The small intestine almost completely digests and absorbs food. Digestion in the large intestine begins after the arrival of fragments that the small intestine has not digested. The work of the large intestine is that there are remains of chyme (a lump of partially digested food and gastric juice) acquire more solid state by releasing water. Here there is a breakdown of molecules, for example, fiber (the small intestine is not able to break it down), with the help of digestive juice and bacterial flora. The main function of the colon is to convert food fragments into a semi-solid state for further elimination from the body.
Important digestive processes occur in the large intestine, and their failure can significantly complicate human health.
The role of microflora
In this part of the gastrointestinal tract there is a considerable proportion of microbes that form the “microbial community”. Flora is divided into 3 classes:
- the first group (main) - bacteroids and bifidobacteria (approximately 90%);
- the second group (accompanying) - enterococci, lactobacilli and Escherichia (approximately 10%);
- third group (residual) - yeast, staphylococci, clostridia and others (about 1%).
The standard human flora performs a number of functions:
- colonization resistance - activation of the immune system, intermicrobial confrontation;
- detoxification - breakdown of the results of the metabolic process of proteins, fats, carbohydrates;
- synthetic function - obtaining vitamins, hormones and other elements;
- digestive function - increased gastrointestinal activity.
The functions of natural stabilizers of intestinal flora are performed by antimicrobial elements produced by the mucous membrane (lysozyme, lactoferrin). Normal contraction, pushing through the chyme, has an impact on the degree of occupancy of a particular area of the gastrointestinal tract with microorganisms, maintaining their distribution in the proximal direction. Irregularities at work motor activity intestines contribute to the appearance of dysbiosis (changes in the composition of microorganisms, when pathogenic bacteria become more numerous due to the disappearance of beneficial ones).
Imbalance of microflora may be associated with the following factors:
- frequent ARVI, allergies;
- taking hormonal drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs (Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, Aspirin) or narcotic drugs;
- cancer, HIV, AIDS;
- age-related physiological changes;
- infectious intestinal diseases;
- work in heavy production.
Participation of plant fiber
The way the colon works depends on the substances that enter the body. Among the substances that ensure the process of multiplying the microflora of the large intestine, it is worth highlighting plant fiber. The body is not able to digest it, but it is broken down by enzymes into acetic acid and glucose, which then pass into the blood. Excitation of motor activity occurs due to the release of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Fatty acids (acetic, butyric, propionic acids) provide the body with up to 10% of the total energy, and the final stage products that nourish the walls of the mucous membrane are produced by the flora.
The microflora of the colon is involved in the formation of a number of useful substances necessary for the human body.
Microorganisms, absorbing waste, produce vitamins of several groups, biotin, amino acids, acids (folic, pantothenic), and other enzymes. With a positive flora, many useful biologically active elements are broken down and synthesized here, and the processes responsible for generating energy and warming the body are also activated. Through beneficial flora, pathogens are suppressed and positive activity of the immune system and body systems is ensured. Deactivation of enzymes from the small intestine occurs due to microorganisms.
Foods high in carbohydrates promote the development of fermentation of proteins with rotting, which leads to the formation of toxic substances and gases. During the decomposition of protein, the components are absorbed into the blood and reach the liver, where they are destroyed with the participation of sulfuric and glucuronic acids. A diet that harmoniously contains carbohydrates and proteins balances fermentation and putrefaction. If there are discrepancies in these processes, digestive disorders and problems in other body systems occur. Digestion in the large intestine reaches its final stage through absorption, where contents accumulate and fecal matter is formed. The types of contractions of the large intestine and its regulation occur in almost the same way that the small intestine works.
Bacterial flora gastrointestinal tract is a necessary condition for the normal existence of the body. The number of microorganisms in the stomach is minimal; in the small intestine there are much more of them (especially in its distal section). The number of microorganisms in the large intestine is extremely large - up to tens of billions per 1 kg of contents.
In the human colon, 90% of the total flora consists of non-spore-free obligate anaerobic bacteria Bifidum bacterium, Bacteroides. The remaining 10% are lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, streptococci and spore-bearing anaerobes.
