Historically, the ERP concept has become a development of the simpler concepts of MRP (Material Requirement Planning) and MRP II (Manufacturing Resource Planning). The main goal of the ERP concept is to extend the principles of MRP II (Manufactory Resource Planning) to the management of modern corporations. The ERP concept is a superstructure on the MRP II methodology. Has one important feature as an opportunity for global management of production, goods and services. This feature is very important for large international corporations, where subsidiaries and divisions interact with each other, while being located in different countries and regions.
The ERP concept includes:
The ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) methodology has not yet been completely systematized.
Many companies have a wide network of remote production and non-production departments, which significantly complicated their organizational structure. The consequence of this was an increase in costs for maintaining complex and intricate logistics schemes for product supply.. As a result, there was a need to look for ways to solve problems of minimizing these costs.. The solution to this problem was systemsERP.
The ERP methodology is based on the principle of a single data warehouse (repository) containing all business information accumulated by an organization in the process of doing business, including financial information, data related to production, personnel management, or any other information. This eliminates the need to transfer data from one information system to another and creates additional capabilities for analysis, modeling and planning. In addition, any part of the information held by a given organization becomes simultaneously available to all employees with appropriate authority.
ERP-system – This is a set of computer programs that implement the MRP II methodology and are supplemented with tools for optimizing the management of production and sales units located in different countries.
The software tools used in ERP systems make it possible to carry out production planning, generate the flow of orders and evaluate the possibility of their implementation in the departments of the enterprise.
The ERP concept assumes that the system uses only one integrated program instead of several separate ones. A single system manages processing, distribution, logistics, inventory, delivery, invoicing and accounting.
The system for differentiating access to information, implemented in ERP systems, in combination with other company information security measures, is designed to prevent both external threats (for example, industrial espionage) and internal ones (for example, theft). Implemented together with a CRM system and a quality control system, ERP systems are aimed at maximizing the needs of an enterprise for business management tools.
According to the APICS (American Production and Inventory Control Society) Dictionary, the term " ERP-system"(Enterprise Resource Planning - Enterprise resource management) can be used in two meanings. Firstly, this is - information system for identifying and planning all enterprise resources that are necessary for sales, production, purchasing and accounting in the process of fulfilling customer orders. Secondly (in a more general context), this is - methodology for effective planning and management of all enterprise resources that are necessary for sales, production, purchasing and accounting when executing customer orders in the areas of production and distribution and provision of services.
According to the latest edition of APICS: “ERP is an approach for organizing, defining and standardizing the business processes necessary to enable an enterprise to use internal knowledge to seek external advantage.”
The ERP concept is still not standardized. When the question arises about classifying a specific management information system into the class of developed MRP II systems or into the ERP class, experts disagree, since they identify different criteria for a system to belong to the ERP class. However, summarizing the various points of view, it is possible to indicate the main features that ERP systems should have.
Translated from English, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) means “enterprise resource management.” The ERP system is designed to plan company resources needed for production, purchasing and sales.
The principle of operation of the ERP system is based on the creation, filling and use of a single database, which includes information necessary for all departments of the enterprise: accounting, supply departments, personnel, etc.
The functionality of ERP systems varies, but there are functions that are common to all software products:
1. Development of production and sales plans.
2. Maintaining technological specifications that provide for the operations and resources necessary for the production of a particular product.
3. Determining and planning needs for the production of components and materials, costs and deadlines for fulfilling the plan.
4. Purchasing and inventory management.
5. Management of production resources on various scales: from an enterprise or a separate workshop to a specific machine.
6. Financial management of the enterprise, management, accounting and tax accounting.
7. Project management.
Compared to other software solutions, the ERP system has a number of advantages:
- Creation of a unified information environment that significantly facilitates and optimizes the work of departments and management.
- The ability to distribute access rights between employees of any departments, from the head to the junior manager of the sales department.
- Availability of a wide range of solutions for organizations various types and scale.
- Ability to manage several divisions, enterprises, concerns, corporations.
- Compatible with various software products and platforms, high reliability, flexibility, scalability.
- Possibility of integration with systems and applications already used in the enterprise, in particular, with design and control automation systems technological processes, sales, document flow.
Along with other systems that automate production, ERP greatly simplifies the process of enterprise management, resource allocation and sales planning.
When is an ERP system needed?
