The cardiovascular system is a system that provides blood circulation in the human body. The circulatory system can safely be considered the most important component of the human body. By ensuring the transport of useful substances to vital organs and removing all unnecessary substances (waste) from the body to the excretory system, the cardiovascular system provides us with a full, healthy life.
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels of different calibers, each of which is an integral part of the uninterrupted useful operation of the entire system. The heart, like a motor, drives blood through the vessels, delivering necessary substances and taking away those that are no longer useful. Without such transportation, the human body would not have such an important immunity, without which it is common to constantly get sick or even worse...
Unfortunately, even such an important and powerful organ as the heart, and consequently its assistants - the blood vessels, can get sick... and due to the heavy load they do this most often. Of all the diseases, it is diseases of the cardiovascular system are leaders. People over 40 years of age are most susceptible to cardiovascular diseases.
The most common diseases are:
- Atherosclerosis;
- Varicose veins veins;
- Hypertension;
- Coronary heart disease (CHD);
- Heart failure;
- Arrhythmia.
Drug treatment of the cardiovascular system
Medication treatment of the heart and blood vessels occurs quite often. Each disease has its own drugs used to treat it. Of course, drugs and medications can alleviate the disease, but medications have a lot side effects. Moreover, in no case should you prescribe treatment for yourself. medicines, based on the advice of friends or information on the Internet, be sure to CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR, which will tell you more accurately what you can take and what you shouldn’t even think about.
Treatment is cardiac vascular diseases in a sanatorium
In Russia and the CIS countries there are many sanatoriums with a cardiology department and a license for treatment cardiovascular diseases . Spa treatment diseases of the heart and blood vessels in the sanatorium are carried out using various techniques, including lung drug treatment and treatment with natural healing factors present in the resort.
When choosing a sanatorium, you must take into account the resort where it is located, because... In addition to diseases of the cardiovascular system, you may also be accompanied by concomitant diseases with which visiting a particular resort is contraindicated. So, for example, if the disease does not allow you to tolerate the heat, you should not go to the resorts of Crimea in July, because... This is just the hottest time of the year. Unfortunately, not everyone pays attention to this, and in order to prevent such cases, we recommend consulting with a spa specialist who can not only refer you to a resort for the main disease, but also take into account all the associated ones and ultimately choose the best option for treatment and rest.
A person suffering from heart and vascular diseases must constantly take care of his health. This is not only a correct lifestyle and following the doctor’s recommendations, but also periodic visits to cardiological sanatoriums, which will help maintain health and well-being. It is these sanatoriums that we will talk about in this article.
Many years of experience show that the influence of resort factors, as well as additional methods of physiotherapy, can significantly improve a person’s condition. Cardiovascular sanatoriums are often recommended for patients at the rehabilitation stage, as well as in the presence of many chronic diseases of the heart and blood vessels in the non-acute stage and when the condition is stable. During a stay in a sanatorium, a person can have a good rest, gain strength and spend additional treatment which will help avoid exacerbations of diseases.
Such treatment can be carried out after inpatient treatment in the form of rehabilitation and in the form of periodic maintenance rehabilitation. The necessary conditions for such patients can be provided by cardiovascular sanatoriums, where the patient’s condition, the severity of the disease, the nature and degree of the body’s response to the action of natural healing factors are adequately taken into account. The medical staff of the cardiological sanatorium will take into account all the health characteristics of the incoming patient, and the resulting vacation will be useful and enjoyable.
Indications for visiting the sanatorium
Sanatorium-resort treatment can cause significant improvements in the patient’s condition, so after a trip to the sanatorium, your heart will be grateful to you! Spa treatment can be prescribed for the following diseases:
- at the stage of recovery after myocardial infarction (with stable condition and after hospital treatment)
- endomyocarditis with a minimal degree of process activity, condition after myocarditis (after the disappearance of signs of process activity and with minor circulatory failure)
- heart defects (with minor circulatory failure)
- angina with mild attacks
- cardiomyopathy without adverse rhythm disturbances and minor circulatory failure
- hypertension (up to stage 2) without vascular crises, adverse rhythm disturbances and circulatory failure
- arterial hypotension
- residual effects after phlebitis (without acute effects).
In some cases, spa treatment with special individual approach recommended for patients even after surgery.
