"A dog is man's friend!" - this catchphrase from a Soviet film has been relevant for many millennia. Since ancient times, it has been dogs who have selflessly and faithfully served humans, so people erect monuments to them in gratitude.
Today, similar sculptures are installed in different countries all over the world. - also a very common phenomenon. They are installed in honor of dogs with special services to humans and society.
Let's consider the most famous of them, which always evoke tenderness and deep respect in the audience for man's most faithful and reliable friends.
Monument to the rescue dog Barry in France Sculptures vary in the way they are executed. In addition, they are made from various types materials - bronze and other types of metals. But at the same time, the idea of erecting each monument is based on admiration for four-legged friends and human gratitude to them.
For example, in Monument to St. Bernard Barry erected in Paris, who saved several dozen people from snowdrifts in the Alpine mountains. In gratitude for this feat, this sculpture was installed in 1989.
There is a monument to guide dogs in Berlin blind people. Such dogs are specially trained to help people with disabilities move freely around the city, cross the road and find the way to the house. For this purpose, dogs with a calm character are specially selected, who listen to commands and obediently carry them out.
Monument to a guide dog in Berlin In Alaska, in the town of Nome, there is also a monument to the dog Balto, erected in honor of the leader of the dog sled, who, during the deadly diphtheria epidemic that broke out in this area in 1925, delivered the necessary supplies to the sick medications, and thereby saved the lives of many village residents. And although this was quite a difficult task, because the nearest locality was at a distance of more than a thousand kilometers, the dogs coped with it and provided invaluable assistance to people.
In Russia there is also a monument to a dog, installed on the territory of the Institute of Experimental Medicine near St. Petersburg. However, this monument was not erected in honor of any specific dog, but as a general monument to all dogs who serve science. After all, it is on dogs that scientists test the effect of many drugs before using them to treat people.
Monument to a nameless dog in St. Petersburg Dogs have come to the aid of humans for centuries in many areas of life. For example, in the far north, cargo is still transported by dog sleds, because only they can successfully cope with this task in difficult-to-reach areas where there is practically no way for other types of transport.
In the Italian city of Borgo San Lorenzo, a monument was erected to a dog named Fido., who every evening for 14 years went to meet his owner at the train, although he had been dead for a long time. People erected a monument to this dog as an example of unparalleled devotion to its owner.
Monument to the dog Fido in the city of Borgo San Lorenzo A There is a monument to a dog in the Scottish city of Edinburgh., which, after the death of the owner, continued to live on his grave for five years, and died there. All these cases indicate the extreme loyalty of man's four-legged friends, who continue to remain attached to people even after their death.
There is another modest monument at the Lychakiv cemetery in Lviv. And although it is very old, rough and green with age, you can still see the image of a man on the tombstone, and on both sides lie his two dogs.
Locals This touching story, more like a beautiful legend, is passed on from mouth to mouth. Once the owner of two dogs died, they continued to go to his grave every day, until one day they were found dead, lying on the grave of their deceased owner. Subsequently, caring people erected a common monument to this trio, and now the stone dogs continue to protect the peace of their owner in the next world.
Probably everyone knows that before people were launched into space, dogs were sent there.
The mongrel Laika was the first to fly, but did not return from the flight; this was not provided for by the design of the crab. Essentially, it was an artificial satellite with a living creature inside.
But after that, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev set the scientists and designers the task of preparing the dogs for flight with the possibility of returning to Earth on a descent vehicle.
The first attempt was unsuccessful and Chaika and Chanterelle died in an explosion already 19 seconds into the flight. But their backups, Belka and Strelka, were lucky. They spent a day in space and landed safely on August 19, 1960, already world celebrities.
But today we will not talk about them, but about their follower, the dog Asterisk. She did not receive the loud glory of her predecessors, but she deserves respect and memory no less than them.
In the capital of Udmurtia, Izhevsk, there is a monument to an astronaut dog. Asterisk.
The star was on board the fifth spaceship-satellite launched into low-Earth orbit on March 25, 1961. On the same day, the device landed in the Perm region on the border with Udmurtia. Izhevsk pilot Lev Okkelman found him. The dog was taken to Izhevsk airport, where it lived for some time until it was taken to Moscow.