In the early stages of the company's existence special needs there is no automation: all documents are developed using ordinary office programs, and in order to obtain this or that information, the manager only needs to call an employee. Gradually, the number of documents, the number of employees, the volume of operations is growing, and there is a need to create storage facilities and systematize data.
In an enterprise operating without an ERP, all documents are often stored unsystematically, which significantly complicates management. There are also common cases when some systems are installed, but they work exclusively for a specific department.
Accounting, HR, procurement and other departments have their own databases, and document flow between them is difficult. This directly affects work efficiency: in order to find out this or that information in the HR department, the accountant has to make a request e-mail or contact HR.
Effective management, optimization of resources of the entire enterprise and, finally, increased productivity various departments in such conditions it is impossible to achieve.
ERP system - optimal choice for enterprises of any scale, groups of companies, firms with geographically distributed branches.
ERP system:
- significantly speeds up document flow between departments
- allows an employee with certain rights to gain instant access to information
- makes it possible effective management work of remote branches and employees.
Various programs are also often offered as alternatives. accounting created solely for the generation of financial and tax reporting.
It is quite simple to distinguish ERP from other systems. ERP system:
- integrates databases and tasks of ALL departments of the enterprise: from accounting and customer service to production and logistics;
- can help in performing any tasks of the enterprise;
- allows you to create a unified information environment.
The main task of an ERP system is to optimize the management of ALL enterprise resources, regardless of the form in which they are presented. This one system, which includes solutions for accounting, engineering, procurement, human resources, warehouse, etc.
Such different ERPs
On this moment There are two main concepts of ERP systems. These are ERP and ERP II.
The first is understood software, which allows you to organize the work of an enterprise of any type and covers all production processes.
ERP II is a specialized management system that takes into account key features one or another enterprise. It is developed taking into account the tasks that need to be solved by a company of a certain size, type of activity, and form.
There is a huge number of ready-made software developments specializing in small firms, manufacturing enterprises, service companies, trade organizations, etc. There are ERP systems designed for one standard enterprise, a company with geographically remote branches, and even a transnational company.
ERP systems can have different structures. In particular, in Lately Cloud ERP has gained the most popularity - more convenient, scalable and easy to use for medium and small businesses.
How to avoid unnecessary costs for an ERP system with the online program Class365
The implementation of a full-featured ERP system in small and medium-sized businesses may not be profitable, both due to the high cost and long period implementation.
You can automate the processes of a small company and avoid high costs using the online program Class365. The online service allows you to automate the work of a warehouse, retail outlets, and customer relationships. In the program you will also be able to manage all financial flows. This solution is optimal for wholesale and retail trade enterprises, service companies engaged in online sales.
The online solution is beneficial for the manager, since he will not need to additionally train staff. The program, despite its wide functionality, is surprisingly simple and employees can master it independently in no more than 15 minutes. In addition, the company will not have to squeeze into a tight budget to purchase a standard licensed application.
Integrated enterprise systems. Levels of management of an integrated enterprise.
Automated enterprise management system m.b. presented in the form of a set of AS, interacting levels: enterprise management ERP, production management MES, technological management SCADA.
ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning. Information system to determine and plan enterprise resources, necessary for receiving, manufacturing, shipping and accounting for consumer orders.
ERP II - resource management and external relations enterprises. Has two control loops: traditional internal, control internal processes enterprise, and external – managing the interactions between the customer and the supplier. That. ERP II – ERP systems and with the ability to closely interact with customers and suppliers.
MRP is a system for planning requirements for materials that allows you to optimally load production capacity, and at the same time purchase as many materials as necessary to fulfill the order plan.
MRP II – production resource planning system. The main goal is to take into account and analyze all events in production: everything that is happening at the moment and everything that is planned for the future. As soon as there is a defect in production, as soon as the production program is changed, the system instantly reacts to what happened, indicates problems that may be result of this, and determines what changes need to be made to the production plan to avoid these problems.
MES – production management system. A system that integrates all processes of an enterprise with the production process.
SCADA systems – supervisory control and data collection. System providing software control and dispatch control in TP management.
ERP system. Evolution of ERP.
