1. What determines the pronunciation of vowel sounds in Russian?
2. What is word stress? What is the nature of the Russian accent?
3. What are the features of Russian accent?
How are unstressed vowels pronounced?
Word stress. Features of Russian accent. Vowel sounds in syllables can be stressed or unstressed. For example, the word teach has four syllables, three syllables of this word have unstressed vowels (e, o, a), and the last one has stressed a.
The pronunciation of vowel sounds in Russian depends, first of all, on their position in relation to stress.
Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables of a word with greater force.
Word stress is one of the main external signs independent word. Function words usually have no accent. Some of them (prepositions and conjunctions) are proclitics; they stand before significant words, for example: under the mountain, on the table, students and teachers; others (usually monosyllabic particles) are enclitics; they come after fully stressed words, for example: I would go for a walk; the father answered differently.
In some combinations, the emphasis shifts to monosyllabic prepositions, while the significant word following the preposition becomes unstressed, for example: for the winter, through the forest, out of town.
Sometimes the emphasis of the particle not and nor is “pulled” onto itself, for example: there was no, no matter what was, no matter who was.
As a rule, there is one stress in a word, but some categories of words, in addition to the main one, have a side stress, which is usually in the first place, and the main one in the second, for example: Old Russian. These words include: 1) complex words (cotton harvesting, locomotive building); 2) words with prefixes after-, super-, anti-, trans- (postoperative, transatlantic); 3) some foreign words(postscript, after the fact).
In Russian, stress can fall on any syllable - on the first (girl, uchit), on the second (teacher, law), on the third (student, stress), on the fourth (position “t, assimilation”) and into different morphemes, prefix, root, suffix and ending (release, house, wrote, deeds). That's why Russian accent characterized as heterogeneous.
Stress in the Russian language performs not only pronunciation (i.e., indicates how the word should be pronounced correctly), but also semantic and form-distinctive functions. Thus, different homograph words can differ depending on the place of stress: flour and flour, a'tlas and atlas, food (noun) - food' (adj.), road' (adj.) - expensive ´ha (n.)
With the help of stress, the grammatical forms of words are often distinguished - cases of nouns, types of verbs, forms of moods, verbs, etc.: hands (I.p., plural), hands (R.p., singular), pour out ( owl. in), pour out (non-sov. in), write (indicative mood) - write (indicative mood.).
During education grammatical forms words, the emphasis can remain in the same place. This stress is called fixed (book, books, book, book, book, about the book, book, books, books, books, about books). It can stand on the base (card, red, work) or ending (young, article, carry).
A movable stress is one that, when forming grammatical forms of the same word, moves from one morpheme to another: country (I.p., singular) - countries (I.p., plural), water ( I.p., singular) - water (V.p., singular) or one syllable on another within the same morpheme: lake - lakes, tree - trees.
Exercise 39.
Listen and repeat the words. Pronounce stressed syllables with greater force and tension.
Educate, educator, educate, education, teacher, Pedagogical University, institute, auditorium, laboratory, laboratory work, lecture, seminar, tests, rating, control, teach, student, education, educated person.
Write a short story using these words.
Exercise 40.
Write down from the text in one column the words with stress on the first syllable, in the second - with stress on the second syllable, in the third - with stress on the third syllable, in the fourth - with stress on the fourth syllable. Learn to pronounce these words correctly.
Language is a priceless gift that a person is endowed with. It allows you to understand the laws of nature and social development, to move forward science, technology, art, to join the culture of other peoples, to pass on your thoughts and tell descendants about the successes achieved, to understand each other.
Language is the soul of the people, and without a linguistic attribute there is no nation; humanity itself does not exist without language.
Name the language functions listed in the text.
Exercise 41.
Check if you pronounce these words correctly; say them out loud several times. Write down the words that you pronounced with the wrong accent in a dictionary.
| agent alphabet argument aristocracy pamper library democracy dispensary agreement agreement document | unity call (call) toothed for a long time invention industry tool catalog quarter combiner Beautiful more beautiful medicines briefly the youth monologue | intention some obituary hatred security facilitate optimism acquisition pseudonym centimeter remedy(s) customs | porcelain motion owner(s) expert export linguistic (fact) tongue (sausage) |
Exercise 42.
Remember the accents in some short adjectives, participles and past tense verbs:
Rude - rude - rude - rude, right - right - right - right, sold - sold - sold - sold, take - took - took - took - took, slept - slept - slept - slept.
