The cinema has taught us that a shot in the forehead leads to the fact that the target either immediately begins to suffer from astigmatism and frantically squints his eyes towards the treasured hole, or simply rolls his eyes and falls like a pillar to the ground. At the same time, the arms, of course, sag like whips, the legs give way, and if the villain was holding someone back, then the freed hostage runs away from the scene unharmed.
In reality, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, it’s somehow uncivilized to criticize cinema for such moments. In the end, for obvious reasons, they do not show how to properly open the veins.
In fact, in a situation where it is necessary that as a result of a shot the enemy does not have time to press anything (the trigger on a weapon, a button on a bomb), they shoot not in the forehead, but in the mouth. Or just under the nose (in the upper lip).
Why do you have to shoot in the mouth?
The reason for this is the simplest: human anatomy. The fact is that when it hits the head (I hope everyone remembers what a “dynamic strike” is), the bullet turns the brain into mush. But given the fact that the rate of destruction of brain tissue is lower than the rate of transmission of nerve impulses, the brain manages to send a command to the muscles. And passing through the cerebellum, this command is converted into a spasm at the output. As a result, the target can be blown up, shoot back, and shoot the hostage.
Therefore, it is recommended to interrupt this brain-cerebellum-muscle circuit by eliminating the intermediary. And if we remember the human anatomy mentioned above, then we remember that the cerebellum and the base spinal cord are located just opposite the mouth. In addition, the distance from the palate to the desired target is much less than what a bullet needs to overcome to grind brains.
Hello everyone!!!
Since most of the comrades are from the city I think this information will not be superfluous.
You are in a war. The enemy fights inventively, you must be more inventive than him. Your combat experience should not be written in blood. Even in peacetime, you need to, like a sponge, absorb everything interesting from the point of view of combat use, extracting the maximum useful for yourself from what you hear from colleagues and senior comrades, see in films or read in literature. Everything useful must be written down.
Individual tactics
The basis of individual actions in the city is the so-called “left-hand rule”. Its essence lies in the fact that a right-handed person who has right hand leading, it is more convenient and faster to succeed in all actions associated with a turn to the left than actions associated with a turn to the right, and it is faster to shoot in conditions when you need to move or turn to the left and much more difficult and less effective when turning to the right.
a) choosing a cover for shooting
It should be to your left, covering your body and most of your head. In this case, the arms, shoulder and less of the head remain open to oncoming fire. If the cover is located to your right, you will have to shoot from your left shoulder, this is unusual and inconvenient, but you will be covered. If you want to shoot from the right shoulder, you will expose a significant part of your torso and your entire head to the enemy’s shots. It will also be a mistake to shoot over cover; you expose your head, shoulders and part of the body to fire.
b) shooting at several targets
When shooting at several targets at high speed, it is more convenient to start shooting from the far right target, turning from right to left as you shoot.
When firing at an enemy group moving frontally, it is more expedient to first hit the target that is moving at the rear in the group, followed by transferring fire to targets moving in front. In this case, the enemy will not immediately realize that he has come under your fire, and you will be able to hit several targets before the enemy puts up organized resistance. If you are the first to hit a target moving at the head of the group, the enemy will instantly lie down, disperse and open fire back.
If in front of you are several enemy soldiers running away at full height and one lying behind cover and shooting, then, first of all, you need to destroy the one who is shooting, without being tempted by an easier and larger target.
c) actions in case of a sudden meeting with an enemy group at close range
You can't run back - they'll shoot you in the back. A natural, mentally trained reaction should be the following:
1. Immediately open fire towards the enemy with what you have, while shooting as often and as quickly as possible.
2. Simultaneously move forward towards the enemy and to the right of him (to your left). In this case, members of the enemy group will be forced to turn to shoot from left to right, pointing their weapons at each other’s backs, representing an excellent group target.
3. Approaching the enemy, shoot this target “on the fly” as you move. When doing this, shoot low. A ricochet is better than not hitting at all.
Act as quickly as possible. For the first few seconds, don’t skimp on ammo; while you’re shooting, use your peripheral vision to mark a gap where you can take cover and reload. Keep the initiative.
d) actions when coming under sudden enemy fire
We need to move. You can't stand. Move from cover to cover. Get your bearings. Don't let the enemy take aim, move to the left, forcing the enemy to turn around to shoot to the right. Place it against the sun, run and shoot, throw grenades, do not let the enemy shoot accurately and generally raise his head. Impose your terms on him. If you find yourself unarmed, move away from direct fire sharply to your left, bending down, zigzag to the nearest shelter.
