Wing Chun(Winchun, Yunchongquan) is the name of the kungfu style transmitted in Southern China by a woman named Yim Wing Chun (yim wing chun). According to legend, Im Wing Chun learned this art from the Buddhist nun Nun Ng Mui, famous for her skill in fighting atop the "plum blossom pole."
Today it is difficult to verify the legends about Wing Chun b. The origins have been attributed to Im Wing Chun, Ng Mui and even a community of Shaolin monks who sought more quick way develop superior kung fu skills to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. It is generally accepted that the Wing Chun style is over two hundred years old.
Over time, various branches of the Wingchun style emerged. The best known style today is called the "Ip Man style" or the "Hong Kong style" of Wing Chun. However, even direct students of Ip Man have many differences. Ip Man himself changed the training several times during his life. Some students preferred his early teaching and retained it, while others did their own research and prefer what they discovered themselves. Thus, there are many styles of Wing Chun today. In addition to the Ip Man branch, there are many others.
The best known of these other branches are:
- Yuen kay shan Wing Chun,
- “Red Junk” Wing Chun,
- According to Lai Fa (po lai fa (?) Wing Chun,
- Pan Nam Wing Chun
and several other branches in the Chinese province of Fujian (fatsan) and some other parts of China.
According to master Wang Kiu, a first generation student of the last master Ip Man, Wing Chun is called "Orthodox Shaolin" in Northern China and "Wing Chun" in the South because Im Wing Chun introduced the style there. "Orthodox Shaolin" means that Wing Chun is based on good movements from the various Shaolin martial arts. Master Wang Kiu also believes that the Mantis style and Hsing-Yi are arts related to Wing Chun, as many of their principles and movements are quite similar.
Grand Master Ip Man trained several groups of students and various private students. Recognized eldest of the first students he taught:
- Leung Sheung, first student,
- Lok yiu, second disciple,
- Tsui Shan Ting, third disciple.
Leung Sheun, Lok Yu and Tsui Shan Ting helped the master teach many others. Ip Man's most famous students were Wong Shun Leung in Hong Kong and the legendary Bruce Lee, who moved to the United States in 1959. Bruce Lee was particularly influenced by two senior students of Ip Man whom he admired: Wong Shun Leung and William Cheun. Both of them still teach all over the world. Wong Shun Leung was perhaps the most famous Wing Chun master due to the numerous challenge bouts he won against representatives of many popular kung fu styles.
When Ip Man died, there was no legitimate successor named by him to lead the style. Many of his students achieved great achievements in the arts, so, for political reasons, a special committee was created to oversee future developments. Some students broke away and formed their own organizations. Leung Ting's Wing Chun organization is the largest single kung fu organization in the world. The Traditional Wing Chun organization led by William Cheun follows closely behind. Following intense political competition between various Wing Chun students in the late 1960s to 1980s, the Hong Kong Wing Committee Chun and several shifu around the world are once again trying to unite the Wing Chun family.
About the art of Wing Chun
Wing Chun seems to be one of the simplest styles of Chinese Kungfu. Three sets of unarmed movements capture the essence of this art. Wing Chun also uses a long pole (some branches use a spear) and the popular butterfly knives from Southern China. The training program consists of forms, sticky hands, a set of exercises with a wooden dummy, training with a striking bag and, finally, free sparring.
In fact, there is a large amount of knowledge contained in the “simple” forms of Wing Chun. The first form is called the “Little Idea Form”. This form contains almost the entire theoretical basis of the style. Subsequent forms expand or add something to the concepts of the first form. However, the first form contains the roots of all later techniques. The meaning of the "Lesser Idea Form" is that it is like a seed that contains all the knowledge needed to make your kungfu good. When the seed is properly nurtured, it should grow into a healthy plant. However, when the first form is carefully practiced, then your kungfu will be strong.
Why is Wing Chun popular?
According to Master Wang Kiu, Wing Chun is gem among martial arts. There are other good martial arts, but even among them, Wing Chun stands out. The style is simple, graceful, effective and enjoyable to practice.
The attractiveness of the Wing Chun style lies in its simplicity and depth. Chinese game Go, chess, music and mathematics know that a few well-chosen concepts can create a wealth of expression that can be explored for a lifetime. This is the case in Wing Chun. Some dismiss this style as too simple, while others find enough depth to study for a lifetime.
