Bredovsky campaign- retreat of White Guard units and refugees from the Odessa region to Poland at the beginning of 1920.
On January 24, 1920, by directive of the commander of the Novorossiysk Region Troops, Lieutenant General N. N. Shilling, all troops right bank Ukraine, in addition to the garrison of Odessa, were subordinate to the commander of one of the groups of troops in the region, Lieutenant General N. E. Bredov. His main forces were concentrated near Tiraspol, near the village. Lighthouses were also near Ovidiopol, from where they were supposed to go to Romania, where, having united in Tulcea, they would wait for evacuation to Crimea. However, due to Romania’s refusal to let Russian troops through, General Bredov’s units on the night of January 30 began moving in three parallel columns north along the Dniester River. On the right flank, forming the lateral vanguard, were mounted units; in the middle - infantry divisions and on the left, directly along the Dniester - convoys. Bredov's detachment accompanied a convoy with 7 thousand sick and refugees. After 14 days of a difficult campaign, Bredov’s units reached the town of Novaya Ushitsa on February 12, 1920, where they met with Polish troops. For some time they occupied an independent sector of the front against the Red Army, and at the end of February they were disarmed and sent to Poland, where they were housed in former German prisoner of war camps (Pikulice near Przemysl, Dembiya near Krakow and in Szczalkow). In August 1920, they were transferred to Crimea. At the beginning of the campaign, the number of troops in the detachment was about 23 thousand soldiers and officers. About 7 thousand Bradovites returned to Crimea. Most died from a typhus epidemic, including in Polish camps. A certain number of participants in the campaign wished to stay abroad. In addition, the Poles recruited some of the ethnic Ukrainians into the Polish army. A special sign was installed for the participants in the campaign: a white cross on a national ribbon with a silver sword lowered down, on both sides of which the numbers “19” and “20” and the inscription on the back “Faithful” debt" in Slavic script. Units that fully or partially participated in the Bredov campaign
- Separate cavalry brigade
- 2nd Cavalry Regiment (2nd Officer General Drozdovsky rifle regiment) 3rd Cavalry Regiment, included divided into divisions:
- Elizavetgrad 3rd Hussar Regiment Sumskaya 1st Hussar Regiment Riga 11th Dragoon Regiment
- Tver 16th Dragoon Regiment (2 squadrons) Nizhny Novgorod 17th Dragoon Regiment (2 squadrons) Seversky 18th Dragoon Regiment (2 squadrons)
- 2nd Army Corps of General Promtov
- 7th Infantry Division
- Yakut 42nd Infantry Regiment Consolidated Regiment of the 15th Infantry Division 7th Artillery Brigade
- Sevastopol 75th Infantry Regiment Kabardian 80th Infantry Regiment 5th Artillery Brigade
- Consolidated regiments of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Guards Infantry Divisions Consolidated regiment of the Guards Rifle Division
- Consolidated Ossetian division of Colonel Dzhaginov
- 3rd Ossetian Cavalry Regiment of the Ossetian Cavalry Division 1st Ossetian Rifle Battalion of the Ossetian Cavalry Division
- 2nd Terek Plastun separate brigade (regiment Belogortsev)
- 4th Infantry Division (formerly Crimean)
- Belozersky 13th Infantry Regiment Olonetsky 14th Infantry Regiment Ladoga 16th Infantry Regiment Simferopol Officer Regiment
- 42nd Don Cossack Regiment 2nd Taman Cossack Regiment 2nd Labinsk Cossack Regiment
- Crimean Cavalry Regiment (1 squadron)
- 13th Infantry Regiment 16th Infantry Regiment
- B. A. Shteifon, Bredovsky campaign White matter: T. 10: Bredovsky campaign (Selected works in 16 books) Dushkin V., Forgotten. Paris, 1983. Promtov M.N. On the history of the Bredov campaign // Hourly. 1933. No. 107. Promtov M.N. More about the Bredov campaign // Hourly. 1934. (May.) No. 125-126. Awards of the White Armies // Brother, 2002 No. 7. Shulshin V.V. 1920 Essays. - Leningrad: Workers' Publishing House Priboi, 1927. - 296 p.
In memory of Gerasimenko Semyon Gavrilovich, Kuban Cossack,
In May 1942, Erich von Manstein’s 11th Army, during Operation “Hunting for Bustards,” almost completely (with the exception of Sevastopol, which held out until July 9-12, 1942) captured the Crimean Peninsula.
The remnants of the 51st and 44th armies, which crossed to the Taman Peninsula at the end of May 1942, were sent to replenish the North Caucasus Front. The last to cross the Kerch Strait was the 72nd Cavalry Division. In total, after the evacuation, 2,146 people gathered at the division’s assembly point in the village of Starotitarovskaya, of which 255 were commanding personnel, 396 were junior commanders and 1,495 privates. It was also possible to remove a certain amount of military equipment from the Kerch Peninsula: 762 rifles, 32 PPD and PPSh, 11 manual, 16 heavy and 5 anti-aircraft machine guns, as well as two 32 mm and 50 mm mortars.
As already mentioned, at first the division’s fighters were located in the village of Starotitarovskaya, but then they were sent to the village of Krymskaya. The division did not lose a single banner in battle (excluding the banner of the 195th Cavalry Regiment, but there is a dark history there). Therefore, the division was not going to be disbanded at first. This is also supported by the fact that already at the end of May - beginning of June, new officers from the replenishment are appointed to command and management positions instead of retired officers. But in view of human losses and the complete loss of all horse personnel, by order of the Commander of the North Caucasus Front No. 00322/op dated June 16, 1942, the 72nd Cavalry Division was reorganized into the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade, which belonged to the mechanized units of the North Caucasus Front and was part of front-line subordination.
It took almost a month to replenish the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade with personnel: privates and especially command officers. The size of the brigade was increased to 3.5 thousand people. Colonel Nikita Fedorovich Tseplyaev (major general from November 17, 1942) was appointed brigade commander, and Ilya Vasilyevich Baldynov, who came from the 72nd Cavalry Division, was appointed chief of staff. Almost all the commanders and chiefs of staff of all battalions of the brigade came out of it. The brigade consisted of 3 battalions, plus a training (4th) battalion. Mechanized means were presented various types all-terrain vehicles and other military equipment, as well as vehicles of the ZiS, Studebaker, Dodge types total number up to 400. The brigade wore the authorized uniform of the Red Army rifle formations, but the brigade fighters also wore the traditional uniform of the Kuban Cossacks, left over from the 72nd Cavalry Division: kubankas, bashlykas, etc. The photographs at the end of the article show the commander of the 40th Motorized Rifle Brigade, Nikita Fedorovich Tseplyaev, in a cloak and hat, and some commanders of the brigade unit, also in kubankas. In short, the brigade was well equipped with both weapons, vehicles and military equipment.
Although the official full name of the brigade was: 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade, some modern researchers and many sources call the brigade Plastun. And the writer Vitaly Zakrutkin in his “Caucasian Notes” directly calls the fighters of the 40th brigade plastuns: “...For twenty-three days the plastuns of Colonel Tseplyaev fought their way out of encirclement...”
On July 25, the Battle of the Caucasus began. German troops were eager for Caucasian oil. Having occupied Rostov-on-Don at the end of July 1942, the Germans launched an attack on the Kuban with three armies: the 1st Tank, 17th Field and 3rd Romanian armies. Soviet troops were represented by the North Caucasus and Transcaucasian fronts. Having inflicted a series of powerful attacks on the Soviet troops, the Germans captured Stavropol, Armavir, Maikop, Krasnodar, Elista, Mozdok, Novorossiysk in August–September, but were stopped at the end of September. Anticipating the imminent capture of Transcaucasia, the Germans set up their banners on the western and eastern peaks of Elbrus. Then part of the Romanian troops was transferred to Stalingrad. Stretched to the limit, suffering huge losses (the Germans alone lost over 100 thousand soldiers and officers killed by December), German troops lost offensive initiative. The Wehrmacht was never able to break through to Transcaucasia. Having failed to achieve decisive successes during the August and September battles, the German command at the end of September began preparing an offensive on Tuapse with the 17th Army. Stunned and bloodless, having also suffered huge losses, Soviet troops were also unable to radically reverse the situation. Instead of a deeply echeloned strong defense, units of the 18th Army found themselves scattered and, despite the overall superiority in forces, in each individual direction they turned out to be weaker than the advancing enemy.
The autumn-winter of 1942 was characterized by a German offensive in the Tuapse direction and protracted, exhausting battles in the Caucasian foothills and on the mountain passes of the main Caucasian ridge.
July 12 The Special Motorized Rifle Brigade concentrates in the area of the village of Korsunskaya, where until July 30 it conducted training and put together units. On August 1, 1942, the brigade marched to the area of the villages of Mirny and Kovalevsky. After a two-day respite, on August 3, 1942, the brigade entered the battle.
On the morning of August 3, 1942, the brigade dug in near the village of Prochnookopskaya in the area of crossings across the Kuban River. After lunch, the brigade was subjected to massive artillery fire. Then the brigade's positions were subjected to several attacks by German infantry units, which, with the support of 30 tanks, tried to cross to the other side of the Kuban River. Having lost 7 medium tanks and up to two platoons of infantry, the Germans were forced to retreat.
