10.Peter I introduced the assembly, which was
11.Quack innovations were used during the Battle of Poltava
12.The famous naval battle during the Northern War
The concept of “Bironovism” was perceived as
Continue with words. A palace coup is...
5..The struggle for the throne in 1725. started between two factions
...
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Russia in the Petrine era
Option 1- First half of the 18th century. are called:
B) Peter's era
IN). Catherine's era
G). era of palace coups
2. Most historians believe Peter I
a).reformer:
b). "the destroyer of Russian culture"
V). Antichrist
d.) “preacher of Western culture”
3. In the field of economics, Peter I carried out:
a.) Development of manufacturing production
b.) Release valuable papers on the Russian market
c).Monopoly right to domestic and foreign trade
d.) protectionist policy
4 The innovations of the Petrine era include:
a) establishment of orders and medals
b).New Year celebration
V). introduction primary education for the lower classes
d.) creation of Russian writing
5. Reasons for the defeat of Russian troops near Narva:
a) Betrayal of foreigners who commanded the Russian army
b) Incapacity of the Russian army
c) Quantitative superiority of the Swedes
6.What was the advantage of boards over orders?
a) In charge of certain areas of government administration
b) The activity was based on initiative and independence
c).There was a principle of collegiality
d) The presence of a huge bureaucratic apparatus
7.The famous Battle of Poltava took place
8.Russia’s lag behind the European powers was explained by:
a) Russia’s lack of open access to the sea, which hindered development foreign trade
b) The presence of the serf system
c) The presence of a huge territory
d) Multinationality
9. On Red Square, Peter I ordered the construction
a.) “Comedy Temple”
b.) Spasskaya Tower
c.) “Court Theater”
d.) External place
10 . Princess Sophia, seeking the throne, relied on
a) guard
b) Streltsov
V). dating people
G). Cossacks
11. Features of the development of Russian industry and trade in the first half of the 18th century.
a.) the use of serf labor for workers in factories
b.) Development of new trade routes in European countries
V). intensive development of peasant crafts
d.) development of manufacturing in boyar estates
12.Even after the capture of Azov, Russia was unable to resolve the issue Black Sea, t. To.:
a.) Türkiye continued to dominate the Black Sea
b).Failed to recapture the Kerch Strait
V). England and France were categorically against
d).The Swedes interfered\
Option 2
1.The purpose of the “Great Embassy”:
a).find allies in the upcoming war against Sweden
b).conclude a peace treaty with Poland
V). get acquainted with the government structure of Western countries
d).find allies in the upcoming war against Turkey
2. The Northern War occurred during the period
a).1700 -1721
b).1709 -1721
c).1699 -1720
d).1701 -1721
3..Peter I began his reform activities with the transformation:
a).manufactory
b).army and navy
V). industry
d).order system
4. Match the name of the governing bodies and their definition:
A).Chief Magistrate 1).the highest authority governing the Russian Church
B).Zemsky Sobor 2).supreme legislative, administrative and judicial
organ
B).Synod 3).central institution governing cities
D).Senate 4).estate-representative institution
5.As a result Northern War Russia
a).Valla won access to the Baltic Sea
b).lost part of its territory
V). strengthened its international position
d).lost its independence
6. New in Russian life
a) European cut appeared in clothes;
b) shaving beards;
c) Russian people became literate and educated;
d) books began to be published and libraries appeared.
7. Deterioration of the situation of peasants at the beginning of the 18th century. explained I:
a) an increase in state duties;
b) registration of peasants to manufacture;
c) forced relocation to Siberia.
D) the use of peasant labor in the construction of the fleet.
8.. New chronology in Russia was introduced in:
d)1702 G
9. Beards were allowed:
a) peasants and artisans;
b) clergy and nobles;
c) clergy and peasants;
d) recruits and townspeople.
10.Peter I introduced the assembly, which was:
a) gaming establishment;
b) public meeting;
c) an entertainment establishment;
d) theatrical performance.
11.What innovations were used during the Battle of Poltava:
a) phalanxes and hard labor;
b) earthworks) redoubts)
c) battle cry “hurray”
d) horse artillery.
12.Famous naval battle during the Northern War:
A) Gangutskoe;
B) Azovskoe;
B) Baltic;
D) Poltavskoe.
Russia in the era of palace coups.
Option 1
1..Large, decisive force in determining policy:
A) guard;
b) dating people
c) Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky regiments;
d) Streltsy army
- .II the concept of “Bironovism” was perceived as:
b). active struggle against the Russian nobility
c).personification of the dominance of foreigners in government
d).strengthening the positions of senior dignitaries
- .Continue with words. A palace coup is...
- .Peter I I I prepared a decree that resolved one of the most important issues in Russia:
b).on the introduction of the constitution
c).on the creation of parliament in Russia
G). on expanding the rights of merchants
5..The struggle for the throne in 1725. started between two factions:
a).highest dignitaries headed by A. Menshikov
b).well-born aristocrats led by Prince D. Golitsyn
V). guardsmen led by G. Orlov
G). foreigners led by the nobleman of Peter’s time A. Osterman
6.Under Elizaveta Petrovna, government affairs were handled by:
a).B.K.Minich
b).A.I.Osterman
c).P.I.Shuvalov
d).K.G.Razumovsky
7..The purpose of her reign, Elizaveta Petrovna declared:
a).return to the ways of his father
b).abolition of the death penalty
c).expansion of the rights and privileges of the nobility
d).limitation of the rights and privileges of the nobility
8..During the Northern War, the Russian army used new artillery weapons. Which ones?