Exercise 43.
Write out from explanatory dictionary S.I. Ozhegova meanings of these words. Remember their pronunciation. Make sentences with them. Explain the role of stress in these words.
ugly - ugly, expensive - expensive, castle - castle, organ - organ, give - give, cotton - cotton, pa' ry - steam´, fall asleep - fall asleep (grain).
Exercise 44.
Read and then rewrite the sentences. Place emphasis on the highlighted words. Define its functions.
1. Language is the main material of word artists. – The writer carefully selects words for his works. 2. In any country, the title of teacher is honorable. – Teachers are the people responsible for educating the new generation. 3. The weather is unusually hot this year. - This book costs five hundred soums. 4. B Lately A lot of interesting newspapers and magazines began to appear. – A seriously ill person can only be taken out in inpatient conditions. 5. During the celebration of Navruz there will be live coverage from the square. – We received good news.
Exercise 45.
Listen and repeat.
From Tashkent, from Bukhara, from Samarkand, to Khiva, to Navoi, to Urgench, from parents, from a friend, from a teacher, in the square, at the bus stop, at the station, in the yard, under the table, under the window, above your head, above the roof , from behind a tree, from behind a house, from under a bed.
Exercise 46.
Read the following phonetic words aloud with the emphasis on the first syllable. Remember their pronunciation.
On the mountain, on the leg, on the arm, on the back, on the soul, on the shore, on the house, on the floor, for the day, for the night, for two, for three, for five, by the leg, by the head, around the corner, outside the city , per day, per night, under the feet, under the arms, under the head, across the sea, through the forest, along the floor, along the nose, in twos, in threes, from the forest, from home, from the nose, out of sight, without a trace, an hour from time to time, year from year.
Exercise 47.
Read aloud the phraseological combinations below. Make sentences with them.
Nothing to see; It doesn't get any easier hour by hour; struck hand in hand; but his hand is unclean; neither downhill nor uphill; as it were.
Exercise 48.
Read the words below correctly. Decline them verbally. Write words with fixed stress in one column, and words with movable stress in the other.
Fable, shore, tie, case, earth, pencil, window, letter, hand, mountain, snow, dispute, student, arrow, heat, lesson, fog, ball, width, fire, towel, village, rock, table, cold, silence, service.
Unstressed vowels. Unstressed vowels, unlike stressed vowels, are pronounced with less tension of articulation and are characterized by shorter duration and distinctness in pronunciation. Their pronunciation often differs from their spelling. Thus, in the word milk, according to the norms of literary pronunciation, only the third O sounds like [o], and the other two have changed their quality: in the first pre-stressed syllable a sound close to A [Ù] is heard, and in the second pre-stressed one there is a sound intermediate between O short and S short – [ъ] ([small]). The sound I is also pronounced in overstressed syllables, for example in the word ([loud]). Meanwhile, all these sounds in writing are denoted by the same letter O.
The vowels [a], [o], [e] experience the greatest changes in unstressed syllables. The vowels [i], [ы], [у], although they sound shorter in unstressed syllables, do not change their quality.
Exercise 49.
Practice pronouncing words with unstressed vowels.
1. Listen and repeat:
Water, thunderstorm, board, leg, goat, basket, gardens, grass, country, people, cardboard, garage, fence, dawn, canal, novel, drop, drive, lantern, motor, report, threshold.
Clock, watchman, watchmaker, for an hour, an hour, a particle, a particle, partially, teahouse, tea party, sorrel, sorrel, rows, row, in rows, nickle, nickel.
2. Listen and repeat:
One, lonely, loneliness, basis, main, organization, organize, protection, guard, general, generalize, society, public, authority, subscriber, graduate student, accompaniment.
3. Listen and repeat:
Pencil, shop, head, samovar, gardener, plumbing, document, housekeeping, young, dear, golden, in half, give, talk, cold, run out, write out.
(Reference material I. 3. p. 202)
Exercise 50.
Form a shape plural from nouns. Write it down and read it out loud, paying attention to the pronunciation [o].
Table, yard, house, field, sea, garden, ball.
Exercise 51.
Rewrite the words below, adding emphasis. Read it out loud. Say what unstressed vowels sound like and write the reduction signs /Ù, ъ/.
Turn, locomotive, stop, plane, hammer, nightingale, golden, vegetable garden, help, lanterns, watchman;
hair, raven, summer, horse, look out, express, submission, worked, nearby.
