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1 Examples of tasks for part 2 in biology with answers 1. What environmental factors contribute to the regulation of the number of wolves in the ecosystem? 1) anthropogenic: reduction of forest area, excessive hunting; 2) biotic: lack of food, competition, spread of diseases. 2. Determine the type and phase of division of the cell shown in the figure. What processes occur in this phase? 1) the figure shows metaphase of mitosis; 2) spindle threads are attached to the centromeres of chromosomes; 3) in this phase, bichromatid chromosomes line up in the equatorial plane. 3. Why does plowing the soil improve the living conditions of cultivated plants? 1) promotes the destruction of weeds and reduces competition with cultivated plants; 2) promotes the supply of plants with water and minerals; 3) increases the supply of oxygen to the roots. 4. How does a natural ecosystem differ from an agroecosystem? 1) great biodiversity and diversity of food connections and food chains; 2) balanced circulation of substances; 3) long periods of existence. 5. Reveal the mechanisms that ensure the constancy of the number and shape of chromosomes in all cells of organisms from generation to generation? 1) thanks to meiosis, gametes with a haploid set of chromosomes are formed; 2) during fertilization, the diploid set of chromosomes is restored in the zygote, which ensures the constancy of the chromosome set; 3) the growth of the organism occurs due to mitosis, which ensures the constancy of the number of chromosomes in somatic cells. 6. What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances? 1) heterotrophic decomposer bacteria decompose organic substances into mineral substances, which are absorbed by plants; 2) autotrophic bacteria (photo, chemotrophs) producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones, ensuring the circulation of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc. 7. What features are characteristic of mossy plants? 1) most mosses are leafy plants, some of them have rhizoids; 2) mosses reproduce both sexually and asexually with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte); 3) an adult moss plant is the sexual generation (gametophyte) and the spore capsule is asexual
4 2) a number of organelles are missing: mitochondria, EPS, Golgi complex, etc.; 3) have one ring chromosome. 21. Why are plants (producers) considered the initial link in the cycle of substances and energy conversion in the ecosystem? 1) create organic substances from inorganic ones; 2) accumulate solar energy; 3) provide organic substances and energy to organisms in other parts of the ecosystem. 22. What processes ensure the movement of water and minerals throughout the plant? 1) from the root to the leaves, water and minerals move through the vessels due to transpiration, as a result of which suction force arises; 2) the upward flow in the plant is facilitated by root pressure, which arises as a result of the constant flow of water into the root due to the difference in the concentration of substances in the cells and the environment. 23. Look at the cells shown in the figure. Determine which letters represent prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Provide evidence for your point of view. 1) A prokaryotic cell, B eukaryotic cell; 2) the cell in Figure A does not have a formed nucleus, its hereditary material is represented by a ring chromosome; 3) the cell in Figure B has a formed nucleus and organelles. 24. What is the complexity of the circulatory system of amphibians compared to fish? 1) the heart becomes three-chambered; 2) a second circle of blood circulation appears; 3) the heart contains venous and mixed blood. 25. Why is a mixed forest ecosystem considered more stable than a spruce forest ecosystem? 1) there are more species in the mixed forest than in the spruce forest; 2) in a mixed forest the food chains are longer and more branched than in a spruce forest; 3) there are more tiers in a mixed forest than in a spruce forest. 26. A section of a DNA molecule has the following composition: GATGAATAGTGCTTC. List at least three consequences that can result from an accidental replacement of the seventh nucleotide of thymine with cytosine (C). 1) will happen gene mutation the codon of the third amino acid will change; 2) in a protein, one amino acid may be replaced by another, as a result of which the primary structure of the protein will change; 3) all other protein structures may change, which will lead to the appearance of a new trait in the body.