Economy of action, carried out through the center line theory, is a key idea in Wing Chun. If the action is simple and effective, then it is good Wing Chun. Complex, visually impressive movements are not part of Wing Chun. However, the strike from a distance of two centimeters, the blindfolded sticky hands and the wooden dummy are quite impressive and attract many to this art.
Books about Wing Chun always emphasize that Wing Chun is the art of women. This means that brute force should not be used. Proper positioning, feel, timing and strategy replace brute force. Today there are women just over one and a half meters tall and weighing about fifty kilograms who can defeat much more strong men two meters tall and weighing over one hundred kilograms. This means that good skills can compensate for the difference in size. This was the original purpose of the Wing Chun style.
Having many original training ideas makes it possible to prepare Wing Chun students in a relatively short period of time. Such ideas include wooden dummy training and Chi Sau or sticky hands. Today, many martial arts use some of these ideas in their training.
What is Chi Sau Wing Chun?
Chi Sau is the “trademark” of Wing Chun, which literally means “sticky hands” or “clinging hands.” Basically it is incorrect definition, since Wing Chun fighters do not try to grab or hold the opponent's hands. Instead, Chi Sau provides a heightened sense of awareness that makes the contact reflex better and sharper than that of people unfamiliar with the practice. Many martial arts have a strategy of striking and then retreating. Wing Chun strategy is to maneuver and operate at short range. Wing Chun bridges the gap between hit and run strategy and grappling.
Other martial arts are also trying to incorporate some sort of Chi Sau into their training programs. However, from a Wing Chun perspective, they often miss the purpose of the exercise. Just keeping both hands in contact with your partner and sticking to your opponent regardless of the position of his hands is a bad idea. This kind of free hand play does not lead to good results. The goal of Chi Sau is rather to sense the center line errors that are encountered sharp counterattacks.
Wing Chun training
Wing Chun training continues in a logical order step by step. The first form of Wing Chun provides all the basic principles of the art. The second form teaches you how to close the gap between you and your opponent. A wooden dummy teaches you how to throw an instant punch. “ Sticky hands“they teach what to do if contact is broken.
Students often ask whether Wing Chun has a particular movement? Wing Chun fighters are not limited in the use of movements. Achieving an effective result is the main task. Wing Chun uses strikes with the fist, palm, fingers, edge of the palm, legs, elbows, shoulders, head, knees and hips. Trips and other forms of disrupting the opponent's balance are also part of the art. Strikes that are used at short distances make up the Wing Chun arsenal. Wing Chun is characterized by short, explosive hand attacks, low kicks, and simultaneous attack and defense.
About the different branches of Wing Chun
All branches of Wing Chun practice the same forms and the same tactical and strategic principles. The differences lie in the applications of these forms and principles, the angles of the techniques, the type of sensation and the force used. Some schools believe that a rough and hard approach at the beginning, and a softer approach later, is the way of development. Other schools disagree and prefer a soft approach from the start. Kenneth Chun wrote good article for the Internet regarding this soft approach. In essence, the term “soft” is a misnomer because Wing Chun techniques cannot be “too strong and soft.” The Wing Chun touch can be soft or hard, but is always sticky and sensitive. Hand action is minimal, although in the short term strength is quite important All branches of the style emphasize these ideas.
What is a wooden mannequin used for?
A wooden dummy replaces a person during training. The design of the wooden dummy is such that almost all Wing Chun techniques can be practiced on it. First and foremost: the dummy allows you to practice the position. The mannequin's wooden arms are positioned at fixed angles to its body. This makes the student's movements very precise. All ways of making contact with the opponent and all subsequent movements can be performed with a dummy. A set of techniques with a wooden dummy is taught in most Wing Chun schools. After this, the student improvises freely. All techniques from the complex with a wooden dummy can be performed with a partner. The dummy is especially valuable for training when you do not have any partner. Chi Sau and sparring are also necessary to develop sensitivity and timing.
The dummy is also used as a training device in addition to the sandbag for short range punching training with fists, palms, fingers and legs. The advantage of a dummy over a sandbag is that style defense techniques can also be practiced on it. Ideally, the mannequin is made according to the user's measurements. A properly constructed manikin promotes correct positioning, ensures correct arm angle, correct movement and proper development strength. Other martial arts cannot get the maximum benefit from the Wing Chun wooden dummy without understanding these concepts.
