes. Through suggestion, sensations, ideas, emotional states and volitional impulses, and also has an impact on autonomic functions without the active participation of the individual, without logical processing of what is perceived. The main means is the word, the speech of the suggestor (the person making the suggestion). Non-verbal factors (gestures, facial expressions, actions) usually have an additional influence.

Suggestion used in the form of heterosuggestion (suggestion made by another person) and autosuggestion (self-suggestion) is aimed at removing emotional neurotic symptoms, normalization of a person’s mental state during periods of crisis, after exposure to mental trauma and as a method of psychoprophylaxis. It is effective to use suggestive methods of psychotherapy to relieve psychological maladaptive types of an individual’s response to a somatic illness. They use indirect and direct methods of suggestion. In case of indirect, they resort to the help of an additional stimulus.

Classification of suggestion: suggestion as self-hypnosis; suggestion is direct or open, indirect or closed; suggestion is contact and distant.

IN medical practice Appropriate techniques of suggestion are used in the waking state, in a state of natural, hypnotic and narcotic sleep.

Suggestion in the waking state is present to varying degrees of severity in every conversation between a doctor and a patient, but can also act as an independent psychotherapeutic influence. Suggestion formulas are usually pronounced in an imperative tone, taking into account the patient’s condition and character clinical manifestations diseases. They can be aimed both at improving general well-being (sleep, appetite, performance, etc.) and at eliminating individual neurotic symptoms. Usually, waking suggestions are preceded by an explanatory conversation about the essence of therapeutic treatment and convincing the patient of its effectiveness. The stronger the effect of suggestion, the higher the authority of the doctor making the suggestion in the patient’s eyes. The degree of implementation of the suggestion is also determined by the characteristics of the patient’s personality, the severity of the mood, and the belief in the possibility of influence of some people on others using means and methods unknown to science.

Suggestion in the waking state. With this method of psychotherapeutic influence there is always an element of persuasion, but the decisive role belongs to suggestion. For some hysterical disorders, a therapeutic effect can be obtained (one-time). For example, a suggestion is made in the form of an order: “Open your eyes! You can see everything clearly!” etc.

Suggestive methods. Suggestive methods include various psychological influences using direct or indirect suggestion, i.e. verbal or non-verbal influence on a person in order to create a certain state in him or encourage him to take certain actions.

Suggestion may be accompanied by a change in the patient’s consciousness, creating a specific mood for the perception of information on the part of the psychotherapist. Providing a suggestive effect implies the presence of special qualities in a person mental activity: suggestibility and hypnotizability.

Suggestibility is the ability to uncritically (without the participation of the will) perceive the information received and easily succumb to persuasion, combined with signs of increased gullibility, naivety and other traits of infantilism.

Hypnotizability is the psychophysiological ability (susceptibility) to easily and unhinderedly enter a hypnotic state, to succumb to hypnosis, that is, to change the level of consciousness with the formation of transitional states between sleep and wakefulness. This term refers to the individual ability to be subjected to hypnotic influence, to achieve a hypnotic state of varying depth.

The patient's hypnotizability is important for determining indications for various types of suggestion. P. I. Bul (1974) notes the dependence of hypnotizability on the patient’s suggestibility in reality, the patient’s personality traits, the environment in which the hypnotherapy session takes place, the experience of the psychotherapist, his authority and degree of mastery of the hypnotization technique, as well as the degree of the patient’s “magical mood.”

Hypnosis is a temporary state of consciousness, characterized by a narrowing of its volume and a sharp focus on the content of suggestion, which is associated with a change in the function of individual control and self-awareness. The state of hypnosis occurs as a result of special influences of the hypnotist or targeted self-suggestion.

The French neurologist J. Charcot interpreted hypnotic phenomena as a manifestation of artificial neurosis, i.e. a disease of the central nervous system, psyche. His compatriot Bernheim argued that hypnosis is a suggested dream.

Hypnosis is considered as partial sleep, which is based on a conditioned reflex inhibitory process in cortical cells. At the same time, with the help of a report (verbal communication between a doctor and a patient), it is possible to evoke various reactions from the human body in a state of hypnosis. This is possible because the word, thanks to the entire previous life of an adult, is connected with all external and internal stimuli coming to the cerebral hemispheres, signals all of them, replaces all of them, and therefore can cause all those actions and reactions of the body that determine these stimuli. Having revealed the physiological mechanisms of sleep, transitional states and hypnosis, I. P. Pavlov gave a scientific explanation to all phenomena that had been considered mysterious and enigmatic for centuries. The teachings of I. P. Pavlov about signaling systems, about the physiological power of words and suggestion became the basis for scientific psychotherapy.

There are three stages of hypnosis: lethargic, cataleptic and somnambulistic. With the first, a person experiences drowsiness, with the second - signs of catalepsy - waxy flexibility, stupor (immobility), mutism, with the third - complete detachment from reality, sleepwalking and inspired images. The use of hypnotherapy is justified for hysterical neurotic, dissociative (conversion) disorders and hysterical personality disorders.

Rational psychotherapy is a method that uses the patient’s logical ability to make comparisons, draw conclusions, and prove their validity.

In this, rational psychotherapy is the opposite of suggestion, which introduces information, new attitudes, instructions, bypassing a person’s criticality.

“I call rational psychotherapy that which aims to act on the world of the patient’s ideas directly and precisely through convincing dialectics” - this is how Du Bois defines rational psychotherapy. The goal of rational psychotherapy is a distorted “internal picture of the disease,” creating an additional source of emotional experiences for the patient. Removing uncertainty, correcting inconsistency and inconsistency in the patient’s ideas, primarily regarding his illness, are the main links in the impact of rational psychotherapy.

Changing the patient's misconceptions is achieved by certain methodological techniques. The essential quality of rational psychotherapy is its construction on logical argumentation; it can be seen in all its modifications and distinguishes it from other methods of psychotherapy.

Various options for rational psychotherapy are highlighted. In some cases, the patient is led to a certain programmed result, while the psychotherapist is highly active in argumentation, refuting the patient’s incorrect arguments, encouraging him to formulate the necessary conclusions. A major role in such a situation can be played by the Socratic dialogue technique, in which questions are asked in such a way that they assume only positive answers, on the basis of which the patient himself draws conclusions. In rational psychotherapy, there is also an appeal to the patient’s logical thinking; a significant role is also assigned to response and behavioral learning.