The positive significance of the intestinal microflora consists in the final decomposition of undigested food residues and components of digestive secretions, the creation of an immune barrier, and the inhibition of pathogenic microbes, synthesis of some vitamins, enzymes and other physiologically active substances, participation in the body’s metabolism.
Bacterial enzymes break down fiber fibers that are undigested in the small intestine. Hydrolysis products are absorbed in the colon and used by the body. U different people The amount of cellulose hydrolyzed by bacterial enzymes varies and averages about 40%.
Digestive secretions, having fulfilled their physiological role, are partially destroyed and absorbed in the small intestine, and part of them enters the large intestine. Here they are also exposed to microflora. With the participation of microflora, enterokinase, alkaline phosphatase, trypsin, and amylase are inactivated. Microorganisms take part in the decomposition of steam bile acids, row organic matter with the formation of organic acids, their ammonium salts, amines, etc.
Normal microflora suppresses pathogenic microorganisms and prevents infection of the macroorganism. Disruption of normal microflora due to diseases or as a result of prolonged administration antibacterial drugs often entails complications caused by the rapid proliferation of yeast, staphylococcus, Proteus and other microorganisms in the intestines.
The intestinal flora synthesizes vitamins K and B vitamins. It is possible that the microflora also synthesizes other substances important for the body. For example, in “germ-free rats” raised in sterile conditions, the cecum is extremely enlarged in volume, the absorption of water and amino acids is sharply reduced, which can be the cause of their death.
With the participation of intestinal microflora, the body exchanges proteins, phospholipids, bile and fatty acids, bilirubin, and cholesterol.
The intestinal microflora is influenced by many factors: the intake of microorganisms with food, dietary features, the properties of digestive secretions (which have more or less pronounced bactericidal properties), intestinal motility (which helps remove microorganisms from it), dietary fiber in the intestinal contents, the presence of intestines and intestinal juice of immunoglobulins.
In addition to bacteria living in the cavity of the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria were found in the mucous membrane. This population of bacteria is highly reactive to diet and many diseases. Physiological significance These bacteria have not yet been established in many ways, but they significantly affect the intestinal microflora.
Motor activity colon
The digestion process lasts about 1-3 days in humans, of which longest time accounts for the movement of food debris through the large intestine. The motility of the colon provides a reserve function: the accumulation of intestinal contents, the absorption of a number of substances from it, mainly water, the formation of feces from it and their removal from the intestine.
Rice. 191. Radiographs of the colon.
a - large intestine filled with barium sulfate; b - after evacuation from the intestine.
X-ray reveals several types of movements of the colon. Small and large pendulum-like movements ensure mixing of the contents and thickening them by sucking in water. Peristaltic and antiperistaltic contractions perform the same functions; Strong propulsive contractions occur 3-4 times a day, pushing the contents in the caudal direction.
In a healthy person, the contrast mass begins to enter the colon after 3-3"/g hours. Filling of the intestine continues for about 24 hours, and complete emptying occurs in 48-72 hours (Fig. 191).
The large intestine has automaticity, but it is less pronounced than in small intestine.
The large intestine has intramural and extramural innervation, which is carried out by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic nerve fibers, which inhibit motor activity, emerge from the superior and inferior mesenteric plexuses, parasympathetic, the irritation of which stimulates motor activity, as part of the vagus and pelvic nerves. These nerves take part in the reflex regulation of colon motility. The motor activity of the latter increases during eating with the participation of conditioned reflex, and unconditioned reflex for irritation of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum passing food. The conduction of nervous influences is carried out through the vagus and splanchnic nerves with the closure of reflex arcs in the central nervous system and by the spread of excitation from the stomach along the intestinal walls. Great importance local mechanical and chemical irritations stimulate colon motility. Dietary fiber in the contents of the colon, as a mechanical irritant, increases its motor activity and accelerates the movement of contents through the intestine.
