Speech of the Czechoslovak Corps, “Democratic Counter-Revolution”, Eastern Front, Red Terror, Southern Front, march on Petrograd, intervention, war with Poland, defeat of Wrangel.
Speech by the Czechoslovak Corps.
In the summer of 1918, the Civil War entered a new stage - the front stage. It began with the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps. The corps consisted of Czechs and Slovaks captured by the Austro-Hungarian army. Back at the end of 1916, they expressed a desire to participate in hostilities on the side of the Entente. In January 1918, the corps leadership declared itself part of the Czechoslovak army, which was under the command of the commander-in-chief of the French troops. An agreement was concluded between Russia and France on the transfer of Czechoslovaks to the Western Front. They were supposed to follow the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok, board ships and sail to Europe.
At the end of May 1918, trains with military personnel (more than 45 thousand people) stretched from Rtishchevo station (in the Penza region) to Vladivostok for 7 thousand km. There was a rumor that the local Soviets had been ordered to disarm the corps and hand over the Czechoslovaks as prisoners of war to Austria-Hungary and Germany. The command decided not to surrender their weapons and, if necessary, to fight their way to Vladivostok. On May 25, the Czechoslovak commander R. Gaida, having intercepted Trotsky’s order confirming the disarmament of the corps, ordered the stations where they were located to be occupied. In comparatively short term with the help of the Czechoslovaks, Soviet power was overthrown in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and Far East.
"Democratic counter-revolution". Eastern front.
In the summer of 1918, local governments were created in the territories liberated by the Czechoslovaks from the Bolsheviks. In Samara - the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), in Yekaterinburg - the Ural Regional Government, in Tomsk - the Provisional Siberian Government. The Social Revolutionaries and Mensheviks stood at the head of the new government bodies. They declared themselves "democratic counter-revolution" or a “third force”, equally distant from both the Reds and the Whites. The slogans of the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menepevist governments were “Power not to the Soviets, but to the Constituent Assembly!”, “Liquidation of the Brest-Litovsk Peace!” Part of the population supported them. With the support of the Czechoslovaks, the People's Army of Komuch took Kazan on August 6, hoping to cross the Volga and move on to Moscow.
In June 1918, the Soviet government adopted a resolution on the creation of the Eastern Front. It included five armies formed in the shortest possible time. The first concentrationcamps. Between the front and the rear, special barrage detachments were formed to combat deserters. On September 2, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee declared the Soviet Republic a military camp.
In early September, in bloody battles, the Red Army managed to stop the enemy and go on the offensive. In September - early October, she liberated Kazan, Simbirsk, Syzran and Samara. Czechoslovak troops retreated to the Urals. In September 1918, a meeting of representatives of all anti-Bolshevik governments took place in Ufa. A unified government was formed on it - the Ufa Directory, in which main role The Social Revolutionaries played.
From the constitution of the Ufa directory
In its activities to restore state unity and independence of Russia, the Provisional All-Russian Government must set... urgent tasks:
1. The struggle for the liberation of Russia from Soviet power.
2. Reunification of the separated, fallen away and scattered regions of Russia.
3. Non-recognition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty... and restoration of the actual force of treaty relations with the powers of the Consent...
The advance of the Red Army forced the Ufa directory to move to Omsk in October. Admiral A.V. Kolchak was invited to the post of Minister of War.
The Social Revolutionary leaders of the Directory hoped that Kolchak’s popularity would allow him to unite the disparate military formations operating against Soviet power in the Urals and Siberia. But the officers did not want to cooperate with the socialists. On the night of November 17-18, 1918, a group of officers from Cossack units stationed in Omsk arrested socialist members of the Directory. All power was offered to Kolchak. He accepted the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia.
In the spring of 1919, Kolchak, having carried out general mobilization and put 400 thousand people under arms, went on the offensive. In March-April, his armies captured Sarapul, Izhevsk, Ufa, and Sterlitamak. The advanced units were located several tens of kilometers from Kazan, Samara and Simbirsk. Success allowed the Whites to set a new task - a campaign against Moscow.
Lenin demanded that emergency measures be taken to organize resistance to the Kolchakites.
The counteroffensive of the Red Army began on April 28, 1919. Troops under the command of M.V. Frunze defeated selected Kolchak units in battles near Samara and took Ufa in June. On July 14, Yekaterinburg was liberated. In November 1919, Kolchak's capital, Omsk, fell.
Under the blows of the Red Army, the Kolchak government was forced to move to Irkutsk. On December 24, 1919, an anti-Kolchak uprising broke out in Irkutsk. The allied forces and the remaining Czechoslovak troops declared their neutrality. At the beginning of January 1920, the Czechoslovakians extradited A.V. Kolchak to the leaders of the uprising. In February 1920 he was shot.
Red terror.
In the summer of 1918, the Socialist Revolutionaries carried out a number of terrorist attacks against the Bolshevik leaders. On August 30, 1918, Lenin was seriously wounded in Moscow, and the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, M. S. Uritsky, was killed in Petrograd. The Soviet government adopted a policy of intimidation of the population - red terror. The terror was widespread. In response to the assassination attempt on Lenin alone, the Petrograd Cheka shot, according to official reports, 500 hostages.
In this situation, securing the rear through terror is a direct necessity... it is necessary to secure the Soviet Republic from class enemies by isolating them in concentration camps...all persons connected with White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions are subject to execution... it is necessary to publish the names of all those executed, as well as the grounds for applying this measure to them.
One of the ominous pages of the Red Terror was the execution of the family of Nicholas II. October Revolution found the former Russian emperor and his family in Tobolsk. At the end of April 1918, the former royal family was transferred to Yekaterinburg and placed in a house that previously belonged to the merchant Ipatiev. On July 16, 1918, apparently in agreement with the Council of People's Commissars, the Ural Regional Council decided to shoot Nikolai Romanov and members of his family. On the night of July 17, a bloody tragedy took place in the basement of the house. Along with Nikolai, his wife, five children and servants, 11 people in total, were shot. On July 13, the Tsar's brother Mikhail was killed in Perm. On July 18, 18 members of the imperial family were shot and thrown into a mine in Alapaevsk.
Southern Front.
The second center of resistance to Soviet power was the South of Russia. In the spring of 1918, the Don was filled with rumors about the upcoming equalization of land redistribution. The Cossacks began to murmur. Next came the order to surrender weapons and requisition bread. An uprising broke out. It coincided with the arrival of the Germans on the Don. The Cossack leaders entered into negotiations with their recent enemy. On April 21, the Provisional Don Government was created, which began to form the Don Army. On May 16, the Cossack circle - the Circle for the Salvation of the Don - elected General P. N. Krasnov as ataman of the Don Army, giving him almost dictatorial powers. Relying on German support, Krasnov declared state independence for the Region of the All Great Don Army. The ataman carried out mass mobilizations using cruel methods, bringing the size of the Don Army to 45 thousand people by mid-July 1918. Weapons were supplied in abundance by Germany. By mid-August, Krasnov's units occupied the entire Don region and, together with German troops, launched military operations against the Red Army.