ERP systems are the result of 40 years of evolution of management integrated systems. The operation is based on the concept of product specification BOM and systems production programs MPS. The BOM showed the product in terms of components, and the MPS contained information about the time, quantity and type of products programmed for release. With the help of BOM and MPS, the company received information about the required quantity of materials. The need for planning is due to the fact that the majority of delays are caused by delays in the receipt of individual components, as a result of which, with a decrease in production efficiency, an excess of materials appears in warehouses.
In practice, an MRP system is a computer program that logically can presented using the following diagram:
Description of the condition of materials is the main input element of an MRP program. In it d.b. reflected as much as possible full information about the components necessary for the production of the product.
A production program (MPS) is an optimized schedule for allocating time to produce a required batch of products over a planned period.
Using MRP allows you to achieve: 1) Reducing the level of stock of materials in warehouses; 2) Reducing the level of inventories in work in progress; 3) Reduction of order fulfillment time. MRPs have one drawback - they do not take into account the production capacity of the enterprise. This led to the expansion of the functionality of MRP systems into CRP capacity requirements planning modules. Later appeared new class enterprise resource planning MRP-II. The main difference between MRP-II is that they are designed to plan all production resources in an enterprise. The improvement of MRP-II systems led to the creation of ERP systems. They are intended not only for manufacturing enterprises, but also for companies providing services. ERP systems are based on the principle of creating a single data warehouse containing all information about the organization. ERP-II – integration of the enterprise information environment with suppliers and customers through information channels.
ERP functions.
ERP systems are based on the principle of creating a single data warehouse that contains all information and provides simultaneous access to it by any number of enterprise employees. Data changes are made through system functions. The ERP system consists of the following elements:
Model of information flow management (IP) in an enterprise;
Hardware and technical base and means of communication;
DBMS, system and supporting software;
A set of software products that automate IP management;
Regulations for the use and development of software products;
IT department and supporting services;
Users of software products.
Functionality of integrated ERP systems:
1) Formation of sales and production plans;
2)Planning of production capacities from integrated planning to the use of individual machines;
3) Operational financial management, including drawing up a financial plan and monitoring its implementation;
4) Project management, including planning of stages and resources;
5) Inventory and procurement management: maintaining contracts, implementing purchases, ensuring inventory accounting;
6)Planning the requirements for materials, timing and volumes of supplies to fulfill the production plan;
7)Maintaining design and technological specifications that determine the composition of manufactured products;
8) Demand management;
9) Cost management;
10)Routing or logistics;
11) Personnel management.
4. Classification of ERP systems. ERP examples.
1)Large integrated systems. They have the capabilities of integrated management of all processes in large holding structures. Systems of this class cover the following areas of enterprise activity:
Manufacturing control;
Financial management;
Supply chain management;
Personnel Management;
The implementation of such systems takes more than a year. Cost: $500,000;
Large integrated systems include:
Oracle E-Business Suite;
SAP Business Suite.
2) Medium integrated systems. Designed for managing medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. In these systems, the main automation links are purchasing, production and sales. A feature of the systems is their more rigid setup compared to flexible financial and management systems. The implementation period for such systems is longer and ranges from six months to a year. Cost: $100,000-500,000; Medium integrated systems include: Infor ERP SyteLine; Symex; Compaq computer; Galaxy ERP;
3) Financial and management systems. To a greater extent, they are aimed at automating non-production enterprises (small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of trade and services). Cost: $50,000-100,000; Financial and management systems include: Compass; Parus - Enterprise 8; 1C: Trade Management 8; Galaxy;
4) Local systems. Most accounting programs include the function of automating warehouse activities and settlements with personnel. Local systems automate enterprise accounting in one or more areas. Price:<50000$; К системам локального класса относятся: 1С: Комплексная автоматизация 8,
1C: Managing a small company 8.
5. Large ERP systems. Main ERP modules – BAAN, SAP systems.
Large integrated systems. They have the capabilities of integrated management of all processes in large holding structures. Systems of this class cover the following areas of the enterprise:
Manufacturing control;
Product life cycle management;
Materials management;
Management of fixed assets;
Financial management;
Sales and purchasing management;
Supply chain management;
Personnel Management;
Customer relationship management.
The implementation of such systems takes more than a year. Cost: $500,000; Large integrated systems include: SAP R/3; Oracle E-Business Suite;
SAP Business Suite.
Basic ERP modules – BAAN systems:
1) Enterprise modeling. Helps reduce implementation time.
