International specialization of production (SME) is understood as a form of division of labor between countries, in which the increase in the concentration of homogeneous production and the socialization of labor in the world occurs on the basis of the process of differentiation of national production, separation into independent (separate) technological processes, into separate industries and sub-industries the production of homogeneous labor products in excess of internal needs, which causes increasing mutual complementarity of differentiated national complexes.
SMEs are developing in two directions - production and territorial. In turn, the production direction is divided into inter-industry, intra-industry specialization and the specialization of individual enterprises (companies). In the territorial aspect, SME involves the specialization of individual countries and regions in the production of certain products and their parts for the world market. The main types of SMEs are subject (production of finished products), detail (production of parts, product components) and technological, or stage, specialization (carrying out individual operations or performing individual technological processes, such as assembly, painting, welding, heat treatment, etc.).
At all historical stages, and especially at the present time, SMEs are characterized by the dynamism of ongoing processes, continuous changes in its types, directions, transition to more complex forms generated by profound changes in social production, shifts in the structure of global needs, and the impact of scientific and technological revolution.
In the 1930s, the world was dominated by international intersectoral specialization of production and the corresponding exchange of products from one complex industry (for example, manufacturing) for products from another (mining industry and/or agriculture). In the 50-60s, the leading place continued to be occupied by international specialization of production at the level of primary industries (automotive and aircraft manufacturing, production of plastics, bearings, radio equipment, etc.). In the 70-80s, intra-industry SMEs and the corresponding exchange of goods - analogues with different consumer characteristics (for example, wheeled tractors to caterpillar ones, leather shoes to rubber ones, etc.) came to the fore and consolidated their position.
The importance of MSCP as a factor in increasing the efficiency of national production and intensifying international turnover is steadily increasing. Thus, in the 70-80s, the growth rate of world trade in mechanical engineering products by 40% (in the 60s by 4%) was ensured by components. During the 60-90s, the share of parts and assemblies as components in the foreign trade of economically developed countries in mechanical engineering products more than doubled.
One of the central places in the problems of the methodology of international specialization of production is occupied by the definition of the concepts of “internationally specialized industry” and “internationally specialized products”.
SMEs should be understood as the existing set of industries in the sphere of material production of any country that take the most active part in MRI. The industries that determine the nature of a country's international specialization are also internationally specialized industries. Their characteristic features- a significantly higher share of exports in production compared to other industries, usually higher specific gravity of such industries in the production of a given country in comparison with their share in world production, more high level development of intra-industry specialization and cooperation.
The concept of “internationally specialized industry” is closely related and clarified by the concept of “internationally specialized products”. The latter includes products that are the subject of bilateral and multilateral agreements on ISCO and on the division of production programs. Internationally specialized are also goods produced in one or several countries and covering the needs of the world market. These include the products of international corporations that divide labor between their production plants located in different countries.
The main indicators of the level of international specialization of an industry include the relative export specialization coefficient (RES) and the export quota in the industry's production.
KOES is determined by the formula
where is the share of goods (the totality of goods in the industry) in the country’s exports; - the share of goods (analogue goods) in world exports.
With the help of KOES, it is possible, to a first approximation, to determine the range of goods and, accordingly, industries that are internationally specialized for a given country. The higher (more than one) the ratio in favor of the national structure of exports for a particular product or group of products, the more obvious is the international specialization of the corresponding industry. On the contrary, the lower this ratio (less than one), the less reason to consider the corresponding goods and industries as internationally specialized.
The export quota indicates the extent to which the national industry and its individual sectors are focused on foreign markets, and at the same time shows the extent of the latter’s isolation from the national market. An increase in the export quota in production indicates an intensification of international industrial relations in one direction - to foreign consumers - and an increase in the competitiveness of internationally specialized products.