From the troops located in the region of Voronezh, Tsaritsyn and the North Caucasus, the Soviet government created the Southern Front in September 1918. Fierce fighting took place in the Tsaritsyn area. In November 1918, Krasnov's Don Army broke through the Southern Front of the Red Army, defeated it and began to advance north. At the cost of incredible efforts, in December 1918 the Red Army managed to stop the advance of the Cossack troops.
At the same time, she began her second campaign to Kuban Volunteer Army Denikin. The “volunteers” were guided by the Entente and tried not to interact with Krasnov’s pro-German detachments.
Meanwhile, the foreign policy situation has changed dramatically. At the beginning of November 1918 World War ended in the defeat of Germany and its allies. Under pressure and with the active assistance of the Entente countries, at the end of 1918, all the anti-Bolshevik Armed Forces of the South of Russia were united under the command of Denikin. His army in May-June 1919 went on the offensive along the entire front, capturing Donbass, part of Ukraine, Belgorod, and Tsaritsyn. In July, the attack on Moscow began, the Whites occupied Kursk, Orel, and Voronezh. On Soviet territory Another wave of mobilization of forces and resources began under the motto “Everything to fight Denikin!” In October 1919, the Red Army launched a counteroffensive. S. M. Budyonny’s 1st Cavalry Army played a major role in changing the situation at the front. The rapid offensive of the Reds in the fall of 1919 divided the Volunteer Army into two parts - the Crimean and the North Caucasus. In February-March 1920, its main forces in the North Caucasus were defeated, and the Volunteer Army ceased to exist. At the beginning of April 1920, General P. N. Wrangel was appointed commander-in-chief of the troops in Crimea.
March to Petrograd.
At a time when the Red Army was winning decisive victories over Kolchak’s troops, a serious threat arose to Petrograd. Russian emigrants found shelter in Finland and Estonia, among them about 2.5 thousand officers tsarist army. They created the Russian Political Committee headed by General N.N. Yudenich. With the consent of the Finnish and then Estonian authorities, he began to form the White Guard army.
In the first half of May 1919, Yudenich launched an attack on Petrograd. Having broken through the front of the Red Army between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Peipsi, its troops created real threat city. Anti-Bolshevik protests by Red Army soldiers broke out in the forts Krasnaya Gorka, Gray Horse, and Obruchev. Not only regular units of the Red Army, but also naval artillery of the Baltic Fleet were used against the rebels. Having suppressed these protests, the Reds went on the offensive and pushed back Yudenich’s units. Yudenich’s second offensive against Petrograd in October 1919 also ended in failure. His troops were thrown back into Estonia. In February 1920, the Red Army liberated Arkhangelsk, and in March - Murmansk.
Intervention.
The civil war in Russia was complicated from the very beginning by the intervention of foreign states. In December 1917, Romania occupied Bessarabia. The government of the Central Rada proclaimed the independence of Ukraine and in March 1918 returned to Kyiv along with the Austro-German troops, who occupied almost all of Ukraine.
German troops invaded the Oryol, Kursk, and Voronezh provinces, captured Crimea, Rostov and crossed the Don. In April 1918, Turkish troops moved deep into Transcaucasia. In May, a German corps also landed in Georgia. From the end of 1917, British, American and Japanese warships began to arrive at Russian ports in the North and Far East, ostensibly to protect these ports from possible German aggression. At first, the Soviet government took this calmly and even agreed to accept assistance from the Entente countries in the form of food and weapons. But after the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the military presence of the Entente became a direct threat to Soviet power. But it was too late. On March 6, 1918, English troops landed in the port of Murmansk. At a meeting of the heads of government of the Entente countries, a decision was made to non-recognize the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and interfere in the internal affairs of Russia.
In April 1918, Japanese paratroopers landed in Vladivostok. They were joined by British, American, French and other troops. The governments of the Entente countries did not declare war on Soviet Russia; moreover, they hid behind the idea of fulfilling their “allied duty.” Lenin regarded these actions as an intervention and called for armed resistance to the aggressors.
Since the autumn of 1918, after the defeat of Germany, the military presence of the Entente countries in Russia acquired wider proportions. In January 1919, troops were landed in Odessa, Crimea, Baku, Batumi and the number of troops in the North and Far East was increased. The dissatisfaction of the personnel of the expeditionary forces, for whom the war dragged on indefinitely, forced the evacuation of the Black Sea and Caspian landings in the spring of 1919. The British left Arkhangelsk and Murmansk in the fall of 1919. In 1920, British and American units were evacuated from the Far East. Only Japanese troops remained there until October 1922. Large-scale intervention did not take place primarily because the governments of European countries and the United States were afraid of the movement of their peoples in support of the Russian revolution. Revolutions broke out in Germany and Austria-Hungary, under the pressure of which these empires collapsed.
War With Poland. The defeat of Wrangel.
The main event of 1920 was the war between the Soviet republics and Poland. In April 1920, the head of Poland, J. Pilsudski, gave the order to attack Kyiv. It was officially announced that we were talking about providing assistance to the Ukrainian people in eliminating the illegal Soviet power and restoring the independence of Ukraine. On the night of May 7, Kyiv was captured. However, the population of Ukraine perceived the intervention of the Poles as an occupation. The Bolsheviks, in the face of external danger, managed to unite various layers of society.
From the appeal “To all former officers” by General A. A. Brusilov
I appeal... with an urgent request to forget all grievances... and voluntarily go... to the Red Army... and serve there not out of fear, but out of conscience, so that with your honest service, without sparing your life, you can defend for anything Russia, dear to us, has become no more.
Almost all the forces of the Red Army, united as part of the Western and Southwestern Fronts, were thrown against Poland. They were commanded former officers tsarist army M. N. Tukhachevsky and A. I. Egorov. On June 12, Kyiv was liberated. The offensive developed rapidly. Some Bolshevik leaders began to hope for the success of the revolution in Western Europe. In an order on the Western Front, Tukhachevsky wrote: “Through the corpse of white Poland lies the path to a world conflagration. We will bring happiness and peace to working humanity with bayonets. Forward to the West! However, the Red Army, which entered Polish territory, met fierce resistance from the enemy, who received great help from the Entente. Due to inconsistency in the actions of the Red Army formations, Tukhachevsky's front was destroyed. Failure also befell the Southwestern Front. On October 12, 1920, preliminary conditions were concluded in Riga, and on March 18, 1921, a peace treaty with Poland was signed there. Along it, the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus passed to it.