Irritation of rectal mechanoreceptors inhibits colonic motility. Her motor skills are also inhibited by serotonin, adrenaline, and glucagon.
In some diseases accompanied by severe vomiting, the contents of the large intestine can be thrown through antiperistalsis into the small intestine, and from there into the stomach, esophagus and mouth. The so-called fecal vomiting (in Latin “miserere” - horror).
Defecation
Defecation, i.e. emptying the colon, occurs as a result of irritation of the receptors of the rectum by the feces accumulated in it. The urge to defecate occurs when the pressure in the rectum increases to 40-50 cm of water. Art. The loss of feces is prevented by sphincters: the internal anal sphincter, consisting of smooth muscles, and the external anal sphincter, formed by striated muscle. Outside of defecation, the sphincters are in a state of tonic contraction. As a result of reflex relaxation of these sphincters (the exit from the rectum opens) and peristaltic contractions of the intestine, feces come out of it. The so-called straining, in which the muscles contract, is of great importance. abdominal wall and diaphragm, increasing intra-abdominal pressure.
The reflex arc of the act of defecation closes in the lumbosacral spinal cord. It provides an involuntary act of defecation. The voluntary act of defecation is carried out with the participation of centers medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and cerebral cortex.
Sympathetic nervous influences increase sphincter tone and inhibit rectal motility. Parasympathetic nerve fibers as part of the pelvic nerve inhibit the tone of the sphincters and enhance rectal motility, i.e., stimulate the act of defecation. The voluntary component of the act of defecation consists of descending influences of the brain on the spinal center, relaxation of the external anal sphincter, contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles.
Cleansing the body and proper nutrition Gennady Petrovich Malakhov
The role of microflora in the large intestine
Let's take a closer look at the activities of microorganisms that live in the large intestine.
More than 400–500 live here various types bacteria. According to scientists, in 1 g of feces there are on average 30–40 billion of them! A natural question arises: why are there so many of them?
Turns out, normal microflora The large intestine not only participates in the final link of digestive processes and has protective function in the intestine, but from dietary fiber (cellulose, pectin and other plant material indigestible by the body) produces a whole range important vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, hormones and others nutrients. Under conditions of a normally functioning intestine, it is capable of suppressing and destroying a wide variety of pathogenic and putrefactive microbes.
Microbial waste products have a regulating effect on the autonomic nervous system and also stimulate the immune system.
For the normal functioning of microorganisms, a certain environment is required - a slightly acidic environment and dietary fiber. In most intestines of normally fed people, conditions in the large intestine are far from necessary.
Rotting feces create alkaline environment. And this environment already promotes the growth of pathogenic microflora.
E. coli synthesize B vitamins, which act as technical supervision, preventing uncontrolled tissue growth, supporting immunity, that is, providing anticancer protection.
The doctor was right Gerson, stating that cancer is Nature’s revenge for improperly eaten food. In his book “Cure of Cancer,” he says that out of 10,000 cases of cancer, 9,999 are the result of poisoning from one’s own feces and only one case is the result of truly irreversible degenerative changes in the body.
Formed by rotting food products Mold contributes to the development of serious pathologies in the body. By cleansing the colon and liver, you will be convinced of the correctness of the above, you will see mold coming out of you in the form of black shreds!
An external sign of mold formation in the body and degeneration of the mucous membranes of the large intestine, as well as vitamin A deficiency, is the formation of black plaque on the teeth. By restoring order in the large intestine and sufficiently supplying the body with vitamin A (carotene), this plaque will disappear.
From the book Conversations of a Children's Doctor author Ada Mikhailovna Timofeeva author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov From the book Cleansing the body and proper nutrition author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov From the book The Complete Encyclopedia of Wellness author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov From the book Golden Rules of Nutrition author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov From the book My personal methods of healing author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov From the book Cleansing the Body and Health: modern approach author Gennady Petrovich Malakhov Contents of the topic "Digestion in small intestine. Digestion in the large intestine.":1. Digestion in the small intestine. Secretory function of the small intestine. Brunner's glands. Lieberkühn's glands. Cavity and membrane digestion.