Then parts of the brigade were transferred to the station site. Kurgannaya – st. Labinskaya, a. Koshekhabl. Having placed the 1st battalion as the vanguard at the crossing of a. Koshekhabl, brigade commander of the Special Brigade concentrated the main forces in the area of the station. Labinskaya, at the crossings of the Laba River. During the next German offensive, the 1st battalion was cut off and fought surrounded during August 7-8. The brigade commander decided to attack to break through the encirclement ring around the 1st battalion, and during a continuous ten-hour battle the enemy was driven back. In this battle, the brigade destroyed 5 tanks, 6 armored personnel carriers, many vehicles and up to two battalions of enemy infantry, and one German plane was also shot down. In the area of the village of Yaroslavskaya, the Germans cut the Labinskaya - Maykop highway and surrounded the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade in the area of the station. Kuzhorskaya. After a five-day encirclement, the brigade commander, Major N.F. Tseplyaev, decided to break through the encirclement. On August 15, the brigade was divided into two parts: one part, having broken through the enemy front, began to retreat in the direction of the Makhoshevsky forests and further to Bagovskaya. The other part, having attacked the enemy in its sector, retreated towards Maykop and went along the valley of the Belaya River to the village of Kamennomostskaya. The breakthrough was carried out not towards the main units of the Red Army, as the enemy expected, but to the southwest and west. During the encirclement and when breaking through it, the brigade's fighters shot down 6 tanks, 10 vehicles, shot down two planes and destroyed up to one and a half battalions of German infantry.
The brigade units walked in two groups behind the Germans. Separate detachments of Germans constantly attacked the flanks and rear of the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade, trying to destroy the Plastuns who had broken through. However, contact was established with local partisan formations. In particular, with partisan detachment No. 2 “For Stalin”. The commander of this detachment, Fedor Gavrilovich Rudakov, recalled that he partisan detachment partially armed himself and replenished the supply of ammunition for rifles and PPSh machine guns from the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade.
The first group, led by Cobrig Tseplyaev, after the breakthrough reached the village of Bugunzha. This was the territory of the Caucasus Nature Reserve. Local huntsman Yakov Vasilyevich Sklyarov led units of the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade along narrow mountain paths for several days. In the end, the ranger led the brigade units to the pass in front of Krasnaya Polyana. 70-year-old huntsman Sklyarov asked to volunteer for the brigade, after which he was enrolled in one of the units of the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade.
The second group, leaving towards Maykop, reached the village of Kamennomostskaya. Then the plastuns headed towards the Rest House and the Old Monastery. Having overcome a difficult descent along the Shushuk River, the plastuns entered the valley of the Dakh River and further to the village of Sakhray. While overcoming this descent, several guns and many vehicles were lost. From the village of Sakhray, units of the brigade moved to Brilevaya Polyana. There were no roads beyond that. The brigade left the equipment to the partisans and headed on foot to Krasnaya Polyana.
Having fired through the German communications, smashing the rear and convoys, by August 30, 1942, the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade reunited again and concentrated at the foot of the main Caucasus ridge in the area of Mount Urunshein and then went on foot through the main pass to Krasnaya Polyana to join the front units. The march through the Main Caucasus Range took place in extremely difficult conditions: the mountainous and wooded terrain was very difficult to pass, and it was pouring rain all this time.
During the August battles, the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade, in difficult conditions, made a 220-kilometer march, practically without leaving the battles. A significant part of the time the brigade’s route passed behind German lines; it was practically a forced raid on the German rear. During this time, the brigade's fighters shot down 27 tanks and armored vehicles, about 50 vehicles and 18 enemy aircraft, killing and wounding up to an infantry regiment. Keeping battle formations On September 5, 1942, the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade reached the village of Krasnaya Polyana and united with units of the Red Army. From September 6 to September 11, 1942, the brigade marched on foot along the route Krasnaya Polyana - Lazarevskoye - Olginka, where it stopped to rest. At the end of September 1942, the brigade was renamed from the Special Motorized Rifle Brigade to the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade. Until September 29, the brigade was in the Olginka area, where it was engaged in anti-landing defense of the coast. In addition, the brigade was engaged in putting together units, as reinforcements arrived from the regions Krasnodar region and Caucasian republics.
On September 29, according to the order of the commander of the Black Sea Group of Forces of the North Caucasus Front, the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade marched on foot along the route Olgina - Tuapse - Shaumyan - Perevalny and on October 1, 1942 came under the operational subordination of the 18th Army. The 3rd Infantry Battalion was in the vanguard.
From September 30, units of the 40th brigade approached positions in the areas of the villages of Pelika, Perevalny and Kinjan. N. F. Tseplyaev’s brigade was sent here not by chance: in the area of the village of Kotlovina, a large gap up to 7 kilometers wide appeared in the defense of the 18th Army. German rangers and infantrymen had an excellent opportunity to break through the mountain passes to Tuapse and the Black Sea coast. Thus, dismember the Soviet troops and neutralize the Black Sea Group of Forces. Anticipating a possible enemy breakthrough here, the commander of the 18th Army sent the 40th Brigade here.
The terrain in the area of these farms turned out to be practically impossible for defense. Despite the fact that parts of the brigade occupied heights, it was extremely difficult to hide on them: rock and rocky soil, and there was not enough entrenching tools. However, their ingenuity prompted the Cossacks to use the axles of broken carts instead of crowbars. And thanks to incredible efforts, a day later, full-length trenches, communication passages, observation posts and dugouts appeared on the front flank.
Already in the morning, October 1, the enemy undertook several psychic attacks at the position of the 3rd battalion, without achieving a result, the Germans retreated. Here, up to two battalions of mountain riflemen from the 1st Mountain Rifle Division “Edelweiss” acted against the Plastuns of the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade (commander General Hubert Lanz, a former mountaineer, had repeatedly walked through the Caucasus Mountains before the war; it was the soldiers of the 1st Mountain Rifle Division who established there are fascist banners on both peaks of Elbrus) from the 49th Mountain Rifle Corps. Nearby, in the defense sector of the 694th Infantry Regiment, units of the German 46th Infantry Division broke through, capturing the village of Kotlovina. The Cossacks were familiar with this division from the May battles on the Kerch Peninsula. The 1st and 2nd battalions of the 40th Brigade launched a counterattack and drove the German infantry out of Kotlovina. The entire next day, October 2, the brigade's battalions fought fierce battles against units of the German 46th Infantry Division, repelling 14 attacks. The brigade gained a foothold on the newly occupied line: the 2nd battalion was in the vanguard in the village of Kotlovina, the 4th battalion in the area of the Perevalny farmstead, the 3rd battalion in the area of the Altubinal farmstead, the 1st battalion was in the area of the Kinjan farmstead, but then, 5 October, was sent to help the 2nd battalion to the village of Kotlovina. Then the 3rd battalion was sent there too. A separate anti-aircraft artillery division and an artillery regiment of the brigade were located at kilometer distance south of the brigade's main positions. On October 8, the 408th Infantry Division approached to the left of the 40th Brigade, which slightly eased the brigade’s position.
The 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade occupied the above positions in the Perevalny village area for more than twenty days. From the first days of October 1942, some units of the 1st Mountain Rifle acted against the brigade in this sector, then it was replaced by the 46th Infantry Division, and from October 16, the Germans brought the fresh 4th Division into battle. On October 21, the 408th Rifle Division began to retreat under enemy attacks, which put the 40th Motorized Rifle Brigade in an extremely difficult situation. Grechko writes about this in his memoirs: “...The soldiers and commanders of this brigade, showing courage, stopped the further advance of the enemy in the Perevalny area. This locality During October 21-22, it changed hands several times. Major Savitsky’s battalion particularly distinguished itself in these battles: the soldiers knocked out the Nazis from Perevalny three times...”
However, on October 22, under the pressure of superior enemy forces, the brigade fighters left the village of Kotlovina and retreated to the original line Perevalny - Altubinal, and on October 25, leaving the villages of Perevalny and Kinjan, they concentrated in the area of the Altubinal farm. But then, on October 29, having launched a counterattack, units of the 40th Brigade regained their previous positions. Having failed to complete the task assigned to them, the 13th and 42nd regiments of the 46th German Infantry Division went on the defensive. And by November 1, units of the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade firmly held the villages of Perevalny, Kinjan, and Altubinal. For several days then, on the right flank of the 18th Army, the 40th Brigade remained alone until the 12th Cavalry Division approached. In mid-November, the Nazis made their last attempt to break through to Tuapse. But this time their efforts were in vain. In addition, part of the attacking German troops was surrounded and completely destroyed.
In the second half of December, troops of the 18th Army went on the offensive everywhere, and by December 21, formations of the 18th Army reached the Pshish River, thereby eliminating the threat of a German breakthrough to Tuapse. This ended the Tuapse defensive operation.
