The science of microbiology studies the structure, life activity, and genetics of microscopic life forms - microbes. Microbiology is conventionally divided into general and specific. The first considers taxonomy, morphology, biochemistry, and impact on the ecosystem. Private is divided into veterinary, medical, space, technical microbiology. A representative of microorganisms, Vibrio cholerae, affects the small intestine, causing intoxication, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of body fluids. lives for a long period of time. It uses the human body for development and reproduction. Cholera vibrio carriers are spreading among older people, with reduced immunity.
Stages of cholera occurrence:
Types of cholera
The family Vibrionaceae includes the genus Vibrio, consisting of microbes pathogenic and opportunistic to humans. Pathogenic bacteria include Vibrio cholerae and V. Eltor - they move quickly and infect. Aeromonas hydrophilia and Plesiomonas are considered conditionally pathogenic - they live on mucous membranes and skin. Opportunistic bacteria cause infection when weak immunity, wounds on the skin.
Signs of the pathogen
Vibrio cholera is an aerobic bacterium that is a straight or curved rod. Thanks to the flagellum on the body, the bacterium is mobile. Vibrio lives in water and alkaline environment, therefore multiplies in the intestines and is easily grown in the laboratory.
Distinctive features of the causative agent of cholera:
- Sensitivity to light, dryness, ultraviolet radiation.
- Death under the influence of acids, antiseptics, disinfectants.
- Intolerance to antibiotics, elevated temperature, when boiled, it dies immediately.
- Ability to live at sub-zero temperatures.
- Survival on linen, fecal matter, and soil.
- Favorable water environment.
- Thanks to antigens, they coexist peacefully in the human body.
The causative agents of cholera are cocci, staphylococcus and bacilli bacteria; they are constantly present in nature and the human body.
Symptoms of the disease
- Stage 1 is mild, lasts two days, and is characterized by fluid loss of up to 3% of body weight due to diarrhea and vomiting.
- Stage 2 is average. Fluid loss increases to 6% of body weight, muscle cramps develop, and cyanosis of the nasolabial area develops.
- Stage 3 is severe. Fluid loss reaches 9% of body weight, convulsions intensify, pale skin appears, breathing and heart rate increase.
- Stage 4 is severe. Complete exhaustion of the body. Body temperature drops to 34C, blood pressure decreases, vomiting turns into hiccups. Irreversible processes occur in the body.
Young children are more susceptible to dehydration, and the central nervous system, coma occurs. Children are more difficult to diagnose by plasma density due to extracellular fluid.
Causes of Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholera spreads through infected objects, things and dirty hands - through the fecal-oral route. It is difficult to clean the contact surfaces.
Ways of transmission of cholera:
- Swimming in rivers and ponds infected with cholera vibrio. Usage dirty water for washing vegetables and fruits. This main reason spread of cholera.
- Contact with a sick person. Cholera is called alimentary - food. A person can easily become ill if they use contaminated products.
- Unprocessed livestock and fishery products retain the pathogen.
- Flies, mosquitoes and other insects. After contact with a cholera patient, bacteria remain on the body of insects and are transferred to a healthy person.
Pathogenicity of cholera
Vibrio cholera penetrates the mucous membrane small intestine with the help of a flagellum and the enzyme mucinase, it binds to the enterocyte receptor - ganglyside. Cohesion occurs with the help of filament-like substances on the vibrio cell. Cholerogen molecules, consisting of protein toxins A and B, begin to multiply on the intestinal walls. Main factor vibrio causes infection - pathogenicity.
Subunit B finds, recognizes and binds to the enterocyte receptor, forms an intramembrane channel for the passage of subunit A into it. This leads to disruption water-salt metabolism and dehydration of the body. A sick person loses up to 30 liters of fluid per day.
Laboratory studies of cholera
Diagnostics include:
- Blood analysis. Counting the number of red blood cells and white blood cells. A normative deviation indicates a disease of the body.
- Bacterioscopic method. Feces and vomit are examined under a microscope for the presence of pathogenic microbes. The material for analysis is processed in physiological solution, placed on glass, stained, and visually examined.
- With the bacteriological method, a pure culture is isolated and the growth of bacteria in an alkaline environment is observed. The result is given after 36 hours.