The main forms of rational psychotherapy are:

1) Explanation and clarification, including interpretation of the essence of the disease, the causes of its occurrence, taking into account possible psychosomatic connections, previously, as a rule, ignored by patients, not included in the “internal picture of the disease”; as a result of the implementation of this stage, a clearer, more defined picture of the disease is achieved, removing additional sources of anxiety and opening up the opportunity for the patient to more actively control the disease; 2) persuasion – correction of not only cognitive, but also emotional component attitude towards the disease, facilitating the transition to modification of the patient’s personal attitudes; 3) reorientation - achieving more stable changes in the patient’s attitudes, primarily in his attitude towards the disease, associated with changes in his value system and taking him beyond the disease; 4) psychogogy - reorientation of a broader plan, creating positive prospects for the patient outside of the disease.

Hypnotherapy. A method of psychotherapy that uses a hypnotic state for therapeutic purposes. The widespread use of hypnotherapy reflects its therapeutic effectiveness for various diseases.

The main complications of hypnosis are loss of rapport, hysterical attacks, spontaneous somnambulism, and the transition of deep somnambulistic hypnosis to hypnosis.

The success of treatment depends on the patient’s personality characteristics; increased suggestibility, his preparedness for such a conversation, the doctor’s authority, and the patient’s faith in him are also important.

From the time of Delirium to the present day, hypnotherapy uses the method of verbal suggestion and sometimes fixation of the gaze on a shiny object to induce hypnotic sleep; later, for greater effect, they began to use monotonous, monotonous stimuli affecting the visual, auditory and tactile analyzers.

Autogenic training. An active method of psychotherapy, psychoprophylaxis and mental hygiene, aimed at restoring the dynamic balance of the system of homeostatic self-regulatory mechanisms of the human body, disturbed as a result of stress exposure. The main elements of the technique are muscle relaxation training, self-hypnosis and self-education (autodidactics). The activity of autogenic training opposes some of the negative aspects of hypnotherapy in its classical model - the patient’s passive attitude to the treatment process, dependence on the doctor.

As a therapeutic method, autogenic training was proposed for the treatment of neuroses by Schultz in 1932. In our country, it began to be used in the late 50s. The therapeutic effect of Autogenic training, along with the development as a result of relaxation of a trophotropic reaction, characterized by increased tone of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system and helping to neutralize the stressful state, is also based on a weakening of the activity of the limbic and hypothalamic areas, which is accompanied by a decrease in general anxiety and the development of anti-stress tendencies in trainees ( Lobzin V.S., 1974).

There are two stages of autogenic training (according to Schultz): 1) the lowest stage - learning to relax with the help of exercises aimed at inducing a feeling of heaviness, warmth, and mastering the rhythm of cardiac activity and breathing; 2) the highest level - autogenic meditation - the creation of trance states of various levels.

The lowest level, autogenic training, consists of six standard exercises, which are performed by patients in one of three poses: 1) sitting position, “coachman’s pose” - the trainee sits on a chair with his head slightly lowered forward, hands and forearms lie freely on the front surface of the thighs, legs spread freely; 2) lying position - the trainee lies on his back, his head rests on a low pillow, his arms, slightly bent at the elbow joint, lie freely along the body with palms down; 3) reclining position - the trainee sits freely in a chair, leaning on the back, hands on the front of the thighs or on the armrests, legs freely apart. In all three positions, complete relaxation is achieved; for better concentration, the eyes are closed.

The lesson can be conducted collectively, with 4-10 people in a group. Before the start of the training, the doctor conducts an explanatory conversation, talks about the features of the nervous autonomic system, its role and manifestations in a person’s life. In a form accessible to the patient, an explanation is given for the characteristics of motor reactions and especially the state of muscle tone depending on mood. Examples of muscle tension in various emotional states are given. At the same time, it is necessary for the patient to clearly understand the difference between the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the animal one. He must understand that he can make voluntary movements and cannot force his stomach or intestines to move. He must learn to control some vegetative functions in the process of autogenic training.

Training is carried out by patients - lying down, reclining or sitting. Depending on the disease, the training posture is chosen. Autogenic training requires long-term work with patients, since it takes two weeks to practice one exercise. As a rule, the doctor meets with patients twice a week to check how they are mastering the exercises and explains new ones. The patient must independently conduct three sessions per day. After the patient has mastered the lowest level, one can move on to targeted self-hypnosis against painful disorders.

Usually the effect is achieved after months of home training. The highest level of training helps the patient manage his emotional experiences.

Autogenic training can be indicated in cases in which it is necessary to teach a rapidly depleted patient to restore working capacity, reduce or relieve mental stress, functional disorders of internal organs, and in cases where it is necessary to teach the patient to control himself. It is used for stuttering, neurodermatitis, sexual disorders, for pain relief during childbirth, eliminating or softening preoperative and postoperative emotional layers.

Autogenic training refers to activating psychotherapy, since when using it, a person himself is active and has the opportunity to become convinced of his capabilities.

Group psychotherapy (collective). A psychotherapeutic method, the specificity of which lies in the targeted use of group dynamics, i.e. the entire set of relationships and interactions that arise between group members, including the group psychotherapist, for therapeutic purposes.

Collective hypnotherapy was proposed by V. M. Bekhterev. With collective hypnotherapy, suggestibility is enhanced through mutual suggestion and imitation. This must be taken into account when selecting a group for collective hypnotherapy. It is desirable that among the patients there are highly hypnotizable and recovering patients who would have a positive influence on others. The use of collective hypnotherapy makes it possible to implement therapeutic suggestions for most patients during one session. This type of psychotherapy is widely used in outpatient practice.

Fundamentally, group psychotherapy is not an independent direction in psychotherapy, but is only a specific method in which the main instrument of psychotherapeutic influence is a group of patients, in contrast to individual psychotherapy, where only the psychotherapist is such an instrument.

Music therapy. A psychotherapeutic method that uses music as a therapeutic agent.

The healing effect of music on the human body has been known since ancient times. First attempts scientific explanation This phenomenon dates back to the 17th century, and extensive experimental research dates back to the 19th century. S. S. Korsakov, V. M. Bekhterev and other famous Russian scientists attached great importance to music in the system of treating mentally ill patients.

Art therapy is a method of psychotherapy that involves using art as a therapeutic factor. The importance of the method is increasing due to the increasing role of art in life modern man: a higher level of education and culture determines interest in art.

The question of whether art therapy belongs to occupational therapy or psychotherapy is decided differently by different authors, since art therapy sessions combine therapeutic effects of various kinds.