Exercise 52.
Rewrite the words below, adding emphasis. Read it out loud.
Say what unstressed vowels sound like and write the reduction signs /ь, е, Λ, ыe/.
Master, wind, woodpecker, offended, sunny, domain, see, writer.
Convey, shore, take care, amuse, magnify, age-old, business, wooden, general, craft.
Private, dancing, heavy, piglet, little frog, sentry.
Exercise 53.
Rewrite the words below, place stress, underline unstressed vowels. Read it, say what the vowels sound like after sibilant Ш, Ж and after Ц. Write reduction signs above them.
1. Sixth, whisper, rough, cruel, chew, turn yellow, wife, groom, iron, desire, price, appreciate, cement, chain, workshop, censorship, cling.
2. Rustle, woolly, stir, silky, peel, tin, yellowness, foal, groove, yellow-mouthed, groom, virgin soil, kiss, whole, target.
Exercise 54.
Read phrases and sentences aloud, underlining the letters that differ in the spelling of words.
To belittle is to beg for forgiveness. Red fox – coniferous forests. Write down the exercise - don’t rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds. Boil the vegetables - open the door. It became fun - it weighed a little.
Exercise 55.
Read it. Tell me why the words in the second column sound the same. What are these words called?
Exercise 56.
Prove by selecting related words with emphasis on the vowels of the root that the words in each pair that have the same pronunciation have different meanings.
Hurry (to exercise) - write it down (examples).
Get down (from the attic) - lick (cream).
To shine (in the dark) – to dedicate (romance).
Reconcile (opponents) - try on (blouse).
The guard (warehouse) is a well-known old-timer.
Waving (flag) - developing (child).
Exercise 57.
Read the text. Watch the pronunciation of unstressed vowels. Complete the tasks given after the text.
Learn to speak and write.
After reading this headline, most readers will think: “This is what I did when I was a kid!” No, you need to learn to speak and write all the time. Language is the most expressive thing a person has, and if he stops paying attention to his language and begins to think that he has already mastered it sufficiently, he will begin to retreat. You must constantly monitor your language - oral and written.
The surest way to get to know a person is to mental development, his moral character, his character - listen to how he speaks.
So, there is the language of a people as an indicator of its culture and the language of an individual as an indicator of his personal qualities - the qualities of a person who uses the language of the people. If we pay attention to a person’s manner of carrying himself, his gait, his behavior, his face and judge a person by them, sometimes, however, erroneously, then a person’s language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture...
A person’s language is his worldview and his behavior. As he speaks, so, therefore, he thinks.
And if you want to be a truly intelligent, educated and cultured person, then pay attention to your language. Speak correctly, accurately and economically. Don’t force others to listen to your long speeches, don’t show off your language, don’t be a narcissistic talker.
If you often have to speak publicly - at meetings, meetings, or simply in the company of your friends, then, first of all, make sure that your speeches are not long. Keep track of the time.
Second rule. To make a speech interesting, everything you say must be interesting to you. If the speaker talks or reads with interest and the audience feels it, then the listeners will also be interested. Interest is not created in the audience itself - interest is instilled in the audience by the speakers. Of course, if the topic is not interesting, nothing will come of trying to inspire interest in listeners.
Vowel sounds- speech sounds, which are characterized by the following most important acoustic and articulatory features: firstly, they consist only of tone (voice), and secondly, during their formation there is no obstacle to the path of the air stream.
From an acoustic point of view, vowel sounds consist of only one tone, and different ratios of tone and noise characterize consonant sounds. So, when pronouncing vowel sounds, as a result of the vibration of tense vocal cords in the larynx, a voice, or musical tone, is formed. The resulting sound is transformed and enriched with additional tones formed in the supraglottic cavities (pharynx, nasal and oral cavity). These resonator tones give the sound a specific timbre, a special quality that distinguishes one vowel sound from another. Since the timbre of any sound, or its quality, depends on the volume and shape of the resonator (cf. the different volume and shape of resonators in musical instruments: violin, cello and double bass; domra, balalaika and guitar), then the timbre of vowel sounds is determined by the position of the tongue and lips that can change size and shape oral cavity.
The tongue is the most mobile organ of articulation; it can move horizontally and vertically in the oral cavity, thus forming different vowels.