What to pay attention to
It is important to understand that diseases of the cardiovascular system are often contraindications for many procedures. If you want to visit a sanatorium, consult with the supervising cardiologist, who will tell you when and which sanatorium is best to go to for relaxation.
Also, for these diseases it is very important to correctly determine the location of the chosen sanatorium. Patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases do not always tolerate climate change well, and in this case, sanatoriums located in a climate zone similar to their place of residence can be a good option. Currently, the choice of sanatoriums is quite wide, and you can choose exactly the one in which you will be most comfortable.
To expand the reserve capabilities of the cardiovascular system and maintain physical performance, various options for spa treatment can be offered. Usually this is special rehabilitation cardiology: sanatoriums often offer a similar selected set of rehabilitation measures, adjusted for a specific patient by a rehabilitation specialist. Such programs vary and include a variety of treatments, including physical therapy.
After completing the course, patients feel healthier, not only their well-being improves, but also their mood. The programs may include aerotherapy, heliotherapy, massage, balneotherapy, some types of physiotherapy, exercise therapy, etc.
Children's cardiological sanatoriums often recommended for children with congenital heart defects, depending on the type of defect and the child’s condition.
Contraindications to spa treatment
Unfortunately, a doctor cannot always recommend a sanatorium. Cardiovascular diseases are sometimes a contraindication for visiting even a special sanatorium. With caution, patients with cardiovascular diseases with significant circulatory disorders, with severe atherosclerosis and severe vascular damage, with hypertension of more than the second degree and with a tendency to cerebrovascular accidents, with severe symptoms of angina are sent to the sanatorium, especially with a significant change in climatic conditions. and frequently recurring attacks, etc.
Spa treatment: prevention of heart attacks and strokes
Sanatorium-resort treatment in cardiological sanatoriums:
– reduces the risk of heart attacks by 7 times in people with coronary heart disease 1
– reduces the risk of myocardial infarction and strokes by 5 times in patients suffering from hypertension 2
– with hyperlipedemia, a higher clinical effect is achieved in the early asymptomatic stages of the disease 3
“ WHO states: cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. In the Russian Federation, disorders of the circulatory system, the mortality rate from which is 2 times higher than the European average, occupy first place in the structure of primary disability; in terms of the number of cases and duration of temporary disability, they are in third place.
The main resort factors and methods of resort therapy for the prevention and rehabilitation of diseases of the circulatory system: climatotherapy, balneotherapy with carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and radon waters, hydrotherapy, as well as hardware methods of physiotherapy against the background of adequate drug therapy.
Climatic resorts: seaside, mountain, forest
The influence of various climatic factors on cardiac patients, such as sunbathing, sea bathing, and air baths, differs significantly from the adaptation reaction of healthy people. The acclimatization process may be accompanied by a deterioration in well-being: with coronary heart disease, angina attacks may become more frequent or more severe, and in patients with cerebral atherosclerosis, they may intensify headache, dizziness.
The first days of your stay at the mountain resort, with a reduced oxygen content in the air, will require a plains resident to mobilize adaptive mechanisms in order to properly supply the body with oxygen. As a rule, symptoms of mountain sickness do not occur when rising to an altitude of up to 2000 m above sea level, however, in cardiac patients, the adverse effects of mountain climate can also manifest themselves in mid-mountain resorts. In Kislovodsk (altitude 800-1200 m above sea level), in the first days you should not go for a walk along the entire route of the health path, limiting yourself to the central part of the Resort Park (altitude up to 1000 m).
In the hot climate of southern resorts The body loses heat only through sweating. At high temperatures and high air humidity in the conditions of resorts in the humid subtropics (Sochi), evaporation from the body surface is difficult, which leads to disruption of thermoregulation. Cardiac patients and elderly people may experience increased body temperature, increased respiration and pulse, and hyperemia skin with a relative decrease in blood supply to internal organs, blood thickening. These phenomena are especially intensified during muscle load. Solar irradiation increases blood clotting properties with possible thrombus formation in blood vessels and the development of myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke.
When choosing a resort or sanatorium for diseases of the circulatory system, patients with meteotropic reactions should refrain from traveling to resorts with contrasting climatic conditions, choosing sanatoriums in the climatic zone of residence or southern resorts in the off-season.
