as a sport

Orienteering– young, active developing species a sport that is gaining increasing recognition in our country. Wide accessibility, exciting racing on the track, beauty surrounding nature- all this contributes to the popularity of orienteering.

Orienteering combines physical and mental stress against a backdrop of positive emotions in an ever-changing environment. external conditions, and also requires athletes to quickly and accurately assess the current situation and the ability to think under conditions of heavy physical exertion.

As a result of communication with nature, an orienteer develops a number of valuable qualities: observation, endurance, willpower, and the ability to navigate in difficult situations. The motor and vegetative functions of the body develop and improve. Staying in forests has a beneficial effect on hardening the body. Orientation is a valuable tool physical impact on the human body. In the development of orienteering, two trends are clearly visible: the first is the development of mass forms of exercise that have a purely health-improving focus; the second is to improve the system of training and improving the skills of highly qualified athletes.

Orienteering is one of the few sports in which competition participants act purely individually, out of sight of coaches, judges, spectators, and even rivals. Orienteering competitions are a serious test of the strength, speed, endurance and willpower of athletes, their ability to think productively and make decisions against the backdrop of developing fatigue. The essence of the competition is to identify athletes who can fastest, using a map and compass, overcome a certain route in unfamiliar terrain through checkpoints fixed on the map and terrain. Competing in orienteering, an athlete covers many kilometers of distance by running, constantly determining his location by checking the terrain with a map, choosing the direction of movement and checking the correct implementation of the plan using a compass, estimating distances on the map and trying to accurately measure them on the route.

The main task is to choose the optimal path of movement and effectively implement it - the orienteer tries to complete it not only as accurately as possible, but also with the least amount of time. To achieve high sporting results, in addition to good physical preparation, an orienteering athlete needs to have a perfect knowledge of topography, be able to use a compass, quickly and correctly choose a path through unfamiliar terrain, and have well-developed volitional qualities. The result of an orienteer in competitions consists of various factors, which have a joint effect, mutually influencing each other and coming to the fore one by one in specific conditions. The success of competitive activity of orienteers depends on many aspects of preparation: physical, technical-tactical and psychological. Each of these sections consists of a large number of indicators, and a lag in even one of them can significantly affect the result in competitive activity. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the athlete and coach is to achieve a stable balance between these qualities and subsequently bring them to automaticity. Orienteering is a cyclic sport with a predominant manifestation of endurance. It has a lot in common with athletics cross-country running. However, there are also fundamental differences. This is a pronounced unevenness of running - from rapid accelerations to complete stops. But perhaps the most significant feature of running in orienteering is that it is only an auxiliary tool, and not the point of competition, as in track and field athletics.

Physical training

Physical training of an athlete is a process of education physical qualities- endurance, strength, speed, agility, flexibility, coordination abilities.

In orienteering, as in other sports, a distinction is made between general and special physical training.

General physical training (GPP) of an orienteer aims at the comprehensive development of the athlete. Its means include a wide variety of physical exercise: cross-country running, gymnastics, exercises for flexibility, coordination, with and without weights, sport games, swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing, etc.

The objectives of special physical training (SPT) in orienteering are to improve the physical qualities most characteristic of this sport: special and strength endurance, coordination abilities. The means of SPT are: running on training and competition tracks with orienteering, track and field cross-country, running and special preparatory exercises aimed at selective development functional systems and muscle groups involved in the manifestation of endurance, strength, speed, agility.

Under indicators physical fitness refers to the factors that determine the ability to run approximately. These are endurance, strength, speed, flexibility, range of motion, as well as coordination of movements in the process of performing a competitive exercise.

Indicators of technical skill of an orienteer are associated with specialized orienteering techniques. The technical skill of an orienteering athlete is mastery of those techniques that are used to solve orienteering problems in the process of competitive activity.

Orientation tactics are a combination of rational action athlete aimed at achieving good results in competitions. To think and act tactically correctly means solving problems of orientation in the shortest possible time, with the least expenditure of effort and taking into account the changing situation in competitions.

Psychological preparation in orienteering has important in achieving high results. The orienteer must be able to adapt to the challenges that arise during the competition. stressful situation so as to achieve the best result, taking into account the level of physical and technical-tactical readiness.