Wing Chun is a style of kung fu that emphasizes hand-to-hand combat, quick strikes and solid defense. In this form of traditional Chinese martial art, the opponent is destabilized by fast footwork, defense and offense that occur simultaneously, and by redirecting the opponent's energy towards himself. In order to achieve mastery in this complex form kung fu takes years, but beginners can begin learning Wing Chun by understanding its principles, mastering the theory, and mastering the basic skills.
Steps
Part 1
Principles of Wing Chun- According to this theory, one should always attack the center line and perform techniques at the level of the opponent's center line.
- The basic open stance in Wing Chun is based on the center line theory. In an open stance, you need to look in front of you, bend your knees, and turn your feet slightly outward. If the enemy is in front of you, then you will be able to attack in the best way, proportioning your strength.
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Use your energy wisely and sparingly. The key principle of Wing Chun is that during a fight, energy should be used sparingly and with restraint. Use your opponent's energy by deflecting or redirecting blows.
- Move prudently and intelligently. The idea is that the body, when coming into contact with the enemy, must travel the shortest distance in the minimum period of time. This allows you to save your own strength.
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Stay relaxed. Strength is wasted if the body is in a tense state. Keep your body relaxed and you will feel more at ease.
- If you have experience with other martial arts (especially "hard styles"), you will have to "empty your glass" or unlearn bad habits. Wing Chun is a soft style with many neutralizing techniques that require you to be "soft" and relaxed. Changing muscle memory and developing relaxation habits can be difficult and time-consuming, but it will benefit you in the future.
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Hone your reflexes. A warrior who uses the Wing Chun technique, thanks to well-developed reflexes, acts in battle in such a way as to interrupt the attack and continue the fight on his own terms.
Change your combat strategy depending on the enemy and surrounding conditions. The opponent can be tall or short, big or small, male or female, and so on. The same applies to the conditions of the battle, which can take place in the rain, in the heat, in the cold, outdoors, indoors, and so on. Be prepared to adapt to any battle conditions.
Learn about Wing Chun forms. Wing Chun is divided into six successive forms, each of which is based on the previous one. In each form, you need to know the correct stance, body position, arm and leg movements, and the balance of forces. These forms include:
- Siu Lim Tao;
- Cham Kiu;
- Biu Ji;
- Mook Yan Chong;
- Luk Dim Boon Kwan;
- Bat Cham Dao.
Part 2
How to Learn Wing Chun-
Find a Wing Chun school. Martial arts schools often focus on one style of martial arts, especially for serious students. Wing Chun schools or clubs may be affiliated with a martial arts association. Search the internet or phone book for the number of your local Wing Chun school.
- Check with your local martial arts schools to see if they teach Wing Chun. They can only teach the basics, and if you are interested in learning Wing Chun in depth, you may have to look elsewhere for advanced classes.
- Meet the sifu (instructor) and ask about his qualifications. How many years has he been practicing? How did he learn Wing Chun?
- Take a Wing Chun class. Get a feel for how Sifu conducts classes and how other students react.
- Personal Wing Chun training is the most preferred method.
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Learn Wing Chun via the Internet or DVDs. Many websites have lessons for self-learning Wing Chun. They typically have videos for various skill levels, as well as flexible subscription prices depending on your level of experience (beginner, intermediate, advanced, etc.) and access to materials. This can be useful if there are no qualified Wing Chun instructors or schools in your area. They can also improve your personal training if you are already attending a Wing Chun school. Choose a DVD package or online course taught by a Grandmaster or Wing Chun Master.
Designate a dedicated study space. Find a place in your home where you can practice Wing Chun. There should be enough space for you to move in all directions. To check this, you can wave your arms and legs. You don't want your movements to be hampered by room furniture.
- Ideally, there should be a mirror in the room so that you can observe your movements.
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Find a partner to train with. Self-study movements will do little good. Sooner or later you will need to start learning how your movements connect with your opponent. Having a partner will make it easier for you to understand how to react to the other person's movements. He could also encourage you and make comments.
Part 3
Siu Lim Tao- First you need to master each section of Siu Lim Tao, and then move on to the next section and start learning other techniques.
- Every movement of the primary form matters. This includes tempo, use of tension and release, angles and distances. The form does not contain methods.