Constantly launching counterattacks, destroying enemy soldiers and equipment, in everyday intense battles the brigade suffered huge losses in killed and wounded: 2,426 people killed and wounded, this is up to 70% of the personnel. For more than three weeks, units of the 40th separate motorized rifle brigade held the above positions. The 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade was able to stop the onslaught of German rangers. The Germans were never able to step over the handful of Plastuns, who sometimes defended their mountain passes alone. The threat of the capture of oil storage facilities and the port of Tuapse, as well as the threat of the Germans reaching the Black Sea, was eliminated.
Between August and November 1942, the 40th separate motorized rifle brigade destroyed 6,364 enemy soldiers and officers, shot down 25 aircraft, knocked out 27 tanks, and destroyed two enemy headquarters and three warehouses.
On November 17, 1942, for successful military operations during the Tuapse defensive operation, the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade was presented with the rank of “Guards” with the presentation of the Guards Red Banner, and on December 13 of the same year, at the request of the Commander of the Black Sea Group of Front Forces, General Lieutenant Petrov, 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade was presented with the Order of the Red Banner. However, the brigade never received either the “Guards” or the order.
The commander of the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade, General N.F. Tseplyaev, was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and another 205 officers and soldiers of the brigade also received government awards.
In the period until the beginning of January 1943, relative calm established in the 18th Army sector. The troops were putting themselves in order, and reinforcements were arriving.
On January 14, 1943, the offensive of the 18th Army began. She was opposed by troops of the 17th Field Army of the Wehrmacht.
At the beginning of February 1943, the liberation of Krasnodar began. Among the first formations to liberate the city was the 40th Separate Rifle Brigade (from December 17, 1942) of Major General N.F. Tseplyaev. Soldiers of the 40th Brigade entered the city from the south and, interacting with the riflemen of the 9th Mountain Rifle Division (the future 9th Plastun Rifle Division), street by street they liberated Krasnodar.
In April, the 40th Rifle Brigade was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Front and sent to the Steppe Military District. In May 1943, the 40th Infantry Brigade was reorganized into the 38th Infantry Division. This division fought from Kuban to Hungary.
Until now, only fragmentary information can be found about the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade. Apart from a few archival documents, a couple of occasional references and a few small memoirs, this brigade is not mentioned anywhere.
The units evacuated to Taman filled up the North Caucasus Front (which was practically the successor to the Crimean Front). Many units were disbanded and went to recruit others. Few units were lucky enough to survive as combat units and maintain their combat effectiveness. Among them is the 72nd Separate Kuban Cavalry Division, represented by its successor the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade. The only reason why it was not left as a cavalry division was the complete loss of its cavalry.
Created on the basis of the 72nd Separate Kuban Cavalry Division, replenished mainly with conscripts - natives of the regions of the North Caucasian Military District (Cossacks, Russians and highlanders), the 40th Separate Motorized Rifle Brigade proved that with excellent training, excellent cohesion of fighters and units, it is capable solve not only ordinary tactical, but also non-standard problems, thereby contributing to the solution of strategic problems. Having exchanged horses for armored personnel carriers, moving from cavalry to motorized rifle troops, the fighters did not lose their combat effectiveness. The Cossacks, who showed themselves in battles on the Kerch Peninsula, also proved themselves well in battles in the Caucasus. At crossings across the Kuban and Laba rivers, during an attempt to break through units of the 49th German Mountain Rifle Corps to Tuapse and the Black Sea coast. Having played one of the key roles in the Tuapse defensive operation, the brigade fighters were able to hold out and not let the enemy through their positions: the German rangers were never able to step over the handful of Plastuns defending their mountain passes...
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army No. 1 of December 24, 1917, to combine work on the formation of army units in the area Crimean peninsula The Crimean Center of the Volunteer Army was formed, the head of which was appointed Major General Baron de Vaudet. The center was divided into private centers: the city of Sevastopol and the area to Balaklava; gg. Simferopol and Evpatoria, cities. Feodosia and Kerch, Yalta and surrounding areas; Alushta and surrounding area (order for the Crimean center No. 1 of October 10, 1918).
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army No. 1 of December 24, 1917, to consolidate work on the formation of army units in the Crimean Peninsula region, the Crimean Center of the Volunteer Army was formed, the head of which was appointed Major General Baron de Vaudé. The center was divided into private centers: the city of Sevastopol and the area to Balaklava; gg. Simferopol and Evpatoria, cities. Feodosia and Kerch, Yalta and surrounding areas; Alushta and surrounding area (order for the Crimean center No. 1 of October 10, 1918).
According to the telegram of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army N 03588 dated November 15, 1918, Lieutenant General Baron Bode was entrusted with command of all units of the Volunteer Army in Crimea (order of the commander of the Volunteer Army troops in Crimea N 8 dated November 15/28, 1918). The same order formed the headquarters of the commander of the troops.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, the head of the center was appointed the official representative of the Volunteer Army in Crimea. (Order of the representative of the Volunteer Army in Crimea No. 3 dated November 6/19, 1918).
Order No. 6 of the representative of the Volunteer Army in Crimea dated November 10/23, 1918 announced the entry of units of the Volunteer Army into the territory of Crimea and the inclusion of military units formed on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula into its composition. The army included Krymskaya, 3rd Infantry Division. Melitopol detachment, separate Perekop battalion, Berdyansk settlement.
By orders of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army NN 172 and 189 of November 19 and 23, 1918, the representative of the Volunteer Army in Crimea began to be called the commander of the Volunteer Army troops in Crimea. The commander's department was formed according to the command staff of a non-separate corps with a more developed supply body and mobilization department.
At the beginning of December 1918, in order to restore units of the old Russian army, previously stationed in Crimea, the formation of a battalion began from the ranks of the former 13th Infantry Division, from the ranks of the Crimean Cavalry Regiment-Squadron, from the ranks of the 13th Artillery Brigade - Battery, as well as new units - Simferopol an officer regiment, an engineer company, two light, howitzer and heavy howitzer batteries. (Order of the commander of the Volunteer Army troops in Crimea No. 15 of December 7, 1918).
By personal order of the assistant commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, announced in the order of the commander of the Volunteer Army troops in Crimea No. 20 of December 19, 1918, the Crimean and private centers were abolished.
By order of the commander of the Volunteer Army in Crimea No. 25 of December 24, 1918, the army included the Berdyansk, Melitopol, South-Western detachments, a consolidated guards company, a personnel battery of the Guards horse artillery, a reserve cavalry regiment, the 9th Plastun battalion, a composite Guards Regiment, 2nd Taman Cavalry Regiment, former. 8 Ukrainian Corps.
By December 31, 1918, the troops included: the Crimean division (Simferopol officer combined infantry / formed from the combined battalions of the 13th and 34th infantry division /, reserve cavalry, 2 Taman cavalry regiments, a separate personnel squadron); 3rd infantry division (2 officer, Samursky, 2nd cavalry regiments, Ingermanland cavalry division, Czechoslovakian separate battalion. Petropavlovsk, Aleksandrovsky, Romanovsky detachments, 3rd separate engineering company, 3rd howitzer battery, 3rd light artillery division, 1 horse-mountain battery, 3rd park artillery division , 3rd reserve battalion, 3rd air detachment, Chuguevsky and Belgorod cavalry detachments); Melitopol detachment (combined guards regiment. Melitopol separate battalion, 1 guards light artillery division, 2 non-standard guards light artillery division, non-standard guards heavy artillery division, separate non-standard light artillery division, hundred 2 Taman cavalry regiment); Perekop separate battalion with a light artillery division; Berdyansk infantry regiment and fortress-warehouse Sevastopol.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR No. 4 of December 27, 1918, the troops operating in the area of the Tauride and Ekaterinoslav provinces, the 3rd Infantry Division were consolidated into the Crimean-Azov Corps, the directorate of the commander of the Volunteer Army troops in Crimea was disbanded, personnel and property were transferred to the formation of the directorate housings.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR No. 42 of January 10, 1919, the corps was renamed the Crimean-Azov Volunteer Army, and the corps headquarters was reorganized into the army headquarters. It included the departments of the quartermaster general (operational, reconnaissance, general, topographic departments), the general on duty (inspector, general, mobilization, ship departments) and the military-political department (order of the Crimean-Azov Volunteer Army N 16 of January 15, 1919 .).
A judicial investigation commission was formed at the army headquarters (order of the Crimean-Azov Volunteer Army No. 18 of January 20, 1919), and the department of the chief of artillery (army order No. 56 of February 17, 1919).
Instead of the disbanded department of the chief of supplies, the department of the detachment quartermaster was formed, renamed from June 1 to the department of the corps quartermaster (Army Order No. 157 of May 10, 1919).
Based on the order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR No. 134 of January 19, 1919, by order of the Crimean-Azov Volunteer Army No. 28 of January 26, 1919, the Crimean division was renamed into the 4th infantry division, as part of the Simferopol officer, Crimean consolidated (formerly consolidated) division, Tatar joint venture, four artillery divisions, a personnel squadron of the Crimean cavalry regiment, 2 Taman cavalry regiment. By the same order, the 5th Infantry Division was formed as part of the Guards Consolidated, Melitopol (reformed from a separate battalion), Berdyansk PP, Perekop separate infantry battalion, three artillery divisions, a separate horse-mountain battery, and a reserve cavalry regiment.