The degree of elevation of the tongue to the palate ensures the difference in vowel sounds according to the rise: the highest position of the tongue forms the vowels of the upper rise ([i], [ы], [у]), the middle position forms the vowels of the middle rise ([e], [o]) and lower - lower vowels ([a]). Vowels of the upper rise are called closed (narrow), and vowels of the lower rise are called open (wide), since when the tongue is lowered, the mouth opens wider and lowers. lower jaw. If we pronounce the vowels [i], [e], [a] in succession, we can feel the tongue moving vertically.
The body of the tongue can also shift horizontally: move closer to the teeth or move back to the root of the tongue, forming the front vowels ([i], [e]), middle ([a]) and back ([u], [o ]). If we pronounce the vowels [i], [s], [y] in succession, we can notice the tongue moving horizontally.
When pronouncing the vowels [e], [o], [a], the tongue moves vertically: [e] and [o] are mid-rise vowels, and [a] is a low-rise vowel; however, the tongue still moves forward (when pronouncing a front vowel - [e]), backward (when pronouncing a back vowel - [o]) or the tongue occupies a middle position ([a] - middle vowel).
The lips can also be involved in the formation of vowels. When pronouncing rounded vowels ([у], [о]), the lips are slightly rounded and pulled forward.
When articulating vowels, the air stream does not encounter any obstacles in the oral cavity and passes freely. The stronger and more intensely we pronounce the vowel sound, the wider we open our mouth. Vowel sounds are mouth openers.
The functional difference between vowels and consonants is that they behave differently when forming a syllable. The vowel sound forms the top of the syllable (there is no syllable without a vowel sound), and a consonant in the syllable usually accompanies the vowel.
Vowel percussion sound - a vowel under stress (in a stressed position), pronounced without weakening articulation, that is, without reduction. This means that the stressed vowel sound is longer and more intense, pronounced with greater force, that is, louder and more intense than a vowel in an unstressed position. The intensity and length of articulation contribute to the fact that the individual coloring of the sound (its timbre) becomes more defined and clear. Thanks to this, the position under stress is a strong position for vowels, that is, the position in which the vowels are most different from each other and cannot be confused. For example, catfish-sam, forest-fox.Material from the site
Unstressed (reduced) vowel sound- a vowel sound pronounced with a greater or lesser weakening of articulation. In the unstressed position, vowel sounds are characterized by less force, more sluggish (less energetic) articulation, and usually greater brevity. The result of changing the quality and quantity of unstressed vowels is called reduction. Vowel sounds that are pronounced with reduction are called reduced. The position of a vowel without stress is weak, since in this position vowels, pronounced less intensely, usually lose individual differences(by row and rise). When pronouncing this way, we sometimes stop distinguishing between meanings different words. For example: I [myself] caught a catfish [myself] or I saw a fox [fox] in the forest.
which are indicated in the letter 10 letters:
1. The use of vowels as part of a word has some features in the Russian language:
Vowel [s] As a rule, it does not appear at the beginning of words; [s] elementary
possible in rare borrowed proper nouns.
Oyya, Ynykgan. [s] Sound
used only after hard consonants. Smoke [smoke], rear
Oyya, Ynykgan. [rear].[And]
used only after soft consonants. Physicist
[physicist]. Writing letters and after (these sounds are always hard) not determined by pronunciation: letter combinations zhi, shi, qi pronounced like [zhy], [shy], [tsy].
Vowel [s] pronounced at the place of the letter and also at the beginning of the word after a preposition for a hard consonant (the preposition does not have its own stress and is adjacent to the subsequent word).
From and rice– [from] rice
Vowel [e] used in most cases after soft consonants.
Children[d'et'i], weight[v'es].
But there are digressions here. Sound [e] combines with hard consonants:
after [zh], [w], [ts];
Gesture[gesture], six[shes’t’], prices[prices].
in some foreign words;
Test[test], pace[tempo].
in some compound words.
HPP, VTEK.
2. A characteristic feature of Russian pronunciation is the different sound of vowels under and without stress.
A vowel in a stressed position is in strong position, that is, it is pronounced most clearly and with the greatest force. A vowel in an unstressed position is in weak position, that is, pronounced with less force and less clearly.
3. In an unstressed position (in a weak position), all vowel sounds are pronounced with less force, but some of them retain their qualitative characteristics, while others do not:
vowel sounds do not change the sound quality in unstressed position [i], [s], [y](letters and, y, y, yu );
Mil[m’il] – sweetheart[m'ila], lived[zhyl] – lived[vein], jester[jester] – (no) jester[jester].