2) Production module. Requirements planning, product configurator, serial production management.
3) Process module. Supports the manufacturing process from research and development to production, procurement, sales.
4) Finance module. Financial accounting system.
5) Supply and warehouses. Manages sales and purchasing.
6) Project module. Designed for working on projects and preparing commercial proposals.
7) Enterprise activity administrator module. Tools for improving business activities.
8) Transport module. Transportation.
9) Service module. Management of all types of services.
Basic modules of ERP – SAP systems:
1) Finance module. Designed for organizing accounting records.
2) Control module. Provides accounting of costs and profits of the enterprise.
3) Fixed assets management module. Designed for accounting and management of fixed assets (maintenance, depreciation).
4) Project management. Supports project planning, management and monitoring.
5) Production planning. Used to organize planning and control of production activities of an enterprise (introduction of specifications, production management).
6) Material flow management. Supports procurement functions (material procurement, warehouse management).
7)Sales. Solves distribution problems.
8) Quality management.
9) Maintenance and repair of equipment. Takes into account costs and plans resources for maintenance.
10) Personnel management. Personnel administration, salary calculation, travel expenses calculation.
11) Information flow management. Links application modules with common ones for all applications (office system with e-mail).
12) Industry solutions. Combines application modules and additional functionality specific to a particular industry.
13)Basic system. SAP R/3 basis. Guarantees integration of all application modules and independence from the hardware platform.
6. Architecture of ERP systems. Client-server architecture type.
It is built on a client-server architecture. It consists of 3 levels:
1)Level of presentations. Manages the dialogue between the end user and the application.
2) Application level. Performs data transformation.
3) Database level. Stores, updates and presents data at the application level.
Depending on the location of these levels, 5 types of system are distinguished: 1) Distributed representation of x/xia in that operations associated with the application level are carried out both on the server and on the terminal. 2) Remote presentation of x/xia in that the applications and database are located on the server, and the application program is on the terminal. 3) Distributed level - logical operations distributed between the server and the terminal. 4) Remote data management - the user interface and logical operations are carried out on the terminal, the databases are located on the server. 5) Distributed database - a database divided into 2 parts: server, terminal.
7. Light, medium, heavy ERP systems. Classification by architecture.
Light ERP- a system capable of using only 1 database server and 1 application server. Disadvantage: impossibility of simultaneous work of a large number of users. To serve a large number of users working simultaneously, complexes are used, launched by lightweight ERP systems, each of which works with its own type of user.
The use of a lightweight ERP complex is advisable in the following cases: 1) All peripheral divisions are engaged in the same type of activity and use a single standard for recording information transmitted to the central office.
2) Not all functionality of the ERP system is used at peripheral facilities.
3) Access to current data of all objects in ONLINE mode is not required.
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When financial resources were added to those taken into account during planning, the term ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) appeared - resource planning on an enterprise scale. The difference between MRP II and ERP concepts is that the former is production oriented while the latter is business oriented. For example, the customer's credit conditions for the shipment of finished products are within the scope of ERP, but not MRP II. OLAP tools, decision support tools - belonging to ERP, but not MRP/MRP II systems.
ERP is an accounting-oriented information system for identifying and planning throughout the enterprise the resources needed to accept, manufacture, ship and record customer orders. An ERP system differs from a typical MRP II system in technical requirements such as a graphical user interface, a relational database, the use of a fourth generation language and the latest computer aided design tools, a client/server architecture, and open system portability. ERP systems automate the internal activities of an enterprise (back-office).
Since the second half of the 90s, there has been a need to develop ERP systems, including tools for automating externally facing functions (front-office). As a result, CRM (Customer Relations Management) and SCM (Supply Chain Management) systems emerged - managing relationships with customers and suppliers, respectively.
CRM (customer relationship management) is an enterprise resource management methodology focused on sales and customer relationships. In a more general sense - management of individual functions of the sales force and technologies for automating these functions (for example, HelpDesk).
To expand functionality when organizing the sphere of interaction between an enterprise and its customers, the CSRP (Customer Synchronized Resource Planning) concept is aimed. Corporate resources covered by the CSRP system serve such stages of production activities as the design of a future product taking into account the specific requirements of the customer, warranty and service.