2. Regulation of the secretory function (secretion) of the small intestine. Local reflexes.
3. Motor function of the small intestine. Rhythmic segmentation. Pendulum-shaped contractions. Peristaltic contractions. Tonic contractions.
4. Regulation of small intestinal motility. Myogenic mechanism. Motor reflexes. Inhibitory reflexes. Humoral (hormonal) regulation of motor activity.
5. Absorption in the small intestine. Absorption function of the small intestine.
6. Digestion in the large intestine. Movement of chyme (food) from the jejunum to the cecum. Bisphincteric reflex.
7. Juice secretion in the large intestine. Regulation of juice secretion from the colon mucosa. Enzymes of the large intestine.
8. Motor activity of the large intestine. Peristalsis of the large intestine. Peristaltic waves. Antiperistaltic contractions.
9. Microflora of the colon. The role of colon microflora in the process of digestion and the formation of the body’s immunological reactivity.
10. The act of defecation. Bowel movement. Defecation reflex. Chair.
11. Immune system of the digestive tract.
12. Nausea. Causes of nausea. The mechanism of nausea. Vomit. The act of vomiting. Causes of vomiting. Mechanism of vomiting.
Microflora of the colon. The role of colon microflora in the process of digestion and the formation of the body’s immunological reactivity.
Colon is the habitat of a large number of microorganisms. They form an endoecological microbial biocenosis (community). Microflora of the large intestine consists of three groups of microorganisms: the main ( bifidobacteria And bacteroides- almost 90% of all microbes), accompanying ( lactobacilli, Escherechia, enterococci- about 10%) and residual ( citrobacter, enterobacter, Protea, yeast, clostridia, staphylococci, etc. - about 1%). The colon contains the maximum number of microorganisms (compared to other parts of the digestive tract). There are 1010-1013 microorganisms per 1 g of feces.
Normal microflora of a healthy person participates in the formation of the immunological reactivity of the human body, prevents the development of pathogenic microbes in the intestines, synthesizes vitamins ( folic acid, cyanocobalamin, phylloquinones) and physiologically active amines, hydrolyzes toxic metabolic products of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, preventing endotoxemia (Fig. 11.16).
Rice. 11.16. Functions of normal intestinal microflora.In the process of life microorganisms related to normal microflora, are formed organic acids, which reduce the pH of the environment and thereby prevent the proliferation of pathogenic, putrefactive and gas-forming microorganisms.
Bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, eubacteria, propionbacteria And bacteroides enhance the hydrolysis of proteins, ferment carbohydrates, saponify fats, dissolve fiber and stimulate intestinal motility. Bifido- and eubacteria, as well as Escherichia Due to their enzyme systems, they participate in the synthesis and absorption of vitamins, as well as essential amino acids. Bacterial modulins bifido- And lactobacilli stimulate the intestinal lymphoid apparatus, increase the synthesis of immunoglobulins, interferon and cytokines, suppressing the development of pathogenic microbes. In addition, modins enhance the activity of lysozyme. Anaerobic bacteria produce biologically active substances(beta-alanine, 5-aminovaleric and gamma-aminobutyric acids), mediators that affect the functions of the digestive and cardiovascular systems, as well as on the hematopoietic organs.
For composition colon microbial community many endogenous and exogenous factors influence. Thus, plant foods lead to an increase enterococci And eubacteria, animal proteins and fats promote reproduction clostridia And bacteroides, but reduce the amount bifidobacteria And enterococci, dairy foods lead to an increase in the number bifidobacteria.
A natural regulator of intestinal microflora are antimicrobial substances produced by the intestinal mucosa and contained in digestive secretions (lysozyme, lactoferrin, defenins, secretory immunoglobulin A). Normal intestinal motility, which moves chyme distally, has a great influence on the level of microbial colonization of each part of the intestinal tract, preventing their spread in the proximal direction. Therefore, disturbances in intestinal motor activity contribute to the occurrence of dysbiosis (changes in the quantitative ratios and composition of microflora).