Exception makes up sound [rear].: at the beginning of a word, if in the flow of speech the word merges with the preceding word ending in a hard consonant, it sounds in place [s];
IN And exile[V s exile].
change the sound quality in unstressed vowels [a], [o], [e](letters a, I, o, e, e, e ).
4. Russian literary pronunciation is usually called “akay” and “hiccuping”.
In the pre-stressed syllable after hard consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e](in the position after hard words this sound is rarely found in the Russian language) the sound usually sounds close to [A][A], although this sound is not so open, therefore in linguistics a special sign is used to denote it [Λ] .
MO th[moj] – mO I[mΛja] or [maja], dA l[gave] – dA la[dΛla] or [gave].
In the pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants in place of vowels [a], [o], [e] sounds close to [rear].. [rear]. In the school version of the transcription it is usually denoted as [rear]., although this sound sounds more like with an overtone [e] – [i ] .
uh Wed:I l vz Wed:I la[vz’al] – [v’i e la] or [v’ila],n e With [v’i e la] or [v’ila],[nose] - e sla [n'i e sla] or [n'isla],[nose] - l b [n'i e sla] or [n'isla],[nose] - la[b'el] –
It is with these features of Russian pronunciation that the need to check unstressed vowels is connected with the help of related words in which this vowel is stressed, that is, in a strong position.
The position of the vowel in the first pre-stressed syllable is called I weak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing a pre-stressed syllable is approximately one and a half times less than when pronouncing a stressed syllable.
Yandex.Direct
5. Exception can form some words with vowels [a], [o], [e] in I weak position after hissing ones [f], [w] and after the sound [ts]:
after hard [zh], [w], [ts] before a soft consonant in place [A] Usually the sound is between [s] and [e](denoted [s [e] – [i ] );
ANDA fly[and s [e] – [i l'et'], LoshA dey[lsh s [e] – [i d'ej], twentyA you[dvats s [e] – [i t'iʁ].
in place of the letter [nose] - after [zh], [w], [ts] there is a sound between [s] And [e], – [s [e] – [i ] ;
Wife[zhyena], sixth[shyestoj], price[tsyena].
after hard [f], [w] on site [A] sounds close to [A] – [Λ] , as after other hard consonant sounds.
ShA R[ball] – wA ry[shΛrý].
6. In other unstressed syllables (second, third pre-stressed syllables, over-stressed syllables) vowels [a], [o], [e] sound even weaker and fuzzier.
The position of the vowel in other unstressed syllables (not in the first prestressed) is usually called II weak position: the force of exhalation when pronouncing such syllables is three times less compared to a stressed syllable.
In the school course, these sounds are not specifically discussed.
In linguistics, such sounds are usually called reduced, that is, “weakened.” The signs most often used to denote them are: “er”[ъ] – after hard consonants, “er”[b]
- after soft consonants. (This resource uses a simplified version of vowel transcription, that is, the pronunciation features of vowels [o], [a], [e] in closed and open overstressed syllables are not taken into account, the difference in pronunciation [o], [a], [e] in overstressed syllables syllable, etc.)
For example: dO after hard consonants: language [dъ mavoj],A fish [d], [fishA roofs [d], [roofs[nose] - ts face [d [ts
l'ikom]; RI after soft consonants: Dovoy [R' b davoj],[nose] - floor [R'], [floor'A h scooper [R'[h’
7. Exception sΛfsch’ik]. constitutes II weak position of vowels at the absolute beginning of a word[a], [o] The signs most often used to denote them are: “er”. In place of these vowels at the beginning of the word, an unreduced “er” sounds [A] – [Λ] , and the sound is close to
, as in I weak position after hard consonants. ABOUT gherkin O [Λgur’ets]; monkey
[Λb'iez'jan].