If you suddenly come under enemy fire, immediately fall and crawl behind any possible cover, while simultaneously preparing for battle. It is better to understand the situation and make a decision while in relative safety. Experience shows that not everyone does this. Some begin to shoot, remaining in place and being a good target for the enemy. Others fall behind cover, forgetting to remove the machine gun from their shoulder, and then begin to fumble, trying to get the weapon that is in an awkward position, and not being able to fire.
If a soldier with whom you were moving along the street and came under sudden enemy fire is wounded, do not try to help him immediately, otherwise you risk finding yourself lying next to him with an even more serious wound. Again, take cover and get your bearings.
To protect yourself from a hand grenade falling nearby, you need to fall face down, head towards the grenade, cover your head (if you don’t have a helmet) with your palms, open your mouth so that your eardrums are not damaged by the blast wave. The first person to see the grenade gives the signal: “Grenade on the right (left, behind).”
If there are several of you, don't huddle together. Do not pose as a group target and maneuver, supporting and covering each other with fire.
You will have to shoot a lot on the run. When shooting this way, try to press the trigger in the single-support phase - at the moment of moving your leg. When the foot hits the ground, it causes a strong shaking of the body and reduces shooting accuracy. It is important to remember that when you combine movement with shooting, you must always be aware of the ground under your feet and never step at random.
e) going around a building
Go around only on the right, while your machine gun will be on your right, and you will have an advantage, because the enemy will be forced to shoot from the left shoulder, or he will shoot from the right shoulder, which is inconvenient and not aimed, exposing his head, shoulders and most of the body to your shot. When acting as part of a group, in this case, a left-handed soldier or a soldier who shoots well from the left shoulder should act in closure.
e) actions in a dark room
You cannot enter a dark room on the fly during the day, without preparation; time passes until your eyes get used to the darkness. Do not inspect dark attics and basements without lighting. The light source must be held at arm's length. Not seeing you in the dark, the enemy will shoot at the light. When driving in the dark, you should avoid illuminated areas or rush across them as quickly as possible.
Rules for handling a flashlight when shooting from a machine gun:
The lantern should be such that it stays on while the switch is pressed, and does not remain on when you want it to go out:
when the machine gun is kept pointed at the target, the hand of the supporting hand is under the forend of the machine gun. In this case, the palm rests on the forend, and the thumb presses the flashlight switch;
after each turn on the flashlight, you should immediately change position;
You should not continue driving with the headlight on;
It is best to attach the flashlight and switch to the machine.
This method can be used to illuminate the enemy's suspected locations. An ordinary electric flashlight is packaged in a piece of rubber cut from a car tire. When inspecting dark rooms or when fighting in basements, sewer networks, tunnels, subways, etc. such an anti-shock flashlight turns on and is thrown towards the enemy, thus illuminating the target and creating the opportunity to conduct targeted fire.
When using night vision devices, it is necessary to remember that its eyepiece gives off a greenish light reflection, revealing the shooter to enemy observers. Therefore, after turning on the device, immediately cover the eyepiece with your palm or use a special eyecup.
At night, use blackout. Don't make noise, don't give away your presence, don't shoot again.
g) actions inside the building
When operating in a building, noise sources must be treated carefully and their direction critically. The enemy can distract your attention by throwing a stone, stick or other object in the direction he wants. Finally, noise can lure you into a trap. The weapon should be pointed in the direction you are facing, and down in tight places.
When walking up stairs, if the steps are made of wood or other weak material, you can shoot through the steps to suppress a possible threat from below. The design of the steps in some cases can create a visual barrier that does not allow you to see what is below. In this case, keep your back to the blank wall and move forward, first checking the presence and strength of the step below. Be prepared for the enemy to try to shoot bullets through the floor from below.
h) features of the use of fire weapons
The grenade launcher should be carried with a grenade inserted into the barrel. If the weather is rainy, damp, then you need to put on the grenade and the barrel of the grenade launcher plastic bag, so that the package does not fly off, it can be attached to the trunk, tied with a cord. The bag does not need to be removed before firing; it does not interfere with shooting.
In order to quickly prepare for shooting and not waste time raising the machine gun to your shoulder, you should move without lifting the machine gun from your shoulder, while the barrel moves down a little. From this position, the shooter is quickly prepared for combat and aimed shooting.