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1 Structure and functions of the large intestine. The importance of intestinal microflora. Influence nutritional factors to the large intestine
Structure and functions of the large intestine
The large intestine is the last section of the gastrointestinal tract and consists of six sections:
Cecum (cecum) with appendix (vermiform appendix);
Ascending colon;
Transverse colon;
Descending colon;
Sigmoid colon;
Rectum.
The total length of the large intestine is 1-2 meters, the diameter in the caecum region is 7 cm and gradually decreases towards the ascending colon to 4 cm. Distinctive features The large intestine compared to the small intestine are:
The presence of three special longitudinal muscle cords or bands that begin near the appendix and end at the beginning of the rectum; they are located at an equal distance from each other (in diameter);
The presence of characteristic swellings, which look like protrusions on the outside and bag-like depressions on the inside;
The presence of processes of the serous membrane 4-5 cm long, which contain adipose tissue.
The cells of the colon mucosa do not have villi, since the intensity of absorption processes in it is significantly reduced.
In the large intestine, water absorption ends and feces are formed. For their formation and movement through the sections of the large intestine, mucus is secreted by the cells of the mucous membrane.
The lumen of the colon is home to a large number of microorganisms with which the human body normally establishes symbiosis. On the one hand, microbes absorb food debris and synthesize vitamins, a number of enzymes, amino acids and other compounds. At the same time, changes in the quantitative and especially qualitative composition of microorganisms lead to significant disturbances in the functional activity of the organism as a whole. This can occur if the rules of nutrition are violated - consumption of large quantities of refined foods with low dietary fiber content, excess food, etc.
Under these conditions, so-called putrefactive bacteria begin to predominate, releasing substances during their vital activity that have a negative effect on humans. This condition is defined as intestinal dysbiosis. We will talk about it in detail in the section on the colon.
Fecal (fecal) masses move through the intestines due to wave-like movements colon(peristalsis) and reach the rectum - the last section, which serves for their accumulation and excretion. In its lowest section there are two sphincters - internal and external, which close the anus and open during defecation. The opening of these sphincters is normally regulated by the central nervous system. The urge to defecate in a person appears due to mechanical irritation of the receptors of the anus.
The importance of intestinal microflora
The human gastrointestinal tract is populated by numerous microorganisms, the metabolism of which is closely integrated into the metabolism of the macroorganism. Microorganisms inhabit all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but are present in the most significant quantities and diversity in the large intestine.
The most important and studied functions of intestinal microflora are the provision of anti-infective protection, stimulation of the immune functions of the macroorganism, nutrition of the colon, ensuring the absorption of minerals and water, synthesis of vitamins B and K, regulation of lipid and nitrogen metabolism, regulation of intestinal motility.
Anti-infective protection performed by intestinal microorganisms is largely associated with the antagonism of representatives of normal microflora in relation to other microbes. Suppression of the activity of some bacteria by others is carried out in several ways. These include competition for substrates for growth, competition for sites of fixation, induction of the immune response of the macroorganism, stimulation of peristalsis, creation of unfavorable environment, modification/deconjugation of bile acids (as one of the ways to modify environmental conditions), synthesis of antibiotic-like substances.
The metabolic effects of normal intestinal microflora associated with the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been well studied. The latter are formed as a result of anaerobic fermentation of di-, oligo- and polysaccharides accessible to bacteria. Locally, SCFAs determine a decrease in pH and provide colonization resistance, and also take part in the regulation of intestinal motility. The formation of butyrate is extremely important for the epithelium of the colon, because. It is butyrate that colonocytes use to meet their energy needs. In addition, butyrate is a regulator of apoptosis, differentiation and proliferation processes, and therefore anti-carcinogenic effects are associated with it. Finally, butyrate is directly involved in the absorption of water, sodium, chlorine, calcium and magnesium. Consequently, its formation is necessary to maintain water and electrolyte balance in the body, as well as provide the macroorganism with calcium and magnesium.