a).redoubts
b). "unicorns"
c).howitzers
d).squeaker
9. Reasons for the candidacy of Anna Ivanovna, daughter of Tsar Ivan 5, for the throne:
A). There were simply no other candidates
b). Anna has no connections with the Russian nobility
c).was provided strong pressure from Prussia
d).her “poor” existence in Courland
10. In the interests of the nobility and merchants, the following was carried out:
A). Creation of the Noble Land Bank
b).creation of a commercial bank
c).establishment of norms for the registration of peasants in factories
d).prohibition of non-nobles buying serfs
11. The standards developed by the Supreme Privy Council contained the following requirements:
a).do not appoint heirs
b).expand the powers of the Supreme Privy Council
c) the most important state affairs should be decided only with the participation of the supreme leaders:
d).do not invite foreigners to Russia
12. During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna in the field of economics:
a). abolished internal customs duties
b).the start of gold exploration and mining was canceled
c).work of the commission to create a new Code - a set of laws
d).secularization of monastic and church lands
Option 2
- The period of Anna Ivanovna's reign went down in history as:
b). "Bironovism"
V). "rule of temporary workers"
G). "Orlovschina"
- .Guard was used:
b).to organize control over the activities of various institutions
c).to protect border lines
d).to organize military expeditions to other countries
- .The expression “word and deed” is connected :
b).with Robbery Order
c).with the implementation of reforms of the state apparatus
d).with the activities of the cabinet of ministers
- .In the field of church life Peter I I I
b).stopped the persecution of Old Believers
c).allowed the Church to buy noble lands
d).announced the secularization of the lands
- After the death of Anna Ivanovna, he inherited the throne:
b).Peter Alekseevich - grandson of Peter I
c).Karl Pyotr Ulrich - nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna
- Match the name of the ruler of the state and the time of his reign:
2) Peter I I b) 1730-1740
3) Anna Ivanovna. c) 1741-1761
4) Elizaveta Petrovna d) 1725-1727
- The Supreme Privy Council was created for:
b).limitations on the power of the Senate
c).continuation of Peter's reforms
d).secret control over the activities of senior dignitaries
- . During the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna the following were restored:
c).Chief Magistrate
d).Secret Chancery
- .The rights and privileges of the nobility expanded under Elizabeth. This proves:
b).the nobility were exempt from public service
c).landowners received the right to exile unwanted peasants to Siberia without trial or investigation
d).all tax burden was removed from the nobles
- .Decree of Peter I on succession to the throne - 1722. asserted the right of the sovereign:
b).choose and appoint an heir yourself
c).transfer the throne by inheritance through both the male and female lines
d).Together with the Senate, select and appoint an heir
- Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her heir
b).Ivan Antonovich
c).Peter Aleseevich
- Continue in your own words. Conditions are…
Catherine's era
Option 1
1. Ekaterina Petrovna came to power as a result of:
a). her appointment as heir to the throne by Elizaveta Petrovna
b). Palace coup
c).election of her to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor
d).death of her husband, Peter I I I
2..The development of new fertile lands allowed Russia
a).start exporting grain abroad
b).solve the problem of peasants' land shortage
c).start distributing lands to nobles
d).improving agricultural machinery
3..Under Catherine I I, the following appeared in Russia for the first time:
a).paper money;
c) banknotes;
d) single monetary currency;
e) peasant war by E. Pugachev.
4. The most important events during the reign of Catherine I are:
1) “Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility”;
2) Partitions of Poland;
3) Abolition of serfdom;
4) Peasant War by E. Pugacheva.
5. Continue in your own words. Enlightened absolutism is...
6..Match historical events and dates:
1) Russian-Turkish War a) 1767-1768;
2) E. Pugachev’s Peasant War c) 1772-1795;
3) Partitions of Poland (I- I I I) d) 1768-1774;
Work of the “Laid Commission” d) 1773-1775.
7.. The main slogans of the rebels under the leadership of Pugachev:
A) the will of the peasants;
B) “a good king to the throne”
C) the destruction of landowners and nobles;
D) “German woman out of the throne”
8..As a result of the Senate reform:
A) governance of the country from the center has improved;
B) the sole power of the empress was strengthened;
C) restrictions on royal power were introduced;
D) the powers of the state apparatus have expanded.
9..One of the reasons for the liquidation of the Zaporozhye Sich:
A) the danger of the Cossacks for the government as an organized force;
B) the government no longer needed the Cossacks;
B) participation of the Cossacks in the uprising of E. Pugachev;
D) Cossacks claimed power on the territory of Ukraine.
10,.The decree of 1775, which allowed peasant industry, served as an impetus for:
A) stratification of the peasantry;
B) an increase in the number of breeders from merchants and peasants;
C) the development of peasant crafts;
D) investing capital in industry.
11..Results of the second Russian-Turkish war:
A) Russia received the entire Crimea, which it began to develop;
B) construction of the Black Sea Fleet began;
C) Russia provided assistance to the Balkan countries;
D) Russia lost Azov and part of the lands between the Bug and the Dnieper.
12..To whom do the words of Catherine I I “A rebel worse than Pugachev” apply:
A) to Radishchev;
B) to S.V. Suvorov;
B) to G. Potemkin;
G) to G. Orlov.
Option 2
1..The leading sector of the Russian economy was:
A) agriculture;
B) manufacturing;
B) fishing industry;
D) factory production.
2..The era of Catherine I went down in history as:
A) the era of enlightened absolutism;
B) imperial era;
B) “Bironovism”;
D) an era of great change.
3.Basic feudal duties peasants of this period:
A) tithing and otrodstvo;
B) corvee and quitrent;
B) month and working hours;
D) poll tax and corvee.
4. Continue with your words. A month is...
5. " The letter granted to the nobility declared:
A) nobles of the privileged class;
B) freedom of nobles from state and military service;
C) the introduction of a court of nobility;
D) allowed nobles to purchase and sell land.
