Internal environment of the body- a set of body fluids located inside it, usually in certain reservoirs (vessels) and in natural conditions never in contact with the outside environment, thereby providing the body with homeostasis. The term was proposed by the French physiologist Claude Bernard.
The internal environment of the body includes blood, lymph, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.
The reservoir for the first two are vessels, blood and lymphatic, respectively, for cerebrospinal fluid- ventricles of the brain and spinal canal.
Tissue fluid does not have its own reservoir and is located between cells in body tissues.
Blood - liquid mobile connective tissue of the internal environment of the body, which consists of a liquid medium - plasma and cells suspended in it - formed elements: leukocyte cells, postcellular structures (erythrocytes) and platelets (blood plates).
The ratio of formed elements and plasma is 40:60, this ratio is called hematocrit.
Plasma is 93% water, the rest is proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), lipids, carbohydrates, and minerals.
Erythrocyte- a nuclear-free blood element containing hemoglobin. It has the shape of a biconcave disk. They form in red bone marrow, are destroyed in the liver and spleen. They live 120 days. Functions of red blood cells: respiratory, transport, nutritional (amino acids are deposited on their surface), protective (binding toxins, participating in blood clotting), buffering (maintaining pH with the help of hemoglobin).
Leukocytes. In adults, the blood contains 6.8x10 9 /l leukocytes. An increase in their number is called leukocytosis, and a decrease is called leukopenia.
Leukocytes are divided into 2 groups: granulocytes (granular) and agranulocytes (non-granular). The granulocyte group includes neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, and the agranulocyte group includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
Neutrophils make up 50-65% of all leukocytes. They got their name from the ability of their grain to be painted with neutral colors. Depending on the shape of the nucleus, neutrophils are divided into young, band and segmented. Oxyphilic granules contain enzymes: alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, phagocytin.
The main function of neutrophils is to protect the body from microbes and their toxins that have penetrated it (phagocytosis), maintain tissue homeostasis, and destroy cancer cells, secretory.
Monocytes the largest blood cells, make up 6-8% of all leukocytes, are capable of amoeboid movement, and exhibit pronounced phagocytic and bactericidal activity. Monocytes from the blood penetrate into tissues and there transform into macrophages. Monocytes belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Lymphocytes make up 20-35% of white blood cells. They differ from other leukocytes in that they live not a few days, but 20 or more years (some throughout a person’s life). All lymphocytes are divided into groups: T-lymphocytes (thymus-dependent), B-lymphocytes (thymus-independent). T lymphocytes differentiate from stem cells in the thymus. Based on their function, they are divided into killer T-cells, helper T-cells, suppressor T-cells, and memory T-cells. Provide cellular and humoral immunity.
Platelets– an anucleated blood plate involved in blood clotting and necessary to maintain integrity vascular wall. Formed in red bone marrow and in giant cells - megakaryocytes, they live up to 10 days. Functions: Active participation in the formation of a blood clot, Protective due to the gluing of microbes (agglutination), stimulate the regeneration of damaged tissues.
Lymph - a component of the internal environment of the human body, a type of connective tissue, which is a transparent liquid.
Lymph consists of plasma and formed elements (95% lymphocytes, 5% granulocytes, 1% monocytes). Functions: transport, redistribution of fluid in the body, participation in the regulation of antibody production, transmission of immune information.
The following main functions of lymph can be noted:
· return of proteins, water, salts, toxins and metabolites from tissues to the blood;
· normal lymph circulation ensures the formation of the most concentrated urine;
· lymph carries many substances that are absorbed in the digestive organs, including fats;
· individual enzymes (for example, lipase or histaminase) can only enter the blood through the lymphatic system (metabolic function);
· lymph takes red blood cells from tissues, which accumulate there after injuries, as well as toxins and bacteria (protective function);
· it provides communication between organs and tissues, as well as the lymphoid system and blood;
Tissue fluid is formed from the liquid part of the blood - plasma, penetrating through the walls of blood vessels into the intercellular space. Metabolism occurs between tissue fluid and blood. Part tissue fluid enters lymphatic vessels, lymph is formed.
The human body contains about 11 liters of tissue fluid, which provides cells with nutrients and removes their waste.
Function:
Tissue fluid washes tissue cells. This allows substances to be delivered to cells and waste products removed.
Cerebrospinal fluid , cerebrospinal fluid, liquor - fluid constantly circulating in the ventricles of the brain, liquor-conducting tracts, subarachnoid (subarachnoid) space of the brain and spinal cord.