In addition, the decrease in pH associated with the formation of SCFAs leads to the fact that ammonia, formed in the colon in connection with the microbial metabolism of proteins and amino acids, turns into ammonium ions and in this form cannot freely diffuse through the intestinal wall into the blood, but excreted in feces in the form of ammonium salts.
Other important function microflora consists of converting bilirubin into urobilinogen, which is partially absorbed and excreted in the urine, and partially excreted in feces.
Finally, the participation of colon microflora in lipid metabolism seems extremely important. Microbes metabolize cholesterol that enters the colon into coprostanol and then into coprostanone. Acetate and propionate formed as a result of fermentation, being absorbed into the blood and reaching the liver, can affect the synthesis of cholesterol. In particular, it has been shown that acetate stimulates its synthesis, and propionate inhibits it. The third way microflora influences lipid metabolism in the macroorganism is associated with the ability of bacteria to metabolize bile acids, in particular cholic acid. Unabsorbed in distal sections ileum, conjugated cholic acid in the colon undergoes deconjugation by microbial choleglycine hydrolase and dehydroxylation with the participation of 7-alpha dehydroxylase. This process is stimulated by increasing pH values in the intestine. The resulting deoxycholic acid binds to dietary fiber and is excreted from the body. When the pH value increases, deoxycholic acid is ionized and well absorbed in the colon, and when it decreases, it is excreted. Absorption of deoxycholic acid not only replenishes the pool of bile acids in the body, but is also important factor stimulating cholesterol synthesis. Increased pH values in the colon, which may be associated with for various reasons, leads to an increase in the activity of enzymes leading to the synthesis of deoxycholic acid, to an increase in its solubility and absorption and, as a consequence, an increase in the level of bile acids, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. One of the reasons for the increase in pH may be a lack of prebiotic components in the diet, which disrupt the growth of normal microflora, including. bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.
Another important metabolic function of intestinal microflora is the synthesis of vitamins. In particular, B vitamins and vitamin K are synthesized. The latter is necessary in the body for the so-called. calcium-binding proteins that ensure the functioning of the blood coagulation system, neuromuscular transmission, bone structure, etc. Vitamin K is a complex chemical compounds, among which are vitamin K1 - phylloquinone - plant origin, as well as vitamin K2 - a group of compounds called menaquinones - synthesized by microflora in the small intestine. The synthesis of menaquinones is stimulated by a lack of phylloquinone in the diet and can increase with excessive growth of small intestinal microflora, for example, while taking drugs that reduce gastric secretion. On the contrary, taking antibiotics, leading to suppression of small intestinal microflora, can lead to the development of antibiotic-induced hemorrhagic diathesis(hypoprothrombinemia).
The fulfillment of the listed and many other metabolic functions is possible only if the normal microflora is fully provided with the nutrients necessary for its growth and development. The most important energy sources for it are carbohydrates: di-, oligo- and polysaccharides that are not broken down in the lumen of the small intestine, which are called prebiotics. The microflora obtains nitrogenous components for its growth to a large extent from the breakdown of mucin, a component of mucus in the large intestine. The ammonia formed in this case must be eliminated under conditions of low pH values, which is provided by short-chain fatty acids formed as a result of the metabolism of prebiotics. The detoxifying effect of non-digestible disaccharides (lactulose) is quite well known and has long been used in clinical practice. For normal life, colon bacteria also need vitamins, some of which they synthesize themselves. In this case, part of the synthesized vitamins is absorbed and used by the macroorganism, but with some of them the situation is different. For example, a number of bacteria living in the colon, in particular representatives of Enterobacteriacea, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, can synthesize vitamin B12, but this vitamin cannot be absorbed in the colon and is inaccessible to the macroorganism.