ERP II systems (Enterprise Resource and Relationship Processing) are the development of ERP systems, management of internal resources and external relations of the enterprise. The interconnection of all subsystems is shown in Fig. 10.2.
Fig. 10.2. Interrelation of subsystems of planning and enterprise resource management
6. Classification of erp systems
There are quite a lot of classification criteria by which both domestic and Western ERP systems can be divided. These include:
functionality (first of all, the difference is manifested in the presence or absence of a production control module);
the scale of the enterprise that the solution is aimed at;
cost of the system implementation project (licenses and services);
implementation timing;
the software and hardware platform used (technical platform, operating system, DBMS server);
availability of industry solutions (it is advisable to use for ERP systems with a production module) and a number of others.
In this regard, the most interesting classification of systems is based on integral indicators. In accordance with this classification, all systems can be divided into 3 groups.
1)Local systems. As a rule, they are designed to automate activities in one or two areas. Often they can be a so-called “boxed” product. The cost of such solutions ranges from several thousand to several tens of thousands of dollars.
2)Financial and management systems. Such systems have much greater functionality, but their distinguishing feature is the absence of production modules. And if in the first category only Russian systems are represented, then here the ratio of Russian and Western is approximately equal. The implementation time for such systems can vary by around a year, and the cost can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars.
3)Medium and large integrated systems. The difference between these systems is quite arbitrary and lies in the presence or absence of industry-specific solutions depending on the scale of the enterprise, including its territorial distribution. The implementation period for such systems can be several years, and the cost ranges from several hundred thousand to several tens of millions of dollars. It should be noted that these systems are intended, first of all, to improve the management efficiency of large enterprises and corporations. In this case, the requirements of accounting or personnel records fade into the background.
In table 10.1 shows some of the Russian and Western systems available on the domestic market, which to one degree or another can be classified as ERP systems.
Table 10.1. Characteristics of ERP systems
|
Product name |
Manufacturer |
Short description |
|
SAP is the undisputed leader in sales volumes of this class of software in Russia. The company holds about 40% of the entire Russian ERP systems market. The R/3 system belongs to the class of large integrated systems and includes modules that significantly expand the scope of the traditional ERP system. The cost of a solution for 50 workstations is approximately $350 thousand. The cost of implementation is at least equal to the cost of licenses, and most often several times higher. The implementation period depends on the required functionality. For Russian enterprises it averages one to two years. One of the most full-scale projects for implementing the R/3 system was carried out at the Omsk Oil Refinery |
||
|
Oracle Applications |
Oracle's position in Russia is significantly weaker than that of its main competitor. However, in the world in the Top100 ranking of Manufacturing Systems magazine for 2000, the Oracle Applications system surpassed R/3 in financial performance and took first place. The lag in Russia can be partly explained by the fact that this solution entered the domestic market much later. The cost of a solution based on Oracle Applications is slightly lower than that based on R/3 (no specific figures were given in the public press). The implementation period for Oracle Applications and R/3 is approximately the same. Among the most famous Oracle Applications implementation projects, we can note the project implemented at the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works |
Continuation of the table. 10.1
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Product name |
Manufacturer |
Short description |
|
This is a Western ERP system present on the Russian market. The system class is the same as the previous two. The cost of a named license (for one specific user) is $3000, the cost of a competitive license (regardless of the number of employees indicates only restrictions on simultaneous connections to the database) is $6000. Implementation in Russia is 1-3 times more expensive than the cost of licenses. Example of implementation - Nizhpharm |
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ERP-class system for enterprises with process (continuous) type of production. Completely localized, successfully implemented in Russia since 1998. There are 3,500 completed implementations in the world, there are implementations in Russia (Mary Kay, Alcoa CSI Vostok, etc.). Low cost and implementation time |
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This system belongs to the class of medium integrated systems. It has quite a lot of implementations at Russian food industry enterprises. Among them we can name the Voronezh confectionery factory |
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Damgaard Data Int. |
An ERP class system designed for automation of medium and large manufacturing and trading enterprises. It is the first ERP system to be completely web-based. An example of system implementation is the RUSSO (Russian Shirts) holding. The total number of installed workstations is 30. The cost of implementation can be approximately several hundred thousand dollars |
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ERP system for large and medium-sized enterprises with a discrete type of production. 5200 completed implementations in the world, 8 in Russia. Completely localized. According to various experts, the system is one of the most powerful solutions for discrete industries (mechanical engineering, light industry, automotive, electronics, etc.)* |