The basis of international cooperation in production (ICP) is the growing level of development of the productive forces. In a short historical period, the primary cell of production - the enterprise - has radically transformed, and in such a way that this is reflected in all aspects of the social (and therefore international) division of labor. More and more complete and consistent separation of individual stages from enterprises technological process, release components the final product and its transfer to “partial” enterprises mark a new qualitative leap in the division of labor in industry. This served as an incentive for the development of cooperative processes.
As a result of the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a material basis was created for the widespread development of industrial cooperation. The scientific and technological revolution also changed the very nature of the MCP, including science as the most important element. Thus, main function labor cooperation - serve as a means of increasing production material goods with higher labor productivity - was supplemented by another important function- implementation of fundamentally new tasks that are difficult or impossible to solve without combining the efforts of manufacturers from several countries.
The main features of the MCP include:
preliminary agreement by the parties in a contractual manner on the terms of joint activities;
coordination of economic activities of partner enterprises from different countries in a specific, mutually agreed upon area of this activity;
presence as direct subjects of production cooperation industrial enterprises from different countries;
consolidation in a contractual manner as the main objects of cooperation of finished products, components and corresponding technology;
distribution of tasks among partners within the framework of an agreed program, assigning production specialization to them, based on the main goals of cooperation agreements;
direct connection between mutual or unilateral supplies of goods carried out by partners with the implementation of production programs within the framework of cooperation.
The theory and practice of cooperative activity at any level distinguishes between the object of cooperation or the area of activity in which it is carried out, the method of cooperation, i.e. organizational forms and means, as well as the regulatory apparatus, with the help of which the cooperation participants achieve their jointly set goals. Thus, as a specific system of relations, cooperation should be classified based on taking into account two main determinants - the area and method (or form) of cooperation.
The main methods used to establish cooperative ties are:
1) implementation of joint programs;
2) contractual specialization;
3) creation of production joint ventures (JVs).
Within the first method - the implementation of joint programs - MCP manifests itself in two main forms: contract cooperation and joint production.
Contract cooperation- most old look industrial relations in industry. The essence of contracting activity is that one of the parties to the agreement (customer) entrusts the other (contractor) with performing certain work in accordance with predetermined requirements for its implementation regarding timing, volume, quality of performance, etc. Contract production cooperation has two main types: “classic” contract for the manufacture of products and a contract for the design and release of a new product.
The second method of production cooperation - contractual specialization - consists in delimiting the production programs of participants in such agreements. In accordance with specialization agreements, contracting parties seek to eliminate or reduce duplication of production, and therefore direct competition among themselves in the market. The most important condition that gives this kind of specialization agreements a cooperative character is the presence in it of provisions on close cooperation between the participants in the form of joint production of usually complex products, mutual or unilateral subcontracting deliveries, joint research and development, etc.
The creation of production joint ventures is one of the three main methods of cooperative activities that are becoming increasingly widespread in the world. This is the so-called integrated cooperation, when under a single organizational form the capital of several participants is combined to achieve separate, jointly agreed goals.
Assignments for the discipline “Book Studies”
Questions for testing
9. Book publication as a material and object form of a book Contents of the concept of “book publication”.
10. Book publishing system. The relationship between the category “book” and the concept “book publication”.
11. Object area of book science. Component composition of the object of bibliographic knowledge.
12. System of the object of bibliographic knowledge. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
13. General definition of the subject of bibliology.
14. The relationship between the subjects of general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge .
15. System of the subject of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
16. Composition of bibliology: general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge.
17. System of book publishing knowledge. System of bookselling bibliological knowledge. System of library bibliographic knowledge (library science).
18. Systemic unity and interdisciplinary organization of bibliographic knowledge.
19. Book studies and related disciplines. System of bibliographic method.
20. Correlation between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of the method. Book theory theory typological method.
21. System, structure, forms of the bibliographic typological method.
22. Cognitive capabilities of each of the subsystems of the bibliological typological method at each level of bibliological knowledge.