Having ended the war with Poland, the Soviet command concentrated all the power of the Red Army to fight the last major White Guard hotbed - the army of General Wrangel. The troops of the Southern Front under the command of M.V. Frunze in early November 1920 stormed what were considered impregnable positions on Perekop and Chongar and crossed the Sivash Bay. The last battle between the Reds and Whites was especially fierce and cruel. The remnants of the once formidable Volunteer Army rushed to the ships concentrated in the Crimean ports. Almost 100 thousand people were forced to leave their homeland. The armed confrontation between the whites and the reds ended in victory for the reds.
Soviet Russia in the years Civil War was going through a very difficult time. In 1918, foreign interventionists (British, French, American, Japanese troops) and the forces of the white movement surrounded the Soviet Republic with a ring of fronts.
In order to repel the onslaught of opponents, the Soviet government began to implement measures to mobilize all forces and transform the country into a single military camp. All available resources were collected for the country's defense needs. The construction of the Red Army proceeded at a rapid pace. The general leadership of the country was concentrated in the Council of Labor and Defense (SLO), which was headed by V.I. Lenin.
To coordinate the actions of military institutions and fronts, it was formed Revolutionary Military Council (RMC).
In the summer and autumn of 1918, two main fronts were defined - Eastern and Southern.
Eastern front
In the eastern direction, in the Volga and Ural regions, the appearance of large forces of White Czechs and White Guards merged with a wave of kulak revolts. I.I. was appointed commander of the Eastern Front in July 1918. Vatsetis (in 1919–1920 the front was led by S.S. Kamenev and M.V. Frunze). The Red Army was opposed by forces led by Ataman Dutov (Ural Cossack army), later - Admiral Kolchak. The Red Army, through great efforts, managed to push these forces back beyond the Urals.
Southern Front
Since October 1918, fierce fighting broke out on the Southern Front, which covered the regions of the Don, Lower Volga and North Caucasus. The forces of the Red Army were commanded by V.M. Gittis and V.A. Antonov-Ovseenko (Ukrainian front). Here, Soviet troops had to repel the onslaught of the Don White Cossack Army of Ataman P.N. Krasnov, who tried to take Tsaritsyn and cut the Volga, and the Volunteer Army of General L.I. Denikin, who managed to capture Kuban. By March 1919, the Don Army was defeated, its remnants retreated under the cover of the Volunteer Army.
Russia surrounded by fronts
The spring of 1919 became very difficult for the Soviet Republic. An even more powerful offensive was being prepared against the Soviet state. The White Guard armies, as well as the troops of the Entente and other states neighboring Russia, were to participate in it. The offensive of hostile forces was supposed to begin from different parts of Russia and was directed towards its center - Moscow.
The offensive of the interventionists and the White Guards began at the same time on six fronts. The main blow was planned to be delivered by the Kolchak army, which was actively supported by the Entente countries. The offensive of troops under the command of A.V. Kolchak began on March 4, 1919. His speech was supported by other counter-revolutionary forces: in the western direction - the White Poles, and near Petrograd - General N.N. Yudenich, in the north - the white army of General E.K. Miller, in the south - troops of A.I. Denikin. Despite the difficult situation, the Soviet state managed to survive.
Southwestern Front
In April 1920, Poland entered the war with Soviet Russia. The Southwestern Front was commanded by A.I. Egorov, Western – M.N. Tukhachevsky. By the spring of 1920, the Civil War was drawing to a close.
In 1920, the Red Army repelled the offensive of Polish troops and defeated the armies of P.N. Wrangel.
Moscow armed uprising.
October 25 - after learning the news from Petrograd - the creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee (Soviet) - Protopopov, Rykov, and the Military Revolutionary Center (party)
The main force is part of the Red Guard, partly the military units of the Moscow garrison.
Junker schools - 2, and ensign schools - 6 (but 2 immediately declared neutrality) with a total of 6 thousand people
Moscow City Duma (chairman Rudnev, Socialist Revolutionary) - meeting, decision to fight against the seizure of power, with
Formation of the Committee of Public Security - a broad coalition - zemsk self-government, executive committee of the provincial council, headquarters of the Moscow military district (commanded by the regiment Ryabtsev). Chairman - Rudnev. The only member of Vremya Pravit is Prokopovich (min.
The Kremlin itself is the Bolsheviks, with the arsenal of the city, the Yaroslavl commands.
Manege and around the Kremlin - located anti-Bolshevik forces.
Passivity of the COB - there is no commander and no command. General meeting of officers, election of a new commander.
The White Guard is a detachment of student volunteers.
Negotiations with the Bolsheviks were fruitless.
Occupation of telephone, telegraph and mail
October 28 – capture of the Kremlin. Full control within the Soda Ring. Use of artillery on both sides. Reinforcements
They occupied the city government building (historical museum on Red Square)
Vikzhel's demand for a truce. Negotiation.
Battles for the Kremlin
Brusilov in Moscow, refusal to lead the uprising, predetermined failure.
The shift of the civil war to the outskirts.
At Headquarters, Mogilev - General Dukhonin assumes the position of Supreme Commander-in-Chief (due to the absence of Kerensky), the demand of the Council of People's Commissars for negotiations, the removal from command and the appointment of ensign Krylenko.
The day before there was an order to release the Bykhov prisoners. Having changed clothes - to the Don, Kornilov, accompanied by his convoy - Tekins.
Vertinsky What I have to say is impressed by the funeral of the cadets on November 13, 1917, 300 people
Burials near the Kremlin wall - 2 mass graves - 240 people in total
The Extraordinary Commission, where the author was summoned for explanations. According to legend, when Vertinsky remarked to representatives of the Cheka: “It’s just a song, and then, you can’t forbid me to feel sorry for them!”, he received the answer: “We will have to, and we’ll forbid you to breathe!”
After the establishment of Soviet power in the center, the struggle shifted to the outskirts.
The longest and essentially the main one.
Don and Kuban Cossacks.
Kaledin- Ataman, and military government of the Don region. - manifesto on the non-acceptance of Bolshevik power on October 26, 1917. One of the most legendary commanders of the First World War. St. George's weapon for the capture of Lvov. 8th Army of the Southwestern Front - Lutsk breakthrough, during the Brusilov offensive. In the spring of 1917 he was withdrawn from the active army, in May he was elected Don Ataman and head of the Don region.