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Analysis algorithm when transcribing a word Break the word into syllables and add stress. |
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Regret - so-zha-le-ni-e. Underline the stressed vowel with two lines.So-zha-le -no-e. A stressed vowel does not change its sound. Just keep in mind that the letters e, e, yu, i [e], [o], [a], [y]– after soft consonants (as in the word regret); or two sounds: consonant [j]+ vowel [e], [o], [a], [y]– at the beginning of a word, after a vowel and after separators [d And [R' . Explicit – I-evny, development – pro-I-vka, shooting – snm-ka. |
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Place the number of the weak position above the unstressed vowels: first pre-stressed syllable – I weak position; the remaining unstressed syllables are II weak position. Co II - lady l I - e- Co [nose] - neither II. [i], [s], [y](letters and, y, y, yu If among these vowels there are sounds the remaining unstressed syllables are II weak position. Co II - lady l I - [v’i e la] or [v’ila],And Co [nose] -), then emphasize them with one feature: they do not change their sound in an unstressed position. e- II – in an overstressed syllable |
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sounds vowel [i].Determine which vowel sounds sound in weak position I (first pre-stressed syllable) in place of letters : e, e, o, a [Λ] ; after hard consonants - after soft consonants - [e] – [i ] ; after Writing letters and after [And after soft consonants - [e] – [i ] . the remaining unstressed syllables are II weak position. Co II - lady l I - [v’i e la] or [v’ila],And Co [nose] - may sound II - II – in a syllable sounds vowel [ы и]. Please note that if the letters [j]+ vowel e, I [e], [a] Please note that if the letters j after soft consonants - [e] – [i ] . there will be a sound Co Showed up - oh lady byya wil-xia Showed up - oh II – first pre-stressed syllable |
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I will sound like [b'ji e]. Determine which vowel sounds sound in weak position I (first pre-stressed syllable) in place of letters : e, e, o, a The signs most often used to denote them are: “er”; after hard consonants - The signs most often used to denote them are: “er”; Determine which vowel sounds sound in the second weak position (any unstressed syllable, except the first pre-stressed one) in place of the letters O And A – [Λ] . sounds vowel [ы и]. Please note that if the letters at the absolute beginning of the word in place of the letters [j]+ vowel e, I denote two sounds: consonant , then these vowels also change according to: [e], [a] general rules Please note that if the letters j – after hard consonants, “er”. the remaining unstressed syllables are II weak position. Co II - lady l I - [v’i e la] or [v’ila],And Co [nose] -– a soft consonant, which means after it in place of the letters II – syllable with [nose] - with a hard consonant it sounds like [съ]; Showed up - oh lady byya syllable O([j] + vowel) sounds like [b]; o II - II – |
at the absolute beginning of the word it will sound like [Λ], the syllable
Xiawith a soft consonant it will sound like [s'ь].Peculiarities of pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positionsFeatures of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions depend on a number of conditions:
1) places in relation to the stressed syllable,
2) positions at the absolute beginning of the word,3) hardness/softness of the preceding consonant. The place in relation to the stressed syllable determines the degree of vowel reduction. In phonetics, it is customary to name syllables not according to their order in a word, but according to the place they occupy relative to the stressed syllable. All unstressed syllables are divided into prestressed and overstressed. The numbering of pre-stressed syllables is carried out in the direction from the stressed syllable, that is, from right to left.In the first pre-stressed syllable, four vowels are possible - unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]: n[u]zhda need, [h"i]s y´ watch, sh[y]lka .
silks , n[a]chnoy Andnight In the remaining unstressed syllables (second, third prestressed and post-stressed) strongly reduced vowels [ъ], [ь], as well as the sound [у] are pronounced. In the second pre-stressed syllable: d[ъ]movoysmoke brownie, [m"b] sorubka .
In overstressed syllables: bolot[ъ]мswamp Andswamps , tendergentle Andtender , si[n"b]mblue Andblue , pó[l"l]mfield , horsehorse .
In overstressed syllables at the absolute end of the word, along with the sounds [ъ], [ь] and [у], the vowel [ы] is fixed, only very short: note[y] notes , note[b] note, but[t"b]note , note[y]note .
The position at the absolute beginning of a word after a pause also affects the characteristics of vowel reduction. In this position the sounds [u], [i], [a] are pronounced regardless of their distance from the stressed syllable: [u] remove take away , [and] exporterexporter , [a]speakstipulate .
Features of the distribution of unstressed vowels in a word can be presented in the form of a table.