24. System of criteria for typing book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, and fine arts.
Subjects of tests
2. Basic principles and provisions. General scientific concept of information. The book in the light of the content of the concepts “social information” - “semantic information.
3. Communication process “consciousness”, its content and structure, patterns of changing forms of information in this process.
4. The concept of context, text, work as subsystems of the communication process “consciousness”.
5. Publishing and the process of mass communication. Forms of mass communication method. General definition the essence of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality.
6. Book in the book business. Contents of the fundamental bibliographic category “book”. Bookmaking as a way of existence of a real, valid book.
7. Book publication as the material and object form of a book Contents of the concept of “book publication”.
8. Book publishing system. The relationship between the category “book” and the concept “book publication”. Dialectical definition of a book.
9. “Electronic book” “Electronic publication, “Electronic book publication.”
10. Modern idea of disciplinary scientific knowledge as a system. The concept of the object domain of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
11. Object area of book science. Component composition of the object of bibliographic knowledge. System of the object of bibliological knowledge. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
12. General definition of the subject of bibliology. Correlation of subjects of general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge .
13. System of the subject of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge. Composition of bibliology: general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge.
14. System of book publishing knowledge. System of bookselling bibliological knowledge. System of library bibliographic knowledge (library science).
15. Systemic unity and interdisciplinary organization of bibliographic knowledge. Book studies and related disciplines. System of bibliographic method.
16. General concept about the method of scientific knowledge. The relationship between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of the method. The theory of bibliographic typological method.
17. System, structure, forms of the bibliographic typological method. Cognitive capabilities of each of the subsystems of the bibliological typological method at each level of bibliological knowledge. Categorical-conceptual system of bibliology.
18. System of criteria for typing book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, and fine arts.
Bibliography
1. “Reading Russia”. Magazine. No. 1, 2008
2. A. Arkhangelsky. Faksh about fiction. "Izvestia", November 26, 2008
3. A. Narinskaya. Less than freedom. Magazine "Expert", No. 1-2, 2007.
4. . Book publishing system modern Russia. M., 2007.
5. V. Voronko, A. Kostinsky. A year of disappointments. Stephen King and electronic book publishing. Materials from the Radio Liberty website.
6. G. Yuzefovich. Bright path. Magazine "Weekly Magazine".12.2008.
7. I. Starodubrovskaya, V. Mau. Great revolutions. M., 2009.
8. Book review. Weekly newspaper. 1994–2002. PRO tab materials over the years.
9. Book business. Magazine. Materials of the Alvis IMC. .
10. Monitoring of public opinion. Issues of VTsIOM, 1997–2007.
11. Seal of the Russian Federation. Statistical collections. M. .
12. Seal of the USSR. Statistical collections. M., 2001–2008.
13. Printer and publisher. Magazine. No. 11, 2009
14. Publishing houses of Russia. Directory. Issue 3. - M.: IMC "Alvis", 2009.
15. Book trade. Directory. Issue 3. - M.: Alvis; Manuscript, 2009.
16. Book market in Russia: analysis, problems, prospects / Ed. . - M.: Informpechat, 2007.
Questions for the exam
1. Modern approaches to the study of the essence of books and bookmaking.
2. Basic principles and provisions. General scientific concept of information.
3. The book in the light of the content of the concepts “social information” - “semantic information.
4. Communication process “consciousness”, its content and structure, patterns of changing forms of information in this process.
5. The concept of context, text, work as subsystems of the communication process “consciousness”.
6. Publishing and the process of mass communication. Forms of mass communication method.
7. General definition of the essence of a book as an objective phenomenon of social reality.
8. Book in the book business.
10. Book publication as a material and object form of a book Contents of the concept of “book publication”.
11. Book publishing system. The relationship between the category “book” and the concept “book publication”.
12. Dialectical definition of a book.
13. “Electronic book” “Electronic publication, “Electronic book publication.”