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR No. 974 of May 22, 1919, the headquarters of the Crimean-Azov Army was disbanded and turned to the formation of the headquarters of the 3rd Army Corps. The corps included the 4th infantry division (Simferopol officer regiment, consolidated Crimean infantry regiment, consolidated regiment of the 34th infantry regiment, which included the disbanded Melitopol and Berdyansk infantry regiments and the Perekop infantry battalion, 4 artillery brigade, 4 separate engineering company and a separate cavalry brigade as part of the consolidated regiment Guards Cuirassier Division, transferred from the 5th Infantry Division, 2nd Cavalry Regiment from the 3rd Infantry Division, consolidated regiment of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, Guards Mounted Mountain Battery.).
A separate cavalry brigade was reorganized into the 2nd Cavalry Division of three brigades (Order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR No. 1285 of June 19, 1919), which was excluded from the corps from July 9 (except for the consolidated dragoon and 2 Taman regiments).
By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR N 2018 of August 20, 1919, the management of the 3rd Army Corps was disbanded, the personnel turned to the formation of the headquarters of the commander of the troops of the Novorossiysk region. From the same date, a headquarters was established consisting of departments: the quartermaster general and the general on duty, the artillery inspector, the chief of supplies (with the departments of the heads of the artillery and engineering units and the quartermaster), the head of the sanitary unit, the head of the veterinary unit.
After the evacuation from Odessa to Crimea, by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the AFSR No. 2982 of April 8, 1920, the headquarters of the commander of the troops of the Novorossiysk region was disbanded on March 27, 1920.
Commanders: Lieutenant General Baron de Bode (October 10, 1918 - January 6, 1919), General Staff Lieutenant General A. A. Borovsky (January 7 - May 31, 1919), General Staff Lieutenant General S. K. Dobrorolsky (May 31 - May 20 July 1919), Lieutenant General N. N. Schilling (July 20, 1919 - March 27, 1920).
Chiefs of Staff: General Staff Colonel Dorofeev (October 10 - November 29, 1918), General Staff Lieutenant General D. N. Parkhomov (November 29, 1918 - May 12, 1919), General Staff Major General V. V. Chernavin (May 31, 1919 - February 19 1920), General Staff Colonel G.I. Konovalov, vrid (February 24 - March 10, 1920), General Staff Major General Cheglov (March 10 - 27, 1920).
Headquarters location: gg. Yalta, Simferopol, Kerch, st. Seven wells, gg. Dzhankoy, Kherson, Odessa, Feodosia.
It happened in the Crimea, on the Kerch Isthmus, on June 5, 1919, on the first day of our great offensive, which ended with the clearing of the Reds from the entire Crimea and Northern Tavria to the Dnieper.
The situation on the Kerch Peninsula at the beginning of 1919 was as follows. Akmanai position, covering the mountains from the north. Kerch and the peninsula rested with its right flank on the Sea of Azov, where the “allied” ships of the English squadron were stationed. This position cut through the entire Kerch Peninsula from east to west and was occupied by dismounted squadrons of the combined regiment of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, and further to the west by infantry, it seems, by the Samur Infantry Regiment. The position was calm and no active actions took place; in the rear of this position stood a separate cavalry brigade, scattered throughout the rich German colonies. Composition of the brigade: Consolidated Guards Cuirassier Regiment (one squadron each from the previous regiments of the 1st Guards Cavalry Division), 2nd Cavalry Officer Regiment of General Drozdovsky, Consolidated Guards Dviziop Colonel Kovalinsky (from the Cavalry Grenadier and Ulan Ego Veli squadrons -quality). There was also a squadron of Life Dragoons of Colonel Rimsky-Korsakov, but for some reason it was not included in Kovalinsky’s division, and our Guards Horse Battery, armed with excellent light 3-inch horse-mountain guns, model 1902. The rest of the Guards regiments cavalry: Life Hussars, Grodno Hussars, Her Majesty's Lancers at that time did not have their own independent cells in the South of Russia. Our rear was very restless, since well-armed red gangs were hiding in the Kerch quarries, plundering Kerch and attacking our rear. For safety, it was always necessary to keep several squadrons with appropriate artillery in Kerch. Guards Cossack brigade from our L. Guards. The 6th Don Cossack battery was fully formed and fought valiantly in the ranks of the Don Army.
We, of course, knew about our upcoming big offensive on our sector of the front, at the beginning of July, and were intensively preparing for it. Equestrian exercises were carried out, exercises were carried out with people at the guns, the equipment and forging of horses were checked. The day of the offensive was kept secret and only a few days later we learned that our attack was scheduled for the night of June 4th-5th. We learned about the details of our attack from an operational order received by the battery commander late in the evening of June 4, a few hours before the performance. According to this order, the infantry units occupying the Akmanay position, with the support of English naval artillery from the Sea of Azov, advance directly in front of them to the north. Our cavalry brigade had to secretly pass along the shore of the Sea of Azov, bypass the flank of the Reds and attack their reserves and rear. The Life Dragoon squadron had a independent task: go through and capture the Arabat Spit from the Reds from south to north, and take an important strategic point - the city of Genichesk. He definitely accomplished this task. The start of the attack was scheduled at exactly 3 o'clock in the morning, following a signal shot from an English armored carrier.
I remember this wonderful warm Crimean night well. Our brigade, stretched out in a long column, silently walked along the hard soil of the Azov beach. We all checked our watches and eagerly looked at their hands. The silent silence of the night was occasionally broken by shots in the distance and the snoring of fallen horses. At exactly 3 o'clock a shot rang out from the sea. At dawn we passed some Tatar village and here our column split up: the Guards Cuirassier Regiment remained in this village in reserve. The remaining units moved on in two columns at alternating gaits; left column: Colonel Kovalinsky's division, right - the Second Cavalry Regiment and our battery at the head of the column of the main forces.
The enemy soon discovered our movement and a haze of enemy shrapnel explosions appeared above both columns of the crowd. The command rang out: “form platoons,” and now we galloped forward in platoon columns. Soon the cavalry scattered into lava and the entire field was covered with horsemen galloping towards the enemy infantry, shouting “hurray.” The battery, at a gallop, jumped out into an open position and fired at the enemy reserves with its accurate fire. During the morning we changed our position three times: the expenditure of shells was enormous. The losses in killed and wounded on our side were quite large, I don’t know about the Reds. They still managed to pull up reserves to the battle line and soon our cavalry dismounted, forming a continuous rifle chain.
The brigade commander, the valiant General Miklashevsky, believing that the turning point in the battle had come and that an attack by a fresh cavalry regiment could immediately decide it in our favor, sent for a reserve. But we, probably carried away by the pursuit of the defeated Reds, advanced more than we should have, and thereby increased the already long path for our distant reserve. In any case, the Cuirassier Regiment, having galloped 10 versts under the scorching Crimean sun, found itself with exhausted horses. The horses were lathered and breathing heavily, so a mounted attack was out of the question. All that remained was to hurry up the regiment and stretch the rifle chain even further, which was done.
The brave General Miklashevsky, who personally led the battle, was in chains. Soon he was seriously wounded by a bullet in the chest and evacuated to the rear. The commander of the 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Colonel Barbovich, took over command of the brigade and we continued our further movement under his command. The next day, our offensive continued successfully and by the evening we occupied the railway junction of the village of Gramatikovo and moved on to Dzhankoy.
General Miklashevsky, having recovered from his wound, returned to us much later, already in the position of chief of the 2nd Cavalry Division, to which we were renamed from our separate brigade. The number of regiments was increased to four, with two cavalry batteries, all from cells of the previous regiments of our valiant regular cavalry. At the same time, our 2nd Guards was formed. a horse battery armed with ordinary light 3-inch cannons, so we already imagined a two-battery guards horse artillery division.
To be fair, it must be said that the rapid cleansing of Crimea is explained not only by the valor of our units and the skill of our regimental commander. Barbovnch, but also by the fact that the strategic position of the Reds in Crimea became impossible. From Mariupol, on the northern shore of the Sea of Azov, directly west to the rear of Perekop, a strong group of the Don Army, it seems, a regiment, was marching. Nazarov and, if the Reds had stayed in Crimea for a little longer, their route of retreat from Perekop to the Dnieper would have been cut off by the Donets. Beautifully designed by our High Command strategic plan, with full coordination of actions on two fronts: Mariupol and Crimean, gave a brilliant result.
The Reds retreated from Perekop to the north so hastily that, making daily marches of 70-80 versts, we only caught up with them on the Dnieper, having captured the village of Kakhovka from the raid. However, the mountains Berislavl, on the right bank of the Dnieper opposite Kakhovka, remained in enemy hands. He dominated the entire surrounding area on both banks of the Dnieper and the Reds fired their artillery at any point of our location with almost impunity. Our stay in Kakhovka was very alarming and uncomfortable. Soon we marched to the Melitopol area, where we settled in rich colonies. Our vacation did not last long and soon arrived by rail.
in trains, we were transferred to the Kharkov region, which had long been occupied by our Volunteer Infantry of General Kutepov. Together with the 1st Cavalry Division of General Chekotovsky - also exclusively from the regiments of our regular cavalry - we formed the 5th Cavalry Corps of General Yuzefovich, with the task of attacking Moscow, which found its expression in the so-called "Moscow Division" directive", by its very name "Moscow" filled our hearts with the unfulfilled hope of liberating our Mother See and our entire Motherland.