When firing from a machine gun or machine gun, do not wait for the magazine to be completely empty. If the magazine is partially empty and there is a pause in the battle, change the magazine, leaving the partially used one in reserve. In order not to waste time juggling the bolt when reloading, when starting to load the magazine, insert three tracer cartridges. Then, when you shoot and notice that the tracer bullet has gone through, you will know that there are two more rounds left. You can shoot again and, having disconnected the empty magazine, replace it with a full one. Since the last cartridge has already been chambered, there is no need to jerk the bolt. An empty magazine is usually thrown on the ground in battle so that it does not interfere and so as not to be confused with full magazines. If necessary, an empty magazine can be thrown at the enemy, simulating a grenade throw to cover reloading. In hand-to-hand combat, you can throw an empty magazine, aiming at the enemy's face.
In urban conditions, the sight of the machine gun should be set at 100 m. And shoot not in bursts, but with rapid fire, single shots.
When firing from an under-barrel grenade launcher, do not forget that cocking of the grenade ends at a distance of 10 to 40 m after firing from the GP-25 barrel. When fired from a building window at shorter distances, grenades may not explode.
The SVD rifle can be successfully used to overcome high fences and to climb the wall of any structure (stone, brick, concrete). To do this, you need to shoot bullets with a steel core or armor-piercing incendiary bullets at the wall so that the holes are arranged in a “herringbone” pattern. Then you can climb the wall by inserting pegs - stops - into the holes.
2. Group tactics.
Operating in the city in mobile groups, having reliable communication with each other, you need to take house by house, attic by attic, leaving machine gunners and snipers in the already captured buildings so that the enemy does not jump in there and suddenly hit you in the back. Covering fire is the law in war. Two groups, supporting each other with fire, will achieve more and have fewer losses than a larger group, but which no one covers or supports. A small unit should never break away from its own people - they can be cut off and destroyed. In each group (platoon) create subgroups (“twos”, “triples”).
a) walking along the street
When moving units (groups) along the street on foot, they automatically advance on both sides, along the walls at a distance of 6-7 (in some cases 3-4) m from each other, rushing from cover to cover. Constantly fixing with peripheral vision possible movements in attics, windows, balconies, and also be ready to jump into shelter, which could be a concrete curb, a burnt-out car, a ditch, etc.
During their movement, the machine gunner (or machine gunners) left behind supports and covers the unit (group) with fire, shooting to kill or firing in short bursts at all places from which enemy fire is noticed. The grenade launcher is located next to the machine gunner and destroys fortified and dangerous means enemy, machine gun nests and snipers.
When the unit (groups) have moved forward 60-70 m, taken cover and opened aimed fire, a covering group is pulled up. The machine gunners fire at targets located on the opposite side of the street, not forgetting to monitor the situation behind them. The covering group should also not lose vigilance - the enemy may appear in the rear.
b) movement of a unit with military equipment along the street
A unit (group) moves along the streets under the cover of direct security, which is sent forward along the movement route at a distance of 100 - 200 m. The equipment moves in a stream along walls and fences, the squad usually moves along one side of the street, and the platoon (company) - along to both sides, providing mutual support by firing at buildings located on the opposite side of the streets.
Depending on the situation, personnel can operate on foot, in a landing party on armor, or in the airborne compartment of military equipment.
When operating on foot, personnel move at the same level as combat equipment, covering themselves with its armor from enemy fire. In this case, personnel can move in two ways:
along sidewalks, pressing against the walls of houses, fences (used in cases where traffic is carried out along streets with adjacent multi-story buildings);
along the roadway of the street (used when driving along locality with low-rise buildings).
Surveillance when moving along the street is organized in tiers. The entire opposite side of the street must be under surveillance and fire. It is necessary to have open boxes with ammunition and grenades on the armor for quick replenishment during the battle.
On wide streets, armored vehicles move in pairs on opposite sides of the street, and on narrow streets - in a “snake” pattern, pressing against the walls of buildings. The normal distance between armored vehicles is 50 - 70 m. If during the battle one of the vehicles breaks down, then the other vehicle stops and fires from the spot to ensure its repair (evacuation).
When an enemy is detected, fire is carried out on all floors,
basements and roofs of buildings. In addition, fire from small arms, grenades destroy the enemy in the basements of buildings located on “their” side of the street.