6. Catherine I is one of the few monarchs who was in correspondence:
A) with Voltaire;
B) with Montesquieu;
B) with Robespierre;
D) with Rousseau.
7.Crops such as:
A). Sunflower
B).corn
8. Pugachev performed under the name:
A). Tsarevich Dmitry
B).Emperor Peter I I
B).Tsarevich Fyodor
D).Emperor Peter I I I
9. During the Catherine period in Russia, manufacturing prevailed:
A).using serf labor
B).using hired labor
IN). using the labor of otkhodniks
D).using the labor of otkhodniks
10.The gubernatorial reform had positive aspects:
A) facilitated local management tasks;
B)developed local independence and initiative;
B) gave the central government the opportunity for complete control;
D) made the control system more flexible and compromise.
11. Domination continued in the country:
A) serfdom;
B) capitalist relations;
B) corvée farming;
D) manufacturing production.
12.The merit of the Russian enlightener N.I. Novikova:
a) made the works of French philosophers accessible to a wide range of readers -
educators;
b) began publishing children's, women's, economics magazines;
c) criticized Russian reality;
d) promoted the European way of life.
From his first wife, Marya Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Sophia was born in 1657. Gifted with natural abilities, inquisitive, energetic and power-hungry, after the death of her father (1676) she managed to acquire the love and trust of her sick brother Tsar Fyodor and, thanks to this, achieved some influence on state affairs.
After the death of Tsar Fyodor (April 27, 1682), Princess Sophia began to support the rights to the throne not of Natalya Naryshkina’s son, Peter, but of the feeble-minded Tsarevich Ivan. Ivan, unlike Peter, was Sophia’s brother not only on his father’s side, but also on his mother’s side. He was older than Peter, but due to his weak mental abilities he could not personally conduct government affairs. The latter circumstance was beneficial to the power-hungry Sophia, who dreamed of concentrating all power in her own hands under the external screen of Ivan.
Streletsky riot of 1682. Painting by N. Dmitriev-Orenburgsky, 1862.
(Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna shows the archers that Tsarevich Ivan is unharmed)
In the fight against Peter, who had already been placed on the Moscow throne by the boyars, Princess Sophia took advantage of the discontent that arose in the Streltsy army at the end of Tsar Fedor’s life and the first days after his death. Under the influence of the Miloslavsky party led by Sofia, a Streltsy riot began in Moscow. Convened on May 23, 1682, a council of the Duma and all ranks of people (of course, only Muscovites), under the threat of expanding the rebellion, agreed to the demands of the archers that Ivan and Peter reign together. The administration “for the sake of the young years of both sovereigns” was handed over to their sister. The name of the “Great Empress, Blessed Princess and Grand Duchess Sophia Alekseevna” began to be written in all decrees along with the names of both tsars.
Now it was necessary to calm down the archers, who continued to worry. They were led by the former like-minded person of Princess Sophia, the head of the Streltsy order, Prince Ivan Andreevich Khovansky, who had now begun his own struggle for power. Following the archers came the “schismatics” who sought a return to church antiquity and renunciation of all innovations and “heresies” of Patriarch Nikon.
Nikita Pustosvyat. Queen Sophia's dispute with schismatics about faith. Kremlin, 1682 Painting by V. Perov, 1881
Sophia began to act with great energy. Khovansky was executed for his ambitious plans. Duma clerk appointed in his place Shaklovity restored discipline in the streltsy regiments, and Sophia was thus able to raise the authority of the authorities to its previous heights.
Princess Sophia. Portrait from the 1680s.
The subsequent seven-year reign of Sophia on behalf of her brothers (1682 - 1689) was noted in purely civil cases somewhat greater, compared to previous times, gentleness (prohibition of separating husbands from wives when handing over faulty debtors to work off debt; prohibition of collecting debts from widows and orphans if husbands and fathers left no property; replacement of the death penalty with whipping and exile for “outrageous words " and so on.). However, religious persecution even intensified: schismatics were persecuted with even greater severity than before. The period of Princess Sophia's reign was the apogee of persecution against them. Sophia's closest collaborator at this time was her heartfelt favorite, Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, one of the most educated people in Moscow at that time, a great admirer of “Westernism”. During the reign of Sophia it was opened in Moscow at the Zaikonospassky Monastery Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, which soon began to play the role not so much of an educational institution, but of a kind of church inquisition.
The years of Sophia's power were also marked by important foreign policy events. According to the “Eternal Peace”, on April 21, 1686, Poland finally ceded Kyiv to Moscow and all the lands lost by its kings under the Truce of Andrusovo in 1667. Polish monarch Jan Sobieski made these concessions to attract Moscow to an alliance against the Turks. As part of this union, Prince Vasily Golitsyn undertook two trips to Crimea(in 1687 and 1689), but both of them ended in failure.
Since 1688, the matured Peter I had already begun to take part in affairs and attend the boyar duma. Clashes between him and Princess Sophia began to become more frequent, and a decisive struggle was inevitable. An attempt by Shaklovity and Sophia to rely on the archers in this fight against Peter ( second Streltsy riot) ended with the execution of Shaklovity and the imprisonment of Sophia in the Novodevichy Convent (at the end of September 1689). Thus ended her reign - state affairs now passed into the hands of Peter and his Naryshkin relatives.
Princess Sophia in the Novodevichy Convent. Painting by I. Repin, 1879
Sofya Alekseevna (1657-1704), Russian princess and Grand Duchess, ruler of Russia (1682-1689).
Born on September 27, 1657. The third daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Together with her half-brother Fyodor Alekseevich, she studied with the educator and poet Simeon of Polotsk. Contemporaries noted in Sophia a sharp mind, brilliant command of rhetoric and knowledge foreign languages. Sophia herself was engaged in literary creativity.