The velvet season in the resorts of the South of Russia is preferable due to favorable weather conditions, the possibility of sea swimming and sunbathing, and the abundance of fruits in the diet, which is one of the leading factors in spa treatment for diseases of the circulatory system and metabolic syndrome.
IMPORTANT:limit physical activity inthe first days of stay at the resort, during the acclimatization period
Thalassotherapy has an effect on the cardiovascular system due to a complex of factors: sea water, aerosol of sea water salts, air ions of sea coasts, solar radiation. The totality of physiological changes in the circulatory system in the conditions of seaside resorts indicates an improvement in blood supply and metabolic processes in the myocardium, central hemodynamics, specific vascular resistance is normalized, arterial pressure.
When swimming in the sea, one should take into account the influence of thermal, mechanical and chemical factors. Sea water has a stimulating effect similar to that of sodium chloride baths, especially in patients with low blood pressure. When swimming, blood pressure increases and heart rate increases. When swimming calmly for 5-10 minutes after leaving the sea, cardiac indicators normalize within 5 minutes and often improve compared to the initial state. Bathing is always accompanied by an increased emotional state, so the load is easily tolerated and is not subjectively assessed as excessive, however, it can lead to serious complications from the cardiovascular system. It is necessary to take into account the influence of solar radiation, especially its ultraviolet part, which can penetrate water to a depth of 1 m.
Sea bathing is prescribed on days free from mineral baths, or no earlier than 2 hours after them.
(walking along the intended route) is one of the methods of physical training for diseases of the circulatory system. Alternating tension and relaxation during ascents and descents while walking along a path creates favorable conditions for the functioning of the circulatory, respiratory and nervous system. During walks, a person is simultaneously affected by the climate and the surrounding nature, having a hardening effect and a positive effect on the psycho-emotional sphere, which significantly enhances the healing effect of therapeutic walking along health paths. At mountain climatic resorts, for example, Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk, health resort routes are prescribed by a health resort doctor.
Physical activity should be dosed by the length of the route, the angle of ascent, the pace of walking, the number and duration of rest stops, limiting the load in the first days of your stay at the resort.
Hydrotherapy and balneotherapy in a cardiological sanatorium
Hydrotherapy in the form of medicinal baths, has proven itself well in the sanatorium-resort treatment of cardiac patients. Short-term cold and hot showers increase the tone of the vascular system. Contrast procedures, directing blood flow either to the skin or deep into the body, improve microcirculation, normalize blood pressure, increase the contractile function of the myocardium, and stimulate all types of metabolism.
Baths (mineral and fresh with various additives and gas, full and partial) form the basis of hydrotherapy and balneotherapy in cardiology. All baths, fresh and of different mineral composition, have a thermal and hydrostatic effect. In all cardiac patients (hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart defects without circulatory and heart rhythm disturbances), after baths there is a decrease in heart rate, an increase in stroke index, a decrease in blood pressure and specific peripheral vascular resistance. Hydrostatic pressure, which when taking medicinal baths is calculated within 20-30 cm of water column, can impede the work of the heart due to some compression of the peripheral veins and an effect on the abdominal area. Although this pressure is insignificant, it nevertheless has to be taken into account when prescribing baths for patients with cardiovascular disorders. Therefore, for people with heart disease, baths with immersion under water up to the level of the heart are recommended, and in case of circulatory problems, half-baths.
Elderly people and patients with circulatory disorders, in order to avoid vascular collapse, should release the water before leaving the bath.
Contraindications to the use of shared baths are a tendency to dynamic disorders of cerebral and coronary circulation, circulatory failure above stage I B, pronounced phenomena of atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis with chronic coronary insufficiency of the second and third groups, hypertension stage III B, recent myocardial infarction (up to a year) or stroke, severe angina pectoris
The gas and mineral composition of mineral waters determine the principles of differentiated choice of resort for diseases of the cardiovascular system.
Carbon dioxide baths– one of the most effective methods of balneotherapy and resort treatment in general for diseases of the circulatory system. The effect of carbon dioxide baths is explained by the contrast irritation of the skin with bubbles of carbon dioxide (t° 12 ° C) and warm water, which is called a “gas brush”, which is manifested by an intense expansion of skin capillaries, a decrease in internal temperature body and venous blood. The second mechanism of action is chemical, due to carbon dioxide, which enters the body with inhaled air and through the skin. When taking carbon dioxide baths, peripheral vessels dilate, blood circulation in the vessels of the heart increases, the coronary-constricting effect at the level of the central nervous system is suppressed, the contractile function of the myocardium improves, the energy supply of the heart and endurance increase. physical activity, oxygen consumption by the heart muscle decreases, the heart rate slows down, and blood pressure decreases.