When using art therapy, patients are offered a variety of arts and crafts activities (wood carving, chasing, sculpting, burning, drawing, making mosaics, stained glass, all kinds of crafts from fur, fabrics, etc.).

Bibliotherapy – therapeutic effect on the psyche of a sick person by reading books. Reading treatment is included as one of the links in the system of psychotherapy. The method of bibliotherapy is a complex combination of bibliology, psychology and psychotherapy - as defined by V. N. Myasishchev.

The beginning of the use of reading books for therapeutic purposes dates back to the century before last; the term began to be used in the 20s. last century in the USA. The definition adopted by the US Hospital Libraries Association states that bibliotherapy is “the use of specialized

but the material selected for reading as a therapeutic agent in general medicine and psychiatry for the purpose of solving personal problems through guided reading.”

Functional training. This is a version of psychotherapy in the waking state. When treating patients who, for example, are afraid to go outside for fear that something will happen to their heart or they may suddenly die, a complex training system is used. For example, gradually expanding the area in which the patient decides to take walks, the doctor convinces the patient by walking with him or giving him the task to walk or drive a certain section of the path. In further work, the achieved successes are used and the complexity of tasks is built on them. This training should be considered as activating and stimulating psychotherapy. The main goal of psychotherapy is to restore the activity lost by the patient, restoring his ability to live a full active life, which is always associated with a person’s correct assessment of his capabilities. Psychotherapeutic training has as its goal both “a direct impact on nervous dynamics and a restructuring of the patient’s attitude towards the functions being trained, towards himself as a whole.

Play psychotherapy - the study of children's play through observation, interpretation, structuring, etc. made it possible to realize the uniqueness of the child’s way of communicating with the world around him. Thus, the game was used as the basis for a method of treating emotional and behavioral disorders in children, called play psychotherapy.

The lack of verbal or conceptual skills in children to the required extent does not allow the effective use of psychotherapy with them, which is almost entirely based on recitation, as is the case in psychotherapy for adults. Children cannot freely describe their feelings; they are able to express their experiences, difficulties, needs and dreams in other ways.

The term "psychotherapy" covers a wide range of approaches and methods. These range from one-on-one conversations, to therapy sessions that use techniques such as role play or dance to help explore human emotions. Some therapists work with couples, families, or groups whose members have similar problems. Psychotherapy works with adolescents, children, as well as adults. Below is a list of different types of psychotherapy and their benefits.

Art therapy combines therapy and creative exploration through paints, crayons, pencils, and sometimes modeling. Methods may also include drama, puppet show. Sandworking, for example, involves clients choosing toys depicting people, animals and buildings and placing them in the controlled space of a sandbox theater. An art therapist is trained in the psychological understanding of the creative process and the emotional attributes of various art materials. In this case, art is seen as the outer expression of our inner emotions. For example, in painting, size, shape, line, space, texture, shade, tone, color and spacing all reveal the client's perceived reality.

Art therapy can be especially effective for clients who have difficulty expressing themselves verbally. In settings such as art studios and workshops, an emphasis on creative development can be beneficial, especially when working with children and adolescents, as well as adults, couples, families, and groups.

Art therapy can be beneficial for both people who have experienced trauma and people with learning difficulties.

Behavior therapy is based on the theory that current behavior is a response to past experiences and can be unlearned or reformulated.

People with compulsive and obsessive disorders, fears, phobias and addictions can benefit from this type of therapy. The emphasis is on helping the client achieve goals and change behavioral responses to problems such as stress or anxiety.

Brief therapy uses a variety of psychotherapy approaches. It differs from other therapeutic approaches in that it focuses on a specific problem and involves the direct intervention of a therapist who works more actively with the client. She emphasizes the use natural resources client, and also temporarily suspends disbelief, allowing new perspectives and multiple points of view to be considered.

The main goal is to help the client see his current circumstances in a broader context. Brief therapy is seen as addressing current barriers to change rather than looking at the root causes of issues. There is no single method, but there are many ways that, individually or in combination, can ultimately be beneficial. Brief therapy typically takes place over a predetermined number of sessions.

Cognitive Analytical Therapy combines theories to explore the relationship between linguistics and thinking, as well as historical, cultural and social factors that influence how we function. Cognitive analytic therapy encourages clients to use their own resources and develop skills to change destructive patterns of behavior and negative ways thinking and action.

Therapy is short-term, structured and directive, for example the client may be asked to keep a diary or use progress charts. The therapist works collaboratively with the client, changing behavior patterns and learning alternative coping strategies. Attention is paid to understanding the relationship between behavioral patterns established in childhood, social contributions and their impact on the client in adulthood.

Drama therapy uses theatrical techniques such as role-playing, drama, mime, puppetry, voiceover, myth, ritual, storytelling and other improvisational techniques to facilitate creativity, imagination, learning, understanding and personal growth. The highly diverse approach provides an expressive therapy that can be used in a variety of settings, including hospitals, schools, and mental health centers.

Drama therapy provides an opportunity for individuals or groups to explore personal and/or social issues in a creative environment, and calmly reflect on existing beliefs, attitudes and feelings, find alternative ways actions in the world. Drama therapy encourages self-awareness, reflection and self-expression of feelings towards oneself and others.

Existential psychotherapy helps the client find meaning in life and the desire to face himself and his problems. The existential belief that life has no ready answer or predetermined significance and the individual is completely free and has complete responsibility so that meaning must be found or created. This can cause a feeling of meaninglessness in life, so therapy explores the client's experience, the human condition, and aims to clarify the understanding of individual values ​​and beliefs, clearly naming what has not previously been spoken out loud. The client accepts the limitations and contradictions of what it means to be human.

Family therapy is a branch of psychotherapy with a special emphasis on family relationships. She works with the fact that the problem lies within the family, and not with one person. Family therapy is also called systemic family therapy.

Family therapy promotes change and development, and as a result, resolution of family conflicts and problems. The emphasis is on how family members interact with each other, emphasizing the importance of family functioning to mental health and well-being. Regardless of the origin of the issue or problem, the therapist's goal is to engage the family in finding beneficial and constructive solutions for family members to support each other through direct involvement. An experienced family therapist will be able to influence negotiations in a way that draws on the strength and wisdom of the family as a whole, taking into account the broader economic, social, cultural, political and religious context in which the family lives, and respecting each family member and their different views. beliefs, opinions.

Gestalt means the whole and the totality of all the parts, and the symbolic configuration or form of the elements that makes up the whole.

Gestalt therapy is a psychotherapeutic approach that is based on the belief that people have a natural desire for health, but old behavior patterns and fixed ideas can create blocks.