In May 1682, at the time of the Streltsy uprising in the capital, she took the position of a “merciful, meek and merciful” princess. Her speech to the archers who burst into the Kremlin, generous promises, praise and quick satisfaction of the rebels’ demands (primarily the payment of salaries that had not been given over many years) led to temporary calm in the capital. Sophia, supported by the archers and loyal Miloslavsky boyars, became the ruler.
In August 1682, at the height of new unrest, the princess deceived the royal family and court from Moscow, depriving the rebels of the opportunity to act on behalf of Tsars Ivan V and Peter I. Having executed the head of the Streltsy order, Prince I. A. Khovansky and his son, Sophia declared the popular uprising the result conspiracy of the aristocrats.
Having retained their material gains, the archers and soldiers abandoned political demands and over the course of several years were carefully "dismantled": divided by privileges, dispersed to provincial cities and reduced.
Sophia entered politics without rights, legalizing real power through an alliance with princes V.V. Golitsyn, Odoevsky and other prominent men of the Duma, as well as relying on the young energetic administrator Fyodor Leontyevich Shaklovity (Duma clerk, then okolnichy). By the summer of 1683, she actually created her own government, but only after the conclusion Eternal peace with Poland (1686) she received the status of a “co-reigning” princess, whose name was written in official documents.
Only her coronation could consolidate the power of the regent. Preparations for this were carried out in 1687-1689. Even the noble supporter of Peter I, Prince B.I. Kurakin, admitted: Sophia ruled “with all diligence and justice, so that there has never been such a wise rule in the Russian state. And during her reign, seven years later, the entire state came into the flower of great wealth, commerce, crafts, and science also increased... and then people’s freedom triumphed.”
However, Sophia lost power when she tried to eliminate Peter, who had already reached adulthood. In September 1689, she was imprisoned in the Novodevichy Convent. In 1698, a new Streltsy uprising broke out. Streltsy from distant cities marched on Moscow, hoping to return Sophia to power.
SOFIA ALEKSEEVNA Romanova (1657-1704) - ruler of Russia from May 29, 1682 to September 7, 1689 with the title “Great Empress, Blessed Tsarina and Grand Duchess”, the eldest daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from her first marriage to Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, née Miloslavskaya.
.jpg)
Meeting of Alexei Mikhailovich and Maria Miloslavskaya
Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov (Quiet) 
Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya
Sometimes it happens that strong, original individuals are unlucky with the timing or circumstances of birth. Princess Sophia could have become a great ruler, she could have become famous throughout the world, like Catherine II, but fate played a cruel joke on her - she was too late to be born, and history was already beginning to favor her opponents and was rapidly leading to the power of a great reformer - Peter I. Sophia was doomed.
From childhood, her fate seemed to tease her, lure her with illusions, push her to take decisive action, and ultimately deceive her. Sophia lost her mother early. Among her eight sisters and four brothers, she turned out to be the smartest, and most importantly, the healthiest. Unfortunately, Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna was fertile, but children, especially boys, were born sickly - and weak in mind, and fearful, and frail. But Father Alexei Mikhailovich noticed without joy how quickly little Sophia was ahead of the future tsar in development. And why didn’t God give intelligence to the heir? To whom should the throne be handed over?
Sofya Alekseevna was born on September 17, 1657 in Moscow. She received a good education at home, knew Latin, spoke fluent Polish, wrote poetry, read a lot, and had beautiful handwriting. Her teachers were Simeon of Polotsk, Karion Istomin, Sylvester Medvedev, who from childhood instilled in her respect for the Byzantine princess Pulcheria (396-453), who achieved power under her sick brother Theodosius II.
Samuil Gavrilovich Petrovsky-Sitnyanovich (Simeon Polotsky)
Trying to appear God-fearing and humble in public, Sophia in reality from her youth strove for complete power. A good education and natural tenacity of mind helped her win the trust of her father, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.
.jpg)
Sofya Alekseevna Romanova
Having lost her mother at the age of 14 (1671), she painfully experienced her father’s imminent second marriage to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina and the birth of her half-brother Peter (the future Tsar Peter I). 
After the death of her father (1676), she began to become interested in state affairs: the country was ruled in 1676-1682 by her brother, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, on whom she had a strong influence. Sick, fond of poetry and church music, four years younger than his 19-year-old sister, Fyodor was not independent in his actions.
Fedor Alekseevich Romanov
Therefore, at first, the widowed Tsarina Naryshkina tried to manage the country, but the relatives and sympathizers of Fyodor and Sophia managed to moderate her activity for a while, sending her and her son Peter into “voluntary exile” to the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow.
Sophia perceived the sudden death of Fyodor on April 27, 1682 as a sign and signal for active action. The attempt of Patriarch Joachim to proclaim Sophia's 10-year-old half-brother, Tsarevich Peter, king, and to remove 16-year-old Ivan V Alekseevich, the last male representative of the Romanov family from his marriage to M.I. Miloslavskaya, from the throne, was challenged by Sophia and her like-minded people.
Ivan V Alekseevich
Taking advantage of the uprising of the Streltsy on May 15-17, 1682, who rebelled against burdensome taxes, Sophia managed to achieve the proclamation of two brothers as heirs to the throne - Ivan V and Peter (May 26, 1682) with Ivan’s “primacy”.
This gave Sophia the reason to be “shouted out” by the regent on May 29, 1682 - “so that the government, for the sake of the young years of both sovereigns, would be handed over to their sister.” The kings were crowned a month later, on June 25, 1682.