The importance of psychological indicators in orienteering is obvious, because mistakes are often made in situations that the athlete is quite capable of controlling.

In the psychological training of an orienteering athlete, attention is paid to the development of such mental qualities as memory, thinking, and attention.

Main technical means in competitive activities in orienteering are a sports map and a sports compass.

A sports map is a large-scale special map intended for sports orienteering and made in conventional symbols, the special content of which is to show the passability of the terrain and the informativeness of the image of objects. This is a detailed description of the area where the competition is supposed to be held. Using the map, the course manager plans the routes and equips them on the ground. An accurate, objective and informative map, made according to standardized recommendations and easy to read while running, is the basis for a technically perfect distance, the key to ensuring sports fairness. All sports cards must be drawn up in conventional symbols and have certain qualities: accuracy, information content, objectivity, readability and completeness of content.

A sports map is an attribute that accompanies the orienteer, helping him to maximize his skills at the proposed distance.

A sports card has two functions. The first is informational. The map gives an idea of ​​the competition area and shows the proposed distance. And the second is operational. Here the map is a tool with which the athlete realizes the proposed distance.

Modern sports maps have no analogues in terms of detail and accuracy either in military, tourist, or any other practice.

A sports compass is a device that indicates the direction of a geographic or magnetic meridian. Using a compass, determine the direction of the path and the direction to landmarks. For terrain orientation, a large number of various systems compasses: magnetic, hygroscopic, solar. In orienteering, only magnetic compasses are used.

Equipment in orienteering

Orienteering is an endurance sport that, in addition to the requirements for versatile physical training It also requires many other skills and abilities.

Orienteering differs from many other sports in that situations requiring the manifestation of technical skill are never repeated, with the exception of work at a control point. Typically, various technical skills and techniques are learned through repeated repetition until the actions become automatic and follow the correct execution pattern. The orienteer must also formulate the most suitable execution models for himself in all sections of technical skill and be able to apply them in accordance with the requirements of an ever-changing environment.

Mastery of the basics of technology creates the prerequisites for solving indicative tasks set by the course commander. A good orienteer uses all the mastered technical techniques in parallel and sequentially and is able to choose the most appropriate solution model or a derivative of it.

As the orienteer gains experience in training and competition, he develops good basis technical mastery and the ability of indicative thinking, which leads to a reduction in the number of errors and increases the reliability of execution.

Technical actions are called orientation techniques, sometimes methods, methods. Technical operations are called elements of technology. In the terrain running technique, the action is the running itself over a specific type of terrain, and the operations are its components, such as pushing off, swinging the leg, planting the foot.

Orienteers are characterized by large individual characteristics running techniques, which is associated not only with differences in the development of physical qualities and body structure, but also with different training and competition conditions (ground, terrain).

The most important thing for an orienteer is the art of regulating the speed of movement, based on a correct assessment of physical and technical capabilities. With reliable walking, every orienteer is able to accurately overcome even a very difficult route, but when running at maximum speed, even the most experienced elite orienteers are unable to do this. Consequently, on any section of the route you need to move in such a way that at a given speed you can cope with the tasks of orientation and control your location on the map.

As the level of technical skill increases, the orienteer can increase his running speed. Results improve most noticeably if the orienteer is able to simultaneously improve the level of technique and increase running speed. There are no points for style in orienteering; you have to move quickly, decisively and efficiently.

Techniques used by athletes both in training and in competitions: mastery of a compass, movement in azimuth and its determination; reading terrain and maps; their comparison; determination by the athlete of his location on the map; card memory; observation; use of modern equipment; methods of searching and taking control points; counting distances, using linear and areal landmarks; transfer of control points and distances for a while; movement without a compass; running while reading a map; development spatial imagination; orientation of the map by compass, sun, linear and areal landmarks; height control.

scale 1:20000, on which are marked: start, checkpoints, finish.