In a stressed syllable: stressed [ý], [i´], [ы´], [e´], [ó], [á]
In the 1st pre-stressed syllable,
at the absolute beginning of the word: unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]
In the 2nd, 3rd pre-stressed syllable,
in unstressed syllables: unstressed [ъ], [ь], [у] + [ы] (at the absolute end of the word)
Hardness/softness of the preceding consonant - important factor, which determines the possibility of the appearance of certain vowels: 1) after solids there may be [u], [s], [a], [b]: [lu]govoimeadow , [ly] networkgo bald , [la]retscasket , [l]shadayhorses ; 2) after soft ones, [u], [i], [b] are pronounced: [l "u]ubovátsyaadmire , [h"i]rnetturn black , [l "b]dorýbice ax ; 3) pre-stressed [a] and [b] after soft ones are impossible: [r"i]dy´ranks , [p"i]ti´ five, [r"b]dovoyprivate , [p"t]tiletkafive year plan ; 4) [ъ] after soft ones appears only in reflexive -sya, in endings and formative suffixes. Such pronunciation is possible, not obligatory, and is associated with the task of conveying grammatical information about case, number, etc.: received i´l[s"b]it worked out - at the granny's [s"b]at grandma's ; drip[l"b] drop - drip[l"b] drop;bear[d"b]mbears - bear[d"b]mbear ; in vy´sa[d"b]slanding - in vy´sa[d"b]sdisembark .
All the features of vowel pronunciation analyzed above relate to the phonetics of commonly used significant words. Conjunctions, prepositions, particles, interjections, rare borrowings may not obey the described patterns. They allow, for example, the following pronunciation of non-high vowels: slept, But]not for long , b[o]á , andant [e].
How to identify vowel sounds?
What letters represent vowel sounds in writing?
Differences between a vowel and a consonant:
the vowel sound consists only of the voice;
when pronouncing a vowel sound, air passes through the mouth freely, without obstructions;
a vowel sound forms a syllable: u | cha | ta .
Note! The word vowel is formed from the obsolete word glas (voice). Therefore, we can say that a vowel sound means “vocal”.
Spelling words with an unstressed vowel sound at the root.
Remember! A vowel sound in a stressed syllable (under stress) is called stressed. A vowel sound in an unstressed syllable (without stress) is called unstressed.
Note! Words tiger and tigers, birch and birches are forms of the same word. The words tiger and tiger cubs, birch and birch are words with the same root.
Note! The same vowel sound in an unstressed syllable can be represented by different letters.
[a] [a] [a] [a]
Shafts, rooks, tables, dew.
Note! An unstressed vowel sound in the root of words with the same root and forms of the same word is denoted by the same letter that denotes a stressed vowel sound in the same root: snow - snow - snowman - Snow Maiden.
Word being checked
- this is a word in which the spelling of the letter denoting an unstressed vowel sound is checked: To oh ver
, page e la
, P and smo
.
Test word
- this is a word in which the letter being tested indicates a stressed vowel sound: To o scream
, arrows
, arrow
, letters
.
To choose a test word to indicate by letter unstressed vowel sound at the root, you need:
a) or replace the form of the word (m o rya - sea, by the sea)
;
b) or choose a single root word (tr and vá - grass, green - green)
- so that the unstressed vowel sound becomes root percussion.
In the test and verified words, the vowels are stressed and unstressed syllables root spelled the same.
Note! If the letter e is written under stress at the root of a word, then the letter e is written without stress in the forms of the same word and in words with the same root: tears - tears, bee - bee, sisters - sister.
When do you need to remember the spelling of letters denoting unstressed vowel sounds at the roots of words?
Remember! There are words in the Russian language in which the spelling of the letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound in the root is can't be verified: l O pata, k A artina, p A lto, O hope The spelling of such words is necessary either remember, or check according to the spelling dictionary.
At school such words are sometimes called vocabulary. But this is not a scientific name. In each class you will be introduced to new vocabulary words.
Note!
We have already talked about words in which letters are highlighted or missing. These are spelling letters. Their writing follows the rules that you learn in Russian lessons.
Spelling we will call letter, which must be written check or remember.
The letter denoting the unstressed vowel sound at the root of a word is an orthogram. Its spelling must be checked or memorized.
PHONOLOGY.
§ 10. The concept of a phoneme as a unit of language. Phoneme and sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§ 11. System of vowel phonemes. Strong and weak positions of vowel phonemes.
§ 12. System of consonant phonemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§ 13. Strong and weak positions of consonant phonemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GRAPHIC ARTS
§ 14. The subject of graphics as a scientific discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§ 15. Characteristics of the Russian alphabet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
§ 16. The syllabic principle of Russian graphics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II. BRIEF GLOSSARY OF TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. PRACTICAL LESSONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV. TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V. CONTROL WORK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test No. 1 on the topic “Phonetics” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Test No. 2 on the topics “Phonetics. Phonology. Graphic arts." . . . . .