Having actually usurped supreme power, Sophia became the head of the country. The leading role in her government was played by experienced courtiers close to the Miloslavskys - F.L. Shaklovity and especially Prince. V.V. Golitsyn is an intelligent, European-educated and courteous handsome man, at the age of 40, experienced in dealing with women. The status of a married man (he remarried in 1685 to the boyar E.I. Streshneva, the same age as Sophia), did not prevent him from becoming the favorite of the 24-year-old princess. 
Vasily Vasilievich Golitsyn
However, in the way of the reforms conceived by this government were adherents of the “old faith” (Old Believers), of whom there were many among the Streltsy who elevated Sophia to the heights of power. They were patronized by Prince Ivan Khovansky, who became the head of the Court Order in June 1682 and had deceptive hopes for a political career. 
Ivan Andreevich Khovansky Tararui
The Old Believers wanted to achieve equality in matters of doctrine and insisted on opening a “debate on faith,” to which Sophia, educated and confident in her intellectual superiority, agreed. The debate opened on July 5, 1682 in the Kremlin chambers in the presence of Sophia, Patriarch Joachim and a number of high-ranking clergy.
The main opponent of the official church in the person of Patriarch Joachim and Sophia was the “schismatic teacher” Nikita Pustosvyat, who suffered a shameful defeat.
The regent immediately showed decisiveness: she ordered the execution of Pustosvyat and his supporters (some of them were beaten with whips, the most stubborn were burned). Then she set to work on Khovansky, who, with his lust for power, arrogance and vain hopes for the throne for himself or his son, alienated not only the “Miloslavsky party”, but also the entire aristocratic elite. Since rumors spread among the archers he led about the inadmissibility of women on the Russian throne (“It’s high time to join the monastery!”, “Enough of stirring up the state!”), Sophia, along with her entourage, left Moscow for the village of Vozdvizhenskoye near the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Rumors about Khovansky's intention to exterminate the royal family forced her to save the princes: on August 20, 1682, Ivan V and Peter were taken to Kolomenskoye, and then to the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery near Zvenigorod. By agreement with the boyars, Khovansky was summoned along with his son to Vozdvizhenskoye. Having obeyed, he arrived, not knowing that he was already doomed. On September 5 (17), 1682, the execution of Khovansky and his son put an end to the “Khovanshchina.”
However, the situation in the capital stabilized only by November. Sophia and her court returned to Moscow and finally took power into her own hands. She placed Shaklovity at the head of the Streletsky order to eliminate the possibility of riots. Small concessions were made to the Sagittarius regarding everyday life (the prohibition of separating husband and wife when paying off a debt, the cancellation of debts from widows and orphans, the replacement of the death penalty for “outrageous words” with exile and whipping).
Having strengthened her position, Sophia, with the support of Golitsyn, took up foreign policy issues, regularly attending meetings of the Boyar Duma. In May 1684, Italian ambassadors arrived in Moscow. After talking with them, Sophia - unexpectedly for many adherents of antiquity and the true faith - “granted freedom” of religion to the Jesuits living in Moscow, thereby causing dissatisfaction with the patriarch. However, a flexible approach to foreign Catholics was required by the interests of foreign policy: guided by her teacher, the “pro-Westernist” S. Polotsky and with the support of Golitsyn, Sophia ordered the preparation of confirmation of the previously concluded Kardis peace with Sweden, and on August 10, 1684 she concluded a similar peace with Denmark. Considering Russia's main task to be the fight against Turkey and the Crimean Khanate, in February-April 1686 Sophia sent Golitsyn to defend the country's interests in negotiations with Poland. They ended with the signing of the “Eternal Peace” with her on May 6 (16), 1686, which assigned Left Bank Ukraine, Kyiv and Smolensk to Russia. This peace, which granted freedom of Orthodox religion in Poland, conditioned all concessions on Russia's entry into the war with Turkey, which threatened the southern Polish lands. (1).jpg)
Bound by the obligation to start a war in 1687, the government of Sophia issued a decree on the start of the Crimean campaign. In February 1687, troops under the command of Golitsyn (who was appointed field marshal) went to the Crimea, but the campaign against Turkey’s ally, the Crimean Khanate, was unsuccessful. In June 1687, Russian troops turned back.
The failures of the military campaign were compensated by the successes of the cultural and ideological plan: in September 1687, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy opened in Moscow - the first higher education educational institution in Russia, which gave Sophia the status of an educated and enlightened ruler. The Tsar's court began to turn into the center of scientific and cultural life in Moscow. Construction revived, the Kremlin walls were updated, and the construction of the Big Stone Bridge near the Kremlin across the Moscow River began.
In February 1689, Sophia again gave the order to begin a campaign against the Crimeans, which also turned out to be inglorious. 
Despite another failure, Sophia Golitsyn’s favorite was rewarded for him “above all merit” - a gilded cup, a sable caftan, an estate and a monetary gift of 300 rubles in gold.
And yet, the failure of the Crimean campaigns became the beginning of his fall, and with it the entire government of Sophia. The far-sighted Shaklovity advised the regent to immediately take radical measures (first of all, kill Peter), but Sophia did not dare to take them.
Peter, who turned 17 on May 30, 1689, refused to recognize Golitsyn’s campaign as successful. He accused him of “negligence” during the Crimean campaigns and condemned him for submitting reports to Sophia alone, bypassing the co-ruler kings. This fact became the beginning of an open confrontation between Peter and Sophia.
In August 1689, Golitsyn, sensing the approach of an imminent outcome, hid in his estate near Moscow and thereby betrayed Sophia. She tried to gather the forces of the Streltsy army, while Peter, together with the Naryshkins, took refuge under the protection of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. Patriarch Joachim, sent by Sophia, went over to his side (who did not forgive her for allowing the Jesuits into the capital), and then the archers handed over Shaklovity to Peter (he was soon executed).