- Serological testing involves detecting antigen in the patient's blood serum, and measuring plasma density and hematocrit will indicate the degree of dehydration.
Measures in relation to patients and contact persons
Treatment includes going through the following stages:
- Hospitalization is mandatory for potential patients, regardless of the type of cholera.
- Isolation of contact persons. They establish a quarantine in the area where the outbreak occurs, isolate patients, and do not allow them to communicate with other people. Rehydration is prescribed individually, bacteriological analysis stool, treatment with antibiotics. Prebiotics and vitamin complexes are prescribed.
Conditions of discharge
The person is discharged from positive tests. For a patient with chronic disease liver is observed for 5 days. Before the first test, a laxative is given. After being discharged from the hospital, the child should not be allowed into the team for 15 days. Citizens who have recovered from cholera are observed for 3 months. Stool tests are performed periodically: first once every ten days, then once a month.
Prevention
Preventive measures to prevent an epidemic are divided into specific and nonspecific. In the first case, adults and children from 7 years of age are vaccinated. Non-specific preventive measures include sanitary supervision of sewage systems, running water, and food products. A special commission is created, based on whose testimony quarantine is introduced. Contact persons are prescribed antibiotics for 4 days for preventive purposes.
Cholera – dangerous disease for people, regardless of age. Pathogens are present in the body and nature. The bacteria are resistant to survival at sub-zero temperatures and live in water, soil, and human feces. Dehydration and impaired hemostasis lead to myocardial infarction, thrombosis, and phlebitis. At untimely application seeking help can lead to death.
Staphylococci are ubiquitous microorganisms that cause various purulent-inflammatory processes in humans and animals (they are also called pyogenic ).
Characteristics of pathogens.
Staphylococcus belong to the department Firmicutes, sem. Micrococcaceae, family Staphylococcus. The genus includes 27 species, among which there are pathogenic, opportunistic species and saprophytes. The main human lesions are caused by 3 types: S. aureus, S. epidermidisAndS. saprophyticus.
Morphology: have a spherical shape (round cells are called cocci). In preparations from pure culture they are located in the form of random clusters, reminiscent of bunches of grapes. In smears of pus - singly, in pairs or in small groups. They do not have spores or flagella (motile) and can form a delicate capsule.
Tincorial properties: gram "+".
Cultural properties: facultative anaerobes, not demanding on nutrient media; on solid media they form colonies in the S-shape - round, with a smooth edge, colored cream, yellow, orange; on liquid media they give uniform turbidity. Grows in saline media (5 – 10% NaCCl); milk-salt and yolk-salt agar – elective environments for staphylococci.
Biochemical properties:saccharolytic – break down 5 carbohydrates of Hiss media to acid; proteolytic – proteins are broken down to form H 2 S, gelatin is liquefied in the form of a funnel, on day 4-5 the funnel is filled with liquid.
Antigenic structure: have about 30 antigens: proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids; many extracellular substances that form staphylococci have antigenic properties.
Pathogenicity factors: A) exotoxin (released outside the cell), consisting of several fractions: hemolysin (destroys red blood cells) leukocidin (destroys leukocytes), lethal toxin (kills rabbits) necrotoxin (causes skin necrosis in rabbits when administered intradermally), enterotoxin (causes food poisoning), exfoliatin (causes pemphigus in newborns - “scalded skin” syndrome); b) aggression enzymes: hyaluronidase (destroys hyaluronic acid), plasmacoagulase (clottes blood plasma) DNase (destroys DNA) lecitovitellase (destroys lecithin), fibrinolysin (destroys fibrin clots).
Resistance: resistant in the external environment, but sensitive to disinfection. solutions, especially brilliant green, are often resistant to penicillin, because they form the enzyme penicillinase.
Epidemiology of staphylococcal infections.
Staphylococci are ubiquitous and are often part of the normal human microflora (carriers). Staphylococcus aureus inhabits the nasal passages, abdominal cavity, and axillary areas. Staphylococcus epidermidis colonizes smooth skin and the surface of mucous membranes. Saprophytic staphylococcus colonizes the skin of the genitals and the mucous membrane of the urinary tract.
Staphylococcal infections are called the plague of the 20th century, i.e. they are dangerous and very common, especially in maternity hospitals and surgical departments.
source of infection– a sick person or a healthy carrier;
transmission mechanism– mixed;
transmission routes: airborne, airborne, dusty, contact, foodborne;
population receptivity- depends on general condition and age; Newborns and infants are most susceptible.