5 27. Red algae (purple algae) live at great depths. Despite this, photosynthesis occurs in their cells. Explain why photosynthesis occurs if the water column absorbs rays from the red-orange part of the spectrum. 1) photosynthesis requires rays not only from the red, but also from the blue part of the spectrum; 2) the cells of scarlet mushrooms contain a red pigment that absorbs rays from the blue part of the spectrum, their energy is used in the process of photosynthesis. 28. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them. 1. Coelenterates are three-layer multicellular animals. 2.They have a gastric or intestinal cavity. 3. The intestinal cavity includes stinging cells. 4. Coelenterates have a reticular (diffuse) nervous system. 5. All coelenterate free-swimming organisms. 1)1 coelenterate two-layer animals; 2)3 stinging cells are contained in the ectoderm, and not in the intestinal cavity; 3)5 among the coelenterates there are attached forms. 29. How does gas exchange occur in the lungs and tissues of mammals? What causes this process? 1) gas exchange is based on diffusion, which is caused by the difference in gas concentration (partial pressure) in the air of the alveoli and in the blood; 2) oxygen from the area of high pressure in the alveolar air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide from the area of high pressure in the blood enters the alveoli; 3) in tissues, oxygen from the area of high pressure in the capillaries enters the intercellular substance and then into the cells of the organs. Carbon dioxide from the high pressure area in the intercellular substance enters the blood. 30. What is the participation of functional groups of organisms in the cycle of substances in the biosphere? Consider the role of each of them in the cycle of substances in the biosphere. 1) producers synthesize organic substances from inorganic substances (carbon dioxide, water, nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals), release oxygen (except for chemotrophs); 2) consumers (and others functional groups) organisms use and transform organic substances, oxidize them during respiration, absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water; 3) decomposers decompose organic substances into inorganic compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., returning them to the environment. 31. The section of the DNA molecule encoding the sequence of amino acids in a protein has the following composition: G-A-T-G-A-A-T-A-G-TT-C-T-T-C. Explain the consequences of accidentally adding a guanine nucleotide (G) between the seventh and eighth nucleotides. 1) if a gene mutation occurs, the codes of the third and subsequent amino acids may change; 2) the primary structure of the protein may change; 3) a mutation can lead to the appearance of a new trait in an organism.
6 32. What plant organs are damaged by cockchafers? different stages individual development? 1) plant roots are damaged by larvae; 2) tree leaves are damaged by adult beetles. 33. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which errors were made and correct them. 1. Flatworms These are three-layered animals. 2. The phylum Flatworms include white planaria, human roundworm and liver fluke. 3. Flatworms have an elongated, flattened body. 4. They are well developed nervous system. 5. Flatworms are dioecious animals that lay eggs. 1)2 the human roundworm is not classified as a type of flatworm; it is Roundworm; 2)4 in flatworms the nervous system is poorly developed; 3)5 Flatworms are hermaphrodites. 34. What is a fruit? What is its significance in the life of plants and animals? 1) the fruit is the generative organ of angiosperms; 2) contains seeds with the help of which plants reproduce and disperse; 3) plant fruits are food for animals. 35. Most bird species fly away from the northern regions for the winter, despite their warm-blooded nature. Indicate at least three factors that cause these animals to fly. 1) food items of insectivorous birds become unavailable for obtaining; 2) ice cover on reservoirs and snow cover on the ground deprive herbivorous birds of food; 3) change in daylight hours. 36. Which milk, sterilized or freshly milked, will sour faster under the same conditions? Explain your answer. 1) freshly milked milk will sour faster, since it contains bacteria that cause fermentation of the product; 2) when milk is sterilized, the cells and spores of lactic acid bacteria die, and the milk lasts longer. 37. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them. 1. The main classes of the phylum of arthropods are Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects. 2. The body of crustaceans and arachnids is divided into the head, thorax and abdomen. 3. The body of insects consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen. 4. Arachnids do not have antennae. 5. Insects have two pairs of antennae, and crustaceans have one pair. 1)2 the body of crustaceans and arachnids consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen; 2)3 the body of insects consists of a head, chest and abdomen; 3)5 insects have one pair of antennae, and crustaceans have two pairs.