Indications for prescribing carbon dioxide baths for cardiac patients. As a result of complex spa treatment with the use of carbon dioxide baths, attacks of angina disappear or are reduced, a decrease in sensations of interruptions in heart function at rest and during physical activity, with hypertension blood pressure decreases. Under the influence of carbon dioxide baths, lipid metabolism increases, the level of cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in patients with atherosclerosis decreases, and the breakdown of fats and fat-like substances increases. In case of hyperlipedemia without clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, balneotherapy with carbonic water helps to reduce elevated levels of total cholesterol and reduce body weight.
Contraindications: coronary heart disease, angina pectoris III-IV class, mitral heart defects, hyperthyroidism.
Dry air carbon dioxide baths have the same beneficial properties, like water baths, but are easier to tolerate due to the absence of the loading effect of water on the heart and therefore can be used by more severely ill patients, including those who have suffered a myocardial infarction, in the early phase of rehabilitation in urban balneotherapy hospitals or suburban cardiological sanatoriums.
Radon waters have a therapeutic effect due to the alpha radiation of radon. 2.5 hours after the radon procedure, radon is completely eliminated from the body, and after another two hours the daughter products disappear.
Radon baths have a hypotensive effect, normalizing the lipolytic enzymatic system, fibrinolytic activity of the blood, and the permeability of blood capillaries. A decrease in peripheral vascular resistance under the influence of radon baths helps to improve the contractile function of the myocardium. As a result of a course of treatment with radon baths, blood pressure decreases, the number of extrasystoles and episodes of “silent” myocardial ischemia decreases.
Indications for prescribing radon baths for cardiac patients.
Radon baths are used in the treatment of patients suffering from uncomplicated arterial hypertension of the I-II degree, vegetative-vascular dystonia By hypertensive type, especially against the background of neurosis, hyperthyroidism with arterial hypertension, angina pectoris of functional classes I-II, arrhythmias of low grades, atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels, obliterating endarteritis, postthrombophlebitic syndrome.
Radon baths are contraindicated patients with sick sinus syndrome, bradycardia less than 60 beats per minute, slowing of atrioventricular conduction.
Sulfide (hydrogen sulfide) waters in terms of their influence on the circulatory system, they occupy one of the first places among all resort medicinal factors. Sulfide water, acting through local mechanisms for regulating vascular tone and through vasomotor centers, causes dilation of skin capillaries and arterioles, increases the number of functioning capillaries, accelerates blood flow in them and the reaction of skin redness, known in Russia as the “Matsestin reaction”. A course of balneotherapy in the form of general and two- and four-chamber hydrogen sulfide baths improves the contractile function of the myocardium, improves hemodynamics, helps reduce hypercholesterolemia and increase lipolytic activity of the blood, has a hypotensive effect in patients with hypertension, and tolerance to physical and orthostatic stress.
Hydrogen sulfide baths are shown patients with hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease with a fairly high coronary reserve (very rare and mild attacks of angina), with atherosclerotic lesions of peripheral vessels with concomitant diseases of the musculoskeletal system (osteochondrosis of the spine, inflammatory and metabolic diseases of the joints) and the peripheral nervous system .
Contraindications to the administration of hydrogen sulfide baths to cardiac patients: coronary heart disease, angina pectoris III FC, heart failure stage II, vegetative-vascular dysfunctions, severe cerebral atherosclerosis, toxic-allergic reactions to hydrogen sulfide,
Carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide baths(Essentuki, Pyatigorsk) have a beneficial effect on patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries of the heart and blood vessels of the brain, due to the cumulative effect of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Sodium chloride (salt) baths have an effect on the body due to mechanical, thermal and chemical actions. The mechanical action is manifested by a buoyancy force, the greater the degree of mineralization of the baths. The heat flow into the body from sodium chloride waters is 1.5 times higher than from fresh water. Absorbed heat expands the superficial vessels of the skin and increases its blood flow by 1.2 times. The chemical effect of sodium chloride waters is realized due to the salt cloak, which irritates skin receptors and increases the flow of afferent impulses entering the brain. The stimulating effect of sodium chloride baths is especially noticeable in patients with low blood pressure, which increases under the influence of baths. Salt baths have a training effect as a result of a favorable restructuring of central and peripheral hemodynamics. The hypotensive effect when using general sodium chloride baths occurs due to a pronounced effect on peripheral vascular resistance.