Simultaneously with the advance of the main forces along the streets, units not involved in the landing force are “cleaning up” the adjacent neighborhoods from small groups of the enemy, the following rules must be observed:
1. Scouts must reliably determine whether other units are coming to the right and left.
2. Strictly adhere to the front line, do not lag behind anyone and do not get ahead.
3. Do not leave behind unverified objects. Buildings cleared of the enemy are secured by specially designated units from the second echelons.
c) actions when seizing a building
When storming an object, you should approach it with fire support from the covering group. To penetrate a building occupied by the enemy, it is best to use breaches in the walls made during fire preparation for the assault. For these purposes, it is necessary to involve tanks and guns that fire direct fire, ATGM installations, etc.
You should break into the building immediately after your grenades explode, but you should remember that the enemy may have time to throw this grenade back. At the moment of the throw, you should give the command “Fragments” to warn your comrades. If a grenade is thrown by the enemy, the command “Grenade” is given. The first of those who burst into the room sharply move away from the entrance and fire at all darkened and dangerous places. The task of the first to break into the room is to give the main forces of the unit (group) the opportunity to break in, clear the way for them with fire, and cover them. Then, after reloading the weapon, they will move in the second echelon. It takes a lot of ammunition to break into a building. After the seizure, the premises are thoroughly examined. At this moment, one of the servicemen provides fire cover, taking a position at the doorway outside the room. During such actions, pre-established commands and signals are used, with which military personnel indicate their location and procedure. Having completed the inspection, the unit commander gives the command “Clear” and then “Exit”, thereby informing the outer cover that the group is leaving the premises. The inspected premises are indicated by an established sign.
While moving along flights of stairs, the command “Go up” or “Go down” is given. The most appropriate direction for “cleaning” a building is the “top to bottom” direction, because in this case, the enemy will be driven out of the building and destroyed.
In the case of a “bottom-up” sweep, the enemy can fortify himself on the upper floors or escape along the roofs of buildings. During the assault, various available means can be used to penetrate buildings: portable ladders and “cats”, drainage and drainage pipes, roofs and windows of adjacent buildings, trees growing nearby and even helicopters.
Capturing the object must happen as quickly as possible, with a stunning onslaught on the first try. Each serviceman will carry out the assault, regardless of losses. assault group must be unyielding. No step back! There is no turning back. Only forward. Onslaught - fire! This has a demoralizing effect on the enemy. If the assault fails, the second attack will be ineffective. The enemy has the opportunity to analyze the situation and get his bearings. The experience of combat operations shows that it is more difficult to rise to the attack the second time. Personnel losses during the second assault will be greater. Failure will affect the fate of your own wounded comrades who remained at the enemy-occupied facility.
In a room just left by the enemy, be careful (there may be tripwires), try not to open the doors of the rooms with your hand (if possible, have a stick or rope of about 10 meters). Corpses can be mined, just like VCRs, tape recorders, cabinet drawers curtains on the windows (the explosive charge explodes when they are pulled back), etc.
Very often the enemy closes entrance doors to the living quarters with a key from the inside. This is a sneaky trick. Inexperienced servicemen gather near the door, decide what to do next, and try to break down the door with rifle butts. And they get a line through the door at stomach level. In the correct version, the castle is fired back with machine gun shots (when shooting from the AKS-74, be careful - unpredictable ricochets are observed). The attackers are on the sides of the door. After shooting the lock, the door is swung open with a kick from the side, and at the same time a grenade is thrown into the open door. After its explosion, the assault group makes a sharp dash into the room, the servicemen immediately move away from the doorway, fixing the situation with peripheral vision, using weapons if necessary. Again, the main task of the first to break into the room is to cover the other troops of the assault group with fire. To distract the attention of the enemy in the room, before breaking into the room, any bulky object - a hat, a quilted jacket, an overcoat, etc. - must be thrown at the open door, not directly, but to the side. The first of the attackers breaks into the room through the open door diagonally, bending down, in the direction opposite to the one where the distracting object was thrown.
Do not come close to the windows, it is better to stand on the side, cross open spaces in entrances and rooms, crouching down, running: there is no guarantee that a sniper is not watching this room from a neighboring building.
To enter the neighboring room (apartment), make breaks in non-permanent wall panels (in kitchens, toilets, bathrooms, etc.), and also use balconies and loggias. To destroy the enemy in the neighboring entrance, use breaks in the walls, through which you can penetrate into the premises of the neighboring entrance without going outside.