Our 5th Cav. The corps managed to occupy the Bakhmach station, the cities of Chernigov and Nezhin.
“Our General Yuzefovnch thanked us and blessed us for further victories,” our young volunteers sang cheerfully and cheerfully... But, instead of Moscow, our 2nd Cav. the division only managed to reach the mountains. Glukhov and from here began our spontaneous and endless retreat to the Black Sea ports of the North Caucasus and Crimea, and the cleansing of all the territory occupied by us during our offensive in the South and in the center of Russia, abundantly watered with our Volunteer blood.
A great and indisputable military authority, Professor General Golovin, in one of his works says that when the highest authorities and staffs make mistakes in their plans and calculations, in order to reduce the consequences of their mistakes, they demand from their subordinates troops of additional, often impossible, efforts, which are often expressed in the demands of forced marches, exhausting the troops, or in orders: “hold on to the last drop of blood,” “not a step back,” “forward at all costs.” became." Elsewhere, he says that orders are often given “with a request,” that is, when the command itself expands the scope of the task, counting on the fact that if such an expanded task is completed by the troops by at least half or a third, then and that’s already good. Anyone who has been to war will probably find examples of these Golovin “tasks” in their memories. But fortunately, all this was not present in the operation I described. Tasks were always possible without a “request”. In a word, everything went smoothly, precisely, without friction, as in maneuvers.
Lev De-Witt
Military story, No. 49, 1961.
3rd Army Corps (II). Formed in WSUR May 22, 1919 as part of 3rd Army Corps. included Consolidated Regiment of the Guards Cuirassier Division, 2nd Cavalry Regiment, Consolidated Regiment of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, 2nd Taman Regiment of the Kuban Cossack army , Guards Combined Cavalry Division and the Guards Horse Artillery Battery. June 19, 1919 reorganized into 2nd Cavalry Division (I). Commanders: Col. THEM. Miklashevsky, regiment. I.G. Barbovich (from June 5, 1919).
Separate cavalry brigade. Formed as part of Separate Russian Volunteer Army March 2, 1920. Composition: 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Regiments, Consolidated Regiment of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, separate horse battery. Chief - regiment. A.V. Popov. Beginning headquarters - regiment K.V. Apukhtin.
Separate Cossack brigade. Formed in WSUR in 1919. Given Volunteer Army. included 42nd Don Cossack and 2nd Labinsky Kuban Cossack Army Regiments. Participated in Bredovsky campaign and was interned in Poland. Chief - Major General N.V. Sklyarov. Beginning headquarters - regiment G.A. Evert.
Separate cavalry brigade(mounted brigade). Formed in Volunteer Army in mid-March 1918. Composition: Horse (see. 1st Cavalry of General Alekseev) And Circassian shelves, Kuban equestrian division(regiment) and horse battery (Kuban). June 6, 1918 renamed 1st Cavalry Division. Commander - Cavalry General I.G. Erdeli.
Separate horse squad. Formed in Volunteer Army in May 1918 under the 1st Brigade by separating a Cossack hundred from the Horse Brigade. Then she was part of 1st Infantry Division. Wore shoulder straps Markovsky Regiment. On August 7, 1918 it was deployed to the Markovsky Cavalry Division. Commander - es. (senior military) Rastegaev.
Separate cavalry and mountain battery of General Drozdovsky. Cm. 1st cavalry mountain battery of General Drozdovsky.
Formed in Volunteer Army autumn 1918 from Colonel Shkuro's detachment. Commander - regiment. A.G. Skinny.
Separate Kuban Cossack Brigade. Formed in Volunteer Army December 14, 1918 from allocated from 3rd Kuban Cossack Division of the 1st Caucasian And 1st Black Sea Kuban Cossack Army regiments. Was part of 1st Army Corps (I), from 1919 - Caucasian Army. In the fall (on October 29) 1919 - in the same composition (by October 5, 1919, these regiments were part of .
Separate Kuban partisan brigade. Formed in August 1918 in Stavropol in Volunteer Army based on two hundred and an artillery platoon, allocated from 2nd Kuban Cossack Division. In September 1918, she raised an uprising in the Batalpashinsky department of the Kuban region and developed into large connection(cm. Colonel Shkuro's detachment). Commander - regiment. A.G. Skinny. Beginning headquarters - lieutenant colonel. A.M. Schiffner-Markevich.
Separate Mortar Battery. Formed on Eastern Front. Was not included in the compounds. It was located in Razdolnoye (near Vladivostok).
Separate field heavy battery. Formed in 1919 in the army Northern Front. Commanders: Lieutenant Colonel. Argamakov, cap. A.M. Brimmer.
Separate Russian Volunteer Army. Formed on January 24, 1920 from a unit troops of the Novorossiysk region- troops of the Odessa region and other units and formations cut off from the main forces (see. Bredovsky campaign). Compound: 2nd Army Corps, 4th Infantry and 4th Infantry (II) Divisions, Separate Cossack brigade, Separate cavalry brigade, 2nd Terek Plastun Brigade, 2nd Taman Regiment, Consolidated Ossetian division, artillery and technical units. There were about 23 thousand people. Interned in Poland. In the summer of 1920, its units were transferred to the Crimea and poured into units Russian Army. Commander - Lieutenant General. N.E. Bredov.
Separate consolidated Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov division. Formed on March 25, 1919 at the base Ataman Kalmykov's detachment after the mobilization of the Ussuri Cossacks as the Special Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov detachment. On August 29, 1919, it was formed into the Separate Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov Brigade, consisting of the Ussuri Cossack Regiment, the Separate Ussuri Cavalry, the Volunteer Cavalry (Khabarovsk Volunteer Detachment), the foot brigade, the Native Cavalry Hundreds, an engineering technical company, a horse artillery division and an armored train. On January 1, 1920, the brigade was deployed into the Separate Combined Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov Division. In February 1920, under difficult conditions, she withdrew to Manchuria, where she was disarmed. Chief - Major General I.M. Kalmykov. Beginning headquarters - troops. senior Smelkov (vred; September 16 - December 2, 1919).
Separate rifle brigade Far Eastern Army. Formed in the fall of 1921, after the departure of Ataman Semenov from Grodekov and the reorganization Grodekovsky Group of Forces. It included individual Ussuri Rifle, Convoy, Manchurian And Kama cavalry divisions. It included military personnel from almost all former formations Eastern Front, among whom there was a very high proportion of intellectuals. When going to the front at the very end of 1921, it was renamed the 3rd Plastunskaya and included in 2nd Corps(fielding just over 1,000 fighters and being one of the most numerous brigades in the army). It was in exemplary order. After Khabarovsk campaign was staged in Spassk and on May 15, 1922 consolidated into 1st Plastunsky Regiment as part of 1st Rifle Brigade, 2nd Corps. Commander - regiment. Buivid.
Separate rifle brigade People's Army(Rifle Brigade special purpose). Represented the best part of the army. Deployed on July 25, 1918 from the Volunteer Partisan Detachment of Lieutenant Colonel Kappel, created on June 8, 1918 in Samara. Included 2 regiments, horse, light (from the 1st rifle artillery brigade) and howitzer (1st howitzer artillery battalion) batteries. To replenish the brigade, 4-5 officers and 40-50 soldiers were allocated from 10 regiments from volunteers (a total of 47 officers and 480 soldiers). Commander - Lieutenant Colonel. IN. Kappel.
Separate rifle brigade. Formed in WSUR in 1919. Included the 1st and 2nd rifle regiments and a reserve battalion. Disbanded on April 6, 1920.
Separate Terek-Astrakhan Cossack brigade. Formed in April 1920 in Crimea from the remnants of Terek and Astrakhan Cossack units. From April 28, as the Terek-Astrakhan brigade (non-separate) was part of 3rd Cavalry Division, from July 7 - a separate brigade. In the summer of 1920 it was part of Groups of special forces, who took part in the Kuban landing. From September 4, 1920, acting separately as part of Russian Army, included the 1st Terek, 1st and 2nd Astrakhan Cossack regiments, the Terek-Astrakhan Cossack horse artillery division, the Separate reserve Astrakhan Cossack division and the Separate Terek reserve Cossack hundred.
Separate heavy howitzer battery. Formed in Volunteer Army September 23, 1918 as the 1st heavy howitzer battery (from April 5, 1919 - 1st separate heavy howitzer battery). From July 15, 1919 it was part of 3rd Army Corps And Troops of the Novorossiysk region(given 4th Infantry Division). Had 2 heavy guns. Commander - regiment. Saznevsky.
Separate Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov brigade. Cm. .
Separate Amur Rifle Artillery Division. Formed on Eastern Front. Was not included in the compounds. It consisted of 2 batteries, one of which was located in Blagoveshchensk, the other in Vladivostok.
Separate battalion of Marine Riflemen. Was given Siberian flotilla. It was located near Vladivostok, on the Chernaya River (near Okeanskaya). Consisted of 3 companies. In October 1922 there were 350 people. Commander - regiment. Tsimbalov.
Separate volunteer partisan detachment named after. General gr. Keller. Cm. Russian Western Army.