Find out about Siu Lim Tao. Siu Lim (or Nim) Tao, or "little idea", is the basis for many Wing Chun movements. Siu Nim Tao is the first form of Wing Chun and it is here that you will be taught proper stance, body control, relaxation and basic hand movements.
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Master Gong Lik. Gong Lik is the first section of Siu Nim Tao and focuses on good organization and relaxation. You will learn how to take an open stance with your face facing your opponent. Work on keeping your body relaxed.
Master Fa Jing. Fa Jing is the second section of Siu Lim Tao. Fa Jing allows you to develop the release of power. Here you will learn how to apply force and how to maintain strength and energy. Focus on staying relaxed until your hands are ready to strike.
Learn basic skills. The third section of Siu Lim Tao teaches the basic skills of hand movements and blocking, which is the basis for learning other Wing Chun techniques.
Learn about centerline theory. The basic principle of Wing Chun is protecting the center line of the body. Imagine a line that starts from the middle of the crown, runs along the middle chest and lower body. It is the center line of your body that is most vulnerable. She must always be protected.
Part 4
Cham Kiu- Before moving on to the next section and learning other techniques, you must first master each section of Cham Kiu.
- Before learning secondary form, it is necessary to have a good practice in turning the stance (shifting the horse's form from side to side). In the primary form the position is static, so this is very important.
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Master the first section of Cham Kiu. The first section, June, focuses on rotation, stability and structure. In June, in order to beat effectively, the student begins to pay attention to what is around him, even what is behind him. It features moderately difficult hand moves such as Jeep Sau (arm break) and Foot Sau (eye hit).
Master the second section of Cham Kiu. In the second section, or Ser, Cham Kiu, the main emphasis is on evading the enemy's attacks and redirecting that energy towards them. You will learn to first move your arms and legs as a unit, and then independently of each other.
Master the third section of Cham Kiu. The third section of Cham Kiu focuses on the application of force along with arm and leg movements. It also uses a combination of tense arm movements and relaxed body movements to accommodate different fight scenarios. Here you will also practice turning your body to the right and left to develop stability while finding your center line during the fight.
Learn about Cham Kiu. Cham Kiu, or "finding the bridge", introduces full body movements to complement what has already been learned in the basic form of Siu Lim Tau. From Cham Kiu you will learn how to move your entire body correctly and efficiently, paying attention to weight distribution and stability. Foot movements such as turning and kicking are covered here.
Wing Chun is a Chinese school of Wushu whose name can most accurately be translated as “Eternal Spring”.
Wing Chun- a unique type of martial arts in its own right, organically combining rational technique with a clearly structured theory.
This style is characterized by close contact combat, where quick strikes and tight defense are used in combination with a fairly mobile stance.
Traditionally, the origin of the style is associated with the Southern Shaolin Monastery located in Fujian province. There are several versions of the appearance of this style. According to one version, the style was taught to residents of nearby villages by the abbot of Southern Shaolin Zhishan as a health gymnastics.
Based on another legend, the style was created by five masters of this monastery, who developed it in the Spring Praise Hall. Legend number three says that the style was created by the woman Yan Yongchun, either based on the teachings of her father (a former South Shaolin novice), or based on the science of the nun Wumei. However, in the first third of the twentieth century, research was carried out, the result of which was a refutation of the existence of Southern Shaolin, as such. And all the listed characters are nothing more than fiction.
The history of the style can be traced more or less reliably only from the end of the 18th century.
Spread of Wing Chun around the world
It was distributed by the actors of the traveling troupe “Red Junk”. The style traveled with the actors of the troupe and was studied in the first decades of the 19th century. different people in all parts of Gwangdong Province. The style was used by all segments of the population.
In the mid-19th century, two actors from the troupe left the theater and moved to Foshan. Here they taught Wing Chun to the pharmacist Liang Zan. And he, in turn, became the winner in many battles and became known as the “King of Wing Chun”. He privately taught in his pharmacy those who wanted to master this style. After leaving his business and returning to his home village, Liang Zan taught his style to many of his fellow villagers. It was Foshan that became the birthplace of the most famous version of yunchun today.
Im Man the first famous master of Wing Chun
The most famous of the Foshan school is Ye Wen, better known as Ip Man.