Now the area of the old airport is built up with residential buildings. It is symbolic that it was here that the monument created by Izhevsk sculptor Pavel Medvedev was erected. It is an open descent apparatus, from the hatch of which a mongrel dog peeks out. On a cast iron surface - a lot useful information, transmitted both conventionally and in Braille for the blind. Here is the date of the flight, the names from the so-called “Zvezdochka list” - the names of all those who participated in the creation, launch of the device and the ongoing research, members of the government supervising space, the first cosmonauts, members of the search party looking for Zvezdochka, and the names of ten other dogs -cosmonauts. It was they who prepared the flight of Yuri Gagarin.
The idea of the monument belongs to Izhevsk television journalist, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences Sergei Pakhomov. He and the schoolchildren launched a test balloon - sculpted an apparatus and a dog out of snow. The children really wanted to see a monument to the astronaut dog in their residential neighborhood, and they collected from their pocket money 300 rubles. With this modest amount they sculpted a plaster dog, making a metal-like coating. This figurine now stands in the National Museum of Local Lore at the exhibition “Izhevsk - Open Space”. The journalist infected the sculptor with his idea, and he short time created a model of the monument, which was cast in cast iron in Tchaikovsky.
In addition to this monument, a memorial sign to the cosmonaut dog Zvezdochka was installed in the village of Karsha, Tchaikovsky district, at the landing site of the descent module of the Vostok spacecraft - the predecessor of the famous Vostok-2 spacecraft, on which pilots Yuri Gagarin and German Titov made the first flight in the history of mankind. going into space.
On April 12, 2011, in the Chaikovsky district of the Kama region, in the village of Karsha, a monument dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Russian cosmonautics was unveiled. Back in 1986, a memorial sign was installed in Karsh; now there is a full-fledged monument made of black granite, with the face of the dog Zvezdochka engraved on it.
The legendary Belka and Strelka flew into space even before Zvezdochka. They managed to return to Earth safe and sound and received full glory for themselves and all their predecessors. Previously, 18 pets died in tests due to depressurization of the cabin, failure of the parachute system and problems in the life support system. All these dogs were recruited from among the yard dogs. According to doctors, stray dogs are unpretentious, ready to fight for survival and quickly adapt to new conditions.
It was near the village of Karsha that on March 25, 1961, the descent module of the Vostok spacecraft landed, on board which were the dog Zvezdochka and a rubber dummy of a man named Ivan Ivanovich. The launch of the satellite was the last control experiment before Gagarin's flight - the breathing system and landing system were tested. By the way, this is not the first time the dog Zvezdochka has been honored - there is a monument in Izhevsk space dog opened 5 years ago.
According to eyewitnesses, only the lazy ones did not come running to see the landing satellite. And when they opened it, a living and healthy mongrel Zvezdochka ran out. The dog barked and licked the “saviors”’ hands.
Ivan Ivanovich was also found not far from the village of Malaya Sosnova. The mannequin was hanging from a high tree with a parachute.
Almost immediately, Moscow specialists arrived for the “cosmonauts”, and they took Zvezdochka and Ivan Ivanovich with them, they recall at the Tchaikovsky Museum of Local Lore. The asterisk has become the last dog in space, after that pets were not sent into orbit
And the capsule in which Zvezdochka landed, due to unclear circumstances, ended up in the USA, where it was put up for auction. The price for the satellite ranges from 3 to 10 million dollars.
Where are the monuments to astronaut dogs located?
MONUMENT TO THE DOG LIKEwhich became the first living creature to travel into space, established in MOSCOW on Petrovsko-Razumovskaya Alley near the Dynamo stadium on 04/11/2008 on the eve of Cosmonautics Day.
Veterans of the institute who directly participated in the experiment to send Laika into space laid flowers at the monument.
The monument was planned to be erected in November 2007 in honor of the 50th anniversary of the flight, but due to bureaucratic difficulties the opening of the monument was postponed.
The Sputnik 2 spacecraft was launched into orbit on November 3, 1957. Laika died a few hours after launch from overheating and stress.
This is not the first monument to the famous Laika: she is depicted in the sculptural group of the monument to the Conquerors of Space (VVC).
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Her name is also listed on the memorial table with the names of fallen cosmonauts, installed in November 1997 in Star City.
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On March 25, 2006, the opening ceremony of the monument to the legendary space.
47 years ago, on board the Fifth Satellite, she flew into space, paving the way, literally and figuratively, for man to enter space. This was the last experiment within the framework of the flight preparation program of Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.
The dog successfully withstood all the loads and landed in a capsule on the border of the Perm region and Udmurtia.
The authors of the monument are physicist Sergei Pakhomov and sculptor Pavel Medvedev. The dog is depicted in life size.