14. Modern idea of disciplinary scientific knowledge as a system.
15. The concept of the object area of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
16. Object area of book science. Component composition of the object of bibliographic knowledge.
17. System of the object of bibliographic knowledge. The concept of the subject of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
18. General definition of the subject of bibliology.
19. Correlation of subjects of general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge .
20. System of the subject of bibliology. The concept of the composition and structure of disciplinary scientific knowledge.
21. Composition of bibliology: general bibliology, book publishing, bookselling, library, bibliographic knowledge.
22. System of book publishing knowledge. System of bookselling bibliological knowledge. System of library bibliographic knowledge (library science).
23. Systemic unity and interdisciplinary organization of bibliological knowledge.
24. Book science and related disciplines. System of bibliographic method.
25. General concept of the method of scientific knowledge.
26. Correlation between theory and method. Foundations of the theory of the method. The theory of bibliographic typological method.
27. System, structure, forms of the bibliographic typological method.
28. Cognitive capabilities of each of the subsystems of the bibliological typological method at each level of bibliological knowledge.
30. System of criteria for typing book publications. Types and types of book editions of works of literature, music, and fine arts.
31. Worldview and scientific foundations of general bibliology
32. From the history of the formation and development of generalized bibliographic knowledge
33. Book. Book business. Book edition
34. System of bibliographic knowledge
35. General principles typologies of book publications
36. Features of modern socio-economic book publishing. System of publishing houses producing socio-economic books
37. Typology of socio-economic book
38. Publications of literature on philosophical sciences, sociology, psychology, religion, theology
39. Publications of literature on history, politics and military affairs
40. Publications of economic and legal literature
41. Main directions of work with socio-economic books in the book trade
42. System of public education and pedagogy in the Russian Federation
43. Publishing and distribution system educational and pedagogical book in the Russian Federation
44. Typology of educational and pedagogical books
45. Formation of the repertoire and range of educational and pedagogical books
46. Methods of working with educational and pedagogical books
Subjects of tests.
1. Initial stages of development of book science in Russia
2. Russian Bibliographical Society ()
3. Book research activities
4. Russian Bibliological Society ()
5. Book research activities
6. Book research centers of the 20s and early 30s. and the main directions of their activities
7. Theoretical concepts of the largest Soviet bibliologists
8. Development of individual book disciplines in the late 20s and 30s.
9. Book controversy of the early 30s.
10. Main directions of book research in the 40-50s.
11. The concept of complexity of book science
12. Functional concept of bibliology
13. Book and concept of information (social, semantic, semiotic, material-objective)
15. The book in the system of concepts “context”, “text”, “work”
16. Forms of social communication (interpersonal, group, mass) and book
17. “Publishing” and the process of mass communication
18. Book in the book business. Contents of the book category “book”
Bibliographic descriptions used, cited or recommended sources can be concentrated in one place in the book (at the end of the publication, at the end of chapters, sections, etc.), forming a book-specific bibliography. These lists, directly related to the text of the book (as well as out-of-text links), do not have independent meaning, unlike in-book lists, which are independent reference aids.
At the same time, book bibliographic lists also differ from the list of textual references, namely:
2) have an ordered arrangement of entries alphabetically, chronologically, or some other systematic basis, while out-of-text links are arranged in the sequence of their first mention in the text;
3) in each entry in the book list, only one work is indicated, and in the text links there may be several entries under the same number.
A book bibliography is subject to great demands high requirements, primarily to its content, structure and accuracy of compilation of the bibliographic description. When compiling lists, you need to keep in mind that each science has its own traditions of designing a bibliographic apparatus, and even the instructions of the Higher Attestation Commission (All-Russian certification commission) recommends that authors of dissertations adhere to the traditions existing in specific fields of knowledge.
Preface (afterword)
Preface, preceding the book, helps the reader to better understand and evaluate its contents, provides the necessary information about the author, but does not provide a critical analysis of the book.