You should always strive to attack the enemy from top to bottom, for which you need to penetrate through gaps in the ceilings to the upper floors relative to the enemy, throw grenades at him and attack.
When operating on stairs or on the upper floors of a building, you should break through, pressing your back against the walls, immediately following the explosions of your grenades.
In a building, in a basement, in an attic, do not make noise; what the eye cannot see, the ear can hear: moaning, rustling, shutter clicking, and other characteristic sounds.
The actions of each member of the assault group must be discussed in advance. The unit should constantly practice various options actions, so that everyone does their job without a team and is ready to replace their comrades who are out of action.
If you occupy a building, immediately gain a foothold in it. Barricade the lower floors and basements. Determine the shooting sectors. Determine the fire system so that you can alternately shoot from different firing positions, prevent the enemy from taking aim and create a false impression of your numerical superiority. Several buildings, overlapped by each other's firing sectors, form a truly impregnable fortress. A strong point is a base for a further offensive, a shelter for the wounded, and the ability to defend ourselves in case the situation gets worse. Do not leave uncontrolled objects in the rear - they may be reoccupied by the enemy.
Radio communications must be silent in preparation for the assault. During an assault, it must work clearly in all units - without it it is impossible when the situation changes.
d) fighting enemy snipers
The tactics of snipers in the city is that on the upper floors of the building and attics the sniper equips 2-3 observation points and 3-5 firing points, he is provided with security (3-5 machine gunners), which is located next to and on the floors below the sniper. Surveillance is carried out in all directions by the sniper himself and machine gunners from the guards. The following targets are selected: our snipers, command staff, driver mechanics, gunners-operators of combat vehicles, collective weapons crews. Fire is fired at maximum range along neighboring streets from the depths of the room or from behind an opening, door frame, or internal main wall. Although the view narrows and dead space increases. But it ensures greater survivability of the sniper after a shot, because if this window is discovered, the room will immediately be fired upon from grenade launchers and small arms, and the sniper in this case will have time to run away from the opening along the main wall and lie down at its base. During the battles for Grozny, Chechen snipers developed specific tactics. At first, the snipers tried to hit one of the fighters in the leg. When other soldiers reached the wounded man to evacuate him from the battlefield, they also tried to hit their legs. In this way, they “shot” three or four people, and then the sniper methodically finished them off.
To destroy a sniper, a group of 4-6 people is created (its composition: group commander, sniper, the rest are armed with machine guns and grenade launchers; at night with night sights). The group's tactics are as follows:
1. Make a “bait” - stuff old uniforms with whatever you can get your hands on, show off this “bait” from different windows, changing hats and helmets on the bait, let the bait fall upon a successful hit, thereby lulling the vigilance of the enemy sniper. At night, imitation of violation of blackout measures can be used as a “bait”.
To simulate the light spot created at night on the face of someone shooting with a working night vision device, you can periodically show a phosphorescent object suspended on a pole in the back of the room or in a window opening (for example, the head of a medium-sized fish) and this “bait” causes fire from a sniper using night sight.
2. After the sniper’s shot, establish his position by observation from different points (observation should be carried out from windows located nearby and above or below the window from which the bait is shown)
3. Use fire from a sniper rifle, machine guns and grenade launchers to destroy the enemy sniper. If possible, fire from grenade launchers in such a way as to hit not only the window opening from which the sniper fired the shot, but also the internal doorway of this room, behind which the sniper could hide after the shot.
In reality, there are immeasurably more different options in war. It's impossible to describe everything. In a combat situation, everyone must be able to think directly on the scene, learn to navigate the situation and make decisions instantly. There are no templates. We are not all equally resourceful. One, when faced with a critical situation, will immediately guess what needs to be done. Others need a set of ready-made, correct solutions for all occasions.
1. Sound sources
100 – If you place an alarm clock in a glass bell and pump out the air from there, the sound becomes weaker and weaker, and finally stops. Why?
Answer: In order for sound to propagate, an elastic medium must exist. Sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum.
200 – It turns out that artillerymen are advised to open their mouths when firing and bombers during explosions. Why?
Answer: When a gun is fired, a powerful sound wave hits the eardrum with great force and can rupture it. In such cases, it is recommended to open your mouth when the explosion occurs.
300 – It turns out that people who are deaf from birth are usually mute. Give an explanation for this phenomenon.