Start denoted by – triangle. Check Point- on the map circle with a dot, accurately indicating its location on the ground. The Arabic numeral next to the circle indicates the CP number. Start, checkpoint and finish points are sequentially connected on the map by straight lines. The finish and start are usually arranged in one place, and the distance has the shape of a closed ring. Fig.4

Studying the map during the competition, the athlete must think through the most rational path from one checkpoint to another (which is not always the shortest) and, using the map and compass, implement his plans. Having found a checkpoint, the participant must check its designation and make sure that he has reached the desired point. Using the tools available at the checkpoint (pencil, composter), the orienteer makes a mark on his card, which indicates the order of the distance. The marking system is communicated to participants before the start. To avoid misunderstandings, the athlete must independently check the correctness and clarity of the mark before leaving the checkpoint. At the finish line, the participant hands over the card to the judges, and they control the correctness of the mark and calculate the time to complete the distance. If an athlete loses his card or does not meet the time limit announced before the start, his result is not counted. Sometimes participants leave the race due to loss of orientation. In this case, they are obliged to appear at the finish line and inform the senior judge about this.

2. Orientation on the marked route.

These competitions are most often held in winter. In summer they are organized mainly for beginners and schoolchildren, because it is almost impossible to get lost on the marked route.

The meaning of the competition is as follows. The route is marked on the ground and checkpoints are installed, the location of which is unknown to the participants. Athletes receive a map with the start marked on it (the route is not marked). The participant’s task is to run along the marked route, determine the location of all the checkpoints encountered along the way and put them on his map, laying the latter with a needle at the appropriate points.

To minimize the possibility of athletes working together, it is established that the location of the checkpoint must be plotted on the map before leaving the next point. Monitoring the implementation of this rule is carried out using colored pencils (each control panel is equipped with pencils of a certain color). Thus, the location of CP-1 should be plotted on the map no further than the second point. The puncture on the map is crossed out crosswise with a colored pencil located at CP-2. The last checkpoint is applied at a special line before the finish.

Carefully studying the participant's card, the judges calculate in millimeters the deviation of each puncture from the true location of the checkpoint. For an error of 1mm on the map, a minute of penalty time is awarded. Before the start, athletes are informed of the amount of permissible error (from 1 to 3 mm), for which no penalty will be charged. The result is determined by the time it takes to complete the distance plus a penalty time for inaccurately marking the location of the checkpoint on the map.

The panel of judges has the right to cancel the participant's result if the center of the cross drawn in pencil is more than 2 mm from the hole on the card or if the color of the mark of any control point differs from the color of the pencil with which this point should be marked. Most often, participants are removed from competitions for not matching the number of punctures on the card with the number of checkpoints. Usually this fate befalls beginners: after punching the card and then making sure of the mistake, they make a second hole. It happens that a participant, having outlined the point of the future puncture with a pencil, forgets to make a hole or mark. In all of these cases, the result is canceled. An orienteer who finds an extra cross-shaped mark on his map will receive the same punishment, even if there is no puncture at that point.

3. Orientation by choice.

a) Option 1:

At the start, the participant is given a card with control points marked on it. Next to each of them is indicated the number of points that the athlete who finds it will receive. In a certain time, the same for all participants, you need to score the most points. The choice of checkpoints and the order of their passage are arbitrary. Entering the same checkpoint twice is counted only once. If there is a tie between two or more participants, the best place awarded to the one showing the shorter time.

Compared to previous types, optional orientation is much richer tactically. Here you need to choose from many possible routes the one that will bring the most points. At the same time, the participant must realistically assess his strength: if he arrives at the finish line after the control time has expired, then for each minute overdue he will be fined a certain number of penalty points.

b) Option 2:

A certain number of control points are placed on the ground. Athletes are invited, at their discretion, not to report to two or three checkpoints.

For example, There are 8 checkpoints located on the ground; you only need to check in at 6 checkpoints. The start is given in general or after 1 minute. The participant himself plans the route to the checkpoint. The championship is determined by the shortest time spent on taking the CP.

4. Relay races.

They are the most visually interesting and serve as an excellent means of promoting orienteering. This is a team competition. They can be held in any of the listed types of competitions, and the tasks for the participants are the same, only the distance is divided into stages.

Orienteers need to know the following basic rules, for violation of which they may be punished, including disqualification. After the announcement of the area of ​​the upcoming competition, athletes are prohibited from visiting it. Participants are not allowed to go out into the area before their start and after completing the distance until the end of the competition. During the competition you cannot: cross sown fields, vegetable gardens, orchards, fenced areas; use a card other than the one received from the panel of judges; use vehicles not provided for in these competitions; change the designations and design of the gearbox; receive assistance in orientation from other participants or outsiders; provide the same assistance to other athletes.