The preface is often given the title “From the author”, “From the editor”, “From the compiler”, etc. Sometimes the text of the preface is placed at the end of the publication, especially when there have been changes in the team of authors or it has become clear that the reader will understand better this text after reading the book. Naturally, in in this case we will be dealing with an afterword, which is no different from a preface. It is as different from the conclusion as the preface is from the introduction.
The introductory article is very close to the preface, which usually precedes the publication of the works of a major scientist, public figure, or writer. The purpose of the introductory article is to outline the range of issues related to the composition of the publication, to explain textual principles, to provide information about the author’s worldview, to introduce his biography, and to talk about the evolution of creativity. Place the introductory article immediately before the text of the work.
Comments and notes
Comments and notes, accompanying the main text serve, in essence, the same purposes as the preface - they complement this text, increase the information content of the work, remove the “difference in time,” introducing the reader to a bygone era. The purely reference functions of this element of the apparatus necessitate clarification of individual expressions and terms, interpretation of fragments of text, etc. Editorial notes include clarifications and clarifications related to individual parts of the book, including clarifications regarding disagreement with the author. Commentaries are usually provided on collected works or individual literary monuments, including scientifically prepared memoirs.
Table of contents is a sequential list of headings of a separately published work, content is a list of titles of works (stories, poems, articles, abstracts, etc.) included in a particular publication. This is a mandatory element of the apparatus of each publication. The exceptions are publications of small volume, as well as dictionary publications with a very large number of sections.
Auxiliary pointers
Auxiliary pointers- a tool not only for making inquiries, but also to facilitate work in any field of knowledge; they allow you to quickly find information on a particular issue, form an opinion about the achievements of social thought, and the level of scientific and technical developments. The role of auxiliary pointers is especially great in finding information about new ideas that arise at the intersection of sciences. The index acts as an expanded search image of the document.
Auxiliary pointer- this is ordered alphabetically or in some other way. An auxiliary index is a guide to the text of the publication, providing a quick search for the necessary information. It consists of headings, links to pages of the publication, as well as “see” and “see also” links connecting related concepts.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LINK- brief bibliogr. description (bibliographic record) of the source of the quotation or borrowing, the publication or work under consideration (criticized, recommended, evaluated), necessary for their identification and search.
When repeating references to one publication (work), a distinction is made between primary and repeated references, formatted differently.
For B. s. characterized by brevity: it, as a rule, consists only of mandatory elements; for a one-volume book this is the author, main. title, serial number of the publication, place and year of publication, and instead of volume, very often the number or numbers of pages on which the quoted or discussed place is printed. Eg:
Tyapkin B. G. Printing apparatus. M., 1977. P. 85.
GOST 7.1-84 establishes for B. s. mandatory title for bibliogr. recordings of works of one, two, three ind. authors and the admissibility of the following deviations: a) entries under the title of publications (works) of a group of authors of four or more people, when this is caused by necessity; b) replacing dots and dashes between description areas with dots; c) descriptions that do not meet the standard in translated and stereotypical publications; d) removal of the title of the work in the analytical description (only the surname of the author or authors, subject to the indication of the page number or page numbers on which the work is printed).
Ticket number 18
- Electronic book, electronic publication, electronic book publication - definition and content of the concept.
EBook- a version of the book stored in electronic (digital) form. This term applies both to works presented in digital form and to the devices used to read them. The term “electronic book” is not fixed in the standards.
In the very general view an e-book is defined as a collection of data(text, sound, static and moving images) in computer memory, intended for human perception using appropriate software and hardware.
Nowadays there is still a confusion of fairly related but different concepts. One and the same English word e-book denoted both the scanned text of a printed monograph (file) and a device for reproducing specially formatted texts. IN Lately the wording has been clarified, and the device is more often called a reader, e-reader, e-reader, although sometimes it is retained under the brand names e-book (electronic book).
Conventionally, e-books (reading devices) can be divided into two groups:
LCD models
Models with electronic ink system (E-ink).