Alekseev– October 30 leaves Petrograd for the Don. November 2 in Novocherkassk (the 2nd largest city in the Don region, the capital of the Don region). Gathering of other members of the organization. The Alekseevskaya organization is the backbone of the emerging formations. Meeting with Kaledin, request to give shelter to Russian officers. But the general mood of the Cossacks is not entirely loyal. Pacifist sentiments. The desire to gain autonomy from the center. Isolate ourselves from the revolution in the center. The desire to maintain neutrality, the request is to leave Don Alekseev.
By the end of November 1917 - about 700 people in the Alekseevskaya organization
Concentration of anti-Bolshevik forces in the South.
An attempt to launch a preemptive strike. From 15 to 20 thousand people were transferred. There is no Red Army yet.
Bolshevik uprising in Rostov (the second most important city on the Don). The Kaledin Cossacks are unable to suppress. Appeal to the Alekseevsk organization for help. Capture on November 2, 1917.
Arrival of Kornilov in Novocherkassk. Name No. 1 in the anti-Bolshevik movement.
Creation of the triumvirate - Kornilov, Alekseev and Kaledin
Kornilov - commands of troops, military issues. Chief of Staff General Ruzsky
Alekseev – other
Kaledin - Cossack units.
Appeal of the Volunteer Army - goals:
Create a military force capable of fighting Bolshevism
Defend Russia from the Bolsheviks
Bring Russia to the Constituent Assembly
The overall command of the Bolshevik forces is Antonov - Ovseenko.
The main attack was planned on Rostov, access to the Black Sea, dividing the Whites in two.
Congress of revolutionary-minded Cossacks
The creation of the Don Military Revolutionary Committee was announced
Counteraction - sending Chernetsov’s detachment, mostly volunteers. Clashes with the Red Cossacks.
Death of Chernetsov.
Capture of Krivoy Rog by the Bolsheviks. Uprising in the city.
The Volunteers’ options are to defend Rostov, or to retreat, continuing to form an army. Taking into account the mood of the Cossacks - they were considered guilty of the Bolshevik campaign in the Don region.
Kornilov - the decision to withdraw from the Don to Kuban.
Ataman Kubansky - Filimonov, also an opponent of the Bolsheviks. G. Ekatironodar.
February 9, 1917 - performance of units of the Don Army in Kuban - 1 Kuban (Ice) campaign. About 3-4 thousand people. 70% officers. Pure officer units were formed
1st Kornilovsky Regiment based on the old regiment of the Southwestern Front. Command Regiment Nezhintsev
1st officer regiment
January 15, 1918 - decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of the Red Army on a voluntary basis. Until May, 40 thousand people signed up.
Creation of the Don Soviet Republic, in February 1918
The head of the headquarters of the Volunteer Army is General Romanovsky since February 1918.
General situation- after Trotsky’s refusal to sign peace - the Germans advanced along the entire front from the Black to the Baltic. – February 1917. Bolshevik emphasis on resistance to the Germans. And not to persecute the Volunteer Army.
Therefore, the volunteers mainly had clashes only with local red detachments, of which there were also quite a few.
February 28 – Pokrovsky’s detachment leaves Yekaterinodar, the Red Army is busy creating the Kuban Soviet Republic. Kuban - Black Sea, and in the summer of 1918 - North Caucasus, capital - Krasnodar.
Pokrovsky's detachment joins the Volunteer Army. Total forces – 6-7 thousand people
Unsuccessful assault on Krasnodar, heavy losses. March 31, 1918 - a shell at the headquarters killed General Kornilov.
The Commander-in-Chief is General Denikin. 45 years. Assistant to General Alekseev, command of the South-West Front, took part in the Kornilovks rebellion, arrest, detention in Bykhov.
Refusal to storm Krasnodar
Uprising on the Don.
Dissatisfaction with the Bolshevik government.
First riots since late March
Atamam - an attempt to unite, the total forces reached 10 thousand people.
April 23, the rebel Cossacks occupy Novocherkassk ata Popov, battles for the city, approach of the detachment Drozdovsky .
A purely volunteer detachment from the Romanian Front.
Occupation of Rostov by the Germans. In April 1918.
In Kyiv, Hetman Skoropadsky.
At the end of April 1918 - the Circle of Salvation of the Don - the election of a new chieftain.
Offer - Krasnova . The most senior officer in Don.
Ataman since May 1918.
Refusal to fight the Germans (unlike the Volunteers, faithful to their allied obligations).
Formation of a separate from the Volunteer - Don Army , up to 50 thousand people.
The task is to combine efforts.
Different foreign policy orientations.
The reluctance of the Don Army to go beyond the Don region.
The main disagreement is coordination of actions. Proposed to Denikin - to Tsaritsyn.
Don Army
By mid-June it was possible to completely clear the Don region of red troops.
From July - active actions - in the direction of Voronezh (secondary),
to Tsaritsyn (most importantly, the commands of Gen Mamontov)
There was no interaction with the Cossack infantry, they rolled back to the line of the Don region.
Sep 1918 creation of the Southern Front.
Teams of the former Tsarsk General. Slavin. Later - the Vitis regiment, Stalin - a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front.
The attack on Tsaritsyn revealed all the main problems of the Red Army - fragmentation of command, fragmentation of military formations
Therefore, the Southern Front is being created, in its composition (1-5 Eastern Front, 6.7 Northern)
8th Army Voronezh region
9.10 Tsaritsyn
11later created, closer to the North Caucasus.
Fighting is already on the outskirts of the city
With the forces of 9 armies Egorov and 10 Voroshilovs, they took the advancing units of the Don Army in pincers.
Consent - mainly fights
Volunteer Army (com Denikin).
It was decided that the Volunteer Army would return to Kuban and would guard the rear while the Don people were at the front.
2nd Kuban campaign - to the city of Ekaterinodar and further to the Black Sea coast. 9 thousand people Pioneers, Kuban, Krasnovsky detachment,
The task is to capture the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway. (feat of Gen. Mrakov - capture of an armored train while crossing a railway)
The battle for the village of Tikhoretskaya - the capture of the railway line. gene Mrakov died, 1 officer regiment was named (like Kornilovksy)
Trading Station - defeat of the Red Army of the North Caucasus.
Afterwards - to Ekaterinodar
Kuban Cossacks under the command of General. Skin.
Terek Cossacks - rebelled, locked the city of Mozdok. Near Pyatigorsk, many owl institutions.
Due to significant losses in the Volunteer Army - mobilization of the local population.
Increase in number to 40 thousand people.
The strategic task of the Volunteer Army in Kuban is the Black Sea coast.
Novorossiysk. Taman. A significant grouping of Soviet troops, an attempt to cut off from the Caucasus.