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It is an open descent apparatus, from the hatch of which a mongrel dog peeks out. On the cast iron surface there is a lot of useful information, transmitted both in the usual way and in Braille for the blind. Here is the date of the flight, the names from the so-called “Zvezdochka list” - the names of all those who participated in the creation, launch of the device and ongoing research, members of the government supervising space, the first cosmonauts, members of the search party looking for Zvezdochka, and the nicknames of the 10 other astronaut dogs. It was they who prepared the flight of Yuri Gagarin.
The development of the space industry was business card USSR, an indicator of the power and progress of a power. Children were brought up in the spirit of patriotism, from an early age saturated with distorted facts of “decency and humanism.” The image of the country was above all, for the sake of extolling the merits of the state and its rulers at the same time, laboratories, engineering bureaus and research centers mercilessly destroyed animals, astronaut dogs were no exception. The study of the process of overloads, vibrations, weightlessness and radiation was carried out on four-legged friends, and the patriotically minded people shrugged their shoulders, it must be so.
It was not for nothing that dogs were chosen for experimental runs spacecraft. According to PR managers of that time, rats, mice and monkeys did not make a proper, positive impression, but it was easy to make a hero out of a best friend and ally.
The selection for preparation for a space career took place exclusively among “mutts.” Purebred dogs, according to the experimenters, would not have withstood the loads and tests. Purely for “practical” reasons, small dogs from shelters with light colors or white spots were selected for training. Small because their life support and maintenance require fewer resources. Light coloring is the key to successful photo shoots; almost all published photos were black and white. The country's image makers wanted the whole world to know and remember the name of the first cosmonaut's dog and whose “merit” her feat was.
The price of a hero's title
Laika is a participant in the Sputnik 2 space project, the first dog launched into the interplanetary orbit of the Earth. Before this, only one launch had been carried out; an “empty” simple satellite was launched into orbit. The decision to fly the animal was made just 12 days before the launch, it was the 40th anniversary October revolution, Khrushchev was in a hurry to spur the world community with a daring breakthrough. Errors in calculations and tight deadlines led to overheating and Laika died. The device returned to earth with the lifeless body of a dog; the fact was hidden from the public. IN urgently conducted tests within the institute, the result was minus two more lives. After an obvious failure, the institute admitted to euthanizing the dog, real facts the deaths became known after the program ended.
Read also: Where can you exercise your dog?
Squall negative reviews, accusations of cruelty to animals, proposals to send Khrushchev into space and depressive state scientists who prepared Laika for flight led to the undermining of the authority of the USSR. To smooth out the conflict, the Laika brand of cigarettes was released. However, this move was regarded as cynicism.
Chanterelle and Seagull– were supposed to fly on the Sputnik-5-1 apparatus. The destruction of one of the rocket blocks immediately after launch led to a fall and explosion. The affectionate and trusting Fox was Korolev’s favorite, but both dogs died.
Belka and Strelka- a pair of tailed astronauts who were returned to Earth. The dogs made 17 complete revolutions around the Earth and successfully withstood overload and radiation. After the flight, the dogs remained to live in the design bureau and died in old age. One of Strelka's puppies was given to the Presidential Kennedy family.
Bee and Fly- made a daily flight around the Earth. At the stage of atmospheric entry, due to a system failure, the landing trajectory was distorted. The device was destroyed by the automatic system, the animals died.
Zhulka (Comet) and Zhemchuzhina (Alpha, Joke)– the Sputnik 7-1 device never entered orbit. The cabin's automatic emergency compartment saved the dogs, although they were discovered only 3 days later. Zhulka lived 14 years after the flight and became part of the family of one of the institute’s doctors.
Chernushka- the first dog launched on a solo flight, its company was Ivan Ivanovich - a human dummy. The dog was successfully returned to Earth, as was its “guide.”
Read also: Why dogs bark at people: reasons and ways to combat the bad habit
Asterisk (Luck)– the dog received its “cosmic” name from Gagarin. In the company of the experienced Ivan Ivanovich, Luck made one revolution around the Earth and successfully returned home. 18 days after the landing of Zvezdochka, the first short-term launch of a man into space was made.
Breeze and Coal (Snowball)– participated in the preparation of a long-term human flight into space, the flight lasted 23 days. The dogs survived, but upon landing it was discovered that the animals had lost their hair, were extremely dehydrated and could not stand on their feet. The institute staff, who surrounded the wards with care, quickly put them in order. The dogs lived at the institute until old age and even had offspring.