Formats used for reading in e-books:
TXT, RTF, DOC, PDF, DjVu, Fb2, EPUB, MOBI, BBeB
Electronic publications- documents in which information is presented in electronic digital form and which have undergone editorial and publishing processing, have imprint information, are replicated and distributed on machine-readable media.
(Federal Law of the Russian Federation dated December 29, 1994 No. 77-FZ “On legal deposit documents" as amended on July 11, 2011, art. 5).
Electronic edition- an electronic document (a group of electronic documents) that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, intended for distribution in unchanged form, with output information (according to GOST R 7.0.83–2013).
Components of electronic publications:
- Text.
- Illustrative material (images)
- Sound accompaniment (audio files)
- Animation and video.
Electronic document: A document in digital form that requires funds to use computer technology or other specialized devices for reproducing text, sound, images.
These are electronic analogues of a printed publication, mainly reproducing the corresponding printed publications (text layout, illustrations, links, etc.)
Electronic book edition (EKI) – This is a digital representation of a printed publication that has undergone editorial and publishing processing, intended for distribution in unchanged form and having output information.
- Book monuments in library collections: selection criteria and definition
Books (handwritten and printed) and other types of publications, as well as book collections that have outstanding spiritual, aesthetic, printing or documentation properties, representing socially significant scientific, historical, cultural value and protected by special legislation, are called book monuments (GOST 7.87-2003) . The term “book monument” is synonymous with the terms “rare book” and “valuable book”. It allows you to more accurately define the concept and put the book on a par with other types of historical and cultural monuments.
In accordance with GOST 7.87-2003 “Book monuments. General requirements“When identifying book monuments, chronological, socially holistic and quantitative criteria are used.
The chronological criterion should be understood as the “age” of the book, determined by the length of the time interval between the date of creation of the book and the present time. To establish the upper date of the chronological criterion in the process of identifying a book monument, one should take into account the features of the history of the development of various fields of knowledge, as well as the specifics and history of book publishing in each specific industry and locality. This principle is the simplest and most obvious. It defines the chronological boundary up to which all publications published in a certain territory can be classified as book monuments. For example, book monuments include all publications up to and including 1830, regardless of the place of printing.
The social value criterion should be understood distinctive properties spiritual and material nature, the signs of which, as a rule, are:
Stage-by-stage characterization of the book as a document that adequately reflects the most important turning points social development, as well as being their direct accessory and integral part;
Uniqueness that distinguishes the book as the only one of its kind, possessing individual characteristics, which have historical, cultural and scientific significance;
Priority characterizing a book as the first ever edition of works of classics of science and literature or the first published edition (edition-book monument), which has fundamentally important for the development of science and technology, including printing technology and book design, history and culture, socio-political development (religion, philosophy, morality, etc.);
Memoriality, correlating the book with the life and work of outstanding personalities, government, scientific and cultural figures, with the work of scientific and creative teams, as well as with important historical events and memorable places;
Collectibility, indicating that the book belongs to a collection that has the properties of an important historical and cultural object.
Signs of the quantitative criterion are low prevalence (low circulation, limited access) and rarity of a book, determined by the relatively small number of surviving copies. The quantitative criterion is usually not applied on its own, but it adds to the value of the book.
Ticket number 19
- Bibliology as a science: object, subject, component composition.
Bibliology is a systematic science about the essence, methods, forms and patterns of existence, movement and development of a book as an objective phenomenon social reality.
The following is put forward as an object of bibliology:
Book, interaction with the reader;
Book and bookmaking;
System “work – book – reader”;
The system “book – bookmaking – reader”.
The subject of bibliology is the study and substantiation of the essence, methods, forms and patterns of existence, movement, development and functioning of the book as an objective phenomenon of social reality, as well as the most systematic multi-level scientific knowledge about the book - its object, subject, structure, interdisciplinary, intradisciplinary organization, method bibliological knowledge, systems of bibliological categories and concepts.