On September 16, Golitsyn tried to repent and declare his loyalty to Sophia’s half-brother and her former “heart friend,” but was not accepted by Peter. The next day, September 7, 1689, Sophia's government fell, her name was excluded from the royal title, and she herself was sent to the Novodevichy Convent in Moscow - however, without being tonsured as a nun. I.E. portrayed her as formidable in anger and ready to resist two centuries later. Repin (Princess Sophia in the Novodevichy Convent, 1879): in the painting he depicts a gray-haired old woman, although she was only 32 years old at that time.
Peter exiled Sophia Golitsyn's favorite with his family to the Arkhangelsk region, where he died in 1714. But even in his absence, the princess was not going to give up. She looked for supporters and found them. However, attempts to organize real resistance to Peter I failed: denunciations and surveillance of her in the monastery ruled out success. In 1691, among the executed supporters of Sophia was the last student of S. Polotsk - Sylvester Medvedev. In March 1697, another Streltsy conspiracy in her favor, led by Ivan Tsykler, failed. In January 1698, taking advantage of the absence of Peter in the capital, who had left for Europe as part of the Great Embassy, Sophia (who was 41 years old at that time) again tried to return to the throne. Taking advantage of the discontent of the archers, who complained about the burdensomeness of Peter's Azov campaigns in 1695-1696, as well as about the conditions of service in the border cities, she called on them to disobey their superiors and promised to free them from all hardships if she was elevated to the throne.
Peter received news of the conspiracy while in Western Europe. Urgently returning to Moscow, he sent an army led by P.I. against the Streltsy. Gordon, who defeated the conspirators near the New Jerusalem Monastery on June 18, 1698.
Patrick Leopold Gordon of Ochluchrys
Russia experienced the last surge of Streltsy unrest in the spring of 1698. Sophia was waiting for these speeches and, although she did not take an active part, she hoped that the hated Peter would not be able to stay in power, that disappointed and enlightened compatriots would fall at her feet, calling for the throne. However, the last uprising also ended in bloody massacres. But Sophia was not forgotten: in front of her cells, the king ordered 195 people to be hanged, of whom three, hanging in front of her windows themselves, were given testimonies about the letters that the queen wrote, inciting rebellion. And for a long time, five whole months, the queen had the opportunity to admire the decaying human bodies and inhale the pungent cadaverous smell
On October 21, 1698, Sophia was forcibly tonsured a nun under the name of Susanna. She died in captivity on July 3, 1704, having adopted the schema under the name of Sophia before her death. She was buried in the Smolensk Cathedral of the Novodevichy Convent. 
Novodevichy Convent in Moscow 
Sofya Alekseevna Romanova in the Novodevichy Convent
Having never been married and having no children, she remained in the memories of her contemporaries as a person of “great intelligence and the most tender insight, a maiden full of more masculine intelligence.” According to Voltaire (1694-1778), she “had a lot of intelligence, composed poetry, wrote and spoke well, and combined many talents with a beautiful appearance, but all of them were overshadowed by her enormous ambition.” No real portraits of Sophia have survived, with the exception of an engraving created by order of Shaklovity. On it Sophia is depicted in royal vestments, with a scepter and orb in her hands.
Assessments of Sophia's personality vary greatly. Peter I and his admirers consider her a retrograde, although the state abilities of Peter's half-sister were noted already in the historiography of the 18th - early 20th centuries. - G.F. Miller, N.M. Karamzin, N.A. Polev, N.V. Ustryalov and I.E. Zabelin saw in her the embodiment of the Byzantine ideal of an autocrat, S.M. Solovyov considered her a “hero-princess” , which freed inner freedom their personality of all Russian women from the seclusion of the chamber, which tragically did not find support in society. Other historians (N.A. Aristov, E.F. Shmurlo, some Soviet scientists) were also inclined to this assessment. Foreign researchers consider her “the most decisive and capable woman who has ever ruled in Russia” (S.V.O. Brian, B. Lincoln, L. Hughes, etc.).
Natalia Pushkareva
In the history of Russia there were many personalities who made an invaluable contribution to the formation of statehood and caused ambiguous assessment of their activities among their contemporaries and descendants. Quite often by people who radically changed their fate Russian state, became women from whom in those days no one could expect such zeal in state affairs. The two princesses Sophia raise many questions, who significantly influenced the development of Russia and its emergence as a great and independent state. These two amazing women with difficult destinies, living in completely different historical periods, managed to leave their noticeable mark for posterity. Until now, historians are in search of information that reveals the phenomenon of these great women. And we will try to impartially tell you about their fates, because behind the formidable face of the ruler there is always a mysterious female soul hidden.
Zoya Palaeologus - Byzantine princess
The story of Princess Sophia Paleologus begins with the fall of the majestic city of Constantinople under the onslaught of the Turks. On May 29, 1453, Christian Constantinople became the center of the Muslim world - Istanbul. As a result of bloody battles, the last emperor of Byzantium, Constantine, who was the uncle of the future princess of Moscow, died. At that time, Zoya Paleolog was only three years old, and she and her entire family fled to the island of Corfu. Her father, Thomas Palaiologos, understood that in order to survive, he needed to enlist the support of the Vatican. As a result, the whole family moved to live in Rome under the patronage of Cardinal Vissarion. After the imminent death of Thomas and his wife Catherine, the cardinal assigned an annual allowance to Zoya and her two brothers. He took responsibility for the fate of the children and transferred them from Orthodoxy to Catholicism. At baptism, the princess of Byzantium received a new name, Sophia, under which she entered Russian history.