Answer: This is due to the fact that auditory perception and speech function in humans are closely interrelated.
400 - Inflammation of the middle ear is very dangerous, as a person can go deaf and die. Give an explanation for this phenomenon.
Answer: Inflammation can easily spread to the lining of the brain, since the upper vault of the middle ear is separated from it by only a thin layer of bone. internal cavity brain section skulls
500 – It is well known that among the noises that surround us, there are “pleasant” noises - the noise of the forest, sea, rain, etc. However, there are much more noises that are less pleasant - the noise of a car, an airplane, etc. Give an explanation for this phenomenon .
Answer: The noise of a car or airplane causes strong stimulation in the auditory centers, which creates unpleasant sensations. When exposed to noise for a long time, disorders may occur. cardiovascular system, activity of the cerebral cortex.
2. Sound propagation
100 – Can the sound of a strong explosion on the Moon be heard on Earth?
Answer: No, the sound of an explosion on the Moon cannot be heard on Earth, since sound is a mechanical wave, and mechanical waves can only propagate in an elastic medium, while there is airless space between the Earth and the Moon.
200 – Why were the “listeners” who in ancient times monitored the enemy’s excavation work often blind people?
Answer: The earth conducts sound well, so in the old days, during a siege, “listeners” were placed in the fortress walls, who, by the sound transmitted by the earth, could determine whether the enemy was digging into the walls or not?
300 – Why is the prompter’s booth covered with felt?
Answer: To exclude the prompter’s speeches into the auditorium.
400 – Why do heating pipes transmit sound so well?
Answer: Pipes are solid metal bodies: sound in such media travels at high speed. In metal, sound - and these are longitudinal waves - are weakly attenuated.
500 – A toy telephone consists of two boxes connected by a stretched string. Such a device allows you to communicate at a distance of tens of meters. Explain the phenomenon.
Answer: Sound waves are longitudinal and spread in all environments. Air vibrations in the box are transmitted to the thread particles and the sound wave propagates.
3. Sounds in nature
100 – Which animals, except bats, use ultrasonic location?
Answer: Not only bats have echolocator. It is found in whales, dolphins, seals, and fish.
200 – Why do mosquitoes, bumblebees, flies, and bees make sounds in flight, but butterflies and dragonflies do not?
Answer: The vibration frequency created by the wings of a butterfly and dragonfly is below our threshold of hearing, so we do not perceive their flight as sound.
300 – During one of the concerts, a listener suddenly began to experience pain in the heart area. Moreover, the onset of pain coincided with the performance of one of Chopin’s nocturnes. Since then, every time he heard this music, his heart ached. Explain why?
Answer: A conditioned pain reflex arose, in which music was a conditioned stimulus.
400 -Can it be sound analyzer perceive light, but visual sound? Why?
Answer: No. The centers are located in different parts of the brain (auditory in the temporal lobes, and visual in the occipital lobe). They are strictly specific sense organs, aimed at the perception of a single stimulus.
500 – It is known that snakes do not have inner ear. How do they perceive sound vibrations?
Answer: In general, snakes are deaf, but with their abdominal surface they perceive vibrations passing through the soil.
Topic: Hearing organs. Hygiene and disease prevention.
TARGET:
To develop knowledge about the structure and functions of the auditory analyzer;
Identify the importance of hearing in a person’s life;
Develop independent thinking;
Continue to develop sanitary and hygienic skills, promote education good habits compliance with hygiene rules;
Continue developing skills and abilities (working with the text and pictures of the textbook, supporting notes, comparing and summarizing the material).
EQUIPMENT:tables depicting the structure of the auditory analyzer; photos various forms ears.
DURING THE CLASSES:
1. ORGANIZATIONAL POINT: (1-2 min.)
2. KNOWLEDGE TEST: (10 -12 min.)
Terms for repetition are written on the board:
Analyzer, receptors, eye socket, iris, lens, binocular vision, vitreous body.
2.1 Cards for weak students (performed by 3-4 students).
2.2. Oral survey - “chain”: what do you know about visual hygiene or how do you maintain visual hygiene?
Why is it important to have a well-lit workplace?
From which side should the light fall on the workplace?
Why do eyes need to be protected from pollution?
What is the difference between nearsighted and farsighted vision?
What are cataracts and cataracts?