Introduction

Orienteering is one of the most specific sports, which combines high physical and mental stress against the background of great volitional and emotional stress aimed at independent decision a number of practical problems. During severe physical work You should constantly monitor the surrounding area and the map, and often adapt to unexpected situations and conditions. To achieve a good final result, an orienteering athlete must be able to concentrate, relax, and create mental images from the surrounding area (Akimov V.G., 2005).

Orienteering is one of the few sports in which competition participants act purely individually, out of sight of coaches, judges, and spectators. To achieve the goal, high psychological preparation, perseverance, determination, and self-control are required. Systematic work on mastering technical and tactical skills contributes to the development of cognitive mental processes and the growth of sportsmanship. (B.I. Ogorodnikov, A.N. Kircho, L.A. Krokhin, 2002).

Psychological skills and strategies can be used to optimize and increase physical and technical fitness. It is also important to consider psychological preparation in parallel with physical and technical preparation, which should be carried out regularly. Just as increasing speed on difficult terrain is associated with regular physical and technical training, the ability to cope with the pressure of competition can be associated with mental skills training (MST).

From the above judgments, the topic of our course work"Psychological preparation in orienteering."

The purpose of the work is to study psychological preparation in orienteering.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

1. Study the features of orienteering as a sport.

2. Expand the concept of psychological preparation

3. Consider the specifics of the psychological preparation of an orienteering athlete

The object of the study is the training process of orienteering athletes.

Subject of research: psychological preparation in orienteering

When writing the course work, the method of studying and analyzing literary sources was used.

Orienteering as a sport

Specifics of orienteering

Orienteering, according to N.D. Vasilyeva (2004), - this independent species a sport in which the essence of the competition is to identify athletes who can fastest, using a compass and map, overcome a certain route through unfamiliar terrain through checkpoints (CP) fixed on the map and terrain. Results are usually determined by the time it takes to complete the distance (in certain cases, taking into account penalty time) or by the number of points scored.

The most common type of orienteering competition, both in our country and abroad, is orienteering in a given direction (S.B. Elakhovsky, 2003; N.D. Vasiliev, 2004). In this type of competition, the participant must find a control point on the ground as quickly as possible using a map in the same sequence defined for everyone. Participants choose the path from one checkpoint to another at their own discretion. In addition, competitions on marked routes and by choice are officially recognized and very popular in Russia. The essence of competitions on a marked route is that the participant, covering a marked (marked) distance with checkpoints installed on it, must determine their location and mark it on the map with a puncture and a punch in the card. Orientation by choice is the passage of a checkpoint from among those available in the competition area, while the choice and order of passing a checkpoint is arbitrary, at the discretion of the participant.

Also, according to the rules of orienteering competitions, there are two more types of programs - trail orienteering or orienteering for the disabled and rogaining. The first type allows people with limited motor abilities to take part in competitions and consists of passing checkpoints marked on the map in a given sequence and choosing the true checkpoint sign from several installed on the ground. Rogain - completing a distance of your choice using a map at a scale of 1:25000 or 1:50000 with the planned result of the winner being 300 minutes. These competitions are team competitions.

Orienteering competitions differ in the method of movement: running or skiing, cycling, walking and wheelchairs, which have their own specific characteristics.

All types of orienteering have one thing in common: main feature- availability of a detailed large-scale sports map of the area where the competition is held, and the use of a compass.

A sports map is a large-scale special diagram on which there is no coordinate grid, true meridian lines and a special system of accuracy for plan, angular and altitude measurements in accordance with the requirements of the IOF and the Federal Protective Service of Russia. To compile sports maps, conventional signs are used - symbols that convey landscape features various types area and its characteristics, as well as signs used in sports cards at international competitions (Akimov V.G., 2005).

During competitions, an orienteering athlete must not only move quickly along the distance, but also simultaneously solve a number of specific tasks: read the map, compare it with the terrain, choose the optimal path to the checkpoint, etc. All these actions constitute the technical training of the athlete, but what includes psychological preparation we will consider in our work.

Orienteering

/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Orienteering_symbol.svg The checkpoint prism is an international symbol of orienteering

Orienteering- sports in which participants, using a map and compass, must pass a given number of control points (abbreviated as CP) located on the ground, and the results are determined by the time it takes to complete the distance (in certain cases, taking into account penalty time) or by the number of points scored.