Most infections are endogenous in nature and infection is associated with the transfer of the pathogen from places of colonization to a traumatized (damaged) surface.
Pathogenesis and clinical picture of diseases.
Entrance gate – any organ and any tissue; staphylococci penetrate through damaged skin, mucous membranes mouth, respiratory tract, genitourinary system etc.
Staphylococci multiply at the site of penetration, form exotoxin and aggressive enzymes and cause the formation of local purulent-inflammatory foci. Staphylococci spreading from these foci can enter the blood (sepsis), and from the blood. – to other organs (septicopyemia).
Incubation period– from several hours to 3 – 5 days.
Staphylococci cause more than 100 nosological forms of diseases. They affect the skin (boils, carbuncles), subcutaneous tissue (abcesses, cellulitis), respiratory tract (sore throat, pneumonia, sinusitis), cause mastitis, purulent myositis and muscle abscesses, brain abscesses after traumatic brain injuries, endocarditis, and affect bones ( osteomyelitis, arthritis), liver, kidneys, urinary tract (pyelonephritis, cystitis). Diseases are especially dangerous when staphylococci penetrate the blood (sepsis) and affect internal organs (septicemia). Staphylococcal infections are accompanied by intoxication, fever, and headache.
The diseases are acute, but can also be chronic.
Scalded baby syndrome observed in newborns. The disease begins rapidly, characterized by the formation of large foci of erythema on the skin with the formation of large blisters (as with thermal burns) and the exposure of weeping eroded areas.
Toxic shock syndrome first registered in 1980 in women 15–25 years old using tampons during menstruation. It is manifested by high temperature (38.8 ° C and above), vomiting, diarrhea, rash, drop in blood pressure and the development of shock, often leading to death.
Food poisoning manifested by vomiting and watery diarrhea within 2–6 hours. after eating infected foods, usually pastries with cream, canned food, meat and vegetable salads. The symptoms disappear or are significantly reduced after 24 hours, even without treatment.
Immunity: weak, allergies to staphylococcal toxins often develop, which leads to long-term, chronic diseases.
Test material: pus, discharge from wounds, sputum, blood, vomit, food products.
Diagnostic methods:
bacterioscopic – a smear is prepared from the pus, stained with Gram and examined under a microscope; the smear shows leukocytes, neutrophils, individual round staphylococcal cells and random clusters resembling a bunch of grapes (a smear is not prepared from blood);
bacteriological - allocate pure culture, inoculating the material on nutrient media (usually blood agar to detect hemolysis), and then carry it out identification – study morphology (Gram stain), the presence of pathogenicity factors (plasmocoagulase, lecitovitellase) and biochemical properties (anaerobic breakdown of mannitol and glucose); definition is mandatory antibiograms; staphylococci are representatives of normal microflora, so you cannot limit yourself to isolating and pathogen identification, are necessary quantitative methods analysis - definition number of microbes in the sample;
bioassay (at food poisoning) - they infect small suckling kittens, who within an hour develop vomiting, diarrhea and die.
Serological tests were not used.
Treatment.
Apply antibiotics wide spectrum of action, semisynthetic penicillins(methicillin, oxacillin), sulfa drugs. An antibiogram must be determined. IN last years Staphylococci resistant to most chemotherapy drugs are isolated from patients. In such cases, they are used for treatment antitoxic antistaphylococcal plasma or immunoglobulin, obtained from the blood of donors immunized with staphylococcal toxoid. For chronic forms of diseases, staphylococcal toxoid is also administered and an autovaccine is used.
Prevention.
For specific prevention(planned surgical patients, pregnant women) adsorbed staphylococcal toxoid may be used.
Nonspecific prevention has more important– this is compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules, hardening the body.
Biochemical properties mostly typical for the genus Salmonella Distinctive features are: the absence of gas formation during fermentation of S. Typhi, the inability of S. Paratyphi A to produce hydrogen sulfide and decarboxylate lysine.