Some of the Soviet troops broke through to the Caucasus. Meeting of the Reds in Gelendzhik (Novorossiysk is not occupied yet), contact with the commander is lost (Sorokin in the Stavropol region, after leaving Ekaterinodar). The solution is to walk along the coast to Tuapse. They knocked out the Georgians. And to the mountains. Having knocked down Pokrovsky's barrier, in September through Armavir - a connection with the main forces of the Red Caucasus. The result is a numerical superiority over the Volunteers - from 90 to 120 thousand people.
But Sorokin is a left Socialist Revolutionary. (Muravyov - command of the Eastern Front - uprising, declared himself at war with the Germans).
The nature of Sorokin’s troops is more partisan than regular.
Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army - (former regiment) Vatsetis - reorganization of the Red Army on a regular basis.
Order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Southern Front - the Red Arm of the North Caucasus was reorganized into the 11th Army of the Southern Front.
Conflict of opinions at headquarters - where to conduct the offensive - towards Stavropol, or
Oct 21 – Pyatigorsk (the capital of the North Caucasus Soviet republics, after the capture of Ekaterinodar) revolt against the Soviet authorities.
The arrest of all the leaders of Soviet institutions - the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the regional committee of the party, the fronts of the Cheka (the majority are Jews), the majority were quickly shot.
Congress of Soviets Sev Kavk Sov Rep - the order was withdrawn from Sorokin and Arst, Sorokin - no support in the army, fled, killed.
Battle for Stavropol. One of the largest in the Civil War. 28 days.
After the occupation of Stavropol by the Reds. Drozdovsky is wounded and dies of typhus.
Recaptured by the Whites. Systematic destruction of the remnants of the 11th Army. Only a small part made it to Astrakhan.
So, by the end of 1918, Denikin’s troops occupied the entire south of Russia.
The next goal is to the center of Russia.
And after the November 1918 Revolution in Germany and the withdrawal of troops from Ukraine, Denikin headed there.
On October 25, 1918, General Alekseev died (61 years old). From that time on, Denikin was an independent commander of the Volunteer Army.
1st Partisan Regiment - named after Alekseev (Colored divisions (around Kornil - Sin, Markovsk-krasn, Drozdovsk maolin, Aekseev - green)
The Allies, having given free rein to the Germans, are ready to help the Whites.
Intervention - the first ships - in March 1918 Murmansk, Arkhangelsk
In December 1918 Novorossiysk, Sevastopol, Odessa - English and French ships
Batumi, Tiflis, Baku - British.
This radically changes both the balance of forces on the front of the Civil War and the political situation in the regions of intervention.
Iasi meeting - December 1918 - to find out the needs of the Volunteer Army.
A proposal to provide assistance to the White Guards, subject to the unification of the forces of Denikin and Krasnov.
There are no rifles, no uniforms, no money.
After the Germans leave, a section of the front in Ra is exposed - the Red pressure on the Don Army increases.
November 9 - the offensive of the 8th and 9th armies of the Southern Front, as a result of the successful action of cavalry units, especially Mamontov's line, was thwarted.
Counter-offensive, reaching the near approaches to Tsaritsyn and retreating beyond the Don again.
Don Army about 50 thousand people. And the number of troops on the Southern Front was up to 100 thousand people, and with all the advantage of the Donets in the cavalry, the advantage was noticeable.
The offensive at the end of January 1919.
White retreat
Agreement between Krasnov and Denikin (the cat controlled the entire Kuban) - meeting on January 8 - agreement on the transfer of the Don Army to the subordination of the Volunteer Army.
February 14 - convening of a large circle, no confidence was expressed in the commander of the Don Army, General Denisov (defeat at the front, reduction in numbers to 10-15 thousand), resignation of Krasnov, election of a new chieftain - General Bugaevsky Afrikan Petrovich (pioneer, supporter of Denikin).
So Denikin is the head of the entire white movement in the South of Russia.
Establishment from February 1919 – Armed forces Russia - VSYUR. Commander-in-Chief - Deniki.
2 armies - Don, Volunteer (General Wrangel was appointed commander).
Wrangel - came to the white movement after its registration. Since Aug 1918. Traveled from Petrograd, through Ukraine, met with General Skoropadsky, headed one of the corps. In March he fell ill with typhus and was sick until 1919.
In the Southern direction the Reds have 2 fronts
Ukrainian - Antonov - Ovseenko (from November 1918) - about 43-44 thousand bayonets, and 10 thousand sabers
Southern - about 100 thousand bayonets, 20 thousand sabers.
The Ukrainian front is operating quite successfully.
Capture of Kyiv (Shchors distinguished himself)
In parallel - to Kharkov and Odessa
By the spring of 1919, most of Ukraine was occupied by red troops, including Crimea (except for Kerch).
Ukraine is an important strategic region.
Calm. Denikin's local offensives during the spring of 1919. - Lugansk region.
Busy with active reformation of the army.
By the summer of 1919, problems began for the Reds in the rear. Partisanism, atamanism.
Makhno's detachment. Walk the field - anarchists. The peasant is a warrior. By the spring of 1919 it was merged into the Red Aria
Ataman Grigoriev. Active fight against the Germans. After the arrival of the Reds - a merger.
Uprising in the Don region - Vyoshinsky rebellion - blocked by the Reds, Denikin's air bridge.
The question of the direction of the general offensive of the AFSR -
Denikin - to the center, through Donbass. And to Moscow.
Wrangel - to Tsaritsyn, Saratov, to unite with the Whites in the East.
The task of reorganizing the AFSR is to create 3 armies with a total strength of about 100 thousand people.
Volunteer Army - Vogl May - Mayevsky, 4th division - Markvosk, Alekseevs, Drozdovsk, Kornilovsk. - core. They were staffed mainly by residents of Russian provinces. More willing to go to Russia
Donskaya, Semenychev. Don Cossacks and officers. It is undesirable to go beyond the Don region.
Caucasian - Kuban Cossacks (most of them), Terek Cossacks, Caucasians. The weakest one, the last formed.
The uprising of At. Grigoriev– formed during the period of German occupation (one of many)
Con 1918 – Criminal Code of the Soviet Republics, Ukrainian Red Army, included in the 6th Division (together with Makhno)
An attempt to limit independence, strengthen discipline in the troops
Peasants' dissatisfaction with Soviet agricultural policy
The beginning of the attack on Kyiv. On the way to Kiev - the transition of units of the Kasnoy Army to Grigoriev’s side, or a refusal to lie.
Ekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk) was taken in mid-May
Klim Voshilov - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian Republic - general command to suppress the rebellion - by the end of May 1919.
Role in the disorganization of both the rear and the front (removal of units) of the Red Army
May 1919 – completion of the reorganization of the All-Soviet Union of Socialist Republics, the beginning of active actions.
The first task is to liberate the Don region, unite with the Vyoshin Cossacks
The commander of the 8th Army, Yegorov, was wounded.