The following types of orientation are distinguished:

running (running orienteering)

skiing (ski orienteering)

on bicycles (bicycle orienteering)

on foot and in wheelchairs (orienteering on trails - competitions for disabled athletes)

The following types of competitions are distinguished:

orientation in a given direction

optional orientation

trail orientation

orientation on a marked route

Competitions are also distinguished according to other criteria:

Time of day (day, night)

By interaction between athletes (individual, relay)

By way of organizing the start (separate, handicap, general)

Types of competitions

/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:ControlPoint_Orient.jpg

Set direction

The essence of the view given direction is to go the distance in a given order. Participants start sequentially after an equal period of time (usually 1 minute, an interval of 30 seconds - 3 minutes is possible). A minute before the start, or at the moment of the start, the participant receives at his disposal a map on which the start place, checkpoints and finish place are marked. The distance on the map is connected by a line that indicates the sequence of movement. Violation of the movement sequence is a violation of the competition rules and the participant is automatically removed from the race. In addition, the participant has a “legend” - a clarifying description of the location of the control point (for example, the northern corner of the clearing). The indicator by which the winner is determined is the time the participant completes the distance.

Orientation by choice

The essence of the view optional orientation is to go the distance in any order, find the required number of CP/points in the shortest time or the largest number of points/CP in a pre-assigned control time. In both cases, taking a certain CP is counted only once. Checkpoints of different complexity and location range are usually assigned different points. For exceeding the control time, a fine is imposed; as a rule, one point is deducted for each full minute of exceeding the control time.

Before the start, each participant is given a map with the start, finish and checkpoints marked. As in the previous case, the participant has a “legend”, where for each checkpoint he is given detailed description its installation on the ground. The participant’s task is to select from a variety of checkpoints the number specified in the competition conditions, design the order of their passage and complete the distance. The participant’s result is determined by the time spent passing a given number of checkpoints from the start to the finish or by the sum of points taken from the checkpoints (points are awarded for each checkpoint).

Night orienteering

/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Night-orienteering_by_Oskar_Karlin.jpg A headlamp is a mandatory element of equipment for an athlete at night distance

Night orienteering carried out in the dark. The essence of the competition remains the same. The difficulty of the competition is that the darkness hides great amount details of the terrain with the help of which participants are oriented (for example, the boundary of a forest plot or an elevation). To make checkpoints better visible, they are equipped with an LED beacon and/or a reflective strip. In night orienteering, in addition to individual competitions, for the safety of participants, team races are held; participants start in teams of two people.

Ski orienteering

Competitions in ski orienteering are held in two disciplines: in a given direction, on a marked track or in a combination of these types, such as: Orientathlon, Ski-O-thlon. Competitions in a given direction are held similarly to running competitions, with the difference that a winter map is used, on which ski tracks are marked. In discipline marked route The participant is usually provided with a summer sports card without designated control points (CP). Following the marked ski track, the participant encounters checkpoints, and his task is to plot their location on the map by piercing the map with a needle. At the finish line, judges check the accuracy of the control point location and impose a fine. The penalty may be extra time or penalty loops. Orienteering on a marked route is mainly found only in Russia and the countries of the former USSR.

Competitions in bicycle orienteering are carried out in disciplines: a given direction, on a marked route, by choice or in a combination of these types.

general description/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Orienteringskort_bygholm_2005.PNG

Sports card

The main document that confirms the participant’s completion of the distance is his card or electronic chip (for last years electronic marking is increasingly being used in competitions). At each checkpoint there is a pencil, composter or electronic marking station. The participant marks a cross with a pencil, punches a card with a puncher, or places a chip on the base, and this is proof that he was at the checkpoint. Loss of a card or chip by a participant results in automatic withdrawal from the competition. To control the correct completion of the distance in the form of a “given direction”, after the finish of the participant, the judges check the contents of the cards. If the order of passing is violated, the participant is removed from the competition. If a chip is used, then the computer at the finish processes the information stored on it, thereby checking the presence of a mark and the correct completion of the distance.

At orienteering competitions there is always a “control time” for completing the distance. This maximum time, during which the distance is covered. If a participant does not meet it, he is automatically removed from the competition. In other words, if you started at dawn, and sunset is approaching, and the control time is 2.5 hours, then you can safely return to the finish line. Your result will no longer be taken into account.