7 38. Prove that the rhizome of the plant is a modified shoot. 1) the rhizome has nodes in which rudimentary leaves and buds are located; 2) at the top of the rhizome there is an apical bud that determines the growth of the shoot; 3) adventitious roots extend from the rhizome; 4) internal anatomical structure rhizomes are similar to the stem. 39. To combat insect pests, people use chemicals. Indicate at least three changes in the life of the oak forest if all herbivorous insects are destroyed by chemical means. Explain why they will happen. 1) the number of insect-pollinated plants will sharply decrease, since herbivorous insects are plant pollinators; 2) the number of insectivorous organisms (consumers of the 2nd order) will sharply decrease or they will disappear due to disruption of food chains; 3)part chemical substances, which were used to destroy insects, will get into the soil, which will lead to disruption of plant life, death of soil flora and fauna, all violations can lead to the death of the oak forest. 40. Why can treatment with antibiotics lead to intestinal dysfunction? Give at least two reasons. 1)antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria, living in the human intestines; 2) the breakdown of fiber, water absorption and other processes are disrupted. 41.Which part of the sheet is indicated in the figure by the letter A and what structures does it consist of? What functions do these structures perform? 1) the letter A denotes a vascular-fibrous bundle (vein), the bundle includes vessels, sieve tubes, and mechanical tissue; 2) vessels provide transport of water to the leaves; 3) sieve tubes provide transport organic matter from leaves to other organs; 4) mechanical tissue cells provide strength and serve as the framework of the leaf. 42. What are characteristic features kingdom of mushrooms? 1) the body of fungi consists of hyphae threads forming mycelium; 2) reproduce sexually and asexually (spores, mycelium, budding); 3) grow throughout life; 4) in the cell: the membrane contains a chitin-like substance, a reserve nutrient glycogen. 43. In a small reservoir formed after a river flood, the following organisms were found: slipper ciliates, daphnia, white planaria, large pond snail, cyclops, hydra. Explain whether this body of water can be considered an ecosystem. Provide at least three pieces of evidence. The named temporary reservoir cannot be called an ecosystem, since it: 1) lacks producers;
8 2) there are no decomposers; 3) there is no closed circulation of substances and food chains are disrupted. 44. Why is a note placed under a tourniquet, which is applied to stop bleeding from large blood vessels, indicating the time it was applied? 1) after reading the note, you can determine how much time has passed since the tourniquet was applied; 2) if after 1-2 hours it was not possible to deliver the patient to the doctor, then the tourniquet should be loosened for a while. This will prevent tissue death. 45. Name the structures spinal cord, indicated in the figure by numbers 1 and 2, and describe the features of their structure and function. 1)1 gray matter, formed by the bodies of neurons; 2)2 white matter, formed by long processes of neurons; 3) gray matter carries out reflex function, white matter conductive function. 46. What role do they play? salivary glands in digestion in mammals? List at least three functions. 1)secret salivary glands moistens and disinfects food; 2) saliva participates in the formation of the food bolus; 3) salivary enzymes promote the breakdown of starch. 47. As a result of volcanic activity, an island was formed in the ocean. Describe the sequence of formation of an ecosystem on a newly formed landmass. Please provide at least three items. 1) the first to settle are microorganisms and lichens, which ensure the formation of soil; 2) plants settle on the soil, the spores or seeds of which are carried by wind or water; 3) as vegetation develops, animals appear in the ecosystem, primarily arthropods and birds. 48. Experienced gardeners apply fertilizers into the grooves located along the edges of the trunk circles of fruit trees, rather than distributing them evenly. Explain why. 1) the root system grows, the suction zone moves behind the root apex; 2) roots with a developed zone of absorption by root hairs are located at the edges of the trunk circles. 49. What modified shoot is shown in the figure? Name the structural elements indicated in the figure by numbers 1, 2, 3, and the functions that they perform. 1) onion; 2) 1 succulent scale-like leaf in which nutrients and water are stored; 3)2 adventitious roots, ensuring the absorption of water and minerals; 4) 3 buds, ensures shoot growth.