By the 10th of June, the Don region was occupied by troops of the All-Soviet Union of Socialist Republics, the Reds retreat
The occupation of Lugansk is a new stage of the Civil War - from the positional to the active phase.
The battle in the Gulyai Field area - the defeat of Makhno's division (Krasnov's Kuban Cossack corps). Makhno goes underground until November 1919.
In general, at the beginning of June 1919, along the entire Southern Front, the Red Army was withdrawing. The front is declared the main front of the republic. (Kolchak was thrown back beyond the Volga). Reorganization of units of the Southern and Ukrainian Front.
By the beginning of June, the Red Army would have 150 thousand bayonets and 20 thousand sabers
AFSR troops - 100 thousand bayonets, 40 thousand sabers
Units of the Caucasian Army - main attack - target - Tsaritsyn
In the vanguard is Mamontov's cavalry - a detour from the North, cutting off communications.
Attack of Tsaritsyn by Wrangel – unsuccessful (red Verdun)
Strengthening the Don Army and tanks with units - English MK 5
June 30 – taken Tsaritsyn , 10th Army retreats to Kamyshin. Wrangel on Kamyshin and Saratov.
Threat of Southern Whites uniting with Eastern Whites.
In addition, throughout 1919, Astrakhan extremely interfered with the unification of the fronts.
Astrakhan - general defense commands (presedat of the Military Revolutionary Committee) - Kirov.
Crimean operation – beginning of July.
The cleansing of Crimea from the Red troops - Gen. Slashchev - begins from the Kerch ledge.
Krasn – Dybenko.
Volunteer Army -
To the territory of Ukraine – Shkuro will take Ekaterinoslav . Access to central Ukraine.
So by the end of June
In the central direction (ultimate goal Moscow) - Volunteer Army
To Voronezh and Tambov – Donskaya
July 3 Denikin in Tsaritsyn Denikin – signing Moscow Directive– direction of the main attack.
The main direction is along the watershed between the Don and the Dnieper, the shortest route to Moscow.
But the passivity of the Don Cossacks, who did not want to go to Moscow,
The theater of military operations is too large, there is no breakdown into stages (in one jump),
Underestimation of the forces of the Red Army.
Transfer of troops from the Eastern Front. 59 thousand for 1 month only.
Change of commands of the Southern Front - appointment of Yegoryev. Assistant - Egorov (later he will lead one of the armies)
Division into the Ukrainian group - 12 (Semyonov), 14 (former Red Army Sovs of Ukraine, Voroshilov commands) armies.
Central - 8, 9 13 armies
Left flank - 10th army. There is no 11th army - it was defeated in the Caucasus.
Creation of a strike group - 8,9,10. The task is to counterattack Tsaritsyn. 45 thousand infantry, 12 thousand cavalry
2nd strike group - auxiliary, diversionary strike - in Ukraine. 33 thousand bayonets, 3 thousand cavalry.
All plans were thwarted by Denikin.
Before the attack on Moscow - the group Mamontova - raid in the rear of the Reds - disorganization, disruption of the offensive
4th Cavalry Corps - breakthrough of the front of the 8th Army on August 10. The rear is catastrophically destroyed, the front is disorganized.
To eliminate Mamontov's raid, taking forces from the strike groups of Shorin and Selivachev -
He avoids the general battles, the capture of Yelets, towards Voronezh. September 19 – contacted units of the AFSR
In terms of discipline, the corps was disintegrated - sent for regrouping to the rear and redistributed to other units.
At first it was successful - Shorin on the approaches to Tsaritsin, Shchiachev to Belgorod.
By the end of August, both groups were seriously battered and returned to their positions.
Denikin has - good prospects
Division of the Southern Front - into 2 parts - Southern (Egorov - returned, member of the RVC Stalin) - 9th, 13th, 14th armies
South-Eastern - 9.10 arias headed by Shorin, + Budyonny’s corps.
Additional mobilizations were carried out -
Transfer of troops - Latvian division, total 33 thousand people.
Increasing the numerical advantage of the Red Army.
The volunteer army is moving from Kursk to Orel.
Makhno in Ukraine - having assembled a large cavalry army - disorganizing the rear of the AFSR, taking Yekaterinoslav.
Skin on Makhno.
Take Orla – Kornilov Division, Kornilov armored train enters the Station
The capture of the entire division headquarters, the former tsarist general was hanged. served with the Reds.
Threat to Tula (the only large arms factory in the hands of the Reds (Izhevsk - Kolchak)
In total, the end of October is the period of greatest success for the white armies.
The days from October 13 to 20 were decisive days for Soviet power. In the vicinity of Orel and Voronezh, the fate of the proletarian revolution was decided.
But the Reds' numerical advantage is growing. The fatigue of the advancing troops of the AFSR is also growing.
The opposition of Makhno’s troops in the rear and the insufficient activity of the troops of the Don and Kuban armies had an impact.
Red Army command plan - (Egorov's command - Stalin's)
The main attack is on Kharkov and the Donetsk basin - the junction of the Volunteer and Don Army
The territory of the Donetsk basin - in general, the population sympathizes with the Soviet Power.
Donetsk basin - coal - fuel for armored trains.
3 stages - discard from Moscow, cut, destroy.
The first strikes are not so successful. Kursk was held for 3 weeks (Kornilovtsy), but after the fall of Kursk, the collapse of the common front of the Whites and the AFSR army began.
Personnel changes - instead of May - Mayevsky (adjutant - karsn intelligence officer - Wrangel (hero cat took Tsaritsyn).
Most of the Volunteer Army retreated to the South.
In Ukraine - gene Slashchev,
Don operation of the Red Army - Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don.
In view of the general retreat, after several repulsed assaults, the Whites left Tsaritsyn.
Grouping of the Novorossiysk region - teams of Gen. Shilov
Retreat from Kyiv to the West, crossed the border and was interned in Bessarabia, some were later transferred to Crimea to Wrangel
And the group retreating to Odessa.
They acted against - 3 armies, 12, 18, and 14 to all Southwestern front of Egorov's teams.
Odessa - defense of the Stessel field, assault commands - Kotovsky, and Yakir's 45th division
Captivity of about 3 thousand people.
By February 1920, there were no white units left in Ukraine.
The last group - Crimean
The defense was led by the general Slashchev
Regular attempts by the Red 13 Armies fail.
2 isthmuses - Chongarsky and Perekopsky, February, winds, frost, Slashchev allows the isthmuses to be occupied by red during the day, and a day later knocks them out of there.
The performance of the Czechoslovak corps was a turning point that determined the entry of the civil war into a new phase. It was characterized by the concentration of forces of opposing forces on “their” territories. All this brought the civil war closer to the forms of regular war with all the ensuing consequences. With the advance of the Czechoslovaks, the Eastern Front was formed.