Separate Horse-Jager Division(Manzhetny division). Formed in December 1918 Having mobilized former soldiers of cavalry regiments in the Perm and Vyatka provinces at the end of 1918, the Bolsheviks formed from them the 10th Perm Cavalry Regiment, which in December, upon advancing to the front in the village. Ilyinsky in full force (up to 450 people in total), led by the former officer Eremeev, went over to the side of the whites, where he immediately became part of the regiment detachment. N.N. Casagrandi. By order of the last company. Manzhetny, having selected up to 300 of the best riders, created a Separate Horse-Jager Division. From mid-1919 the division was always with 4th Siberian Division, with which he came to Transbaikalia, where in the summer of 1920 in Nerchinsk a group of the so-called was poured into the division to replenish the loss of people. "Pepelyaevites". When passing through the right-of-way of the CER, Col. Manzhetny and some of the people remained in Harbin. Up to 200 people arrived in Primorye, who in August 1921 became part of Consolidated Siberian Cavalry Regiment. It had a banner presented to the division in the spring of 1919 by the “grateful population of the liberated Kama region,” and a special shape: green shoulder straps with yellow piping, the same buttonholes, and intertwined letters on the shoulder straps yellow color: “EK”, and double green stripes with yellow edging in the middle. Commanders: Rotm. (regiment) M.M. Cuff, lieutenant colonel. Linkov (since the end of 1920).
Separate corps of the Northern Army. Cm. And Northwestern Army.
Separate Border Battalion. Formed in Northwestern Army. By December 1919 there were 18 officers and was part of 1st Infantry Division. Commander - regiment. S.K. Rymkevich.
Separate Siberian officer battalion(Separate Combined Siberian Rifle Battalion). In November 1918 in Kyiv under the hetman general. Hattenberger formed the Siberian Officer Volunteer Detachment (Special Siberian Detachment), which on November 19, 1918 was included in Volunteer Army. After the capture of Kyiv by the Petliurists, it ceased to exist. Gene. Hattenberger arrived in the spring of 1919 from adm. Kolchak in WSUR with the aim of collecting those who wanted to go to Kolchak’s army (mostly natives of Siberia who served in Siberian units), and in June 1919 he began registering volunteers. Formed in Taganrog by the beginning of October, consisting of 4 companies and a machine gun team. Due to the impossibility of sending him to Siberia, on March 9, 1920 he was poured into 2nd Markovsky Regiment. Disbanded on April 6, 1920. Commander - Major General G.P. Hattenberger.
Separate Simferopol equestrian division. Formed in Russian Army. August 8, 1920 reorganized into an equestrian division 34th Infantry Division called the Simferopol Cavalry Division. After the evacuation to Gallipoli, it was merged into the Alekseevsky Cavalry Division. Commander - Regiment A.N. Emmanuel.
Separate heavy howitzer tractor division. Formed in WSUR August 18, 1919. Consisted of two batteries. Disbanded on March 26, 1920. Commander - regiment. S.A. Rzhevutsky (from October 15, 1919). Battery commanders: 1st Regiment. N.P. Koptev, 2nd - regiment. Tolmachev.
Separate heavy cannon tractor division Formed in WSUR July 27, 1919. Member of Volunteer Army. Commander - regiment. Sakhnovsky.
Ataman Kalmykov's detachment. Created in March - April 1918 by captain I.M. Kalmykov (elected military ataman in January Ussuri Cossack Army) in the area of st. Border in the exclusion zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway. It was one of the main anti-Bolshevik forces in Primorye; in April 1918 it numbered about 500 people. From May 28 (together with Orlov's detachment about 800 pcs. and sab.) acted in the Grodekovsky direction, during June - August he cleared the territory along the railway from Nikolsk-Ussuriysk to Khabarovsk from the Bolsheviks. In mid-July there were about 1200 units. and sub After the liquidation of Bolshevik power, he was based in Khabarovsk. On March 25, 1919, after mobilization, it was reorganized into the Special Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov detachment (see. Separate consolidated Ussuri Ataman Kalmykov division).
Detachment of military foreman Bicherakhov. Initially - a partisan Cossack detachment as part of Russian troops in Persia. In July 1918 he arrived through Anzali in Baku and participated in the defense of the city from Turkish troops. In September 1918 he retreated to Derbent, but in November he returned to Baku and became the basis of the white troops operating in the Caspian region. The formation of the 1st and 2nd Caucasian and exemplary rifle brigades began there. In January 1919 he was evacuated to Batum, where in April 1919 he was disbanded and sent to replenish units. WSUR. Commanders: troops. senior (Major General) L.F. Bicherakhov, troops. senior I. Tararykin. Beginning headquarters - regiment (Major General) A. Martynov.
Detachment of military foreman Bochkarev. Volunteer detachment formed in Primorye. The messenger ship “Svir” was placed at his disposal. On September 25, 1921, he was sent by the Amur Government to control the fisheries and mines of Kamchatka and the Okhotsk Territory (under General Diterichs, these functions were assigned to General Ivanov-Mumzhiev). He died in Gizhiga in December 1922 (see. Yakut campaign), Bochkarev himself, according to some sources, ended up in Shanghai with several ranks of the detachment.
Detachment of military foreman Galaev. Volunteer detachment formed in the Kuban troops. senior P.A. Galaev December 6, 1917 Consisted mainly of young officers, no older than a captain (both regular and Cossack units). The detachment was formed 1st Kuban Volunteer Battery. Numbered 135, later 350 people. with 2 guns and 6 machine guns; The detachment fought its first battle with the Bolsheviks in the Kuban - January 22, 1918 near the station. Enem (in which the military senior Galaev died). Subsequently, he, united with Captain Pokrovsky's detachment Kuban squad.
General Ossovsky's detachment. Formed in the summer of 1919 as a temporary operational unit consisting of 3rd Army Corps VSYUR. Included 5th Infantry Division, Consolidated Regiment of the Caucasian Cavalry Division, a company of Guards sappers and a Guards cavalry demolition half-squadron. Chief - Major General P.S. Ossovsky.
Detachment of General Rosenchild-Paulin. Cm. Dniester detachment.
General Cherepov's detachment. One of the first parts Volunteer Army. On December 4, 1917, Major General A.N., who lived in Rostov. Cherepov, in agreement with the head of the garrison, Major General D.N. Chernoyarov organized a meeting of local officers, at which it was decided to create a detachment to maintain order in the city (they were talking only about “self-defense”). Soon, however, the detachment under the command of Cherepov (located at 1 Pushkinskaya Street) turned into part of the Volunteer Army. About 200 officers signed up for it.
Detachment of Major General Vinogradov. Formed on March 6, 1919 in Berdyansk as part of Crimean-Azov Volunteer Army. Included Consolidated Guards, 1st Consolidated Infantry, 42nd Donskoy, 2nd Labinsky(until July 1), 3rd Cavalry Regiment(until June 29), Combined Division of the 9th Cavalry Division (until June 29), batteries: l.-guards. 2nd Artillery Brigade(as of May 26 - June 14, 119 people), l.-guards. 3rd Artillery Brigade(on May 26 - 146, on June 14 - 233 people), 6th Cavalry (until June 6; on May 26 - 56 people), 3rd Plastunskaya, 4th 2nd Artillery Brigade, from March 19 - also the Tatar Cavalry Division, the Razdor Cavalry Hundred and the 3rd Kuban Plastun Battery (on May 26 - June 14, 78 people; es. Kireev), by April 5 - the engineer half-battalion, the 2nd Kuban Plastun Battalion ( on May 26 - 834 people; regiment Naumov, from January 31, 1919), 5th Polish squadron (until May 14, 1919) and the demolition team of the Don Sapper Battalion. On June 7, an armored train was included in the detachment " Grozny" Disbanded in July 1919. Commanders: Major General M.N. Vinogradov, regiment A.G. Lastochkin (vred; from April 4, 1919). Beginning headquarters: piece-cap. Timofeev (wed; from March 19, 1919), regiment. A.G. Lastochkin (until June 17, 1919), regiment. A.M. Shkelenko (from June 17, 1919).
Major General Tolkushkin's detachment. Formed in June 1918 as part of Troops of the Chir region. Composition: 1st (from Ust-Belokalitvensky and Ermakovsky), 2nd, 3rd (formerly Lugansk), 4th (formerly Kalitvensky) consolidated infantry regiments and Ekaterininsky infantry division (formerly regiment). from July 2 - a consolidated detachment, from October 11 - entered into . By this time it included the 46th - 49th Don infantry regiments with artillery. Chief - Major General B.D. Tolkushkin (from June 16, 1918). Beginning headquarters: regiment B.V. Frost (from 4 July 1918).
Squad of captain Chernetsov. The largest of Don partisan detachments. Formed on November 30, 1917 by captain V.M. Chernetsov. Numbered up to 600 people; the detachment also included a platoon Consolidated Mikhailovsko-Konstantinovskaya battery. He successfully defeated the red units that were many times superior in strength in the Kamensky region, but on January 21, Chernetsov, who had recently been promoted to colonel, was captured near Glubokaya and was hacked to death along with about 40 officers and volunteers of his detachment. The remnants of the detachment entered a hundred Partisan Regiment of the Volunteer Army and took part in the 1st Kuban campaign. In 1918, for the former ranks of the detachment, a breastplate was installed in the form of an equal-ended wide silver cross, crossed at the back by a Cossack saber and an oak branch, in the upper and lower parts of the date “1917” and “1918”, on the cross - the inscription “Chernetsovtsy”; was worn on the St. George's Rosette.