9 50. What are the structural features and vital functions of mosses? Please provide at least three items. 1) most mosses are leafy plants, some of them have rhizoids; 2) mosses have a poorly developed conducting system; 3) mosses reproduce both sexually and asexually, with alternating generations: sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte); An adult moss plant is a sexual generation, and the spore capsule is asexual. 51. As a result of a forest fire, part of the spruce forest burned out. Explain how its self-healing will occur. List at least three steps. 1) herbaceous, light-loving plants develop first; 2) then birch, aspen, and pine shoots appear, the seeds of which fell with the help of the wind, and a small-leaved or pine forest is formed. 3) under the canopy of light-loving species, shade-tolerant spruce trees develop, which subsequently completely displace other trees. 52. To establish the cause hereditary disease examined the patient's cells and discovered a change in the length of one of the chromosomes. What research method allowed us to establish the cause? of this disease? What type of mutation is it associated with? 1) the cause of the disease was established using the cytogenetic method; 2) the disease is caused by a chromosomal mutation, the loss or addition of a chromosome fragment. 53. What letter in the figure indicates the blastula in the development cycle of the lancelet. What are the features of blastula formation? 1) the blastula is designated by the letter G; 2) the blastula is formed during the fragmentation of the zygote; 3) the size of the blastula does not exceed the size of the zygote. 54. Why are mushrooms classified as a special kingdom of the organic world? 1) the body of mushrooms consists of thin branching threads of hyphae that form mycelium, or mycelium; 2) mycelial cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen; 3) mushrooms cannot be classified as plants, since their cells do not have chlorophyll and chloroplasts; the wall contains chitin; 4) mushrooms cannot be classified as animals, since they absorb nutrients over the entire surface of the body, and do not swallow them in the form of food lumps. 55. In some forest biocenoses, to protect chicken birds, mass shooting of daytime birds of prey was carried out. Explain how this event affected the number of chickens. 1) at first, the number of chickens increased, as their enemies were destroyed (naturally regulating the number); 2) then the number of chickens decreased due to lack of food;
10 3) the number of sick and weakened individuals increased due to the spread of diseases and the lack of predators, which also influenced the decrease in the number of chickens. 56. The color of the white hare’s fur changes throughout the year: in winter the hare is white, and in summer it is gray. Explain what type of variability is observed in an animal and what determines the manifestation of this characteristic. 1) the hare exhibits modification (phenotypic, non-hereditary) variability; 2) the manifestation of this trait is determined by changes in environmental conditions (temperature, day length). 57. Name the stages of embryonic development of the lancelet, indicated in the figure by letters A and B. Reveal the features of the formation of each of these stages. A B 1) A gastrula stage of a two-layer embryo; 2) B neurula, has the rudiments of a future larva or adult organism; 3) the gastrula is formed by invagination of the wall of the blastula, and in the neurula the neural plate is first formed, which serves as a regulator for the formation of other organ systems. 58. Name the main features of the structure and activity of bacteria. List at least four features. 1) bacteria are prenuclear organisms that do not have a formed nucleus and many organelles; 2) according to the method of nutrition, bacteria are heterotrophs and autotrophs; 3) high rate of reproduction by division; 4) anaerobes and aerobes; 5) unfavorable conditions are experienced in a state of dispute. 59. How does the land-air environment differ from the water environment? 1) oxygen content; 2) differences in temperature fluctuations (wide amplitude of fluctuations in the ground-air environment); 3) degree of illumination; 4) density. 60. The use of kelp seaweed is recommended in the human diet. What is the significance of its use in normalizing body functions? 1) seaweed has the ability to accumulate chemical element iodine; 2) iodine is necessary for normal function thyroid gland. 61. Why is a ciliate slipper cell considered an integral organism? What organelles of the ciliate slipper are indicated in the figure by numbers 1 and 2 and what functions do they perform? 1) the ciliate cell performs all the functions of an independent organism: metabolism, reproduction, irritability, adaptation;
12 67. How is genetic information transferred from the nucleus to the ribosome? 1) mRNA synthesis occurs in the nucleus in accordance with the principle of complementarity; 2) an mRNA copy of a DNA section containing information about the primary structure of the protein moves from the nucleus to the ribosome. 68. How is the complexity of ferns compared to mosses? Give at least three signs. 1) the ferns have roots; 2) ferns, unlike mosses, have developed developed conductive tissue; 3) in the development cycle of ferns, the asexual generation (sporophyte) predominates over the sexual generation (gametophyte), which is represented by the prothallus. 69. Name the germ layer of a vertebrate animal, indicated in the figure by number 3. What type of tissue and what organs are formed from it. 1) germ layer endoderm; 2 epithelial tissue (epithelium of the intestines and respiratory organs); 3) organs: intestines, digestive glands, respiratory organs, some endocrine glands. 70. What role do birds play in the forest biocenosis? Give at least three examples. 1) regulate the number of plants (distribute fruits and seeds); 2) regulate the number of insects and small rodents; 3) serve as food for predators; 4) fertilize the soil. 71. What is the protective role of leukocytes in the human body? 1) leukocytes are capable of phagocytosis, devouring and digesting proteins, microorganisms, dead cells; 2) leukocytes take part in the production of antibodies that neutralize certain antigens. 72. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them. According to the chromosomal theory of heredity: 1. Genes are located on chromosomes in a linear order. 2. Each allele occupies a specific place. 3. Genes on one chromosome form a linkage group. 4. The number of linkage groups is determined by the diploid number of chromosomes. 5. Disruption of gene cohesion occurs during the process of chromosome conjugation in the prophase of meiosis. 1) 2 location of the gene locus; 2)4 the number of linkage groups is equal to the haploid set of chromosomes; 3)5 disruption of gene linkage occurs during crossing over.