Orienteering has virtually no age limits. This is a sport that can be practiced by children as young as 5 years old and older people over 60. At major competitions, participants are divided into age groups, and this determines the difficulty of the distance and its length. In addition to age groups, there may also be groups at the level of participants - recognized masters can be separated into a separate group, with a distance of appropriate complexity.

Equipment

Flashlight (for night navigation)

Marking chips (SFR, SportIdent, Emit)

special equipment for ski and bicycle orienteering. (card holders)

skis and poles (for ski orienteering)

bicycle (for bicycle orientation)

sports suit

Russian achievements

/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Russia_Relay_silver_medal_WOC_2008_-3.JPG Women's relay team with silver medals at the 2008 World Championships.

In 1994, Ivan Kuzmint became the first Russian orienteer to win the World Championship. It was at the World Ski Orienteering Championships in Italy, at the sprint distance. Subsequently, Ivan Kuzmin, the first Russian orienteer, was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of Russia.

In 2005, Andrei Khramov became the first Russian orienteer to win a gold medal at the World Running Orienteering Championships (Aichi, Japan, 2005). In the same year, Khramov won the World Cup in running orienteering for the first time in Russian history.

In 2006, at the World Championships in Denmark (Aarhus), the Russian men's team consisting of Roman Efimov, Andrey Khramov and Valentin Novikov won a gold medal in the relay for the first time in Russian history, repeating this achievement in 2007 with the same composition at the World Championships in Ukraine ( Kiev).

At the World Championships in the Czech Republic in 2008, Andrei Khramov won the gold medal in the sprint, beating the Swiss Daniel Hubmann by only 2 seconds.

– a sport in which participants, using a sports map and compass, must pass control points (CP) located on the ground.

Results are usually determined by the time it takes to complete the course (in certain cases, taking into account penalty time) or by the number of points scored.

Orienteering competitions are held in different groups, which can be formed both according to age and the level of skill of the participants. The difficulty of the distance and its length are determined by the age group and the complexity of the competition terrain. At the same time, the distance (route) should be unfamiliar to all participants and combine difficulties that the athlete can overcome with the ability to navigate and good physical fitness.

Types of orienteering

Orienteering by running

Running orienteering competitions are held in a large number of different disciplines, for example: in a given direction ("ZN"), by choice ("VO") and even on a marked route ("MT"). The World Orienteering Championships have been held since 1966.

Ski orienteering

Ski orienteering competitions are held in conditions of stable snow cover in the disciplines: given direction, marked route.

Orientathlon
(Ski-O-thlon)

A combination of the two previous types. Competitions in a given direction are held using a special map on which ski tracks are plotted, and types of ski tracks are shown in relation to the speed of movement on skis.

The World Ski Orienteering Championships have been held since 1975.

Bicycle orienteering

Bicycle orienteering competitions are held in the following disciplines:
• given direction
• marked route
• optionally
• in a combination of these types.

The sports map shows the types of roads in relation to the speed of cycling. The World Bicycle Orienteering Championships have been held since 2002.

Precision orientation, trail orientation

The international name is Trail Orienteering (trail-O, also Pre-O, the old name is “trail orientation”) - a sport that involves accurately interpreting the situation on the ground using a map.

During a control time, participants cover (usually in a given sequence) a distance consisting of points, at each of which several prisms (flags) are located within sight. Participants must determine and record which of these prisms (flags) on the ground corresponds to the legend indicated on the map and the given legend (possibly none). At the same time, some landmarks available on the ground may be intentionally absent from the map.

Movement of participants is allowed only along authorized paths (paths) or marked areas of the terrain. The athlete can choose to start either on foot (running), or on a bicycle, or in a single-seat wheelchair propelled by hands or an electric motor. The time it takes to complete the distance is not taken into account; the result is determined by the number of correct answers. At some checkpoints called "Time-KP", the time for making a decision is additionally recorded, but even in this case, the time of movement between checkpoints is not taken into account.

The World Trail Orienteering Championships (WTOC) have been held since 2004. Since 2013, the Sprint discipline has been included in the World Championship program. The sprint consists of only “Time-KP”.