From 1949 until his death, Ip Man taught yunchun in Hong Kong, training a huge number of masters and fighters known today. Today in Hong Kong there are many Wing Chun sections, where Ip Man students mainly teach.
But at the same time, there are also many sections where representatives of other areas of Wing Chun teach. Probably the most famous student of the Patriarch of Wing Chun in the West is Li Xiao Long, better known to us as Bruce Lee. Patriarch Ip Man is naturally considered the founder of modern wing chun. And the point is not even that most modern branches of this style go back either to him or to his students. This man’s personal contribution to the development of style cannot be overestimated.
In fact, Ip Man is, first of all, the man who brought Wing Chun out of the shadows and showed the world its power and beauty.
The Vietnamese direction of Ving Chun Kuen dates back to 1939, when the legendary Chinese master Ruan Jiyun came to Hanoi at the request of the Association of Chinese Emigrants in Vietnam.
Today there are many branches of the Wing Chun style, below are some of them:
Fist eternal spring Ip Man.
Fist of Eternal Spring in Fujian Province.
Fist of Eternal Spring by Feng Shaoqing.
Fist praising spring of Buddha's hands.
Fist praising the spring of Gulao Village.
Malay Wenchunkuen.
A fist of praise for the spring of Southeast Asia.
Vietnamese Ving Chun Quen.
As well as the styles of different families.
Fighting style Wing Chun
The Wing Chun Kung Fu fighting system is unique in many ways. martial arts. Wing Chun combines a very aggressive style of fighting with gentleness, designed to stop the fight in the shortest possible time. Wing Chun is also characterized by masterly fighting techniques at medium and close distances.
As you know, in striking styles, the middle distance is the most dangerous, because at this distance it is extremely difficult to defend against enemy strikes. In karate, boxing, kickboxing, and many other styles of kung fu, the fighter stays at mid-range no longer than is necessary to carry out a quick combination, chop, or exchange of blows. After this, a long-distance move or clinch is carried out.
Do not forget that a clinch, as a rule, leads to a move to the ground, which is dangerous in a real fight, especially with representatives of wrestling styles.
Wing Chun fighting technique
Wing Chun Kung Fu has a special fighting technique that makes it possible to protect yourself at this extremely dangerous distance. The fighting technique in Wing Chun is characterized by the principle of simultaneous use of both hands, resulting in pinning the opponent’s hands with a simultaneous attack.
Video: Where and how does wing chun work?
In Wing Chun kung fu technique there are practically no passive methods of defense. Any defense is also an attack, which saves time and does not allow the opponent to seize the initiative, imposing on him a method of combat that is beneficial to you. Most striking styles, such as boxing, karate, kickboxing and other martial arts, are characterized by periodic exchanges of blows. The result of such exchanges is quite difficult to predict because the opponent who has more high speed, greater strength, great importance has a case.
The Wing Chun technique allows you to evade exchanges of blows and chopping. The technique used comes to the fore, and not the principle “whoever is faster and stronger wins.” As a result, it helps to defeat stronger, faster and larger opponents.
Strike technique
Worth paying Special attention on the technique of striking in Wing Chun. It differs from the generally accepted one for percussion styles. All strikes are selected using the principle of energy saving and reach the target along the shortest trajectory, which in turn allows you to stay ahead of the enemy’s actions. The attack is usually carried out on an already immobilized enemy when he is unable to respond effectively.
When moving and striking, the principle of capturing the center line is used, which contributes to the correct distribution of forces. Indirectly, this leads to constant pressure and unbalancing the enemy, often even without special grabs and jerks.
The purpose of creating Wing Chun
Technology and basic principles Wing Chun is based on the teaching of Yin-Yang harmony. Wing Chun is, first and foremost, a self-defense system aimed at stopping combat as quickly as possible. Wing Chun uses fighting techniques that are prohibited in purely sports disciplines, such as strikes to the throat, groin, eyes, pain points, grips and breaks small joints and bones, etc.
Therefore, the Wing Chun technique is not effective in sports fights, since its main focus and potential are lost. When trained by Wing Chun adepts great attention focuses on working with grips, strikes with the edge of the palm and fingers, etc. When using protective equipment such as boxing gloves, pads, or hand wraps, the use of most Wing Chun techniques becomes impossible.
The use of fights in which sports rules can only be used for training purposes.
What does Wing Chun develop?