13 73. Why do some scientists classify green euglena as a plant, and others as an animal? Provide at least three reasons. 1) capable of heterotrophic nutrition, like all animals; 2) capable of active movement in search of food, like all animals; 3) contains chlorophyll in the cell and is capable of autotrophic nutrition, like plants. 74. What processes occur at the stages of energy metabolism? 1)on preparatory stage complex organic substances are broken down into less complex ones (biopolymers into monomers), energy is dissipated in the form of heat; 2) in the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid (or lactic acid, or alcohol) and 2 ATP molecules are synthesized; 3) at the oxygen stage, pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water and 36 ATP molecules are synthesized. 75. In a wound formed on the human body, bleeding stops over time, but suppuration may occur. Explain what properties of blood this is due to. 1) bleeding stops due to blood clotting and the formation of a blood clot; 2) suppuration is caused by the accumulation of dead leukocytes that have carried out phagocytosis. 76. Find errors in the given text and correct them. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made and explain them. 1. Great importance proteins are present in the structure and functioning of organisms. 2. These are biopolymers whose monomers are nitrogenous bases. 3. Proteins are part of the plasma membrane. 4. Many proteins perform enzymatic functions in the cell. 5. Hereditary information about the characteristics of the organism is encrypted in protein molecules. 6. Protein and tRNA molecules are part of ribosomes. 1) 2 monomers of proteins are amino acids; 2)5 hereditary information about the characteristics of an organism is encrypted in DNA molecules; 3)6- ribosomes contain rRNA molecules, not tRNA. 77. What is myopia? In what part of the eye does the image focus in a nearsighted person? What is the difference between congenital and acquired forms of myopia? 1) myopia is a disease of the visual organs in which a person has difficulty distinguishing distant objects; 2) in a myopic person, the image of objects appears in front of the retina; 3) with congenital myopia, the shape changes eyeball(lengthens); 4) acquired myopia is associated with a change (increase) in the curvature of the lens. 78. How does the skeleton of the human head differ from the skeleton of the head of great apes? List at least four differences. 1) predominance brain section skulls above the facial; 2) reduction of the jaw apparatus;
14 3) the presence of a mental protuberance on the lower jaw; 4)reduction of brow ridges. 79. Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body per day not equal to volume liquid drunk during the same time? 1) part of the water is used by the body or formed in metabolic processes; 2) part of the water evaporates through the respiratory organs and sweat glands. 80. Find errors in the given text, correct them, indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, write down these sentences without errors. 1. Animals are heterotrophic organisms; they feed on ready-made organic substances. 2. There are unicellular and multicellular animals. 3. All multicellular animals have bilateral body symmetry. 4. Most of them have developed various organs movement. 5. Only arthropods and chordates have a circulatory system. 6. Postembryonic development in all multicellular animals is direct. 1) 3 not all multicellular animals have bilateral body symmetry; for example, in coelenterates it is radial (radial); 2) 5 circulatory system is also present in annelids and mollusks; 3) 6 direct postembryonic development is not inherent in all multicellular animals. 81. What is the importance of blood in human life? 1) performs a transport function: delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and cells, removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic products; 2) performs a protective function due to the activity of leukocytes and antibodies; 3) participates in the humoral regulation of the body’s vital functions. 82. Use information about early stages embryogenesis (zygote, blastula, gastrula) to confirm the sequence of development of the animal world. 1) the zygote stage corresponds to a unicellular organism; 2) the blastula stage, where the cells are not differentiated, is similar to colonial forms; 3) the embryo at the gastrula stage corresponds to the structure of the coelenterate (hydra). 83. The injection of large doses of drugs into a vein is accompanied by their dilution with physiological solution (0.9% NaCl solution). Explain why. 1) administration of large doses of drugs without dilution can cause a sharp change in blood composition and irreversible phenomena; 2) the concentration of saline solution (0.9% NaCl solution) corresponds to the concentration of salts in the blood plasma and does not cause the death of blood cells. 84. Find errors in the given text, correct them, indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, write down these sentences without errors. 1. Animals of the arthropod type have an external chitinous cover and jointed limbs. 2. The body of most of them consists of three sections: head, chest and abdomen. 3. All arthropods have one pair of antennae. 4. Their eyes are complex (faceted). 5. The circulatory system of insects is closed.