Sophia's childhood and youth
The Byzantine princess Sophia grew up as a very unusual child. She received at the court of the cardinal and Pope Paul II brilliant education, which was not always available even to men of that time. The girl showed great aptitude for science - she read and wrote in several languages from the age of four, studied philosophy, and memorized excerpts from Homer's poems. She delved into every political matter she heard about with great interest, and her flexible analytical mind practically conquered Pope Paul II. He quickly realized that young Sophia could be used for his own purposes by marrying off to strengthen the political influence of the Vatican. Therefore, from the moment the girl turned ten years old, the entire court was puzzled by the search for a husband for Sophia.
Few people know that before the princess became the bride of Prince Ivan, she had several suitors, but the engagements were upset in the most incredible way. Cardinal Vissarion, who proposed Sophia as a husband in different time two young men from noble and ancient Italian families, found out that through intrigue the girl was able to make the suitors themselves abandon her. Admiring the intelligence and abilities of his young pupil, he decided to suit her with an Orthodox husband, to which Sophia graciously agreed. The result was an engagement to the king of Cyprus, but suddenly the fourteen-year-old bride refused to marry a Greek. Knowing Sophia’s character well, Vissarion realized that she was a Byzantine princess, dreaming of a throne that would revive the power of her family and allow all her talents to be revealed. Widowed in 1467 Grand Duke Moscow's Ivan III, and the obstinate heiress of Byzantium were offered to him as a wife. Sophia's fate was sealed.
The Principality of Moscow in the mid-fifteenth century
It is worth noting that during this period the country was fragmented into a mass of principalities suffering under the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The princes were obliged to pay tribute and were completely dependent on the mercy of the Tatar khans. The Moscow principality, despite the fact that it was the largest and most influential, was also subordinate to the khan's administration. Nevertheless, marrying the Moscow prince was quite prestigious for Sophia. For its part, the Vatican wanted to strengthen the position of Catholics in the country with the help of this marriage. The cardinal dreamed that Sophia would defend the interests of catholic church, and over time will be able to spread its influence in opposition to Orthodoxy. In addition, Rome needed strong supporters in the fight against the Turks, who were actively advancing across Europe. All this together made Sophia’s marriage to Ivan desirable and profitable.
Princess Sophia - wife of Ivan III
Sophia went to her future husband three years after given consent for marriage. During this period, active negotiations were conducted between Moscow and Rome, Metropolitan Philip expressed his dissatisfaction with the possibility of marriage with a Catholic. But in the end, Sophia set off on a journey to the distant Russian land with a dowry of gold coins, jewelry and a magnificent library. It consisted of Egyptian papyri, Greek scrolls, books about the secrets of the universe and numerous philosophical works. In the future, it was this library brought by Sophia that would become the basis of the famous library of her grandson, Ivan the Terrible.
On November 12, 1472, in the Assumption Cathedral, the Greek princess became the official wife of Ivan III. Now she was called only Sophia Princess.
Witch of All Rus'
Despite the fact that the Princess of Moscow did a lot to transform the principality into a strong and beautiful power, her subjects did not like her and often called her a “witch.” Her education, which Ivan III valued very highly, was taken for a connection with dark forces. Many said that the mysterious scrolls that the princess brought with her contained a description of the ancient magical rituals. Sophia allegedly used them to influence her husband. And this influence was truly limitless. After all, literally from the first days of marriage, Ivan realized what a treasure he had taken as his wife, and began to listen to Sophia’s opinion in solving important state affairs.
This is all the more incredible because in those days the lot of a princely wife was simply to be nearby and give birth to children. All this was alien to Sophia, she boldly expressed her opinion on many issues, participated in all her husband’s endeavors and often became an inspirer and instigator. All this, combined with a strange appearance for Russian people - short stature, large dark eyes and long black hair, gave rise to a lot of rumors about magical abilities a Greek woman who set out to destroy Rus'.
Sophia's contribution to the development of Rus'
It is worth noting that at the moment when Princess Sophia entered Russian soil, there was not much difference between the life of the Prince of Moscow and the court boyars. A certain familiarity in communication was accepted; no one adhered to special rituals and did not show the prince due respect. Moscow consisted entirely of wooden buildings, and the royal chambers looked dilapidated and shabby. All this amazed Sophia, who was educated and accustomed to luxury. With her characteristic efficiency, she began the transformations that became key in the history of Rus'.
It was Princess Sophia who gave the country its state emblem - a double-headed eagle. This symbol of the Byzantine Empire, the sign of the Greek family of Palaiologos, symbolized some isolation of Rus'. Almost immediately after his marriage, Ivan III adopted a new coat of arms and began to use it everywhere. Sophia insisted on observing the magnificent palace rituals, she carefully separated the prince from his court, forcing everyone to show him reverence and respect. WITH light hand With his new wife, Ivan began to call himself Tsar and began to unite the principalities under the rule of Moscow.
It is believed that it was Princess Sophia who inspired her husband to refuse to pay tribute to Khan Akhmat. Which was the reason for the Khan’s troops to attack Moscow, but Ivan III managed to protect his beloved wife, children and state.
Having resolved matters with foreign policy and the paraphernalia of the royal court, Sophia begins the complete transformation of Moscow. She personally invites Italian architects to the country and forms a whole group of Italians, whom she sends on diplomatic missions to the court of Western rulers. In addition to establishing good relations With European states, the ambassadors had important mission- bring all kinds of craftsmen to the country. She generously paid architects, builders, and scientists who worked for the benefit of the country. Through the efforts of Sophia, Moscow finally begins to mint coins from silver itself, which significantly raised the prestige of Rus' before foreign powers.
During the reign of Ivan III, Moscow turned into that very “white stone” city, glorified by poets and foreign guests. Sophia carefully watched the construction of the Uspensky and Annunciation Cathedral, at her behest, stone chambers were built throughout Moscow. At the same time, the famous Chamber of Facets and many beautiful churches appeared.