The following main sections can be distinguished as part of bibliology:
Theory of books and bookmaking
History of books and bookmaking
Sociology of books and book publishing.
- Development of bibliology in Russia until 1917
The founder of Austrian bibliography, Michael Denis (1729-1800), is considered the first theorist of bibliology. He owns the first book monograph.
The French bibliographer and library scientist Etienne Gabriel Peignot (1767-1849) uses the term “bibliology” to designate the theory of bibliography, which, in his opinion, has a universal character.
The works of Peño and Denis served as the basis for the appearance of the book “Introduction to Bibliology” (1756), in cat. The main point was the identification of the concepts of “bibliology” and “book science”.
Special study of books in Russia began in the middle of the 18th century. It was prepared and stimulated by the beginning of civil printing, publishing and bibliographic activities of the Academy of Sciences (formed in 1725).
Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov (1696-1766) should be considered the first professional Russian bibliologist. The main work of A.I. Bogdanov " Brief information and historical research on the beginning and production of all alphabetic words in general...” (1755) contains material on the history of Russian education, the history of book publishing, a list and description of printing houses. In the bibliographic list, printed books are systematized not alphabetically by names of authors or titles, but by printing houses, i.e. on a bibliological basis. The terms “bibliography” and “book science” in the works of A.I. Bogdanov are not dating yet.
Theoretical bibliological constructions first appear in the works of the largest Russian bibliologists and bibliographers V.S. Sopikova (1765-1818) and V.G. Anastasevich (1775-1845). In the “Preliminary Notice” to the “Experience of Russian Bibliography...” V.S. Sopikov was the first to point out the social, propaganda, and educational purpose of bibliography and interpreted its content and objectives so broadly that the term “bibliography” designated those branches of knowledge, the totality of which in modern terminology can be defined by the word “book science.”
Reflecting the objective process of differentiation of scientific knowledge, V.S. Sopikov named those that, in his opinion, should be included in the range of interests of a bibliographer: the history of book publishing, information about useful and rare books. V.S. Sopikov reveals the content of the concepts “bibliography”, “bibliomaniac”, “bibliographer”, librarian”. In fact, this was the first attempt to create a system of book science, although, of course, it was deeply developed by V.S. Sopikov was not there, just as the word “book studies” itself does not appear in his work.
It was introduced into the terminological use of book studies by A.G. Anastasevich. The article “On the need to promote Russian bibliology” (1820) contains various bibliological considerations. He clearly denotes the difference between practical and theoretical bibliography and tries to divide book publications according to the circle of bibliologists.
In the 20th century The concepts of “book studies” and “bibliography” begin to diverge.
G.N. Gennadi (1826-1880): “Bibliography, like any science, in its practical application must be consistent with the needs of society; then it will receive the vitality of science even within the walls and behind the counter of a bookstore, which itself will sense the benefit of this living contact with theory.” His contemporary M.L. Mikhailov believed that “... bibliography is not the art of compiling catalogs, as some people think, but a science that occupies an honorable place in the ranks of human knowledge.”
In the second half of the 19th century. The scale of book publishing, book trading, library, and bibliographic activities is increasing, and the process of differentiation of these branches of the book business is underway. The activities of the bibliographic commissions of the St. Petersburg, Moscow and Kyiv Literacy Committees on the development of recommendatory bibliographies are expanding.
The first bibliographic periodicals appeared - the magazines “Russian Bibliography” (1879-1882), “Bibliographer” (1884-1914), in cat. Issues of systematization and differentiation of the concepts of bibliology and bibliography were discussed.
The first Russian bibliographic organizations were the Russian Bibliographic Society and the Russian Bibliological Society.
Ticket number 20
- Composition of bibliology. general characteristics components of scientific disciplines.
- Characteristics of activity Science Center research into the history of book culture.
Ticket number 21
1. Book science and related disciplines. Content and forms of interaction.