Functions:
Protects head and spinal cord from mechanical influences, ensures the maintenance of constant intracranial pressure and water-electrolyte homeostasis. Supports trophic and metabolic processes between the blood and the brain, the release of products of its metabolism
The internal environment of the human body consists of a set of fluids circulating through it and ensuring its normal functioning. Its presence is characteristic of higher biological forms, including humans. In the article you will learn how the internal environment is formed, what types of tissue the internal environment is, and also why we need it.
What refers to the internal environment of the body?
The internal environment of the body includes three types of fluids, which are considered its components and serve to carry out life processes:
Of great importance for life is the constant mutual exchange of substances, which of the above forms the internal environment of the body. All these intercellular connective tissues internal environments have a common basis, but perform different functions.
The internal environment of a person does not include liquids that are waste products and are of no benefit to the body.
Let us consider in more detail the functions of the internal environment and its components.
When talking about the transport network, you can hear the expression “transport artery”. People compare railways and roads to blood vessels. This is a very accurate comparison, because the main purpose of blood is to transport beneficial elements throughout the body that enter the body from the external environment. Blood, which is a component of the internal environment of the body, also performs other tasks:
- regulation;
- breath;
- protection.
We will consider them a little later when describing its composition.
This substance moves through blood vessels without directly contacting organs. But part of the fluid that makes up the blood penetrates beyond the blood vessels and spreads throughout human body. It is located around each of its cells, forming a kind of shell, and is called tissue fluid.
Through tissue fluid, which is a component of the internal environment of the body, particles of oxygen and other useful components enter all organs and parts of the body. This happens at the cellular level. Each cell receives the necessary substances and oxygen from the tissue fluid, giving it carbon dioxide and waste products.
Its excess part changes its composition and is converted into lymph, which also belongs to the internal environment of the body, and enters the circulatory system. Lymph moves through vessels and capillaries, making up the lymphatic system. Large vessels form lymph nodes.
The lymph nodes In addition to its transport function, lymph provides protection to the human body from pathogenic microbes and bacteria.
Blood and lymph, which are part of the internal environment of the human body, are an analogue Vehicle. They circulate inside our body and supply every cell with all the necessary nutritional components.
Homeostasis is necessary for the normal functioning of the body. This term denotes the constancy of the internal environment of the body, its structure and properties. Maintaining homeostasis occurs through interchange between the human body and the environment. When homeostasis is disrupted, there is a malfunction in the functioning of individual organs and the human body as a whole.
Composition of human blood and its properties
Blood has a complex structure and performs a whole complex various functions. Its basis is plasma. 90% of this liquid is water. The rest consists of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, fats and other beneficial elements. Nutrients enter the plasma from digestive system. It carries them throughout the body, nourishing its cells.
Blood composition Plasma contains a special protein called fibrinogen. It is capable of forming fibrin, which performs protective function with bleeding. This substance is insoluble and has a thread-like structure. It forms a protective crust on the wound, preventing infection and stopping bleeding.
Fibrinogen Doctors often use serum in their work. It is practically no different in composition from plasma. It lacks fibrinogen and some other proteins, which prevents it from coagulating.
Depending on the presence or absence of certain proteins and antibodies, it is divided into four groups. This classification is used to determine transfusion compatibility. People with the first blood group flowing in their veins are considered universal donors, since it is suitable for transfusion to any other groups.
The Rh factor is simply a type of protein. When Rh is positive, this protein is present, but when Rh is negative, it is absent. Transfusions can only be given to people with the same Rh factor.
Blood contains about 55% plasma. It also contains special cells called shaped elements.
Table of blood elements
| Name of elements | Cell components | Place of origin | Lifespan | Where they die | Quantity per 1 cubic meter mm of blood | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red blood cells | Red cells concave on both sides without a nucleus, which contain hemoglobin, which gives this color | Bone marrow | 3 to 4 months | In the spleen (hemoglobin is neutralized in the liver) | About 5 million | Transporting oxygen from the lungs to tissues, carbon dioxide and harmful substances back, participation in the respiratory process |
| Leukocytes | Blood cells white with kernels | In the spleen, red marrow, lymph nodes | 3-5 days | In the liver, spleen and inflamed areas | 4-9 thousand | Protection against microorganisms, production of antibodies, increased immunity |
| Platelets | Blood cell fragments | In red bone marrow | 5-7 days | In the spleen | About 400 thousand | Participation in the process of blood clotting |
Blood, lymph and tissue fluid supply the cells of our body with everything they need, allowing us to preserve health and ensure longevity.