Despite all the changes that Sophia has achieved, all thirty years of her happy marriage with Ivan III she was subjected to censure and blasphemy. The Russian people were not ready for such serious transformations carried out in as soon as possible, therefore, they attributed all the talents of the Princess of Moscow to a witchcraft gift. Even many years later, great Russian historians spoke very unflatteringly about the Greek princess in their works, which does not detract from her invaluable contribution to the formation of a great state.
Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna: biography
The end of the seventeenth century marked the beginning of a series of unusual events in which female royalty played an important role. The first on this list was Princess Sophia, whose biography should have been a list of boring and unremarkable events if the course of history had not been changed by chance.
Sofia Romanova was born in 1654. She was the daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and could not even pretend to rule a huge state. The heir to the throne was her brother Fyodor; in addition to him, the princess had two more brothers - Ivan and Peter.
After the sudden death of Fyodor in 1682, Princess Sophia managed, through intrigue and uprising, to gain custody of her brothers, who were elevated to the throne. She was the regent, and in reality, the real ruler of Russia.
The reign of Princess Sophia lasted seven years. People called it “triple power,” which caused great confusion in Europe. But in 1689, Tsarevich Peter got married and managed to remove his power-hungry sister from the throne. She moved to the Novodevichy Convent, where she died as a nun in 1704 under the name of Susanna after numerous failed attempts to regain power and overthrow Peter I.
Sofya Alekseevna: a brief historical portrait
Contemporaries spoke ambiguously about Sophia. According to the descriptions of some, she appeared as a masculine monster, opposed to any changes, but others spoke of her as a charming young woman, ready to do anything for the well-being of the country. So what was Princess Sofya Alekseevna really like?
It is worth noting that the fate of Russian princesses in those days was very unenviable. They were brought up in strictness and obedience. From the moment of birth, they were given to be raised by nannies who taught the girls to read church books and do needlework. Upon reaching puberty, they were tonsured into nuns, where they eked out their miserable existence until their death. Russian princesses practically could not get married; it was incredibly difficult for them to find a worthy groom. After all, some candidates simply did not fit the status, while others belonged to a different faith. As a result, the girls resigned themselves to their sad fate. But Sophia was not like that.
WITH early years She showed a daring character, which upset her teachers. At the age of seven, her father became interested in the extraordinary girl and ordered her to be taught science. Princess Sophia turned out to be extremely smart and acumen, she was fluent in several languages, knew history and did excellent math. Tsar Alexei took his grown daughter with him on trips and introduced her to many people. The girl, who had an incredible mind, quickly charmed everyone who saw her. Despite the fact that she was plump, angular and had sharp facial features combined with short stature, men found her incredibly attractive.
In the future, it is these qualities that will make her the ruler of the state. In addition, after the death of her father, she managed to get closer to her brother and acquired a lot of supporters at court. Sophia understood that only through intrigue and with the help accurate calculation she will achieve her goal - the throne.
You need to understand that with all her intelligence and talents, Sofya Alekseevna actively advocated reforms and transformations in the country. Many scientists believe that Peter I in all his reforms was guided by the points that were in Sophia’s decrees. After all, she never had time to realize all her plans.
Sophia's rise to power
Having taken a strong position at the court of her brother Fyodor, Sophia began active action after his death. She strongly opposed the enthronement of her ten-year-old brother Peter, and the adult Ivan could not be a ruler due to dementia. At the instigation of the princess, the terrible Streletsky uprising flared up in Moscow, which was resolved only by enthroning two brothers. They were considered equal autocrats, and Sophia was their regent. After Peter came of age, she had to transfer all power to him and completely retire from business. As a result, since 1682, the princess became practically the sole ruler of Russia.
Board of Sofia Alekseevna
Princess Sophia will later remember the years she spent in power with great pleasure. In the period from 1682 to 1689, she tried to show all her talents and intelligence in order to lead Russia to prosperity and well-being.
Although Sophia saw the country’s prosperity in her own way. First of all, after coming to power, she severely punished the archers for rebellion. The leaders were captured and executed, which ensured the obedience of the entire Streltsy army to the princess. The newly created empress waged an irreconcilable struggle with the Old Believers. They were persecuted throughout the country - they were beheaded, hanged and executed. In parallel with this, the princess sought to educate the people and opened the first higher educational institution in the country - the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
Sophia sought to make Moscow more beautiful and launched several large-scale construction projects designed to decorate the city with new bridges and churches. The princess’s plans were to carry out military reform, but she did not have time to fulfill her plans.
Foreign policy of Princess Sophia
In foreign policy Sofya Alekseevna adhered to equally strong principles. In 1686, she ended the war with Poland and, according to a peace treaty, gained possession of Kyiv and Smolensk. This success inspired the young girl, and she decided to take a trip to the Crimea.
Unfortunately, both Crimean campaigns in 1687 and 1689 were unsuccessful. And this greatly shook the power of Sophia, who did not want to admit the inadequacy of her favorite Vasily Golitsyn as a military leader. To compensate for these failures, Sophia tried to strengthen foreign policy ties with European countries by opening Russian embassies in them.
Sophia's struggle for power
In 1689, the adult Tsarevich Peter removed his sister from government affairs and ended the period of “triple power.” Sophia was exiled to a monastery and ordered to remain there until the end of her days.
But the princess could not give up the idea of regaining power. Several times she tried to stir up riots and uprisings with the help of the archers loyal to her. Each time Peter, who did not feel sympathy or trust for them, stopped all attempts at rebellion with a firm hand. The instigators were demonstratively executed in the square.
As a result, royal guards were stationed near the monastery, not allowing visitors to the princess. Princess Sophia died at the age of fifty, never having come to terms with her fate as a retired ruler of Russia.