Gestalt therapy starts from what is happening in the moment, bringing awareness to the individual's self-image, reactions and interactions with others. Being present in the here and now creates the potential in the client for greater excitement, energy and courage to live immediately. The Gestalt therapist looks at how the individual resists contact in the here and now, how the person resists change, and the types of behaviors or symptoms that the client views as inappropriate or unsatisfactory. The Gestalt therapist helps the client become aware of not only what is happening and what is being said, but also of body language and suppressed feelings.

Group psychotherapy is a psychotherapy designed to help people who would like to improve their ability to cope with difficulties and life problems with the help of the group.

In group therapy, one or more therapists work with a small group of clients. Psychologists recognize positive therapeutic effects that could not be obtained in individual therapy. For example, interpersonal problems are solved in groups.

The goal of group psychotherapy is to provide emotional support for difficult decisions and to stimulate the personal development of group members. The combination of past experiences and experiences outside the therapeutic group, interactions between group members and the therapist, becomes the material through which therapy is carried out. These interactions may not only be perceived as positive, since the issues that the client faces in everyday life are inevitably reflected in the interaction with the group. This provides the opportunity to work through problems in a therapeutic setting, producing experiences that can then be translated into “real life.”

Hypnotherapy uses hypnosis to induce a deep state of relaxation and alteration of consciousness during which the subconscious mind is receptive to new or alternative points of view and ideas.

In the field of hypnotherapy, the subconscious mind is seen as a source of well-being and creativity. Addressing this part of the mind through hypnosis opens up possibilities for maintaining a healthy body.

Hypnotherapy can be used to change behavior, relationships and emotions, as well as manage pain, anxiety, stress, dysfunctional habits, promoting personal development.

Jungian analysis is a psychotherapy that works with the unconscious. The Jungian analyst and client work together to expand consciousness to achieve psychological balance, harmony and wholeness. Jungian analysis explores the deep motives in the client's psyche, thoughts and actions that lie in the subconscious. The Jungian analyst strives to achieve profound change in personality. Particular attention is paid to what happens in sessions, as well as the internal and external experiences of the client's life. Psychotherapy aims to reconcile conscious and unconscious thoughts to eliminate psychological pain and suffering and create new values ​​and goals.

Neurolinguistic psychotherapy was created from neurolinguistic programming. NLP has a broad basis and draws on many areas of psychology and psychotherapy. The foundation of NLP is the premise that we create our own model of reality (personalized map of the world) based on our experiences and how we represent them from within. Each person uses their own maps to navigate through life. The models that are used can promote change that improves self-actualization and success, or at times can be limiting and inhibiting.

NLP explores the patterns of thinking, beliefs, values ​​and experiences behind problems or goals. It allows people to make appropriate adjustments to transform the corresponding world view, which helps reduce limiting beliefs and decisions, overcome emotional and behavioral patterns and create resources, by expanding the person's existing skill base. This gives a person a sense of control and therefore greater ability to create life as they wish.

NLP psychotherapists work with a wide range of psychological problems.

Transactional analysis is an integrative approach in psychology and psychotherapy and is based on two concepts: first, we have three parts or “ego states” of the personality: child, adult and parent. Secondly, these parts communicate with each other through “transactions” and, within each social interaction, one part predominates. Therefore, by recognizing these roles, the client will be able to regulate his behavior. This form of therapy works with the term " inner child” to describe unmet needs from childhood.

Therapy is based on acceptance and a non-judgmental relationship with the consultant, the assumption that the individual is seeking support in resolving the problem and that this allows the client to freely express his emotions and feelings. This therapy is also called person-centered therapy or Rogers psychotherapy.

Counseling for clients who would like to address specific psychological habits and thought patterns. The client perceives the consultant as the best authority on his own experience and is therefore able to achieve his potential for growth and problem solving. The client-centered counselor provides the enabling environment to allow such potential to arise through unconditional acceptance, positive regard, and empathic understanding so that the client can come to terms with negative feelings and develop the inner resources, strength, and freedom to bring about change.

Psychotherapeutic approaches and methods:

Classic psychoanalysis

Founder Sigmund Freud believed that psychoanalysis is a method aimed at treating neurotic disorders by studying the features of the structure of the unconscious. In other words, psychoanalysis is a “word treatment” that helps to understand mental disorders by becoming aware of one’s own unconscious impulses.

For whom:

How does this happen:

During a psychoanalytic session, the patient, as a rule, lies on the couch, the psychoanalyst is positioned so that the patient does not see him. This arrangement is needed to create the best atmosphere for the therapeutic process. The main method of psychoanalysis is free associations that come to the patient’s mind at the moment.

Jungian analysis

Based on the theory of K. Jung, who revised the ideas of S. Freud. The idea of ​​Jungian analysis is that in the human psyche, not only the individual, but also the collective unconscious, the content of which is represented by archetypes inherited from ancestors, plays a significant role.

For whom:

Jungian therapy is effective in solving many problems: family, interpersonal. She helps those who are going through a crisis or grief. The imagery and metaphorical nature of this method make it possible to work even with very young children: with the help of images and symbols, they easily express the most powerful and painful experiences. Jungian therapists also work with those who suffer from depression, anxiety states, neuroses, psychoses.

How does this happen:

Jungian psychotherapy most often takes place in the form of a conversation, face to face, each meeting lasting 45-50 minutes. The therapist invites the client to say whatever comes to his mind - there are no taboo topics in therapy, and the client can talk about episodes of life, feelings, fantasies that he has never admitted to anyone. The therapist encourages the client to do anything creative activity: drawing, journaling, writing poetry. Everything that helps a person express himself and understand what is happening to him is used. Meetings take place one to three times a week. Therapy can be short-term - focused on a specific problem (10-20 meetings), and long-term - up to several years.

Family psychotherapy

The founders of family psychotherapy are Murray Bowen, Jay Haley, Virginia Satir, Carl Whitaker, Salvador Minuchin and others. In this approach, the person is not the object of influence and the client. The client is the whole family, the entire family system, and it is she who is the object of psychotherapeutic influence. A family system is a group of people connected commonplace residence, joint household, and most importantly - relationships. What happens in a family often does not depend on the intentions and desires of the people included in this family system, because life in the family is regulated by the properties of the system as such. Family psychotherapy in no way sets out to change the people who make up the family. All people, no matter what they are, can live more happily in their family. The obstacle to this is not that the people around are bad, but that the family system itself is not functioning correctly. It is this functioning that can be changed with the help of systemic family psychotherapy.