A distinctive feature of Wing Chun training is Chi Sao - a set of exercises performed in pairs and helping to develop and hone the theories and techniques being studied. Chi Sao develops reaction, sensitivity and coordination, teaches how to correctly use one’s own strength, cope with superior physical strength enemy and take advantage of possible short and medium distances.
Video: Full contact wing chun combat
According to the history that has come down to us, the Wing Chun combat system was created somewhere in the early eighteenth century by a Chinese nun named Ng Mui, who was a novice of the Shaolin Monastery. After some time, Ng Mui decided to pass on her knowledge to a village girl named Yim Yun Chun, who subsequently defeated the village boy who was annoyingly pestering her.
Until the early 50s of the last century given to the system was distributed only in a narrow circle and was even more inaccessible to Europeans and Americans. Patriarch modern history Wing Chun is considered, and not without reason, by the world-famous great master Ip Man. The idol of many fans of various martial arts, film actor Bruce Lee, trained with this renowned master.
- Dim Mak - “delayed death” secret martial art
The technique of the Wing Chun style has long been recognized as impeccable. There is nothing superfluous here, all movements are extremely rational, economical and, moreover, effective. A fight in a given style is very fleeting and ends with an uncountable blow.
The highest skill is considered to be the ability to feel the opponent’s hands. Sometimes leading experts at seminars use the expression “count thoughts in your opponent’s hands.” And this is not without reason, since students pay special attention to the development of hand sensitivity. Also, naturally, all the skills that students acquire, imperceptibly for them, pass into their daily life.
You acquire the skill to feel any important situation in life, try to avoid all sorts of sharp corners, and in a non-standard situation you can always find the right solution and ultimately win. This style is classified as “internal”. Here they try not to resist force, but rather to use the enemy’s strength to achieve victory over him.
Wing Chun has earned its recognition in the world of martial arts due to its simplicity and practicality of technique, which in turn is aimed at only one thing: incapacitating the enemy as much as possible. a short time. The goal during a fight of a fighter of this style is quite simple - to quickly come into close contact with the enemy and, without giving the opponent the opportunity to unleash an attack, carry out a series of crushing blows to vulnerable spots. In the final phase of the fight, knock him to the ground, depriving him of the opportunity to resist, and deliver a series of final blows.
Wing Chun classes at our school are held in Taganskaya and Barrikadnaya stations.
What you need for your first workout
- Comfortable sportswear (pants, T-shirt), preferably black
- Sports shoes with white soles that do not leave marks on the floor
- Desire to learn and willingness to work hard on yourself
Official school uniform You can purchase directly during the lesson.
What happens in Wing Chu classes
- general physical training– each workout begins with a warm-up and ends with an intense cool-down aimed at working out and strengthening the target muscles.
- Practicing basic techniques Wing Chun– repeated repetition of air techniques, which is the basis for creating an effective technical base.
- Working with a partner – testing acquired skills on a living person in conditions close to real combat.
- Working with projectiles – setting up a strike, practicing accuracy and quality.
- Work in equipment - As sufficient technical skills are mastered (but not earlier!), sparring begins in equipment to prepare the fighter for competitions (at the student’s request).
What we definitely don't have
- We do not practice in beautiful colored clothes in the “Chinese” style
- We don't break boards and bricks
- We do not practice “non-contact” combat
- We don’t talk about philosophy, spirituality and energy
- We are not looking for the magic of “secret techniques” and “deadly blows”
Nothing superfluous - just real, complete training, the goal of which is to turn technical elements into reflexive action through repeated practice and apply them effectively.
What to expect from your first Wing Chun training
The first training will be boring - you will master the basic Wing Chun stance, in which you will have to stand for the entire lesson - yes, it will be tedious, difficult, your legs will hurt and your back will ache out of habit, but at the same time the most important foundation of your training will be laid:
- desire to engage;
- patience;
- ability to concentrate on a task;
- and willingness to listen to the Teacher.
If you don't give up and come to the second training session, congratulations!
This means that you have found yours and are truly ready to learn!
Results of regular Wing Chun training
- Development - ambidexterity develops, reaction, agility, and body control increase,
- Are improving physical qualities - you will become more mobile, faster and stronger
- Tactical thinking will develop and the ability to build a battle strategy
- Self confidence guaranteed to rise