Sodium chloride baths help improve blood circulation, microcirculation and tissue trophism, eliminate blood hypercoagulation and normalize immunological processes. During a course of treatment, there is a decrease in blood viscosity, aggregation and adhesive ability of platelets, and an increase in subcutaneous and muscle blood flow (trace effect). Sodium chloride waters have a training and antiarrhythmic effect on patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) with extrasystole. At the same time, there is an increase in physical performance and coronary heart reserve; reduction in the number of ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles, manifestations of painful and “silent” myocardial ischemia. An important clinical effect of sodium chloride baths is their ability to normalize vascular tone, especially increase the tone of the peripheral veins.
Sodium chloride baths are indicated patients with atherosclerosis in its very initial stage with moderately expressed asthenic syndrome, stage I-II hypertension, arterial hypotension, autonomic-vascular disorders, peripheral vascular diseases. Resorts with sodium chloride waters can be recommended for cardiac patients with concomitant diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Contraindications:
water have a more gentle effect on the cardiovascular system compared to other balneological procedures. Iodine, as one of the main components of iodine-bromine baths, has a direct effect on microcirculation processes, elastic properties of the vascular wall, rheological properties of blood, and lipid metabolism. Bromine ions enhance inhibition processes in the cerebral cortex and help restore the disturbed ratio of excitation and inhibition processes, which affects the course of diseases of the cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension). Iodine-bromide waters cause expansion and increase in the number of capillaries, reduce blood viscosity and accelerate blood flow. The lipotropic effect of iodine bromide waters is more pronounced than that of sodium chloride waters, which is manifested by an improvement in the morphofunctional state of the myocardium and a decrease in the morphological signs of atherosclerosis in the vessels. Iodine-bromine baths have a vasodilating, diuretic and hypotensive effect.
A course of use of iodine-bromine baths improves coronary circulation, myocardial contractile function, increases the fibrinolytic activity of the blood suppressed in atherosclerosis, reduces its coagulation properties and the aggregation ability of platelets, which is accompanied by the disappearance of pain in the heart, headaches, insomnia, and an improvement in overall well-being.
Indications and contraindications: general for spa treatment in cardiology (see below)
Oxygen baths and pearl baths enrich the skin with oxygen, stimulate tissue respiration, improve blood circulation, and activate metabolic processes. have a calming effect, reduce increased general excitability, vascular reactivity and blood pressure. They are relatively easily tolerated by patients and are prescribed to those for whom other balneological procedures (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and radon baths) are contraindicated due to the state of the cardiovascular system.
Scented with the addition of aromatic oils have a positive effect on the function of the cardiovascular system, has a beneficial effect on the course of coronary heart disease, since the components of some essential oils dilate coronary vessels, improve oxygen supply to the heart muscle, and can normalize blood pressure levels.
Drinking treatment with mineral waters used to correct lipid metabolism, which is due to their ability to improve functional state liver, enhance the conversion of cholesterol into bile acids and remove bile into the intestines. WITH mineral water The body receives biologically active elements (iodine, manganese, zinc, etc.), the metabolism of which is disrupted in atherosclerosis.
Mud therapy used for peripheral vascular diseases: varicose veins, consequences of thrombophlebitis. Mud enhances peripheral blood circulation, promotes more intense movement of red blood cells, the transfer and release of oxygen, and improves tissue oxygenation and metabolism. Under the influence of mud procedures, coronary circulation improves, myocardial contractility and peripheral resistance change. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the limitations for prescribing therapeutic mud in the form of classical applications. Recently, gentle methods of mud therapy and biological active drugs peloids (mud extracts, humisol, etc.).
All resort prevention and rehabilitation programs in cardiology are compiled individually, taking into account concomitant and concomitant diseases. When prescribing therapeutic exercises for cardiac patients, take into account the level physical activity, exercise tolerance (based on fitness testing data), climatic conditions of the resort.