For whom:

Family therapy for those who are dissatisfied with relationships within the family. Family therapy works with your family, so clients include both adults and children.

How does this happen:

The whole family comes to see a psychologist. During the conversation, the family psychologist identifies problems with the family system. With the help of special techniques during the reception, as well as homework, the correction of the family system begins.

Narrative approach

The narrative approach to psychotherapy appeared in the 80s of the 20th century; the founders are considered to be Australian Michael White and New Zealander David Epston.
(“Narrative” from the English “narrative” - story, narrative) therapy is a direction of counseling based on the idea that people's lives and relationships are formed in the process of social interaction.
This approach is based on the idea that we make sense of and build our lives through the stories we tell each other and ourselves. Personal narratives fit within the context of the larger stories of our culture. People who come to therapy are often at the mercy of social stereotypes that create problems and close off opportunities to solve them.

For whom:

For people who want to understand and change their existing behavior patterns.

How does this happen:

You tell the psychologist about the problem that you wanted to deal with. During the conversation, you are given the opportunity to look at the problem from all sides and rethink your views.

Gestalt therapy

From him. Gestalt - image, form, structure - a form of psychotherapy developed by F. Perls (1893 - 1970). By “gestalt” he understood “the process of unfolding human needs.” Gestalt therapy is a direction of psychotherapy that aims to expand a person’s awareness and through this a person’s better understanding and acceptance of himself, achieving greater intrapersonal integrity, greater fulfillment and meaningfulness of life, improving contact with outside world, including with the people around you. With the help of Gestalt therapy, you can learn to consciously choose your behavior, using various aspects of your personality, make your life more fulfilling, and get rid of neurotic and other painful symptoms. A person becomes resistant to the manipulation of other people and is able to do without the manipulation of others.

For whom:

Gestalt therapy is especially effective when difficulties are caused by interactions with other people. Emotional problems (fears, anxieties, apathy, low mood, aggressiveness, anxiety in significant situations) are also the subject of work by Gestalt therapists. The method is suitable for those who like to exchange sincere emotional reactions with the therapist and receive feedback from him. It is difficult for a therapist to be useful in a case where the inner world is of no value to the person himself; he is not inclined to reflection and self-knowledge. This method is effective in working with children and adolescents, adults, and married couples.

How does this happen:

Work can be individual or group. At the first meeting, the therapist and the client (or group members) discuss the goals of the work, possible and desired results and ways to achieve them, and determine the duration of the meetings and their number.

Psychodrama

One of the areas of humanistic psychology, developed by J. Moreno (1890-1974) and based on catharsis, which is achieved through dramatic performances aimed at treating painful mental manifestations by restructuring the relationships and system of experiences of a sick person. This technique allows you to “play out” various situations and thus simulate and understand them. Psychodrama is the world's first method of group psychotherapy (in fact, the term “group psychotherapy” itself was introduced into psychology by Moreno). Moreno proceeded from the fact that since any person is a social being, a group can solve his problems more effectively than one person.

For whom:

For people who are interested in some kind of reconstruction of their dramatic situation in order to solve it, who are not embarrassed by self-disclosure in the presence of a group.

How does this happen:

During a group discussion, participants propose topics that they would like to understand. The group selects 1-2 from those declared. Then, with the help of group members, the action declared by the participant is staged, during which he again plunges into the dramatic situation of his past, during which he receives support from the group and the psychologist.

Client-centered approach

Client-centered therapy, originally developed in the 1940s by Carl Rogers (1902-1987), is an ever-evolving approach to human growth and change. Its central hypothesis is that any individual's potential for growth tends to be fulfilled in relationships in which the helper experiences and expresses authenticity, reality, caring, and deep and accurate non-judgmental understanding. The client-centered approach is applicable in any area of ​​human endeavor where the goal is the psychological growth of the individual.

For whom:

A client-centered approach helps those who are tired of loneliness and do not find understanding from other people, who lack empathy, participation and warmth. Therefore, it can be applied in almost all areas where we need mutual understanding. Unconditional acceptance of another, empathy for him, openness to one’s feelings contribute to the successful course of negotiations, the treatment of neuroses, and the resolution of social conflicts.

How does this happen:

The client-centered approach is called “non-directive”: it does not direct anyone, does not direct anything, does not force anyone to do anything. The concepts of norm and pathology, disease and cure, diagnosis and symptom are not used here. The therapist will accept whatever the client says without judgment. Therapy occurs in the form of dialogue. The client himself determines what issues are relevant to him now, and the therapist helps him in exploring and expressing his feelings, images, and fantasies. Listening and responding, he is completely focused on the client: the very presence of an attentive, understanding interlocutor helps a person cope with fear and despair and instills confidence in his abilities. As a result of therapy, the participant comes to a feeling of freedom and fullness of life with all its joys and difficulties.

Cognitive-behavioral approach

suggests that human problems stem from distortions of reality based on misconceptions, which, in turn, arose as a result of incorrect learning in the process of personality development. Therapy is about looking for distortions in thinking and learning an alternative, more realistic way of perceiving your life. The cognitive-behavioral approach works when you need to find new forms of behavior, plan the future, and consolidate the result. The cognitive-behavioral approach to emotional disorders changes the way a person views himself and his problems. By giving up the idea of ​​oneself as a helpless victim of circumstances, a person gets the opportunity to see in himself a being both inclined to give birth to erroneous ideas and capable of unlearning them or correcting them by identifying the errors of his own thinking.

For whom:

Cognitive therapy is effective when working with many personal problems: anxiety, lack of self-confidence, difficulties in establishing relationships, eating disorders... Helps those who have experienced violence and stress. The cognitive therapy method can be used both in individual work and in work with families.

How does this happen:

The client, together with the psychotherapist, explores under what circumstances the problem manifests itself: how “automatic thoughts” arise and how they influence his ideas, experiences and behavior. He learns to soften rigid beliefs and see different facets of a problem situation. Homework - exercises suggested by the psychotherapist allow the client to consolidate new skills. So gradually he learns, without the support of a therapist, to live in accordance with new, more flexible views.

Existential psychotherapy

one of the areas of humanistic psychology, as a direction arose on the basis of existential philosophy and psychology. The main emphasis is not on studying the manifestations of the human psyche, but on his life itself in inextricable connection with the world and other people. The founder of existentialism was Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), who formulated and substantiated the concept of existence (unique and inimitable human life). He also drew attention to the turning points in human life, which open up the opportunity to live further in a completely different way than has been lived until now.