This is interesting! The general designer, Korolev, was very attached to dogs. Each death was perceived by him as a personal tragedy. During “non-working” hours, by order of Korolev and the wishes of the rest of the design bureau employees, the dogs were provided with comfortable living conditions, constant attention and leisure. The dogs were not kept in cages or separate rooms, they had complete freedom of movement and “internal status” of employees.
Memory for centuries
Successful flights and tragic fates dogs attracted the attention of people and other countries. The whole world has immortalized dog heroes in cinema, music and works of literary art, later in cartoons and computer games, their images appeared on brands and company logos. Monuments to astronaut dogs were installed on the territory former USSR and several powers that actively followed the research.
Monument to the dog-cosmonaut Zvezdochka in Izhevsk
Location: Izhevsk, in the park on Molodezhnaya Street near post office No. 72.
Coordinates:
Sculptor: Pavel Medvedev.
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Story
Asterisk (Luck)
Shortly before Yuri Gagarin's flight, on March 25, 1961, the dog Zvezdochka was sent into orbit on the Vostok ZKA No. 2 spacecraft. She got into the first space squad the same way as all the other dogs - from the street. At first, Zvezdochka was given the nickname Luck. Her space call sign was changed right before the launch: Gagarin and his comrades came up with a new name for her: “We cosmonauts are superstitious people. What if it’s a failure?” And Luck was renamed Zvezdochka.
In the test squad, everyone knew about the condition that Korolev set - a person would fly into space only after two consecutive successful launches with animals. The squad's training was in full swing. And Belka and Strelka, who had already returned from space, were greeted on earth as real heroes. Three months before Zvezdochka, Bee and Mushka died from an explosion during landing. The errors in the control system were corrected, and Chernushka, which flew after them, returned from orbit unharmed. The future of the entire space program depended on the success of Zvezdochka. The sensor readings were closely monitored from Earth.
The footage received from space clearly shows what severe overloads the dogs experienced during takeoff and landing. Temporary relief was brought by the moment of weightlessness. Only after these experiments was it possible to experimentally prove that human space flight is possible. Without gravity, pressure in blood vessels will not be broken, and the heart will not stop.
World newspapers then brought sensational news about the Soviet breakthrough into space to the front pages. But unlike her more famous predecessors, Laika, Belka and Strelka, Zvezdochka did not become a heroine in the press. Only a few photographs of her and rare chronicle footage have survived. The ship made a revolution around the planet and successfully landed in the Udmurt steppe. The secrecy is also explained by the fact that it was a dress rehearsal for the future flight of man. There were only 18 days left before Yuri Gagarin's launch.
Together with Zvezdochka, a dummy was sent into orbit, which the cosmonaut corps nicknamed Ivan Ivanovich. He landed safely using a separate parachute.
The descent vehicle with the dog Zvezdochka successfully landed 45 km southeast of the city of Votkinsk (Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). The capsule with the dog was not found immediately: due to bad weather conditions, the search group that arrived in advance was not able to begin the search. The pilot of the Izhevsk air squad, Lev Karlovich Okkelman, who had extensive experience flying in adverse weather conditions and at low altitudes, volunteered to find the dog.
Ockelman's flight was coordinated by an IL-14 aircraft patrolling high altitude in the satellite landing area. The star landed in the Tchaikovsky district, near the village of Karsha, and she felt well. Lev Karlovich took the capsules out of the dog, gave it snow to drink and pressed him to him: after the ordeal she had endured, she was freezing. The pilot reported to the IL-14 and to Izhevsk airport that everything was in order. Due to bad weather, Ockelman and the astronaut dog had to spend the night at the ship's landing site and only the next morning did they return to Izhevsk.
After its landing on March 25, 1961, it was decided final decision about the first man's flight into space.
Monument
A monument to the space traveler - the dog Zvezdochka - was erected in Izhevsk. On the sculpture, about half a meter high and made of metal, the history of the astronaut dog is engraved and for the first time the declassified names of the specialists who paved the way into space are inscribed (the so-called “Star List” of 50 names). Here is the date of the flight, the names from the so-called “Zvezdochka list” - the names of all those who participated in the creation, launch of the device and ongoing research, members of the government supervising space, the first cosmonauts, members of the search party looking for Zvezdochka, and the names of ten other dogs -cosmonauts. It was they who prepared the flight of Yuri Gagarin. The text is duplicated in Braille (for blind people). Zvezdochka was the last astronaut dog to return safely to Earth.
Aviation veteran Lev Okkelman, who found Zvezdochka 45 years ago, was the main person at the opening of the monument. He tried his palm on the imprint made in cast iron and confidently said: “It matches!”