Indications for spa treatment for diseases of the circulatory system
- Rheumatic heart defects (I05—I08)
- Hypertension (I10—I15)
- Coronary heart disease (I20—I25)
- Peripheral vascular diseases (I70-I87)
- Hypotension (I95)
- Condition after surgical treatment (I97)
- “Neurosis of the heart” or NCD (F 45.3)
- Congenital heart defects (Q20–Q28)
- Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and other lipidemias (E78)
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Russia is a country in two parts of the world, a state whose territory covers the sandy Baltic spit and the rocky islands of Chukotka, stretches from the northern Arctic latitudes to the subtropics. Russia has unimaginable wealth - cultural and historical heritage, protected forests and untouched spaces. The elegant streets of St. Petersburg and the architectural monuments of Kaliningrad compete with the architecture of ancient cities - multi-domed churches and merchant houses, and the beaches of the Black Sea coast compete with the northern forests of Karelia and the ridges of the Ural Mountains. Geography Russia is the largest country on our planet by area, occupying 17.1 million square kilometers. The state is located in Eurasia and covers both parts of the continent. About a third of Russia's territory is located in Eastern Europe, and the rest belongs to northern Asia. Russian shores are washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to the Arctic, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the waters of the endorheic Caspian Sea. Russia lies on large platforms, so its topography is predominantly flat. In the west of the country stretches the undulating Central Russian Plain, separated by the ridge of the Ural Mountains from the Siberian Plateau. In the south of Russia there are the Caucasus mountain systems with the highest point of the country - Mount Elbrus, Sayan and Altai. In the Far East, the peaks of extinct and active volcanoes soar upward. There are about 2.5 million rivers and 3 million lakes in Russia. Most rivers are flat in nature, but there are also turbulent mountain rivers in Russia with rocky, rapids beds. The country's largest rivers are the Ob, Lena, Irtysh, Yenisei and Volga. The lake region of Russia is Karelia, where the largest lakes in Europe are located - Ladoga and Onega; in Eastern Siberia there is the deepest lake on the planet - Baikal. The flora of Russia is a velvet of mosses and lichens in the taiga tundra, coniferous forests encircling the glacial lakes of Karelia, oak forests and birch groves, feather grass and fescue steppes, broad-leaved Far Eastern forests, subtropical flora on the Black Sea coast. Nature protection zones have been created in Russia, there are 42 national parks and 71 nature reserves. Climate The territory of Russia covers several climatic zones: Arctic and subarctic on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and in the northern regions, temperate, subtropical on the Black Sea coast. However, most of the country is characterized by a climate of temperate latitudes: continental, temperate continental, sharply continental and monsoon in the Far East. In general, Russia has a long, snowy and cold winter. Depending on the region, average January temperatures range from 6 to −50 °C. Summer in most of Russia is moderately warm with an average temperature from 1 °C in the northern regions to 25 °C on the Black Sea coast. Time The territory of Russia covers 11 time zones: Kaliningrad time - MSK−1 (UTC+2) Language Official language of Russia: Russian. Subjects of the Russian Federation have the right to establish state and official languages used on an equal basis with Russian. The most common foreign languages in Russia are Ukrainian, Belarusian and German. English language widely used in business and tourism as a means of international communication, mainly in large cities. Population The population of Russia is 142 million people. About 80% of the population are Russians. In total, representatives of more than 200 nationalities and nationalities live in the country. Currency Official currency: ruble (RUB). Customs regulations Undeclared import and export of currency is limited to an amount equivalent to 10,000USD. Duty-free import of goods for personal consumption is limited - alcohol and cigarettes: a liter of alcohol, up to 50 cigars or cigarillos, or 200 cigarettes, or 250 grams of tobacco, as well as goods and things for personal use: clothing, toiletries, jewelry, photographic and film equipment . Jewelry, artistic and cultural values, works of art, psychotropic and potent medicinal substances, ammunition and weapons are subject to mandatory declaration. Connection In Russia, cellular communication services are provided by more than a hundred operators, the largest of which are the so-called “Big Three” - mobile operators MTS, Megafon and Beeline. The remaining companies have a significantly smaller number of clients and provide services in certain regions. SIM cards from the Big Three operators can be purchased everywhere - in stores, mobile phone stores, and post offices. Russia's telephone code is +7. To call Russia on a mobile phone, dial +7-subscriber number*** Mains voltage Mains voltage 220 volts. Tourism Russia has opportunities for any