15 1)3 not all arthropods have one pair of antennae (arachnids do not have them, and crustaceans have two pairs); 2)4 not all arthropods have compound (compounded) eyes: arachnids have simple or absent eyes; insects may have simple eyes along with compound eyes; 3)5 the circulatory system of arthropods is not closed. 85. What are the functions of the human digestive system? 1)mechanical processing of food; 2) chemical processing of food; 3) movement of food and removal of undigested residues; 4)absorption of nutrients, mineral salts and water into the blood and lymph. 86. How is biological progress characterized in flowering plants? Specify at least three signs. 1) a wide variety of populations and species; 2) wide distribution on the globe; 3) adaptability to life in different environmental conditions. 87. Why should food be chewed thoroughly? 1) well-chewed food is quickly soaked in saliva oral cavity and begins to digest; 2) well-chewed food is quickly saturated with digestive juices in the stomach and intestines and is therefore easier to digest. 88. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made, correct them. 1. A population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of the same species that inhabit a common territory for a long time. 2. different populations of the same species are relatively isolated from each other, and their individuals do not interbreed. 3. The gene pool of all populations of one species is the same. 4. The population is the elementary unit of evolution. 5. A group of frogs of the same species living in a deep pool for one summer constitutes a population. 1)2 populations of the same species are partially isolated, but individuals from different populations can interbreed; 2)3 the gene pools of different populations of the same species are different; 3)5 a group of frogs is not a population, since a group of individuals of the same species is considered a population if it occupies the same space for a large number of generations. 89. Why is it recommended to drink salted water in the summer when you are thirsty for a long time? 1) in summer a person sweats more; 2) mineral salts are removed from the body through sweat; 3) salted water restores the normal water-salt balance between tissues and internal environment body.
16 90. What proves that a person belongs to the class of mammals? 1) similarity in the structure of organ systems; 2)availability hairline; 3) development of the embryo in the uterus; 4) feeding the offspring with milk, caring for the offspring. 91. What processes maintain consistency? chemical composition human blood plasma? 1) processes in buffer systems maintain the reaction of the environment (pH) at a constant level; 2) neurohumoral regulation of the chemical composition of plasma is carried out. 92. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made and explain them. 1.A population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals different types, inhabiting a common territory for a long time. 2. The main group characteristics of the population are number, density, age, sex and spatial structure. 3. The totality of all genes in a population is called the gene pool. 4. The population is structural unit wildlife. 5. Population numbers are always stable. 1)1 population is a collection of freely interbreeding individuals of the same species that inhabit the general territory of the population for a long time; 2)4 the population is a structural unit of the species; 3)5 population numbers can change in different seasons and years. 93. What structures of the body cover protect the human body from the effects of environmental temperature factors? Explain their role. 1) subcutaneous fatty tissue protects the body from cooling; 2) sweat glands produce sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating; 3) hair on the head protects the body from cooling and overheating; 4) changes in the lumen of skin capillaries regulate heat transfer. 94. Give at least three progressive biological characteristics man, which he acquired in the process of long evolution. 1) enlargement of the brain and cerebral part of the skull; 2) upright posture and corresponding changes in the skeleton; 3) liberation and development of the hand, opposition of the thumb. 95. Which division of meiosis is similar to mitosis? Explain how it is expressed and what set of chromosomes in the cell it leads to. 1) similarities with mitosis are observed in the second division of meiosis; 2) all phases are similar, sister chromosomes (chromatids) diverge to the poles of the cell; 3) the resulting cells have a haploid set of chromosomes. 96.What is the difference between arterial bleeding and venous bleeding?