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Parus Corporation |
Belongs to the class of financial and management systems. From a production point of view, it has accounting and simple planning capabilities. Traditionally, the position of corporations in budgetary organizations is very strong |
End of table. 10.1
|
Product name |
Manufacturer |
Short description |
|
"GALAXY" |
Galaktika Corporation |
This system is a leader among Russian enterprise management systems. According to some estimates, its share is about 40% of all Russian suppliers. In terms of sales volumes, the system is second only to R/3. The implementation period highly depends on the selected functionality and the size of the enterprise. For example, the introduction of 100 jobs at Russian Product OJSC took about a year and a half |
|
"BOSS-Corporation" |
IT company |
Integration of accounting functions with the production system will allow this product to accelerate the transition to the class of medium-sized integrated systems. Among the most successful projects, the project to create a financial management system at the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Smelter is noted. |
|
"1C:Production" |
Company 1C |
Although the products of the 1C company belong to the class of local systems, this system cannot be ignored. In its class, 1C occupies a leading position, far ahead of its competitors. 1C products also include the 1C:Production system, which allows, to some extent, to solve the problems of production accounting and planning |
As can be seen from this table, the range of possible solutions is quite large. It should be noted that modern ERP systems are characterized by the development of new functionality associated with going beyond the traditional framework of optimization and automation of transaction processes within the enterprise. This mainly concerns the automation of supply chains (the so-called Supply Chain Management procedures, SCM - supply chain management) and customer relationships (Customer Relationship Management, CRM - customer relationship management). At the same time, the traditional control loop inherent in the ERP system is now called back-office applications (or internal system), and extensions directed “outside” the enterprise are called front-office applications.
Test questions and assignments for topic 10
What tasks are assigned to corporate IP?
What requirements are put forward when developing and implementing a CIS?
List the main tasks of MRP systems.
What functions do MRP II systems perform?
Describe MRP II processes.
What tasks does an ERP system perform?
What is the difference between MRP II and ERP systems?
What subsystems support work with customers and suppliers?
Give a classification of ERP systems.
What ERP systems do you know? Give them a brief description.
An ERP system is a set of integrated applications that create the conditions for automating an enterprise’s business processes for accounting, control, planning and data analysis. The operation of the product is based on the principle of creating a common storage place for important corporate information for the purpose of its subsequent transmission and processing. All divisions of the company have access to such data: financial, production, personnel, planning and others.
Thanks to the centralized collection of information at all stages of the enterprise’s operation, it is possible to significantly optimize production resources. Installing an ERP system is justified by the presence of useful functions:
- the ability to formulate production and sales plans;
- optimization of the amount of inventory in the warehouse and calculation of purchase volumes;
- determination of parameters for the amount of raw materials, taking into account the time required to fulfill the production plan;
- support of technological processes of product creation;
- distribution of production capacity for small and large projects;
- organization of management and financial accounting.
The principle of constructing ERP systems
The structure of ERP systems is based on a modular principle, which makes it possible to cover all significant economic and management processes in the enterprise. Each subsection is responsible for collecting data in its area and is subsequently included in the general database.The structure of the ERP system consists of several levels. The first of them contains basic elements, the second contains auxiliary (or extended) elements. According to this classification, it is most convenient to present the principle of operation of the product.
The basic element includes a module for production management:
- drawing up a plan for using capacity;
- determining the required amount of raw materials;
- warehouse inventory management and purchasing process.
Advanced elements are a collection of the following management modules:
- supplies - forecasting demand for products, logistics in the warehouse, production and sales process, managing the list of contractors;
- production cycle - maintaining the process from design to disposal;
- personnel - planning salary levels, drawing up a work schedule, determining staffing and working out employee motivation;
- communication with counterparties - marketing, sales management and other CRM functions;
- sales - distribution of sales channels, orders, prices and transport;
- finance - formation of the general ledger, distribution of data among accounts payable to debtors and creditors, accounting and reporting.
The ERP system scheme is based on the movement of documents through the listed modules. Initially, primary documents enter the common database for processing as raw data. After sequentially overcoming all production stages, they are transformed into the following form:
- analytical reports;
- graphs and diagrams;
- accounting financial statements;
- forecasts and plans for the next year.