type of tourism. The rich historical heritage has served to create excursion routes and educational tours, the long Black Sea coast is a traditional region of beach and active recreation, and ski resorts in Russia are rapidly developing. One of the main types of tourism in the country is health tourism. Over the centuries, a system of resort treatment has developed in Russia - at sources of mineral waters, medicinal mud, in places with favorable climate There are sanatoriums and spa hotels. Traditions/peculiarities. Russia has preserved many customs and traditions that go back centuries. Every spring, in large cities and very small towns they say goodbye to winter on a grand scale - they bake pancakes and burn a straw effigy of Maslenitsa, in the summer in villages they celebrate Ivan Kupala Day, and the main winter holiday is New Year. One of the main features of the Russian people was and remains hospitality, which is most manifested in the feast. A traditional Russian meal includes first, second and third courses - soups and stews, baked poultry or meat, all kinds of baked goods - pies and pies. Dishes of national cuisine are presented in all their richness in restaurants. Daily cabbage soup, roast, sbitni and tinctures are served in the best establishments. Safety The safety of tourists in Russia is ensured by the forces of law and order. Since June 2014, tourist police units began operating in a number of regions, patrolling busy pedestrian streets, squares and parks. In general, Russia is a safe country for tourists. However, to prevent unpleasant incidents, you should adhere to standard safety rules - do not leave personal belongings unattended, do not carry a wallet in the back pocket of your trousers or in an easily accessible place, beware of deserted and unlit places in the dark, do not use the services of unofficial taxi drivers, do not change currency at individuals. Documentation The list of documents required during vacation includes:
If a tourist will relax in a sanatorium-resort institution and receive medical procedures, then you need a sanatorium-resort book, which can be obtained from a general practitioner. Children accompanied by adults must have a birth certificate or passport, medical insurance. Important phone numbers Emergency numbers in Russia:
Tourism The choice of tourist destinations in Russia is wider than anywhere else. Peculiarities geographical location And historical development allowed the formation of resort regions in the country, which are characterized by one or another type of recreation. Beach holiday. There are many resorts in Russia offering a comfortable holiday on the sea coast. The traditional region of beach tourism in our country is the Krasnodar Territory. It is here that the summer capital of Russia is located - Sochi, the famous resorts of Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler, and the resort of Yeisk, located on the coast of the Azov Sea. Beach holidays are offered by Crimean resorts. Sanatoriums, resort hotels, private and city beaches stretch along the entire coast of the peninsula. The main destinations are Alushta, Evpatoria, Kerch, Koktebel, Saki, Sevastopol, Sudak, Feodosia, Yalta, the villages of Kurortnoye, Nikolaevka, Peschanoe and Shchelkino. Sanatorium treatment carried out in almost all regions of Russia. Sanatoriums, resorts and medical centers operate at sources of mineral waters, healing mud, and in places with favorable climatic conditions. The most famous balneological resorts in the country are Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk, Kislovodsk and Pyatigorsk. Rich traditions of using natural factors have been formed in the Crimea, especially in Saki and Yevpatoria, where the first mud resorts opened. Sanatorium-resort treatment is carried out on the coast of the Krasnodar region, in Moscow, Ryazan, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Tver and Tula regions, in the Urals. In the northern and northwestern regions of the country there are medical resorts Marcial Waters, Sestroretsk, Svetlogorsk and Zelenogradsk; the largest resort in Siberia is Belokurikha. Excursion tours in Moscow, the Golden Ring of Russia, Pskov, Uglich, Veliky Novgorod, Vologda and Nizhny Novgorod allow travelers to get acquainted with the historical heritage of ancient Russian cities - ancient temples with gilded domes, ancient fortresses and castles, city mansions and merchant houses. Dozens of excursion routes run through the territory of Kazan, St. Petersburg and its environs - Peterhof, Lomonosov and Kronstadt. Educational tourism in Crimea involves visiting royal palaces, nature reserves and cave cities. Ski tourism in Russia is experiencing rapid growth. The country has large mountain systems and modern ski resorts. In the Krasnodar Territory, on the slopes of the Main Caucasus Range, the Krasnaya Polyana resort is located. The level of service and modern infrastructure of Krasnaya Polyana during the Winter Olympic Games were appreciated by tourists and athletes from all over the world. The resort has the most modern equipment, pistes of various levels with a total length of 72 km, ski villages with comfortable hotels. Among the high-mountainous resorts of Russia, ski holidays are offered by the Dombay and Elbrus