In this regard, the nature of a child’s diet largely determines the degree of integration of microflora into his own metabolism. This is especially pronounced in children of the first year of life who are on natural or artificial feeding. The intake of prebiotics (lactose and oligosaccharides) with human milk contributes to the successful formation of normal intestinal microflora of a newborn baby with a predominance of bifido- and lactoflora, while during artificial feeding with formulas based on cow's milk without prebiotics, streptococci, bacteroides, and representatives of Enterobacteriacea are predominant. Accordingly, both the spectrum of bacterial metabolites in the intestine and the nature of metabolic processes change. Thus, the predominant SCFAs during natural feeding are acetate and lactate, and during artificial feeding - acetate and propionate. In the intestines of formula-fed children, protein metabolites (phenols, cresol, ammonia) are formed in large quantities, and their detoxification, on the contrary, is reduced. Also, the activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase is higher (characteristic of Bacteroides and Closridium). The result of this is not only a decrease in metabolic functions, but also a direct damaging effect on the intestines.
In addition, there is a certain sequence in the development of metabolic functions, which should be taken into account when determining a child’s diet in the first year of life. So, normally, the breakdown of mucin is determined after 3 months. life and is formed by the end of the first year, deconjugation of bile acids - from the 1st month. life, coprostanol synthesis - in the 2nd half of the year, urobilinogen synthesis - in 11-21 months. The activity of beta-glucuronidase and beta-glucosidase during the normal development of intestinal microbiocenosis in the first year remains low.
Thus, the intestinal microflora performs numerous functions vital for the macroorganism. The formation of normal microbiocenosis is inextricably linked with the rational nutrition of intestinal bacteria. An important component of nutrition are prebiotics, which are included in human milk or in formulas for artificial feeding.
The influence of dietary factors on the large intestine
The most important irritants of the colon are ballast substances, B vitamins, especially thiamine. When taken in sufficient doses, sources of high concentrations of sugar, honey, beet puree, carrots, dried fruits (especially plums), xylitol, sorbitol, mineral water, rich in magnesium salts, sulfates (such as Batalineka). Disorders of the motor and excretory function of the large intestine develop with the predominant consumption of refined and other foods devoid of ballast substances (white bread, pasta, rice, semolina, eggs, etc.), as well as with a lack of vitamins, especially group B.
Delayed release of breakdown products (constipation) causes an increase in the flow of toxic substances into the liver, which burdens its function, leading to the development of atherosclerosis, other diseases, and early aging. Overloading the diet with meat products increases the processes of decay. Thus, indole is formed from tryptophan, which contributes to the manifestation of the effects of some chemical carcinogens. To suppress the activity of putrefactive microflora in the large intestines, I. I. Mechnikov considered it advisable to consume lactic acid products.
An excess of carbohydrates in the diet causes the development of fermentation processes.
Thus, the final section of the digestive tract is involved in the elimination of waste from the body, and also performs a number of other functions. With the help of nutrition, you can influence the activity of the large intestine and the microflora inhabiting it.
The concept of absorption coefficient. By comparing the composition of food and excrement excreted through the colon, it is possible to determine the degree of absorption of nutrients by the body. So, to determine the digestibility of a given type of protein, the amount of nitrogen in food and feces is compared. As you know, proteins are the main source of nitrogen in the body. On average, despite the diversity of these substances in nature, they contain about 16% nitrogen (hence, 1 g of nitrogen corresponds to 6.25 g of protein). The absorption coefficient is equal to the difference between the amounts of nitrogen in consumed foods and feces, expressed as a percentage; it corresponds to the proportion of protein retained in the body. Example: the diet contained 90 g of protein, which corresponds to 14.4 g of nitrogen; 2 g of nitrogen were released with excrement. Consequently, 12.4 g of nitrogen was retained in the body, which corresponds to 77.5 g of protein, i.e. 86% of that administered with food.
The digestibility of nutrients is influenced by many factors: food composition, including the amount of ballast compounds, technological processing of products, their combination, functional state digestive system, etc. Digestibility deteriorates with age. This must be taken into account when selecting products and methods of their technological processing for the diets of older people. The degree of digestibility is affected by the volume of food, so it is necessary to distribute the mass of food into several meals during the day, taking into account living conditions and health status.
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