Detachment for the Defense of the Motherland and the Constituent Assembly. Russian volunteer detachment, formed in February - March 1918 at the station. Mulin in Manchuria. Commander - cap. Copper.
Detachment for the protection of the Constituent Assembly. Formed in November 1918 in Orenburg. He took part in the defense of the city from the Bolsheviks from December 23, 1917 to January 17, 1918, after which he left Orenburg with the units of Ataman A.I. Dutova.
Detachment named after Count Keller. Cm. Russian Western Army.
Captain Pokrovsky's detachment. A volunteer detachment formed in the Kuban by captain V.L. Pokrovsky January 2, 1918 Consisted mainly of young officers, no older than a captain (both regular and Cossack units). On January 22, there were about 120 or 160 people, then about 200, later 350 people. with 4 guns and 4 machine guns. From the end of January 1918, merged with Detachment of military foreman Galaev, fought in the Tikhoretsk direction. At the end of February joined Kuban squad.
Orlov's squad. Russian volunteer detachment, formed at the beginning of 1918 in Harbin. Maintained order in the city, then acted together with Squad of Captain Kalmykov. In mid-April 1918 there were up to 400 people. Commander - Capt. (regiment) Orlov.
Colonel Badendyk's detachment. Russian volunteer detachment formed in Reval at the beginning of 1919. Was part of Separate building Northern Army (see Pskov Volunteer Corps), in May 1919 was merged into the company 2nd Revel Regiment of the North-Western Army, in June, on the basis of this company, it was formed 3rd Kolyvan Regiment. Commander - Lieutenant Colonel. (regiment) K.G. Badendyk.
Colonel Vyrgolich's detachment. A Russian volunteer detachment, formed at the beginning of 1919 in Mitau, and then a regiment in Shavli. Vyrgolich was mainly from the Russian detachments available in Poland (by February 15, 1919 there were only 1050 people there, including several dozen officers). By May 1919 there were up to 1200 people, then no more than 1500. Together with the Detachment, gr. Keller and Livensky detachment was part of Western Corps of the Northern Army. After the departure of the Livenians, on July 28, 1919, he was included in Western Volunteer named after. gr. Keller case and then composed in Russian Western Army 2nd Western Volunteer Corps.
Colonel Donskov's detachment. Foot squad Don Army. Formed in May 1918 from the 1st Don Plastun Division. Was part of Troops of the Chir region. From October 11 - entered into Group of troops of Major General Tolkushkin. By this time it included the 41st and 42nd Don infantry regiments with artillery. Chief - regiment. I.P. Donskov.
Colonel Drozdovsky's detachment. Cm. Drozdovsky campaign Iasi - Don.
Colonel Kutepov's detachment. Formed in Volunteer Army December 30, 1917 for the defense of the Don from the Taganrog direction. It was based on 3rd Officer (Guards) Company and 2 companies 2nd Officer Battalion. January 11, 1918 18 people The detachment's demolition teams blew themselves up while surrounded at Matveev Kurgan. In total, the detachment lost more than 110 people. Commander - regiment. A.P. Kutepov.
Colonel Lesevitsky's detachment.(“Kuban Rescue Squad”). A volunteer detachment formed in the Kuban on January 20, 1918 at a meeting of all officers who were in Yekaterinodar. There, in response to expressions of hopelessness and despondency, the Quartermaster General of the Kuban Field Headquarters, the regiment, gave a fiery speech. N.N. Lesevitsky, who called on the Russian officers to rise up to fight; Enrollment immediately began in the detachment he led (800 people with 2 guns and 4 machine guns). The core of the detachment, called the “Kuban Rescue Detachment,” were officers of the 5th Caucasian Cossack Division, which had just arrived from the front, led by Colonel G.Ya. Kosinov. The detachment consisted of a hundred foot soldiers (from the cadets of the Kyiv Military School and the Kyiv School of Ensigns), a horse platoon (from the cadets of the Nikolaev Cavalry School and the Yekaterinodar School of Ensigns), and an engineering company (see. Kuban Separate Engineering Hundred) and officer battery (see. Combined Kuban officer battery), and at the beginning of February 1918 also Kuban field battery. From the end of January 1918, the detachment held the front in the direction of the station. Caucasian. At the end of February joined Kuban squad.
Colonel Nazarov's detachment. Formed in Russian Army in June 1920 with the aim of raising an uprising on the Don. Consisted of Don Cossacks, numbered 900 people. with 2 guns, 1 armored car and a field radio station. Landed on June 25 near Krivaya Spit in the Melitopol area. Reached the Don, increasing to 10 thousand people. Followed the route st. Novo-Nikolaevskaya - Matveev Kurgan - Ust-Bystryanskaya - Novo-Konstantinovskaya, but was soon defeated. Chief - regiment. F.D. Nazarov.
Colonel Popov's detachment. Mounted detachment Don Army. Formed in May - June 1918 as part of Troops of the Chir region. From October 11 - entered into Group of troops of Major General Tolkushkin. By this time it included the 45th, 47th, 48th, 66th Don Cavalry Regiments with artillery. Chief of the troops. senior (regiment) Popov.
Colonel Smolin's detachment. A volunteer detachment created at the beginning of June 1918 in Omsk from Russians and Czechs (among 44 Russians there were 25 officers, 4 volunteers, 6 soldiers and 9 students). Numbered 80 people. Represented one of the first parts Siberian Army. Commander - regiment. I.S. Smolin.
Colonel Starikov's detachment. Northern squad Southern group Don Army, where on May 19 the regiment was included in the group. Tatarkina. At the beginning of June he became part of the Tsaritsyn detachment, and in mid-July - . Included Kalitvensky, Ust-Belokalitvensky, Verkhne-Kundryucheskiy foot, 3rd and 5th cavalry regiments, Ust-Belokalitvensky and Verkhne-Kundryucheskaya batteries. On July 10, it was reorganized as a division and included the foot, Catherine's foot and 6th piebald regiments, a separate partisan detachment, a separate cavalry division, an artillery division and two heavy batteries. On July 17, it was renamed the 3rd Foot Detachment, and the regiments received the names 9th, 10th and 11th Don. February 3, 1919 became part of , February 23, 1919 - 1st Don Army like the group of General Starikov. Chief - regiment. (Major General) T.M. Old people. Beginning headquarters: troops. senior Naumov, come up. Popov, cap. Ivanov.
Colonel Tatarkin's detachment. Formed in March - April 1918 from rebel Cossack detachments. Was part of Northern squad Southern group Don Army, where on May 19 the regiment was included in the group. Tatarkina. Included hundreds: 1st and 2nd Razdorsky, 3rd Khut. Vinogradny and Olkhovoy, 4th consolidated Budarin, 5th Agapov and 6th Nikolaevskaya. At the beginning of June he became part of the Tsaritsyn detachment, and in mid-July - Troops of the Ust-Medveditsky region. July 1st 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th. The 7th and 8th cavalry regiments of the detachment were consolidated into the 1st, 3rd and 4th regiments. On July 17, the detachment was renamed the 1st cavalry detachment of Major General Tatarkin. In January 1919, he was assigned to the 5th Cossack Foot Regiment. February 3, 1919 became part of 8th Don Army Corps of the Eastern Front of the Don Army, February 23, 1919 - 1st Don Army. From March 1919 it became part of the 4th Don Cavalry Division (see. 9th Don Cavalry Brigade). Commanders: regiment. (Major General) G.V. Tatarkin (April 1918 - March 1919), regiment. Kravtsov (November 1918). Beginning headquarters: troops. senior Naumov (April - May 1918), EU. Frolov (May 29 - December 15, 1918), regiment. Dronov (December 15, 1918 - March 13, 1919), troops. senior Korneev (December 1918).
Colonel Upornikov's detachment. Formed in Don Army at the beginning of May 1918 as the 2nd Don Cossack Foot Division. On May 5, it was renamed into a detachment regiment. Tolokonnikova, from August 28 - regiment. Upornikova. Included Bessergenovsky (from August 24 - 50th Donskoy foot), Zaplavsky, Melekhovsky (then Zaplavsko-Melekhovsky, from August 24 - 51st Donskoy foot), Bogaevsky (from August 24 - 52nd Donskoy foot), and Elizavetovsky foot (from May 22; disarmed at the beginning of July) regiments. July 17-19, 1918 joined the group of Major General A Tolkushkin Troops of the Chir region. from September 1 to September 25, the personnel were dismissed to their homes. On September 10, 1918, the 50th and 52nd regiments were re-formed, and the detachment became part of the regiment group on October 11. I.V. Zudilina, and then Gene groups Tolkushkina. On October 17, the regiments were consolidated into the 42nd consolidated foot regiment, and the detachment was disbanded. Commanders: Col. P.N. Tolokonnikov (May - August 28, 1918), regiment. Upornikov (August 28 - October 1918). Beginning headquarters: regiment Zhikulin (May - July 3, 1918), es. Inyutin (July 3 - October 1918).