Immunity to diseases due to the presence of special protective substances in the blood and tissues is called immunity.
The immune system
B) Superior and inferior vena cava D) Pulmonary arteries
7. Blood enters the aorta from:
A) Left ventricle of the heart B) Left atrium
B) Right ventricle of the heart D) Right atrium
8. Open leaflet heart valves occur at the moment:
A) Ventricular contractions B) Atrial contractions
B) Relaxation of the heart D) Transfer of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta
9. The maximum blood pressure is considered to be:
B) Right ventricle D) Aorta
10. The ability of the heart to self-regulate is evidenced by:
A) Heart rate measured immediately after exercise
B) Pulse measured before exercise
B) The rate at which heart rate returns to normal after exercise
D) Comparison of the physical characteristics of two people
Blood, lymph, and tissue fluid form the internal environment of the body. From blood plasma penetrating through the walls of capillaries, tissue fluid is formed, which washes the cells. There is a constant exchange of substances between tissue fluid and cells. The circulatory and lymphatic systems provide humoral communication between organs, combining metabolic processes into a common system. The relative constancy of the physicochemical properties of the internal environment contributes to the existence of body cells in fairly constant conditions and reduces the influence of the external environment on them. The constancy of the internal environment - homeostasis - of the body is supported by the work of many organ systems, which ensure self-regulation of vital processes, interaction with the environment, the supply of substances necessary for the body and remove decay products from it.
1. Composition and functions of blood
Blood performs the following functions: transport, heat distribution, regulatory, protective, participates in excretion, maintains the constancy of the internal environment of the body.
The adult body contains about 5 liters of blood, on average 6-8% of body weight. Part of the blood (about 40%) does not circulate through the blood vessels, but is located in the so-called blood depot (in the capillaries and veins of the liver, spleen, lungs and skin). The volume of circulating blood can change due to changes in the volume of deposited blood: during muscular work, during blood loss, under conditions of low atmospheric pressure, blood from the depot is released into the bloodstream. Loss 1/3- 1/2 blood volume can lead to death.
Blood is an opaque red liquid consisting of plasma (55%) and suspended cells and formed elements (45%) - red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets.
1.1. Blood plasma
Blood plasma contains 90-92% water and 8-10% inorganic and organic matter. Inorganic substances make up 0.9-1.0% (ions Na, K, Mg, Ca, CI, P, etc.). Water solution, which corresponds to blood plasma in salt concentration, is called saline solution. It can be introduced into the body if there is a lack of fluid. Among the organic substances in plasma, 6.5-8% are proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), about 2% are low molecular weight organic substances (glucose - 0.1%, amino acids, urea, uric acid, lipids, creatinine). Proteins, along with mineral salts, maintain acid-base balance and create a certain osmotic pressure in the blood.
1.2. Formed elements of blood
1 mm of blood contains 4.5-5 million. red blood cells. These are anucleate cells, having the shape of biconcave disks with a diameter of 7-8 microns, a thickness of 2-2.5 microns (Fig. 1). This cell shape increases the surface area for the diffusion of respiratory gases, and also makes red blood cells capable of reversible deformation when passing through narrow curved capillaries. In adults, red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow of the spongy bones and, when released into the bloodstream, lose their nucleus. The circulation time in the blood is about 120 days, after which they are destroyed in the spleen and liver. Red blood cells can also be destroyed by tissues of other organs, as evidenced by the disappearance of “bruises” (subcutaneous hemorrhages).
Red blood cells contain protein - hemoglobin, consisting of protein and non-protein parts. Non-protein part (heme) contains iron ion. Hemoglobin forms a weak connection with oxygen in the capillaries of the lungs - oxyhemoglobin. This compound is different in color from hemoglobin, so arterial blood(oxygenated blood) has a bright scarlet color. Oxyhemoglobin that gives up oxygen in tissue capillaries is called restored. He is in venous blood(oxygen-poor blood), which is darker in color than arterial blood. In addition, venous blood contains an unstable compound of hemoglobin with carbon dioxide - carbhemoglobin. Hemoglobin can combine not only with oxygen and carbon dioxide, but also with other gases, such as carbon monoxide, forming a strong compound carboxyhemoglobin. Carbon monoxide poisoning causes asphyxiation. When the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells decreases or the number of red blood cells in the blood decreases, anemia occurs.