region complexes, Abzakovo-Bannoye in the Urals. Each of the resorts has the necessary infrastructure and comfortable accommodation conditions. Weekend tours. The most popular destinations for weekend holidays are the cities of the Moscow region and the surrounding area major cities in different regions of the country. Short stay programs are offered by tourist centers, sanatoriums, spa hotels and hotels. Children's holiday. Traditionally, summer health camps for children are located on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory - in Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse and Sochi, in Crimea - in the resorts of Evpatoria and Yalta, in the village of Peschanoye. Children's sanatoriums and camps are available in different regions of the country - Moscow, Kaluga, Leningrad and Rostov regions. Leisure. There are many places in Russia where you can indulge in sports, active pastime, and extreme tourism. Baikal attracts not only with its natural beauty, but also with the opportunity hiking, scuba diving, hunting and fishing, ATV riding, cycling and horseback riding. In the warm season, trekking, horseback riding, and rafting on mountain rivers are organized for tourists at resorts Gorny Altai, in Dombay and Krasnaya Polyana. In Crimea there are opportunities for mountaineering and hang gliding, mountain climbing, trekking, horseback riding, diving, and sea fishing. Active recreational activities in the north include sleigh rides, dog sledding and reindeer sledding. Conditions for active activities - hunting, fishing, hiking, cycling and horse riding - are available in Central Russia. Visa To visit the Russian Federation, citizens of most countries require a national visa. Visa-free entry for a period not exceeding 90 days is allowed to citizens of the CIS countries (except Turkmenistan), Abkhazia and South Ossetia, a number of South American countries, and a number of Balkan countries. The basis for obtaining a Russian visa for foreign tourists is an Invitation from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation or from a travel company that is included in the Federal Register of Tour Operators, which gives it the right to provide visa support to foreigners. The most famous attractions
Gurzuf
New World
Suzdal
Uglich
Pereslavl-Zalessky
Rostov
Kostroma
Transport component The transport system of Russia includes aviation, rail, sea and road communications. Air transport. There are 236 airports in Russia, more than 70 of them have international status. The country's largest airports are Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo in Moscow, Pulkovo Airport in St. Petersburg, Koltsovo in Yekaterinburg and Adler in Sochi. Moscow airports are connected to the capital by high-speed Aeroexpress trains. Russian air carriers operate domestic and international flights. Russian railways serve more than 124,000 km of tracks. Large cities have passenger stations, and small towns have railway stations. Trains run between cities long distance, commuter electric trains also operate. The Trans-Siberian railway line runs through the entire country, connecting Moscow and Vladivostok. You can view the schedule of long-distance trains and commuter trains and purchase a ticket on the Russian Railways website http://pass.rzd.ru The total length of Russian highways is 1,000,000 km. By sea transport Intercity and international passenger transportation is carried out. Marine terminals operate in Sochi, St. Petersburg, Murmansk and Nakhodka. Navigation is carried out along rivers and canals. The length of river routes is 200,000 km. Metro available in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Yekaterinburg and Novosibirsk. In each of the above cities, the metro has its own characteristics - for example, the capital has the most developed metro network, and the Novosibirsk metro has only 12 stations. Ground transport in Russian cities These are buses, trolleybuses, tram lines and minibuses. The most convenient and accessible way to travel around cities is by buses and minibuses. Every relatively large city has bus terminals or bus stations connected by direct flights to regional centers. Taxi and car rental. There are official and unofficial taxi drivers in Russian cities; it is not recommended to use the services of the latter due to high risk being cheated or overcharged. Dispatch desks of official taxi companies are usually located in the arrival halls of airports, train stations and bus stations. If you have a driver's license and at least one year of driving experience, you can rent a car. This service is offered by both large international companies Sixt, AVIS and Europcar, as well as small private companies. In most companies, the rental service with return in another city is limited to a small number settlements, or not provided at all.
* payment in rubles at the Central Bank rate (+ 2%) on the day of booking Information on the conclusion and termination of an insurance contract, the scope of insurance obligations, the actions of the parties upon the occurrence of an insured event, the procedure for paying insurance compensation and other necessary information for the insured tourist are specified in the insurance rules. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