The corps consisted of Czech and Slovak prisoners of war of the former Austro-Hungarian army, who expressed a desire to participate in hostilities on the side of the Entente at the end of 1916. In January 1918 The leadership of the corps declared itself part of the Czechoslovak army, which was under the command of the commander-in-chief of the French troops. An agreement was concluded between Russia and France on the transfer of the Czechoslovak corps to the Western Front. The trains with Czechoslovaks were supposed to proceed along the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok, where they boarded ships and sailed to Europe.
By the end of May 1918 63 trains with corps units stretched along the railway from Rtishchevo station (in the Penza region) to Vladivostok, i.e. over 7 thousand km. The main places where trains accumulated were the areas of Penza, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk, Novonikolaevka, Mariinsk, Irkutsk, and Vladivostok. The total number of troops was more than 45 thousand people. At the end of May, a rumor spread through the echelons that the local Soviets had been ordered to disarm the corps and hand over the Czechoslavs as prisoners of war to Austria-Hungary and Germany. At a meeting of regiment commanders, it was decided not to surrender their weapons and, if necessary, to fight their way to Vladivostok. On May 25, the commander of the Czechoslovak units concentrated in the Novonikolayevka area, R. Gaida, in response to the intercepted order of L. Trotsky confirming the disarmament of the corps, gave the order to his echelons to seize those stations where they this moment there were opportunities to advance on Irkutsk.
In a relatively short period of time, with the help of the Czechoslovak corps, Soviet power was overthrown in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. The Czechoslovak bayonets paved the way for a new government that reflected the political sympathies of the Czechoslavaks, among whom the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks predominated. The disgraced leaders of the dispersed Constituent Assembly flocked to the East.
In September 1918 In Ufa, a meeting of representatives of all anti-Bolshevik governments was held, which formed a single “all-Russian” government - the Ufa Directory, in which the leaders of the AKP played the main role.
The offensive of the Red Army forced the Ufa directory to move to more safe place- Omsk. There, Admiral A.V. was invited to the post of Minister of War. Kolchak. The Socialist Revolutionary leaders of the Directory hoped that the popularity enjoyed by A.V. Kolchak in the Russian army and navy will allow him to unite the disparate military formations that acted against Soviet power in the vast expanses of Siberia and the Urals, and create his own armed forces for the Directory. However, the Russian officers did not want to compromise with the “socialists.”
On the night of November 17-18, 1918. A group of conspirators from the officers of the Cossack units stationed in Omsk arrested the socialist leaders of the Directory and handed over full power to Admiral A.V. Kolchak. At the insistence of A.V.’s allies. Kolchak was declared the “supreme ruler of Russia.”
And although the command of the Czechoslovak corps received this news without much enthusiasm, it, under pressure from the ally, did not resist. And when the news of Germany’s surrender reached the corps, no forces could force the Czechoslovaks to continue the war. The baton of armed struggle against Soviet power on the Eastern Front was picked up by Kolchak’s army.
However, the admiral's break with the Social Revolutionaries was a gross political miscalculation. The Social Revolutionaries went underground and began active underground work against the Kolchak regime, becoming de facto allies of the Bolsheviks.
November 28, 1918 Admiral Kolchak met with representatives of the press to explain his political line. He stated that his immediate goal was to create a strong and combat-ready army for a “merciless and inexorable fight against the Bolsheviks,” which should be facilitated by a “sole form of power.” And only after the liquidation of Bolshevik power in Russia should a National Assembly be convened “for the establishment of law and order in the country.” All economic and social reforms should also be postponed until the end of the fight against the Bolsheviks.
From the very first steps of its existence, the Kolchak government embarked on the path of exceptional laws, introducing the death penalty, martial law, and punitive expeditions. All these measures caused massive discontent among the population. Peasant uprisings flooded the whole of Siberia in a continuous stream. Has acquired enormous scope partisan movement. Under the blows of the Red Army, the Kolchak government was forced to move to Irkutsk. December 24, 1919 An anti-Kolchak uprising was raised in Irkutsk. The allied forces and the remaining Czechoslovak troops declared their neutrality.
At the beginning of January 1920, the Czechs handed over A.V. Kolchak to the leaders of the uprising. After a short investigation, the “supreme ruler of Russia” was shot in February 1920.
The second center of resistance to Soviet power was the south of Russia. In the spring of 19189 The Don was filled with rumors about the upcoming equalizing redistribution of all lands. The Cossacks began to murmur. Following this, an order arrived to hand over weapons and requisition bread. An uprising broke out. It coincided with the arrival of the Germans on the Don. The Cossack leaders, forgetting about past patriotism, entered into negotiations with their recent enemy. On April 21, the Provisional Don Government was created, which began to form the Don Army. On May 16, the Cossack circle - “Circle of Salvation of the Don” - elected Tsar General P.N. Krasnov became ataman of the Don Army, giving him almost dictatorial powers. Relying on German support, P.N. Krasnov declared state independence for the region of the All-Great Don Army.
Using cruel methods, P.N. Krasnov carried out mass mobilizations, bringing the size of the Don Army to 45 thousand people by mid-July 1918. Weapons were supplied in abundance by Germany. By mid-August, P.N. Krasnov’s units occupied the entire Don region and, together with German troops, launched military operations against the Red Army.
Rushing into the territories of the “red” provinces, Cossack units hanged, shot, hacked, raped, robbed and flogged the local population. These atrocities gave rise to fear and hatred, a desire to take revenge using the same methods. A wave of anger and hatred swept the country.
At the same time, A.I. Denikin’s Volunteer Army began its second campaign against Kuban. The “volunteers” adhered to the Entente orientation and tried not to interact with the pro-German detachments of P.N. Krasnova.
Meanwhile, the foreign policy situation has changed dramatically. At the beginning of November 1918, the world war ended with the defeat of Germany and its allies. Under pressure and with the active assistance of the Entente countries, at the end of 1918, all anti-Bolshevik armed forces of southern Russia were united under the single command of A.I. Denikin.
From the very beginning, White Guard power in southern Russia was military-dictatorial in nature. The main ideas of the movement were: without prejudging the future final form of government, the restoration of a single, indivisible Russia and a merciless fight against the Bolsheviks until their complete destruction. In March 1919, the Denikin Government published a draft land reform. Its main provisions boiled down to the following: preservation of the owners of their rights to land; the establishment of certain land norms for each individual locality and the transfer of the remaining land to land-poor land “through voluntary agreements or through forced alienation, but also necessarily for a fee.” However final decision the land issue was postponed until the complete victory over Bolshevism, and was assigned to the future legislature. In the meantime, the government of southern Russia has demanded that the owners of the occupied lands be provided with a third of the total harvest. Some representatives of the Denikin administration went even further, beginning to install the expelled landowners in the old ashes.