Leukocytes(6-8 thousand/mm of blood) - nuclear cells 8-10 microns in size, capable of independent movements. There are several types of leukocytes: basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. They are formed in the red bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen, and are destroyed in the spleen. The lifespan of most leukocytes is from several hours to 20 days, and that of lymphocytes is 20 years or more. In acute infectious diseases, the number of leukocytes increases rapidly. Passing through the walls of blood vessels, neutrophils phagocytize bacteria and tissue breakdown products and destroy them with their lysosomal enzymes. Pus consists mainly of neutrophils or their remains. I.I. Mechnikov named such leukocytes phagocytes, and the very phenomenon of absorption and destruction of foreign bodies by leukocytes is phagocytosis, which is one of the body’s protective reactions.
Rice. 1. Human blood cells:
A- red blood cells, b- granular and non-granular leukocytes , V - platelets
Increase in number eosinophils observed in allergic reactions and helminthic infestations. Basophils produce biologically active substances - heparin and histamine. Basophil heparin prevents blood clotting at the site of inflammation, and histamine dilates capillaries, which promotes resorption and healing.
Monocytes- the largest leukocytes; their ability to phagocytosis is most pronounced. They acquire great importance for chronic infectious diseases.
Distinguish T lymphocytes(formed in thymus gland) And B lymphocytes(formed in red bone marrow). They perform specific functions in immune reactions.
Platelets (250-400 thousand/mm3) are small anucleate cells; participate in blood clotting processes.
Internal environment of the body
The vast majority of cells in our body function in a liquid environment. From it, cells receive the necessary nutrients and oxygen, and they secrete the products of their vital activity into it. Only upper layer keratinized, essentially dead, skin cells border on air and protect the liquid internal environment from drying out and other changes. The internal environment of the body consists of tissue fluid, blood and lymph.
Tissue fluid is a liquid that fills small spaces between body cells. Its composition is close to blood plasma. When blood moves through capillaries, plasma components constantly penetrate through their walls. This creates tissue fluid that surrounds the cells of the body. From this fluid, cells absorb nutrients, hormones, vitamins, minerals, water, oxygen, and release carbon dioxide and other waste products into it. Tissue fluid is constantly replenished by substances penetrating from the blood and turns into lymph, which enters the blood through lymphatic vessels. The volume of tissue fluid in humans is 26.5% of body weight.
Lymph(lat. lympha - pure water, moisture) - liquid circulating in lymphatic system vertebrates. It is a colorless, transparent liquid, similar in chemical composition to blood plasma. The density and viscosity of lymph is less than that of plasma, pH 7.4 - 9. Lymph flowing from the intestines after eating a meal rich in fat is milky white and opaque. Lymph contains no red blood cells, but many lymphocytes, a small number of monocytes and granular leukocytes. Lymph does not contain platelets, but it can clot, although more slowly than blood. Lymph is formed due to the constant flow of fluid into tissues from plasma and its transition from tissue spaces to lymphatic vessels. Most lymph is produced in the liver. Lymph moves due to the movement of organs, contraction of body muscles and negative pressure in the veins. Lymph pressure is 20 mm of water. Art., can increase to 60 mm of water. Art. The volume of lymph in the body is 1 - 2 liters.
Blood- this is a liquid connective (support-trophic) tissue, the cells of which are called formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), and intercellular substance- plasma.
Main functions of blood:
- transport(transfer of gases and biological active substances);
- trophic(nutrient delivery);
- excretory(removal of metabolic end products from the body);
- protective(protection from foreign microorganisms);
- regulatory(regulation of organ functions due to the active substances that it carries).
The liquids that make up the internal environment have a constant composition - homeostasis . It is the result of a mobile equilibrium of substances, some of which enter the internal environment, while others leave it. Due to the small difference between the intake and consumption of substances, their concentration in the internal environment continuously fluctuates from... to.... Thus, the amount of sugar in the blood of an adult can vary from 0.8 to 1.2 g/l. More or less than normal amounts of certain blood components usually indicate the presence of a disease.