Types of competitions

Orientation
in a given direction
("ZN")

It consists of going the distance in a given order.
At the moment of the start (in some cases, 1 minute before the start), the participant receives a map on which the start place and checkpoints are marked, connected by a line that indicates the sequence of passing the checkpoint. The winner is determined by the shortest time to complete the distance.

Sports labyrinth competitions (ultrasprint) are held on a small area among artificial obstacles. The length of the distance is 100-500 m, maze maps usually have a scale of 1:100.

Orientation
optionally
("VO")

- consists of walking the distance in any order.
Before the start, each participant is given a map with the start, finish and checkpoints marked.

There are two options for holding this type of competition:
• Completing the distance from start to finish with the required number of CP/points in the shortest time;
• Gaining the most points/CP during the designated time limit.

Checkpoints, depending on the difficulty and distance, are assigned points, and for exceeding the control time a penalty is assigned, usually by subtracting one point from the result for each full minute of exceeding the control time.

Orientation
on a marked route
("MT")

– consists in the fact that the participant is provided with a sports map with the start location indicated on it. Following the marked route, the participant enters into the map (with a needle or a special composter) the location of the checkpoints that he encounters along the way.

At the finish line, judges check the accuracy of determining the location of the control point and impose a fine depending on the participant’s error. The penalty may be extra time or penalty loops.

Orienteering on a marked route is mainly found only in Russia and the countries of the former USSR.

Orienteering technique

Before delving into the secrets of orienteering, you first need to pay attention one of the “main tools” - the map.

We can say without any reservations that the map is a textbook for an orienteer, because with its help he can find out the nature and features of the area. But to understand all this, you need, of course, to “learn to read and write,” and this means learning to read a map.

Conventional signs of sports cards

If you know how to read a map, then with the help of it alone you can get to your intended goal and definitely more intelligently than with the help of a compass alone. With the help of a compass, it is true that you can go in the desired direction under any conditions, but without a map you are as if you were blind. A map is the most important tool for an orienteer. The best way to navigate is a sports map.

Various symbols are used to indicate terrain features and its relief on the map. If we consider the map to be an orienteer’s anthology, then the conventional signs are the alphabet, according to which the orienteer composes unified words and sentences that are clear in their meaning.

Liquid compass

An orienteer's best friend - compass. Without it, it would be difficult to get out of the tangled terrain to the intended goal by the most direct route.

We must trust the compass even when our own “correct” instinct turns everything upside down, pointing south instead of north and vice versa.

Using a map and compass, you can navigate the terrain and accurately follow the intended path. But first you need to learn how to correctly orient the map and find a standing point on it.

Ways to orientate a map

Orient the map- this means positioning it so that the top side of the frame is directed to the north, and the bottom to the south. To do this, use a compass to find the direction north and position the map so that the north on the map coincides with the direction indicated by the compass arrow.

You can orient the map in another way. Stand on some terrain line marked on the map. Let's say this line is a road.

Rotate the map so that the direction of the road symbol coincides with the direction of the road on the ground. In this case, you need to make sure that the objects on the right and left of the road have the same location as on the map.

Orienting the map towards a landmark

If this condition is met, then the map is oriented correctly. It should be remembered that every time when comparing the terrain and the map, you must start with the orientation of the map. At first, this may not seem so easy, but you will soon notice the benefits it brings.

Ways to follow a route using a map

To go from one point to another, there are two absolutely different ways. One of them is based on reading a map and choosing the easiest path along it, while the other involves direct azimuth walking. Let us explain what we mean by these methods.

Imagine that you need to go from one village to another. Relying only on the map, you will be able to get to your goal by sticking to reliable and easily detectable objects on the ground, such as paths, a road, a stream bed or the edge of an arable land. If you followed the route in this way, you can say that you only resorted to reading a map to get to the desired point.

Now suppose that you need to get from the village to the lake. Directly through the forest is much shorter than taking the bypass road. IN in this case you will have to determine a bearing and follow it through the forest straight to the lake. That's what it is azimuth walking.

The angle between the direction north and the direction towards a given object (landmark) is called azimuth. Azimuth movement is the ability to maintain a given direction using a compass. path and get to your destination. To do this, the route of movement is first determined from the map, the azimuths of the sections and the distances that need to be covered in each section are determined.