Drunkenness, floggings, pogroms, looting of steel common occurrences in the Volunteer Army. Hatred for the Bolsheviks and everyone who supported them drowned out all other feelings and lifted all moral prohibitions. Therefore, soon the rear of the Volunteer Army began to shake from peasant uprisings, just as the rear of Kolchak’s white armies shook. They received a particularly large scale in Ukraine, where the peasant element found an extraordinary leader in the person of N.I. Makhno.
In relation to the working class, the policy of all white governments in theory did not go beyond vague promises, but in practice was expressed in repression, the suppression of trade unions, the destruction of workers' organizations, etc.
Of no small importance was the fact that the white movement functioned on the outskirts of the former Russian Empire, where protest against the national and bureaucratic arbitrariness of the center had long been brewing. The White Guard governments, with their unambiguous slogan of “a united and indivisible Russia,” very soon disappointed the national intelligentsia and the middle strata who initially followed them.
The government of northern Russia was formed after the landing of the Entente powers in Arkhangelsk in August 1918. It was headed by the people's socialist N.V. Chaikovsky.
At the very beginning of 1919, the Government came into contact with the “supreme ruler of Russia” Admiral Kolchak, who gave the order to organize a military governorate in the north of Russia headed by General E.K. Miller. This meant the establishment of a military dictatorship here.
August 10, 1919 At the insistence of the British command, the government of the North-Western region was created. Revel became his residence. In fact, all power was concentrated in the hands of the generals and atamans of the North-Western Army. The army was led by General N.N. Yudenich.
In the field of agrarian policy, the White Guard governments of the north issued a decree according to which all sown crops, all mowing land, estates and equipment were returned to the landowners. The arable land remained with the peasants until the land issue was resolved by the Constituent Assembly. But in the conditions of the north, mowing land was the most valuable, so the peasants again fell into bondage to the landowners.
1. Speech of the Czechoslovak Corps. Eastern Front In the summer of 1918, the Civil War entered a new stage - front-line. It began with the performance of the Czechoslovak Corps. The corps consisted of captured Czechs and Slovaks of the Austro-Hungarian army. Back at the end of 1916, they expressed a desire to participate in hostilities on the side of the Entente
The corps recognized itself as part of the French army. An agreement was concluded between Russia and France on the transfer of Czechoslovaks to the Western Front. They were supposed to proceed along the Trans-Siberian Railway to Vladivostok, board ships and sail to Europe
At the end of May 1918, trains with military personnel (more than 45 thousand people) stretched from Rtishchevo station (in the Penza region) to Vladivostok for 7 thousand km. There was a rumor that the corps should be disarmed and the Czechs should be handed over to Austria-Hungary as prisoners of war. The corps command decided not to surrender their weapons and fight their way to Vladivostok
Trotsky actually issued an order to disarm the corps. This order was intercepted by R. Gaida, the commander of the corps. He gave his order to occupy the stations where they were located. In a short time, Soviet power, with the help of the Czechs, was overthrown in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East
2. “Democratic counter-revolution.” Eastern Front In the summer of 1918, local governments were created in the territories liberated by the Czechoslovaks from the Bolsheviks: -In Samara - Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly Komuch of the first composition I. M. Brushvit, P. D. Klimushkin, B K. Fortunatov, V. K. Volsky (chairman) and I. P. Nesterov
With the support of the Czechoslovaks, the People's Army of Komuch took Kazan on August 6, hoping to cross the Volga and move to Moscow. In June 1918, the Soviet government adopted a resolution on the creation of the Eastern Front. On September 2, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee declared the Soviet Republic a military camp
Admiral A.V. Kolchak was invited to the post of Minister of War () Everyone hoped that Kolchak’s popularity would help unite the anti-Bolshevik forces. In November 1918, he accepted the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia
Kolchak in Irkutsk Under the blows of the Red Army, the Kolchak government was forced to move to Irkutsk In December 1919, an uprising broke out against Kolchak In early January 1920, Czechoslovakia A.V. Kolchak to the leaders of the uprising In February 1920, he was shot
3. Red terror Fanny KAPLAN's assassination attempt on V.I. LENIN at a Moscow factory.
4. Southern Front The second center of resistance to Soviet power was the South of Russia. In the spring of 1918, the Don was filled with rumors about the upcoming equalization of land redistribution. The Cossacks began to murmur. An uprising broke out. It coincided with the arrival of the Germans on the Don. The Cossacks and the Germans entered into negotiations. On April 21, the Provisional Don Government was created. General Krasnov became Ataman of the Don Army
From the troops located in the area of Voronezh, Tsaritsyn and the North Caucasus, the Soviet government created the Southern Front in September 1918. The battles took place in the Tsaritsyn area. Krasnov's army broke through the Southern Front and began to move north. At the same time, Denikin's Volunteer Army began a campaign against Kuban.
At this time, the foreign policy situation changed dramatically. At the beginning of November 1918, the world war ended with the defeat of Germany. The volunteer army ceased to exist. At the beginning of April, General P.N. Wrangel was appointed commander-in-chief in Crimea. Wrangel Petr Nikolaevich
In April 1918, Turkish troops moved deep into Transcaucasia. In May, a German corps landed in Georgia. From the end of 1917, British, American and Japanese warships began to arrive at Russian ports in the North and Far East, allegedly to protect these ports from possible German aggression
In April 1918, Japanese paratroopers landed in Vladivostok. They were joined by the British. American, French and other troops of the Entente governments did not even declare war on Russia. Leniya regarded these actions as an intervention and called for armed resistance to the aggressors.
After Germany emerged from the First World War in the fall of 1918, the military presence of the Entente countries in Russia acquired an even wider scale. But the war dragged on and this caused dissatisfaction among the personnel of the expeditionary forces. Foreign powers began to evacuate their troops. Only Japanese troops remained in the Far East until October 1922. .
May 7, 1920 Kyiv was taken But the population of Ukraine regarded the intervention of the Poles as occupation The forces of the Red Army were thrown against Poland They are united as part of the Western and Southwestern fronts under the command of M.N. Tukhachevsky and A.I. Egorov M.N. Tukhachevsky A .I.Egorov
June 12, 1920 Kyiv was liberated The offensive developed rapidly The Bolsheviks had hope for world revolution But on the territory of Poland, the Red Army met a fierce rebuff. Tukhachevsky’s front was defeated on March 18, 1921, a peace treaty was signed with Poland: they were transferred to it Western Ukraine and Western Belarus