Epidemiology.Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever are anthroponoses, i.e. cause disease only in humans. The source of infection is the patient or the bacteria carrier, who release the pathogen into the external environment with feces, urine, and saliva. The causative agents of these infections, like other salmonellae, are resistant to external environment, are stored in soil and water. S. Typhi can become uncultivable. A favorable environment for their reproduction is food products (milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, minced meat, jelly). The pathogen is transmitted by water, which currently plays a significant role, as well as by nutritional and household contact routes. The infecting dose is approximately 1000 cells. The natural susceptibility of people to these infections is high.
Pathogenesis and clinical picture. Once in small intestine, typhus and paratyphoid pathogens invade the mucous membrane when
with the help of effector proteins TTSS-1, forming primary focus infections in Peyer's patches. It should be noted that in the submucosa the osmotic pressure is lower compared to the intestinal lumen. This promotes intensive synthesis of Vi-antigen, which increases the antiphagocytic activity of the pathogen and suppresses the release of proinflammatory tissue mediators by submucosal cells. The consequence of this is the absence of the development of inflammatory diarrhea in the initial stages of infection and the intensive proliferation of microbes in macrophages, leading to inflammation of Peyer’s patches and the development of lymphadenitis, resulting in a violation of the barrier function of the mesenteric tissues. lymph nodes and penetration of salmonella into the blood, resulting in bacteremia. This coincides with the end of the incubation period, which lasts 10-14 days. During bacteremia, which accompanies the entire febrile period, pathogens of typhoid and paratyphoid fever spread throughout the body through the bloodstream, settling in the reticuloendothelial elements of parenchymal organs: liver, spleen, lungs, as well as in bone marrow, where they multiply in macrophages. From the Kupffer cells of the liver, salmonella enter the gallbladder through the bile ducts, into which they diffuse, into the gallbladder, where they also multiply. Accumulating in gallbladder, Salmonella causes inflammation and reinfects the small intestine with a flow of bile. The repeated introduction of Salmonella into Peyer's patches leads to the development of hyperergic inflammation in them according to the Arthus phenomenon type, their necrosis and ulceration, which can lead to intestinal bleeding and perforation of the intestinal wall. Pathogen ability typhoid fever and paratyphoid persist and multiply in phagocytic cells when the latter are functionally insufficient, leading to the formation of bacterial carriage. Salmonella can also long time persist in the gallbladder, excreted in feces for a long time, and contaminate environment. By the end of the 2nd week of the disease, the pathogen begins to be excreted from the body in urine, sweat, and breast milk. Diarrhea begins at the end of the 2nd or beginning of the 3rd week of the disease, from which time the pathogens are cultured from the feces.
Inflammation of the tonsils with acute course often provoked by various pathogenic organisms, among which Staphylococcus aureus is present. What is the pathogen Staphylococcus, what features does it differ from and where does it come from in the human body?
All types of staphylococci have the same round shape, lead a sedentary existence, and prefer to form groups that resemble a bunch of grapes. Present in air, soil, microflora human body and even on everyday objects that are familiar to us, which is also typical for another fungal organism - .
Infection with a pathogenic microorganism occurs directly through contact of a staphylococcus carrier with a healthy person.
Staphylococcus
Today, the genus of staphylococci is divided into 3 main types:
- Staphylococcus epidermidis.
- Staphylococcus saprophytic.
- Staphylococcus aureus.
The causative agent of sore throat, Staphylococcus, is found on skin and mucous membranes of every person of any age group.
In case of active manifestation of the bacterium, the development of many severe diseases is observed:
- Purulent lesions on the skin.
- Sepsis.
- Meningitis.
- Staphylococcal tonsillitis ( chronic tonsillitis) and a number of other pathologies.
It should be emphasized that A sore throat (sore throat) can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus. According to statistics, almost 20% of people are permanent carriers of this microbe. True, most types of staphylococcus are peaceful inhabitants of human skin, and only the golden variety shows increased aggression towards its host.
It develops immunity to antibiotics amazingly quickly, which is why we have to systematically search for and develop more and more new antibacterial drugs.
Opened in due course penicillin was effective means against Staphylococcus aureus , however, to date this antibiotic is not able to fully suppress the bacterium.
According to scientists, the haphazard use of antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription, or non-compliance with their dosage regimen, contributes to the fact that the microorganism becomes increasingly resistant to drugs of this type, that is, a person involuntarily contributes to the breeding of its new strains.