Examples of homeostasis
| Consistency of blood glucose levels | Constancy of salt concentration | Constancy of body temperature |
|
The normal blood glucose concentration is 0.12%. After eating, the concentration increases slightly, but quickly returns to normal thanks to the hormone insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. In diabetes mellitus, insulin production is impaired, so patients must take artificially synthesized insulin. Otherwise, the glucose concentration may reach life-threatening values. |
The normal concentration of salts in human blood is 0.9%. The saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride solution) used for intravenous infusions, washing the nasal mucosa, etc. |
Normal human body temperature (measured in armpit) is 36.6 ºС; a temperature change of 0.5-1 ºС during the day is also considered normal. However, a significant change in temperature poses a threat to life: a decrease in temperature to 30 ºС causes a significant slowdown in biochemical reactions in the body, and at temperatures above 42 ºС protein denaturation occurs. |
Basic information
The internal environment of the body includes blood, lymph, tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.
The reservoir for the first two are vessels, blood and lymphatic, respectively, for cerebrospinal fluid - the ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space and the spinal canal.
Tissue fluid does not have its own reservoir and is located between cells in body tissues.
see also
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2010.
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- [environment] noun, f., used. often Morphology: (no) what? environment, why? environment, (see) what? Wednesday, what? Wednesday, about what? about the environment; pl. What? environment, (no) what? Wednesday, why? Wednesday, (see) what? environment, what? Wednesdays, about what? about environments 1. A medium is called... ... Dictionary Dmitrieva
WEDNESDAY- The term comes from Old French and roughly translates as surround. Therefore, the environment is what surrounds. It's clear that this is general meaning entails a wide range of uses. Usually this term contains... ... Explanatory dictionary of psychology
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INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT- The totality of all genetic, physiological and physicochemical conditions affecting the viability of the organism... Terms and definitions used in breeding, genetics and reproduction of farm animals
Books
- Biology. 9th grade. Textbook, Rokhlov Valerian Sergeevich, Teremov Alexander Valentinovich, Trofimov Sergey Borisovich. The educational publication is intended for studying biology in the 9th grade of general education organizations. Written in accordance with federal government educational standard main...
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The internal environment of the body and its significance
The phrase “internal environment of the body” appeared thanks to the French physiologist Claude Bernard, who lived in the 19th century. In his works he emphasized that a necessary condition The life of an organism is to maintain constancy in the internal environment. This position became the basis for the theory of homeostasis, which was formulated later (in 1929) by the scientist Walter Cannon.
Homeostasis is the relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment, as well as some staticity physiological functions. The internal environment of the body is formed by two fluids - intracellular and extracellular. The fact is that each cell of a living organism performs a specific function, so it needs a constant supply nutrients and oxygen. She also feels the need to constantly remove waste products. The necessary components can penetrate the membrane only in a dissolved state, which is why each cell is washed by tissue fluid, which contains everything necessary for its life. It belongs to the so-called extracellular fluid, and accounts for 20 percent of body weight.
The internal environment of the body, consisting of extracellular fluid, contains:
lymph ( component tissue fluid) - 2 l;
blood - 3 l;
interstitial fluid - 10 l;
transcellular fluid - about 1 liter (it includes cerebrospinal, pleural, synovial, intraocular fluids).
They all have different composition and differ in their functional properties. Moreover, the internal environment of the human body may have a slight difference between the consumption of substances and their intake. Because of this, their concentration constantly fluctuates. For example, the amount of sugar in the blood of an adult can range from 0.8 to 1.2 g/l. If the blood contains more or less of certain components than necessary, this indicates the presence of a disease.
As already noted, the internal environment of the body contains blood as one of its components. It consists of plasma, water, proteins, fats, glucose, urea and mineral salts. Its main location is blood vessels(capillaries, veins, arteries). Blood is formed due to the absorption of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and water. Its main function is the relationship of organs with external environment, delivery of necessary substances to the organs, removal of decay products from the body. It also performs protective and humoral functions.
Tissue fluid consists of water and nutrients dissolved in it, CO2, O2, as well as dissimilation products. It is located in the spaces between tissue cells and is formed by blood plasma. Tissue fluid is intermediate between blood and cells. It transports O2, mineral salts, and nutrients from the blood to the cells.
Lymph consists of water and organic substances dissolved in it. It is located in the lymphatic system, which consists of lymphatic capillaries, vessels merged into two ducts and flowing into the vena cava. It is formed by tissue fluid, in sacs that are located at the ends of lymphatic capillaries. The main function of lymph is to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream. In addition, it filters and disinfects tissue fluid.
As we see, the internal environment of the body is a set of physiological, physico-chemical, respectively, and genetic conditions that affect the viability of a living being.