17 1) with arterial bleeding, the blood is scarlet; 2) it shoots out from the wound with a strong stream, a fountain. 97. A diagram of what process occurring in the human body is shown in the figure? What underlies this process and how does the composition of the blood change as a result? Explain your answer. capillary 1) the figure shows a diagram of gas exchange in the lungs (between the pulmonary vesicle and the blood capillary); 2) gas exchange is based on diffusion, the penetration of gases from a place with high pressure to a place with lower pressure; 3) as a result of gas exchange, the blood is saturated with oxygen and turns from venous (A) to arterial (B). 98. What effect does physical inactivity (low physical activity) have on the human body? physical inactivity leads to: 1) a decrease in the level of metabolism, an increase in adipose tissue, and excess body weight; 2) weakening of skeletal and cardiac muscles, increased load on the heart and decreased endurance of the body; 3)stagnation of venous blood in lower limbs, vasodilation, circulatory disorders. (Other wording of the answer is allowed without distorting its meaning.) 99. What features do plants living in arid conditions have? 1) the root system of plants penetrates deeply into the soil, reaches groundwater or is located in the surface layer of soil; 2) in some plants, water is stored in leaves, stems and other organs during drought; 3) the leaves are covered with a waxy coating, pubescent or modified into spines or needles. What is the reason for the need for iron ions to enter the human blood? Explain your answer. 1) iron ions are part of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes; 2) red blood cells ensure the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Which vessels and what kind of blood flows into the chambers of the heart, indicated in the figure by numbers 3 and 5? Which circulatory system is each of these heart structures connected to? 1) the chamber marked with number 3 receives venous blood from the superior and inferior vena cava; 2) the chamber marked with the number 5 receives arterial blood from the pulmonary veins; 3) the heart chamber, indicated by the number 3, is connected to the systemic circulation; 4) the heart chamber, indicated by the number 5, is connected to the pulmonary circulation. What are vitamins, what is their role in the life of the human body?
18 1)vitamins, biologically active organic substances required in small quantities; 2) they are part of enzymes, participating in metabolism; 3) increase the body’s resistance to adverse effects external environment, stimulate growth, development of the body, restoration of tissues and cells. The body shape of the Kalima butterfly resembles a leaf. How did the butterfly develop such a body shape? 1) the appearance of various hereditary changes in individuals; 2)saving natural selection individuals with altered body shape; 3) reproduction and distribution of individuals with a body shape resembling a leaf. What is the nature of most enzymes and why do they lose their activity when the level of radiation increases? 1) most enzymes are proteins; 2) under the influence of radiation, denaturation occurs, the structure of the protein-enzyme changes. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they were made, correct them. 1. Plants, like all living organisms, eat, breathe, grow, and reproduce. 2. According to the method of nutrition, plants are classified as autotrophic organisms. 3. When plants respire, they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. 4. All plants reproduce by seeds. 5. Plants, like animals, grow only in the first years of life. 1)3 when plants respire, they absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide; 2)4 only flowering plants and gymnosperms reproduce by seeds, and algae, mosses, and ferns reproduce by spores; 3)5 plants grow throughout their lives, have unlimited growth. What is the reason for the need for iron ions to enter the human blood? Explain your answer. 1) iron ions are part of the hemoglobin of erythrocytes; 2) hemoglobin of erythrocytes ensures the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as it is able to bind with these gases; 3) the supply of oxygen is necessary for the energy metabolism of the cell, and carbon dioxide is its final product that must be removed. Explain why people of different races are classified as the same species. Provide at least three pieces of evidence. 1) similarity in structure, life processes, behavior; 2) genetic unity, the same set of chromosomes, their structure; 3) interracial marriages produce offspring capable of reproduction.