Features of staphylococcal sore throat
Signs of staphylococcal tonsillitis are similar to the symptomatic picture of viral tonsillitis
Staphylococcal sore throat– a consequence of damage to the human body by the pathogen Staphylococcus. Signs staphylococcal infection very similar to the symptomatic picture of viral sore throat. The latent development of the disease lasts several days, then manifests itself acutely and with the following symptoms:
- General intoxication of the body.
- Increased body temperature, which is also typical for.
- Soreness and enlargement of the cervical and submandibular lymph nodes.
- Vomit.
- Severe sore throat when swallowing.
- Hyperemia and swelling of the tonsils.
- Formation of purulent ulcers and plaque on the tonsils.
- Swelling and inflammation of the palate, back wall throat.
In case of untimely treatment, staphylococcal tonsillitis can lead to such pathological complications:
- Pleurisy.
- Sepsis.
- Pneumonia, which is also typical for such an organism as.
- Tonsillitis.
- Myocarditis.
- Glomerulonephritis.
- Endocarditis.
- Pericarditis.
- Heart disease.
A high percentage of manifestations of staphylococcal sore throat is noted during seasonal epidemics of viral and infectious diseases , as well as with a decrease in the protective abilities of the immune system.
Many patients are interested in whether this pathogenic agent can lead to pathological complications such as tuberculosis or cholera?
note that many pathogenic microbes are involved in the development of such life-threatening diseases as cholera and tuberculosis.
The causative agents of cholera are:
- Cocchi.
- Staphylococci.
- Bacilli.
- Vibrios.
Staphylococcus aureus - common reason development of foodborne diseases. The fact is that it produces enterotoxin - a toxic substance that provokes severe diarrhea, abdominal pain and vomiting. Staphylococcus multiplies well in food products, especially in meat and vegetable salads, in butter creams, canned food. Spoiled food accumulates a toxin that leads to illness.
Staphylococcus aureus
The causative agents of tuberculosis are:
- Spirilla.
- Cocchi.
- Bacilli.
- Staphylococci.
As we see, staphylococcus is a rather serious and dangerous microorganism, to combat which you will need competently prescribed therapy and strict adherence to all instructions prescribed by the doctor.
Therapy for chronic tonsillitis
How is staphylococcal sore throat treated? First of all a thorough examination of the throat swab will be required with further sowing and cultivation of the bacterium – the culprit of the disease – on a nutrient medium.
This method is very important, since it helps to establish the state of the microflora, the degree of sensitivity of a conditionally pathogenic organism to many antibacterial drugs, allowing you to choose the optimal medication option for treatment.
The following results are also significant:
- Nasal swab.
- Throat swab.
- Sputum culture.
- Urine, feces and blood tests.
- Serological technique.
- Special tests.
Amoccillin
Therapeutic therapy begins with drugs related to protected penicillins, for example, Sulbactam, Amoxicillin and others. Medicines in soluble form are popular, among which are: Flemoxiclav solutab. The simultaneous use of penicillins with clavulanic acid helps to reduce the resistance of bacteria to antibacterial drugs.
To date, to eliminate staphylococcal infections modern medicine offers such medicines:
- Oxacillin.
- Vancomycin.
- Linezolid.
When prescribing antibiotics, the doctor recommends a number of accompanying procedures, for example, gargling with local antiseptics, taking vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements. To eliminate intoxication, the patient benefits from drinking plenty of fluids.. In case of severe form of the disease, prescribed intravenous injections isotonic drugs.
The treatment course for staphylococcal sore throat lasts about four weeks, until tests confirm the complete elimination of the bacterium from the patient’s body.
Vancomycin
To successfully get rid of the disease, Doctors do not recommend resorting to self-medication or violating the therapeutic course.
Staphylococci can instantly develop resistance to antibiotics.
Modern medicine distinguishes a carrier of pathogenic staphylococcus from tonsillitis.
In the first case, no signs of the disease are observed and no therapeutic intervention is required.
Conclusion
Always remember, development is like this dangerous pathology, like staphylococcal sore throat - a signal that your the immune system weakened and needs to increase its protective functions.
At the slightest suspicion of infection, be sure to consult a doctor, which will help avoid complications that adversely affect the normal functioning of the organs and systems of the human body.
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