Symboldrama

Symboldrama was created by the outstanding German psychotherapist Hanskarl Leuner (1919-1996). (Catathymic-imaginative psychotherapy, Catathymic experience of images or the method of “waking dreams”) is one of the areas of psychotherapy based on the principles of depth psychology, which uses a special method of working with imagination in order to make visible a person’s unconscious desires, his fantasies, conflicts and defense mechanisms, as well as transference relationships and resistance. Symboldrama promotes their processing both at the symbolic level and during a psychotherapeutic conversation. As a metaphor, symbol drama can be described as “psychoanalysis using images.”

For whom:

Symvoldrama is effective in the treatment of neuroses and psychosomatic diseases, as well as in psychotherapy of disorders associated with neurotic personality development.

How does this happen:

The patient sits relaxed in a chair with his eyes closed and relaxes using special techniques. The psychotherapist asks topics that the patient sees in his imagination. We are working with them.

Body-oriented psychotherapy (BOP)

One of the areas of psychotherapy, which has its own history of development, its own schools. TOP combines a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches to influencing the psyche through changes made to the body. The main idea of ​​TOP is the inseparability of the body from consciousness, the belief that the body is a manifestation of personality and there is a functional unity between them.

Body psychotherapy addresses the deep relationships that constitute psycho-bodily processes, paying equal attention to both the physical and mental components. TOP has a large range of techniques (from “cathartic” to “bodily homeopathy”): methods of working with breathing, touch, muscle tone, posture, movement, sensory awareness, images, language, etc., with the help of which one realizes, studies and repressed aspects of the individual’s experience are accepted for the purpose of its subsequent integration.

Art therapy

The term “art therapy” was first used by the English physician and artist Adrian Hill. Classical art therapy involves self-expression through visual arts: painting, graphics, photography, drawing, sculpting. But today this method also includes other types of arts used for psychotherapeutic purposes, such as puppet therapy, mascotherapy, and music therapy. A complex method has also appeared: art synthesis therapy works with the help of painting, poetry, drama and theater, rhetoric and plastic arts. One of the areas of humanistic psychology, a method of psychotherapy based on art, primarily visual and creative activity.

The creative process is the main therapeutic mechanism that allows, in a special symbolic form, to reconstruct a conflict traumatic situation, to find new uniform her permission. Through drawing, play, and fairy tales, art therapy provides an outlet for internal conflicts and strong emotions, and helps to understand one’s own feelings and experiences.

NLP (neurolinguistic programming)

Founders: Richard Bandler, USA (1940), John Grinder, USA (1949 “neuro” - this method uses brain structures, “linguistic” - one of the important elements of this technique is speech, “programming” - the ability to control, predict the result of an action specific technology.
This is a communication technique aimed at changing habitual interaction patterns, gaining confidence in life, and optimizing creative potential.

For whom:

This is especially useful for those people who, by the nature of their work, communicate a lot, have contact, and interact with other people. The scope of NLP is quite wide: business, education, social work, everyday situations and many others. etc. NLP techniques are also used in psychotherapy.

How does this happen:

The impact occurs using special NLP techniques.

Fairy tale therapy

This is a form of knowledge and healing of the soul. Fairytale therapy is based on the fact that the unconscious develops and manifests itself according to certain patterns, which are very convenient to study in the form of fairy tales. In this sense, fairy tale therapy is a form of deep psychotherapy, although in its accessibility and versatility it is quite applicable for more “everyday” tasks.

For whom:

Fairytale therapy is used for both children and adults.

How does this happen:

The patient comes up with the plot of a fairy tale or recalls fairy tales that once made a strong impression on him. Then, in a conversation with a psychologist, there is a discussion and interpretation of the fairy tale plot.

Transactional (transactional) analysis

direction in psychology and psychotherapy created by E. Bern.
By analogy with classical psychoanalysis, transactional analysis is focused on identifying “scenarios” of an individual’s life plans, which are often imposed by parents. This analysis was expanded through “structural analysis”, with the help of which three states are distinguished in the Self of an individual in various communicative situations: Parent, acting according to the type of parent-child relationship, Adult, objectively assessing reality, and Child, acting according to the type the child's relationship with his parents.

How does this happen:

Transactional analysis is group and individual work related to words, emotions and feelings. Typically, therapists recommend a combination of both methods. From the very first sessions, the client enters into an oral “contract for change” with the therapist, which defines the goals of the work and how to achieve them. During therapy, the contract may be changed. With the help of a therapist, the client learns the structure of his personality, learns to recognize external signs, in what states of “I” he most often finds himself and how this affects his behavior and communication. Therapy helps the client change - to rediscover the Natural Child within himself, strengthen the position of a tired Parent, learn to resolve his problems from the perspective of an Adult and restore self-confidence and self-confidence. The work usually does not last long: the task of the transactional analyst is to free the client from problems as quickly as possible.

Ericksonian hypnosis

a complex and highly effective trance induction technique developed by Milton Erickson (1901 - 1980), an American psychiatrist and psychotherapist, a man who radically changed ideas about hypnosis and methods of working with hypnosis. The method of hypnosis he created is fundamentally different from the classical one in that it is non-directive: the therapist does not give the client instructions and directions, but helps him enter a special state - trance: the client is awake and can actively communicate with the therapist. As Milton Erickson showed, this detachment differs from the hypersuggestibility state associated with traditional hypnosis. Suggestibility may increase in a hypnotic trance, but it is not a specific and permanent element of this phenomenon.
New hypnosis can be used both to create a psychotherapeutic atmosphere and to manifest the potential that exists in the client's subconscious. It can be used different ways to gain important learning experiences and to enhance a person's ability to benefit from these experiences

For whom:

Ericksonian hypnosis helps with a variety of problems - psychological and psychosomatic. The method is effective when working with phobias, addictions, family and sexual problems, post-traumatic syndromes, disorders eating behavior. With the help of Ericksonian hypnosis, you can work with both adults and children.

How does this happen:

During the session, the psychotherapist also resorts to special metaphorical language. He tells stories, anecdotes, fairy tales, parables, but he does it in a special way - using metaphors in which messages for the unconscious are “hidden”. Listening to a fairy tale, the client imagines images of the characters, sees scenes of plot development, remaining within his own inner world living by its own laws.

Process-oriented psychotherapy

Founder A. Mindell, E. Mindell

Methods of psychotherapy that prioritize the study of the spirit include psychosynthesis, transpersonal psychotherapy, and Christian psychotherapy. In contrast, psychoanalysis emphasizes the biological nature of man. Thus, psychotherapy has absorbed the culture of the spirit, psychological request and biological determinism and, despite the contradictory foundations of the methods, built bridges within the relationship between “logos-bios-socio-individuality”.