19 108. In ancient India, a person suspected of a crime was offered to swallow a handful of dry rice. If he failed, guilt was considered proven. Give physiological basis this process. 1) swallowing is a complex reflex act, which is accompanied by salivation and irritation of the root of the tongue; 2) with strong excitement, salivation is sharply inhibited, the mouth becomes dry, and the swallowing reflex does not occur. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which they are made and explain them. 1. The food chain of biogeocenosis includes producers, consumers and decomposers. 2. The first link in the food chain is consumers. 3. Consumers in the light accumulate energy absorbed in the process of photosynthesis. 4. In the dark phase of photosynthesis, oxygen is released. 5. Decomposers contribute to the release of energy accumulated by consumers and producers. 1)2 the first link is the producers; 2)3 consumers are not capable of photosynthesis; 3)4 oxygen is released in the light phase of photosynthesis. What are the causes of anemia in humans? Please indicate at least three possible reasons. 1) large blood loss; 2) malnutrition (lack of iron and vitamins, etc.); 3) disruption of the formation of red blood cells in the hematopoietic organs. The wasp fly is similar in color and body shape to the wasp. Name the type of its protective device, explain its significance and the relative nature of the adaptation. 1) the type of adaptation is mimicry, imitation of the color and body shape of an unprotected animal by a protected one; 2) the resemblance to a wasp warns a possible predator of the danger of being stung; 3) the fly becomes prey for young birds that have not yet developed a reflex to the wasp. Make up a food chain using all the objects named below: humus, cross spider, hawk, great tit, housefly. Identify third-order consumers in the constructed chain. 1) humus > housefly > cross spider > great tit > hawk; 2) consumer of the third order great tit Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, correct them. 1. Annelids These are the most highly organized animals of the cutting of other types of worms. 2. Annelids have an open-ended circulatory system. 3. Body ringworm consists of identical segments. 4. Annelids have no body cavity. 5. The nervous system of annelids is represented by the peripharyngeal ring and the dorsal nerve cord. 1)2 Annelids have a closed circulatory system;
20 2)4 Annelids have a body cavity; 3)5 the nerve chain is located on the ventral side of the body. Name at least three aromorphoses in land plants that allowed them to be the first to develop land. Justify your answer. 1) occurrence cover tissue epidermis with stomata, which helps protect against evaporation; 2) the emergence of a conducting system that ensures the transport of substances; 3) development of mechanical tissue that performs a supporting function Explain what is responsible for the large diversity of marsupial mammals in Australia and their absence on other continents. 1) Australia separated from other continents during the heyday of marsupials before the appearance of placental animals (geographical isolation); 2) the natural conditions of Australia contributed to the divergence of marsupial characters and active speciation; 3) on other continents, marsupials were replaced by placental mammals. In what cases does a change in the sequence of DNA nucleotides not affect the structure and function of the corresponding protein? 1) if, as a result of a nucleotide replacement, another codon appears, encoding the same amino acid; 2) if the codon formed as a result of a nucleotide replacement encodes a different amino acid, but with similar chemical properties that does not change the structure of the protein; 3) if nucleotide changes occur in intergenic or non-functioning DNA sections Why is the relationship between pike and perch in a river ecosystem considered competitive? 1) are predators, feed on similar food; 2) live in the same body of water, need similar living conditions, mutually oppress each other. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, correct them. 1. The main classes of the phylum of arthropods are Crustaceans, Arachnids and Insects. 2. Insects have four pairs of legs, and arachnids have three pairs. 3. The crayfish has simple eyes, but the cross spider has complex eyes. 4. Arachnids have arachnoid warts on their abdomen. 5. The cross spider and the cockchafer breathe using lung sacs and tracheas. 1)2 insects have three pairs of legs, and arachnids have four pairs; 2)3 crayfish has compound eyes, while the cross spider is simple; 3)5 the cockchafer does not have lung sacs, but only trachea. What are the structural features and vital functions of cap mushrooms? Name at least four features. 1) have a mycelium and a fruiting body;
21 2) reproduce by spores and mycelium; 3) according to the method of nutrition of heterotrophs; 4) the majority form mycorrhizae. What aromorphoses allowed ancient amphibians to develop land. 1) the appearance of pulmonary breathing; 2) formation of dismembered limbs; 3) the appearance of a three-chambered heart and two circulation circles.
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