2.3 Individual differentiated survey at the board: see Appendix 1
Draw the structure of the analyzer
Determine which of the patients is healthy and what proportion visual analyzer damaged in every patient?
(patient D is healthy, A – damaged retina, B – nerves, C – visual zone of the cerebral cortex).
3. STUDYING NEW MATERIAL: (20 min.)
Board design : write down the leading concepts (auricle, eardrum, auditory ossicles, membrane of the oval and round windows, bony labyrinth, cochlea)
3.1 Meaning of hearing:
Ability to perceive information at a considerable distance;
Hearing analyzer participates in the formation of articulate speech (hearing + speech = means of communication between people);
3.2 Structure and functions of the auditory analyzer. This table is filled in as the explanation progresses.
Ear department | Wednesday | Structure | Functions |
Outer ear | Air | Auricle, auditory canal, Eardrum | Direction of sound vibrations by the auricle ear canal and the transformation of sound wave vibrations into mechanical vibrations of the eardrum |
Middle ear | Air | Auditory ossicles: malleus, anvil, stirrup | With the help of bone levers, mechanical vibrations are amplified and transmitted to the membrane of the oval window |
Eustachian tube (Eustachian tube) | The air pressure in the middle ear is equalized with the pressure of the outside air |
||
Inner ear | Liquid | Membranes of the oval and round window | Promote the transmission of mechanical vibrations in the fluid of the inner ear |
Cochlea with auditory receptors | Picks up mechanical vibrations of fluid by the receptors of the hearing organ and sends the received information in the form of nerve impulses to the brain |
1. Outer earconsists of the auricle and the external auditory canal. The skin-covered ears are made of cartilage. The shape of the ears is very different from each other, and you can see this by looking at the handout ( photos of different ear shapes shells, according to scientists, the ear looks like a fetus). They capture sounds and direct them into the ear canal. It is covered with skin and consists of an outer cartilaginous part and an inner bone part. Deep in the ear canal are hair and skin glands that secrete a sticky yellow substance called earwax. It traps dust and destroys microorganisms. The inner end of the external auditory canal is covered by the eardrum, which converts airborne sound waves into mechanical vibrations.
2. Middle ear is a cavity filled with air. It contains three auditory ossicles. One of them, the hammer, rests on eardrum, second, stapes, into the membrane of the oval window, which leads into inner ear. The third bone, the anvil, is located between them. The result is a system of bone levers that increases the force of vibration of the eardrum by approximately 20 times.
The middle ear cavity communicates with the pharyngeal cavity using the auditory tube. When swallowing, the entrance to auditory tube opens, and the air pressure in the middle ear becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. Thanks to this, the eardrum does not bend in the direction where the pressure is less.
2. Inner ear separated from the middle by a bone plate with two holes - oval and round. They are also covered with membranes. The inner ear is a bony labyrinth, consisting of tubules located in the depths of this labyrinth, like a labyrinth in a case. It has two different organs: organ of hearing, organ of balance - vestibular apparatus. All cavities of the labyrinth are filled with liquid.
The hearing organ is located in the cochlea. Its spirally twisted channel goes around horizontal axis at 2.5 - 2.75 turns. It is divided by longitudinal partitions into upper and lower parts.
The hearing receptors are located in the spiral organ located in the middle part of the canal. The liquid filling it is isolated from the rest: vibrations are transmitted through thin membranes.
Longitudinal vibrations of air carrying sound cause mechanical vibrations of the eardrum. With the help of the auditory ossicles, it is transmitted to the membrane of the oval window, and through it to the fluid of the inner ear. These vibrations cause irritation of the receptors of the spiral organ, the resulting excitations enter the auditory zone of the cerebral cortex and here they are formed into auditory sensations.
Each hemisphere receives information from both ears, making it possible to determine the source of sound and its direction. If a sounding object is located on the left, then impulses from the left ear arrive in the brain earlier than from the right. This small difference in time allows not only to determine the direction, but also to perceive sound sources from different parts of space. This sound is called surround or stereophonic.
WARM-UP: (for 20 min.)
Relaxing exercises for the eyes
Ex. For cervical spine spine
Ex. for hands
Torso bends
Exercise to relax the spine.