To find out how many degrees there are in azimuth, they begin to count from north to the right, that is, clockwise. Azimuth is measured from 0 to 360 degrees. The divisions on the compass are the same.

Constantly compare the map with the terrain! The basis of orienteering is that the orienteer must always know the point of his standing on the map. And this is only possible when you carefully monitor the map and the terrain, i.e. control the direction of movement and distance traveled you distance(for measuring distances on a map and on the ground, see the topic “Topography and Orientation”).

Orienteering distances

Classification of distances

Distance– competition route from start to finish.

Distances according to saturation with orienteering tasks
and requirements for the physical fitness of participants
divided into classes:
• VS - all-Russian competitions;
• MS – master of sports;
• Candidate for master of sports;
• 1st category class distances;
• mass discharge class distance.

Equipment for orienteering courses

The competition area will be equipped with:
• preliminary start (place of registration of starting participants);
• card issuing point;
• technical start;
• starting point of orientation (point K);
• checkpoints - KP;
• marked sections (from the technical start to the orientation start point;
  from the last checkpoint to the finish, etc.);
• finish (point of relay transfer);
• other objects necessary for each type of orientation (food points, first aid points medical care, places for spectators and representatives of the press).

The pre-start must have a clock or other device showing the judge's time (current competition time).

The competition distance on the marked course is marked on the ground from the starting point of the orienteering to the finish.

For gearbox equipment and the starting points of orientation are used sign in the form of a triangular prism with a side of 30 x 30 cm. Each the face is divided by a diagonal from lower left to upper right corner on a white field up and orange(red is allowed) – below.

• 1 – KP prism with number;
• 2 – double composter with KP number;
• 3 – support for hanging the gearbox

Each CP is given a designation and for this purpose two-digit and three digit numbers, starting from 31. Numbers that can be read ambiguously (66,68,86,89,98,99, etc.) are prohibited from being used to designate control points. The designation must be the same, no matter how many distances meet at a given checkpoint (except for “MT” competitions).

A sample of control panel equipment is installed near the start no later than 30 minutes before the start of the 1st participant.

KP are supplied means of marking, which are attached in close proximity to the prism. The number of marking devices must be such as not to cause delays for participants.

All checkpoints of the same distance are equipped in the same way and are equipped with marking means of the same design.

Visit to the CP by a participant controlled using the document - control card, which can be combined with the map. The participant card must clearly show that all checkpoints have been visited. The card must be capable of producing a reserve (R) mark. If there is no correct mark on any control card on the control card or it is not clearly identified, the participant’s result may be canceled. The result of a participant who has lost the control card, failed to hand it in at the finish line, or passed the checkpoint in a different order than the specified one may be cancelled.

Checkpoint mark on the marked route It is done as follows: the participant fixes the location of the CP by piercing the card received at the start with a needle with a diameter of no more than 1 mm. The participant marks the puncture of the CP with a cross using a colored pencil located at the next CP. The last checkpoint is marked at the turn of the mark. For an error in applying the CP by more than 2 mm, the participant receives a penalty (in minutes or penalty laps)

At International and All-Russian competitions, the function of a control card can be performed by a special device that is part of the electronic control system for visiting the checkpoint - CHIP. An electronic marking system allows you to control the athlete’s movement along the distance.

Legends of KP

The preliminary information that the athlete receives before the start includes a graphic description of the location of the checkpoint using symbols (pictograms) - the checkpoint legend.

CP legends allow you to act in the area where the points are located more intelligently and quickly. This means that you can save time when “taking” the checkpoint.

Above the table with symbols is indicated age group participants, the length of the straight line distance between the checkpoints and the total climb along the optimal path, and under the table - the distance from the last checkpoint to the finish and the presence of markings on this path.

Descriptions of the location of the checkpoint

The checkpoint descriptions are in the order in which you need to visit the checkpoint and may include special instructions, such as the length and nature of any marked section of the course. A thick horizontal line should be used after every four descriptions and on both sides of any special indication.

The most difficult and challenging, but at the same time the most exciting problem in orientation – route selection. Which path should you take? Should we go around the field spread out ahead or rush straight ahead?

When solving the problem of choosing a route, you must first take into account two points. Firstly, reliability, i.e. the ability to avoid taking the wrong route or reduce the likelihood of going astray, and secondly, speed.