According to the criteria of the tasks assigned to the specialist, all methods of psychotherapy can also be divided into the following types:

• a) relaxation, bringing the human psyche into a relatively balanced state;
• b) target-oriented, aimed at relieving a specific symptom;
• c) personality-oriented, aimed at deep transformation of personality. Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia / Edited by Karvasarsky B.D. - 2nd edition, revised and expanded. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011. - 198 p.

Regardless of the orientation of the approach, each method of psychotherapy corresponds to principles or ideas drawn from philosophy. Philosophical ideas, being the prerequisites for the emergence of schools of psychology and psychotherapeutic methods, determine the humanitarian orientation of psychotherapy. Therefore, in theory, a psychotherapist should come from a humanities rather than a natural science education. In spirit he is a humanitarian, with the only difference that not a single idea here remains a speculative abstraction, as in philosophy, but goes into the practice of its own implementation, acquires substance, shapes and educates the will. So, if Charles Pierce, when creating his philosophy, was based on the idea of ​​pragmatism, then behavioral psychotherapy develops in a person the ability to live pragmatically and in accordance with the requirements of the environment.

Statement of a static state at the moment does not replace an understanding of the dynamics mental life. This is exactly what a testing psychologist and psychiatrist do. Strictly speaking, in the person of the psychiatrist we have a recorder of history, in the person of a psychologist - a recorder of testing “points”. Meanwhile, a person with a problem needs a researcher of the individual experience of being-in-the-world; it is necessary for him to feel and know his own identity and the realities of life from the inside. In the terms of M. Heidegger, we are talking about the opposition of “calculating” and “understanding” intelligence.

Analysis of the individual experience of being-in-the-world is addressed to such events in a person’s biography that cannot be recorded as anamnestic data. These are milestones in the development of a personality, a hidden internal slice of her biography, which tends to be developed and recognized. Here everything is done by the patient together with the psychotherapist, who helps change the perspective of a person’s perception and leads to breakthroughs to new levels of awareness of oneself and the world. The goal of psychotherapeutic work is not to register something (symptom, knowledge, diagnosis, event, treatment, etc.), but to ensure that the individual himself can acquire abilities that would lead him to knowledge of himself and his life path. Therefore, anamnesis in the usual sense of the word must be supplemented by an internal anamnesis - a recording of events related to the history of the formation of an individual's self-awareness.

Anamnesis as knowledge of the “external” biography and anamnesis as the knowledge of the “internal” biography have a number of significant differences:

• · achieving the first is simple, it comes without much effort, does not require personal improvement;
• · achieving the second is much more difficult, requiring more time and a new level of consciousness of the researcher;
• · the first is closer to the criteria of science, the second - to truth and life;
• · the first lends itself to systematization, the second cannot;
• · the first is aimed at determining the symptom and diagnosis, the second - at transforming the personality;
• · the first tends to establish universal laws of the psyche as a combination of personal and situational factors, the second is aimed at identifying individual conditions for the formation of the problem and signs of spiritual and emotional movements;
• · the first is based on rational categories, the second, in addition to rational categories, includes intuitive insights;
• · the first is based on natural scientific calculations of understanding the psyche and leads to the boundaries of knowledge, the second reveals the deep roots mental life. Kondrashenko V.T. General psychology. - M.: Higher School, 2009. - 176 p.

The possibility of such contrasts arises from the presence of differences in all the central categories of research. External anamnesis records the state of a person or its component as a separate “spatial” event, the center of studying internal anamnesis - the whole person in the dynamics of his formation in the flow of time. For example, reading books or watching a movie that shocked a person's psyche at age 15 may be considered an insignificant detail from a biographical point of view, but in terms of internal anamnesis this fact can be significant.

The point here is not about eliminating the problem, but about developing and acquiring the ability that can lead out of a crisis state, and about directing the energy of the crisis to development, utilizing it, and not suppressing it.

Despite their differences, these two types of history can complement each other. The surgeon examining the leg determines the injury based on the patient’s complaints. But it also complements diagnostics x-ray. A psychiatrist or testing psychologist does without a “snapshot” of the process of personal formation, and often of the symptom. They capture the picture of symptoms as a picture of the whole person.

The psychotherapist has to take into account all the data from the “external” and “internal” anamnesis, all the features of the structure of the physical, mental and spiritual organisms of a person. The data of the “external” anamnesis should serve to establish internal connections between the events of fate in order to lead a person to a sense of how his fate operates. From experiencing his destiny and taking it seriously, he can receive strengthening and healing effects on mental health. Therefore, illness, personality and fate, considered in the “flat projection” of modern medical and psychological education, must be supplemented by the perception of a deep life plan.

In general, psychotherapy arose with the direct “participation” of philosophy, psychiatry and psychology, each of which has its own contribution to the process of its formation as a field of practical human knowledge. Burlachuk L.F. Basics of psychotherapy. - M., 2009. - 125 p.

The following forms of psychotherapy exist:

1. Individual psychotherapy

The psychotherapeutic process takes place in a dyad: therapist - client. Individual psychotherapy is a complex process in which various sociocultural factors interact, professional quality And personal characteristics both as a client and as a therapist. In addition to psychological techniques and the conditions for its implementation.

Based on the duration of implementation, individual therapy can be divided into short-term and long-term. The limit is usually determined by the number of psychotherapeutic sessions: short-term therapy is considered to be up to 20 sessions. Currently, almost all psychological trends strive for short-termism by increasing intensity, reducing material costs without reducing efficiency. Sometimes short-termism serves as one of the principles that protect clients from developing a “psychotherapeutic defect,” “escaping into psychotherapy,” and shifting responsibility for their lives to the psychotherapist.

Long-term forms of individual psychotherapy are most typical for psychoanalytic therapy, which can last up to 7-10 years or more with medium frequency classes 2-3 times a week.