3.3 Auditory reproduction (write on the board)
Scheme of transmission of sound waves to auditory receptors:
Sound wave - outer ear
Oscillations
Drum
Webbed
Oscillations
auditory - middle ear
seeds
fluctuations
membranes
oval
window
hesitation
liquids
in the cochlea
irritation - inner ear
rumors
receptors
formation
nervous
impulses
Introspection:
Exercise 1
Prove that changes in pressure in the oral and nasal cavities lead to changes in pressure in the middle ear. (1st way is to pinch your nose and try to puff out your cheeks. In this case, there is unpleasant feeling. Method 2 - do not pinch your nose too much and close your mouth, make a swallowing movement. At the same time, a push is felt in the eardrums).
3. 4. Working with the textbook:
- Timely ear cleaning
- Do not clean with sharp objects (pins, matches);
- Complications after infectious diseases;
- Loud noises (dull hearing, fatigue, insomnia).
- Guys, what do you think “caps” are?
(Let's take a look at history, in the old days special sticks made of wood for cleaning the ear canals were called “capushkas,” and a person who was overly keen on cleaning his ears was called capushki, which is where the name came from.)
- Where does sulfur come from?
(Sulfur glands that produce a special secretion of a light brown color, gradually thickening and acquiring an increasingly darker shade, are altered sebaceous glands skin.)
4. FIXING: (5-7 min.)
4.1. Laboratory work"Determination of hearing acuity"
Exercise. Put it to your ear mechanical watches and move them away from you until you can no longer hear their ticking. When the sound disappears, measure the distance (in centimeters) between the watch and your ear. The larger it is, the higher the hearing sensitivity. Now bring the watch closer to your ear from a distance until a barely noticeable sound appears and measure the corresponding distance. Repeat both types of measurements several times and calculate the average hearing distance of the clock ticking. This way you will find your hearing sensitivity.
4.2 Choose the correct judgments:
1. The hearing organ is located in temporal bone and is divided into external, middle and internal.
2. The outer ear picks up and conducts sound vibrations.
3. The eardrum is located on the border between the back and inner ear.
4. The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx using the auditory tube.
5. The auditory ossicles of the middle ear grow together.
6. The inner ear is a system of cavities and convoluted tubules.
7. Vestibular apparatus The ear is an organ of balance.
8. The labyrinth of the inner ear contains the cochlea, two small sacs, and three semicircular canals.
9. The zone of auditory sensitivity is located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
10. The external auditory canal ends with the eardrum.
11. Hearing receptors are located in the middle ear.
12. The sound wave is transformed in the organ of hearing into fluid vibrations and then into a nerve impulse.
13. The semicircular canals lie in two mutually perpendicular planes.
Answers: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12.
Cognitive tasks:
1. When firing, artillerymen and bombers are advised to open their mouths during an explosion. Why?
(When a shot is fired, a powerful sound wave hits the eardrum with great force and can rupture it. In this case, in order to equalize the pressure on the eardrum, it is recommended to open your mouth by the time the explosion occurs).
2. Loud noise has a negative effect on nervous system, causes fatigue, insomnia, mental illness. What measures can you suggest to reduce human exposure to noise?
(Increase green spaces, as they muffle noise, use insulating materials during construction, maintain silence in public places).
4.4. Information collections.
*Did you know that the smallest muscle we have is in the ear. It serves to rotate the stirrup in order to reduce the load on the eardrum when sounds are too strong.
*Did you know that the human middle ear contains 25,000 cells that respond to sounds? The upper limit of the frequencies we perceive reaches 16-20 million hertz. Over the years, the ear's sensitivity, especially to high-pitched sounds, decreases.
*Did you know that the smallest bone is the stapes, one of three bones involved in transmitting sound to the inner ear. Its length is only 2.6-3.4 millimeters, and its weight is from 2 to 4.3 milligrams.
*Women's ear for music is better than men's, for every 6 women who are not out of tune there is one man with perfect pitch.
*It is known that the great composer Ludwig Beethoven, being deaf, listened to the piano playing with the help of a cane, with which he leaned on the piano and held the other end in his teeth.
5. SUMMARY (5 min.)
What parts is the hearing organ divided into?
What parts does the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear consist of?
Prove that the change in pressure in oral cavity and nasal cavities leads to changes in pressure in the middle ear. (Pinch your nose and try to puff out your cheeks; this will create an unpleasant sensation in your ears. You can also pinch your nose and close your mouth, make swallowing movements and you will feel a push in the eardrum).
6. HOMEWORK AND GRADING: (1-2 min.)
Learn paragraph 51, answer questions.
Ratings are given with comments