VI. TESTS ON THE TOPICS “PHONETICS. PHONOLOGY. GRAPHIC ARTS"
VII. DIAGRAMS AND SAMPLES OF ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE UNITS. . . . . . .
VIII. QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IX. LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I. THEORETICAL INFORMATION ON THE MAIN SECTIONS OF THE PROGRAM
PHONETICS
The concept of phonetic transcription
Phonetic transcription is a special system for recording spoken speech. This transcription is done in square brackets. One sign in transcription always denotes the same sound (i.e., the same sign is always used to denote the same sound). There are several basic rules for transcribing.
1. The transcription uses signs that resemble vowel letters of the Russian alphabet, except I, yo, yu. Sign [nose] - denotes the sound [e] of the front row, sign [e] – [i– sound [e] of the front-middle row.
2. Signs [d And [R' are used to denote reduced vowel sounds of the 2nd degree of reduction: [ъ] - reduced middle row of the middle rise, non-labialized, [b] - reduced front row of the upper-middle rise, non-labialized.
3. A reduced sound close to [a] is indicated in transcription by the sign [Λ]. The reduced sound, intermediate between [i] and [e] (or “[i] with an overtone [e]”), is denoted in transcription [and e]. The sound intermediate between [s] and [e] (or “[s] with an overtone [e]”) is denoted in transcription [s e].
4. A dot above the vowel sound of the non-front row indicates the advancement of the stressed vowel forward under the influence of neighboring soft consonants, for example: [lá˙n’], [l’˙ońon], [l’˙ú˙d’ And].
5. The sign ^ above the front vowel indicates tension, closedness of the stressed vowel, which appears under the influence of soft consonants: .
6. A line under a vowel sound indicates a quantitative reduction of an unstressed vowel of the upper rise, for example: [ s].
7. The transcription uses signs reminiscent of the consonant letters of the Russian alphabet, except for shch. The sound it denotes in transcription is conveyed by the sign [w’:], for example: [w’:i]. To indicate a middle language sonorant consonant, the sign is used Latin alphabet[j] or [th]. To denote a voiced fricative velar consonant, often used in words with church themes, the sign of the Greek alphabet [γ] is used, for example: [bóγъ ра́˙д’ And].
8. The softness of a consonant is indicated by the sign “apostrophe”, for example: [d’]. The absence of an apostrophe indicates the hardness of the consonant sound, for example: [d].
9. The length of a consonant sound is indicated either by a line above the sound [ka´съ], or by a colon after the sound, for example: [ka´с:ъ].
10. The sign under a sonorant consonant indicates the deafening of a sonorant sound, for example: [wet ^].
11. An arc over a combination of consonants means their continuous pronunciation: [no˙d’zh’-b s]
12. The dash “-” means that two (or more) lexical words are one phonetic (unstressed words are adjacent to stressed words in pronunciation), for example: [ at-house] [to-us-l’ And]
13. Not used in transcription capital letters and there are no punctuation marks.
14. The sign / indicates a pause in the speech flow; with the help of this sign, the phrase is divided into syntagms. At the end of the phrase, put //, because this pause is longer.
15. In every phonetic word When transcribing, the emphasis is indicated.
Classification of vowel sounds
Vowel sounds of the modern Russian language are classified according to three criteria:
1. according to the degree of elevation of the tongue when forming a vowel sound;
2. based on the row (at the place where the tongue rises), i.e. by horizontal movement of the tongue in the oral cavity;
3. in relation to labialization, i.e. participation/non-participation of the lips in the formation of a vowel sound.
Basic stressed vowel sounds
§3. Classification of consonants
All consonants of the modern Russian language are classified according to four articulatory characteristics:
2. at the place of noise generation;
3. by the method of noise generation;
4. by the presence/absence of palatalization (additional iota articulation).
Sonorous are the most sonorous of all consonant sounds. Their formation involves the voice with a slight participation of noise (approximately 75% - voice, 25% - noise).
Noisy are those consonants in the formation of which noise predominates over the voice or the voice is completely absent. Noisy voiced consonants consist of noise with little vocal participation (approximately 75% noise, 25% voice). Noisy deaf are formed without the participation of the voice and consist entirely of noise.
Many noisy consonants are paired based on the participation of voice and noise. Paired are noisy consonants that differ only in this one feature (with the others being common): [b] - [p]; [b’] - [p’], etc. Sonorant consonants do not have a pair based on the “participation of voice and noise” feature.
Note: For a list of consonants, paired and unpaired by voice and noise, see the “Phonology” section.