2. Group psychotherapy

The specificity of group psychotherapy as a therapeutic method lies in the targeted use of group dynamics for therapeutic purposes. The use of any psychotherapeutic method in a group of patients is not group therapy. Group therapy becomes when the therapist utilizes the therapeutic potential of the group. In any group of people who communicate for quite a long time, certain group phenomena arise, such as distribution of roles, identification of a leader, etc. In the therapeutic group, phenomena are also observed that are called healing factors Rogers K. A look at psychotherapy. The Becoming of Man. - M.: Publishing Group "Progress", 2009. - 103 p.:

• · Cohesion among group members is a condition conducive to achieving therapeutic success. Characterizes the strength and unity of interpersonal interactions in a group.
• · Instilling hope by the group - faith in the success of the therapeutic process appears when working together. It arises from the fact that different members of the group advance at different paces (those lagging behind are pulled forward).
• · Generalization - before joining a group, people consider their own problems to be unique, but during group work they realize that this is not the case.
• · Altruism - the awareness that each group member can be useful and necessary to others.
• · Providing information - instructional techniques are used both from the therapist to the client and from clients to each other.
• · Multiple transference - the emotional attachment of participants to the therapist and to each other, the group as a whole.
• · Interpersonal communication - the group is a kind of testing ground for studying the positive and negative emotional reactions of participants and testing new ways of behavior. Group members learn that they can openly ask others for help and support.
• · Development of interpersonal skills - participants improve their ability to communicate in a group.
• · Imitating behavior - imitation of the leader and group members to each other. First - to gain approval, then comes active experimentation. As a result, the behavioral repertoire of each participant expands.
• · Catharsis - emotional shock, cleansing.
• 3. Family psychotherapy

Aimed at correcting interpersonal relationships in the family. Its goal is to eliminate emotional disorders in the family, most pronounced in the sick family member. In other words, this is therapy of the client in the family and with the help of the family.

Psychotherapy. Study guide Team of authors

Classification of psychotherapy methods

The variety of psychotherapeutic forms and methods is based on three main theoretical directions - psychodynamic, behavioral (cognitive-behavioral) and humanistic (existential-humanistic, phenomenological). Before moving on to the description of the main ones, it is necessary to note the components that are common to all these areas (J. Frank, 1978):

1. Patient (sick) – a person who exhibits objective signs of a mental (psychosomatic) disorder.

2. A psychotherapist is a doctor who, thanks to his specific training and experience, is perceived as capable of providing assistance to a specific patient (or group of them).

3. Personality theory, created by the founder of a certain direction and consolidated by his followers, which, through a certain set of provisions, makes it possible to describe the functioning of the psyche and predict the course and direction of certain mental processes in an individual or group of people is normal; as well as the emergence, fixation and development of disturbances in these processes during the formation of pathology.

The listed provisions directly follow from certain philosophical, worldview and life ideas of the author of the proposed theory and, to one degree or another, bear the imprint of his personality. In addition, many of them are characterized by a claim to some ontological universality. The logical consequence is the creation of fairly powerful institutions in the form of societies, associations, journals that form the “correct” worldview of students, as well as certifying their right to officially be representatives of this direction and conduct their practice on this behalf.

Currently, one can note a certain “evolution” and transformation of theoretical approaches to personality in psychotherapy. At the beginning of the development of scientifically based psychotherapy, there was a clear tendency to create a “unique” theory of personality with a claim to ontological universality (i.e., the “only correct one”). A striking example is the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud. Currently, there is a clearly prevailing tendency to create certain “models” of the functioning of the psyche with an understanding of their limitations and relativity. For example, modern approach, which has taken the liberty of elevating this to the rank of its own ideology is neuro-linguistic programming. No less important is the fact that the attempt to do without personality theory altogether (an early version of behavioral psychotherapy) turned out to be historically futile.

4. A set of techniques (procedures) for solving the patient’s problems that directly follow from the theory.

At the same time, attention should be paid to the obvious change in the relationship between “personality theory and a set of techniques” during the existence of psychotherapy as such. The schools that formed at the beginning of the development of psychotherapy were characterized by an extremely strict determination of methods by the basic theory of personality. Deviations from “prescribed” practices were, to put it mildly, met with strong disapproval. For example, the famous French psychotherapist and psychoanalyst L. Shertok for a long time could not become a full member of a psychoanalytic organization, since he actively used hypnosis in his practice, which had previously been criticized by the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. Currently, a different attitude prevails. Almost all known cognitive-behavioral and existential-humanistic approaches not only endorse the use of a wide range of different psychotechniques, but also openly declare the creative approach of the psychotherapist (i.e., the creation of new techniques in each specific case). Even in the most “conservative” psychoanalytic approach Similar trends can be noted, for example, in the form of the emergence of “hypnoanalysis” or the inclusion of techniques from other areas (psychosynthesis, neuro-linguistic programming, holotropic breathing, etc.) into the classical approach.

5. A specific social relationship between a psychotherapist and a patient, which is aimed at creating a special “psychotherapeutic” atmosphere that creates favorable conditions for helping the patient, largely due to the formation of optimism in him about the possibility of resolving his problems and the possibility of a different, more positive worldview, world existence and coexistence with other people. From the point of view of some of the approaches (for example, client-centered psychotherapy by K. Rogers), the creation of these relationships is considered the main therapeutic factor.

In table Table 1 shows the main psychotherapeutic directions, their features and level of impact.

Table 1

Main directions of psychotherapy, their features and level of impact

An interesting classification, primarily for didactic purposes, is one that identifies different orientations of psychotherapists in their view of the main factors in the formation of pathology and, as a consequence, the nature of the interaction between the patient and the psychotherapist.

Nosocentric orientation– an approach to the treatment of the disease as such, without taking into account the patient’s personality, social environment, etc. As a consequence – the authoritarianism of the psychotherapist. This approach flourished with late XIX V. until the 20s XX century This period saw the intensive development of classical, directive hypnosis and other suggestive methods. The psychotherapist is a teacher, the patient is an “object for orders.”

Anthropocentric orientation– emphasis on the study of personality structure, its development history and characteristics. Developed since the 20s. XX century During this period, the development of psychoanalysis, psychodiagnostics, autogenic training methods (J. Shultz), progressive muscle relaxation (E. Jacobson), and self-hypnosis techniques took place.

Sociocentric orientation– emphasis on social conditions, social connections of the individual, etc. This implies that personality is largely determined and shaped by society. The consequence of this is the need to “teach” the individual to adapt through external (social or behavioral) influence. This direction includes: Kurt-Lewin theory; behavioral psychotherapy (behaviorism); various theoretical and practical teaching methods, etc.

It should be emphasized that different directions and orientations do not contradict, but complement each other. The choice of psychotherapeutic influence depends, on the one hand, on the personality of the psychotherapist, on the other, on the characteristics of the patient’s personality and his existing disorders.

Before moving on to a description of the three main areas of psychotherapy, it is necessary to dwell on the main mechanisms (factors) of the therapeutic effect.

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