Colonel Shaposhnikov's detachment(expeditionary detachment of the Mezen region, from February 16, 1919 - expeditionary detachment of the Mezen-Pechersky districts). Partisan detachment Northern Front. Formed in the summer of 1918 from 50 people. policemen. On October 22, he landed in Mezen and operated in the river valley. Mezen, then in the Pechora basin (with a headquarters in Ust-Vashka). At the beginning of November 1918 there were 300 people, by December 1918 - 500 people. Commander - regiment. D.D. Shaposhnikov.
Colonel Shkuro's detachment. Created in May 1918, it initially consisted of 7 officers and 6 Cossacks. In June he raised an uprising in the Batalpashinsky department of the Kuban region. In mid-June, a cavalry division was formed (see. 2nd Kuban Cossack Division) And Plastun brigade. OK. On June 20, the remnants joined the detachment South Kuban Army. In July 1918 he became part of Volunteer Army and was disbanded. In September 1918 he again deployed to the base Separate Kuban Partisan Brigade and started turning it on 1st Caucasian Cossack Division, 1st Native Mountain Division, Plastun brigade (Officer, Tersky and Khopersky battalions) and 5-6 batteries (4 units each). Disbanded at the beginning of October 1918. Commander - regiment. A.G. Skinny. Beginning regiment headquarters Ya.A. Slashchev (before early July 1918), regiment. V.N. Plyushchevsky-Plyushchik (from September 25, 1918).
Centurion Grekov's detachment. Don partisan detachment, formed by the centurion of the Kuban Cossack army Grekov (nicknamed the “White Devil”) in November 1917 in Novocherkassk (Barochnaya, 36) on the basis of a group of Kuban residents returning from the front. Initially it consisted of 65 seminarians, 5 high school students - sisters of mercy and 3 commanders, by the end of January it numbered up to 150 people. Participated in the defense of Rostov. The ranks of the detachment included Partisan Regiment of the Volunteer Army took part in 1st Kuban campaign.
"Kuban Rescue Team" Cm. Colonel Lesevitsky's detachment.
A detachment of steppe partisans. Formed in the summer of 1919 Caucasian Army peasant volunteers from the left bank of the Volga (on their horses) a cavalry detachment. Was part of Trans-Volga detachment. By October 5, 1919, the Combined Battalion of Steppe Partisans with an artillery platoon (147 units, 201 sabers, 2 guns) was assigned 3rd Kuban Cossack Division.
"An officer". Light armored train WSUR And Russian Army. One of the first armored trains Volunteer Army. Created on August 7, 1918 in Yekaterinodar from captured armored platforms left by the Reds on the left bank of the Kuban as the 4th armored train. On November 16, 1918 he received the title “Officer”. In 1919 he was part of the 2nd armored train division. In March 1920 there were 48 officers and 67 soldiers. Abandoned on March 13, 1920 during the evacuation of Novorossiysk. Revived on March 24, 1920 in Crimea on the basis of the combat personnel of the armored train " Glory to Kuban" From April 16, 1920 it was part of the 2nd armored train division. Died on October 29, 1920 near the station. Taganash in Crimea. Commanders: Cap. B.V. Kharkovtsev (August 7 - October 24, 1918), regiment. Ionin (October 24, 1918 - May 23, 1919), regiment. M.I. Lebedev (May 23, 1919 - October 1920). Acting (senior officers): regiment. V.A. Meskhi (killed on November 22, 1918), regiment. M.I. Lebedev (November 22 - December 20, 1918, February 18-21, May 1919), lieutenant colonel. B.Ya. Shamov (December 1918), cap. Muromtsev (February - March 1919), cap. V.P. Magnitsky (March 1919), cap. V. Razumov-Petropavlovsky (March 1919), cap. (cap.) Labovich (April - August 1919, October 1920), piece-cap. G.E. Simmot (September 1919, June 1920), cap. NOT. Shaharatov (September 1919), since. Khmelevsky (April 1920).
Officer Artillery School(Training and preparatory artillery school). Created in Volunteer Army in December 1918 in Armavir. It was intended to improve the qualifications and training of wartime artillery officers and those transferred to artillery from other branches of the military. In October 1919 she was transferred to Sevastopol, where she remained until the evacuation of Crimea. Continued to operate in Gallipoli. After the army was transformed into R OVS until the 30s represented, despite the dispersal of its ranks across different countries, cropped part in the composition 1st Army Corps (III). In the fall of 1925 there were 127 people, incl. 73 officers. Chiefs: Lieutenant General. K.L. Eggert (from December 19, 1918), Major General A.N. Karabanov (1925-1931). Pom. command: regiment S. Lashkov, regiment. N. Popov, colonel. G. Popov. Beginning groups in France - regiment. B.N. Gonorsky, in Paris - cap. M.K. Danilevich.
Officer companies. Created in WSUR in the summer and autumn of 1919 from officers of local cities as they were released. They had an auxiliary value (in most cases they included persons with limited suitability for service). They usually counted several times. dozens of people (for example, the Cherkassy officer company in October 1919 - about 70 units).
Officer units. The first volunteer units both in the South of Russia and in the East were almost entirely officer units with the addition of a certain number of student volunteers. IN Volunteer Army purely officer units were brought together at the beginning 1st Kuban campaign V Officer Regiment. However, already in mid-March 1918, after joining the Kuban units, it was replenished with Cossacks and ceased to be a purely officer regiment, however, retaining its name, as later did the officer regiment from Detachment of Colonel Drozdovsky, which became the 2nd officer regiment of the army. During this period, and in other infantry and especially artillery units, officers made up at least a third (often up to half) of the composition. The number of officers grew along with the total number of the army until the summer of 1919. In the fall of 1918, it remained approximately the same as in the spring and summer - 5-6 thousand out of 10 thousand active soldiers. If in the spring-summer of 1918 there were 8-10 thousand people in the Volunteer Army, of which officers made up 60-70% (at the beginning of June, officers made up half of the 12 thousand combat soldiers), then a year later it, together with the Kuban units, numbered 40 -42 thousand people, the percentage of officers among whom decreased greatly and was hardly more than 30%. The influx of officers occurred constantly, but was negated by heavy losses and was only able to maintain numbers at the same level.
With major victories of the army and its transition to the offensive in the spring of 1919, the situation changed, because As more and more densely populated territories were liberated, conditions were created for those officers who previously could not do so to join the army (especially since the officers were subject to mobilization). As a result, the number of officers increased sharply, and by the time the army reached its maximum strength, there were at least 60 thousand officers in it (counting the enormously expanded rear). The increase in the number of officers, however, was not proportional to the increase in the size of the army, and they gradually disappeared into the mass of former captured Red Army soldiers and other elements, constituting no more than 10% of the combat units by the fall of 1919. The vast majority of officers in the rank and file served in the " colored parts. Officers did not make up the majority in them now, as in 1918, but even now each regiment had officer companies and even battalions (in particular, in 2nd Kornilovsky Regiment A large officer company was deployed in August 1919 into a battalion of 750 people, which existed until the end of the war), representing its backbone and striking force. There were other initially “officer” units ( 1st and 2nd Cavalry Regiments, Simferopol officer regiment etc.), which subsequently ceased to be such. In 1919, officer companies were usually formed from mobilized and captured officers. During the retreat to the beginning. 1920 the percentage of officers increased again (since they were the element least susceptible to decay), to " colored parts- up to 25-30%: January 20, 1920 Kornilov division had 415 officers for 1663 bayonets, Alekseevskaya- 333 to 1050, Drozdovskaya- 217 to 558, Markovskaya- 641 to 1367, Combined Cavalry Brigade - 157 to 1322.
The role of officer companies in Russian Army in 1920 it changed somewhat. Their numbers have decreased; by this time, the front-line units included approximately only 15% of officers who did not hold officer positions. The category that suffered the greatest losses was the officers of ordinary companies. The officer company formed the reserve of the regiment and rushed into battle only when it was necessary to save the situation. After each battle, new officers were transferred from its ranks from rank and file positions to fill vacant officer vacancies in rifle companies to replace those killed or wounded in battle. Thus, the officer company was, as it were, the backbone of the regiment, relying on which the soldier companies, staffed by former Red Army soldiers (comprising up to 90% of the rank and file), rested. On Eastern Front The first units were purely officer units, both People's Army, so Siberian Army in June - August 1918. However, by the end of summer, due to a fairly widespread mobilization, the situation changed, and in 1919 (since all the few officer cadres in Siberia were exhausted already in 1918) the troops usually experienced a shortage even in command personnel.
Officer detachment of Colonel Simanovsky. One of the first parts Volunteer Army. The regiment was formed in December 1917 in Rostov. V.L. Simanovsky from volunteer officers. It was a 4-man battalion named after Gen. Kornilov. In January - February 1918 he took part in battles during the retreat Colonel Kutepov's detachment from Taganrog to Rostov. During the reorganization of the army at the beginning of the 1st Kuban campaign on February 11-13, 1918 in Art. Olginskoy joined the Kornilov Shock Regiment.
Officer regiment. See Books
