State regulation is a set of measures by legislative, executive and judicial authorities, as well as control functions carried out on the basis of regulatory legal acts by government agencies and public organizations in order to stabilize the existing socio-economic system. State regulation in the business sector is divided into:

1) indirect, which is a system of benefits and taxes; pricing policy, regulation of employment, professional training; influence on infrastructure development, information support, etc.;

2) direct. This includes regulation of financial activities, environmental, sanitary, fire safety, weights and monetary units, product quality, as well as its certification.

State intervention in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity of economic entities is due to certain circumstances:

1) prevention of environmental disasters and solutions environmental problems, generated by the freedom of choice of subjects in the sphere of economic activity;

2) combating the criminalization of business relations;

3) preventing economic crises and social upheavals;

4) control over the use of national resources;

5) social protection of the least well-off segments of the population.

The main directions in state regulation of market relations include:

1) establishing market development goals. State legislation indicates only general guidelines for development, and citizens are free to act in accordance with the principle: everything that is not prohibited is permitted. Prohibitions are established for those purposes that are by their nature inhumane and unnatural;

2) consolidation and guarantee of all forms of ownership and their equality by state legislation. There are two forms of management in society, state management and public management (through parties, trade unions, etc.). Public administration in a broad sense is the management of the affairs of society through legislative, executive and judicial authorities; and in a narrow sense, this is the activity of executive authorities.

Methods of state regulation of entrepreneurship

Methods of government regulation are divided into:

1) administrative (prohibition, legal liability, compulsion to act), i.e. direct regulation;

2) economic (prices, tariffs, quotas, taxes, licenses), i.e. indirect regulation;

3) moral and political (belief, mass information).

Basic laws regulating business activities are

What criteria are used to characterize small businesses?

How the essence of small enterprises in the Russian Federation is comprehensively revealed

Innovative entrepreneurship is

Innovative entrepreneurship is understood as the process of creation and commercial use of technical and technological innovations. As a rule, the basis of entrepreneurial activity is innovation in the field of products or services, which makes it possible to create a new market and satisfy new needs. Innovations serve as a specific tool for entrepreneurship, and not innovations themselves, but a directed, organized search for innovations, and the constant focus of business structures on them.

Forms of state support for small enterprises are

External Marketing Environment

The process of coordinating consumer demands and organization capabilities takes place in a certain external environment in which marketing activities are carried out.

The external marketing environment describes the factors and forces external to marketing that affect an organization's ability to establish and maintain successful relationships with customers. These factors and forces are not subject to direct control by the organization.

There are micro-external and macro-external marketing environments.

The micro-external marketing environment includes a set of subjects and factors that directly affect the organization’s ability to serve its consumers (the organization itself, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, clients, competitors, banks, the media, government organizations, etc.).

The macro-external environment of marketing is understood as a set of large social and natural factors that affect all subjects of the micro-external environment of marketing; it includes: political, socio-economic, legal, scientific, technical, cultural and natural factors.

Types of Marketing

Depending on the state of demand in the market:

Conversion marketing is used in conditions of negative demand, when a significant part of the market does not accept the product and may even pay a certain price for refusing to use it. The goal of conversion marketing is to change negative attitude consumers to the product. The tools of conversion marketing are: product redesign, more effective promotion and price reduction.

Incentive marketing is associated with the availability of goods and services for which there is no demand due to complete indifference or disinterest of consumers. The incentive marketing plan must take into account the reasons for this indifference and identify measures to overcome it.

Developmental marketing is associated with the emerging demand for goods (services).

Remarketing revives demand during a certain period of decline in the life cycle of goods or services.

Synchromarketing is used in conditions of fluctuating demand. For example, seasonal goods.

Supportive marketing is used when the level and structure of demand for goods fully corresponds to the level and structure of supply.

Counteraction marketing is used to reduce demand that is considered irrational from the point of view of society or the consumer (for example, alcoholic beverages, tobacco products).

Demarketing is used to reduce demand for a product in a situation where demand exceeds supply and there is no way to increase production volume. Such results can be achieved, for example, by increasing the price of a product, reducing the volume of advertising or promotion efforts. The goal of demarketing (as opposed to counteractive marketing) is not to destroy demand for a product, but only to reduce it, balancing it with production capacity.

Depending on market coverage

Mass marketing involves targeting the widest possible range of consumers without taking into account the differences between them. (I produce what everyone needs). The purpose of the enterprise is to establish low prices as the costs of mass production and promotion are reduced.

Concentrated (targeted) marketing targeting a specific segment, trying to satisfy its needs as much as possible (Products for newlyweds, funeral services). Advantages: maximum satisfaction of needs, used by small companies. Disadvantages: the segment may unexpectedly shrink, limitation possible growth companies.

Differentiated marketing is the desire to capture a large part of the market as a whole and at the same time offer several varieties of the same product, which is distinguished by its consumer qualities and can satisfy the needs of many segments (Dairy company, products of different fat content, cheeses, cottage cheese, yoghurts). Benefits: satisfaction of needs. Difficult to implement.

Production costs

Production costs are part of the organization’s expenses associated with the production of products, performance of work and provision of services, i.e. with normal activities.

The composition of production costs includes direct costs associated directly with the production of products, performance of work and provision of services, as well as costs of auxiliary production, indirect costs associated with the management and maintenance of the main production, and losses from defects.

All production costs are ultimately included in the cost of individual types of products, works and services or groups of homogeneous products. Depending on the methods of inclusion in the cost of certain types of products, production costs are divided into direct and indirect. Direct costs are understood as expenses associated with the production of certain types of products, works, services (raw materials, basic materials, purchased products and semi-finished products, basic wages of production workers, etc.), which can be directly included in their cost. Indirect costs are understood as expenses associated with the production of several types of products (costs for the maintenance and operation of equipment, workshop, general plant, etc.), included in their cost using special methods determined based on industry and technological features.

In the grouping of production costs by item, direct costs, as a rule, form independent items for the corresponding elements, while indirect costs form complex items (consist of costs that include several elements), differing in their functional role in the production process.

The rules for accounting for the costs of producing products, performing work and providing services in the context of elements and items, calculating the cost of products (works, services) are established by separate regulations and guidelines for accounting, usually of an industry nature.

Price functions

In this regard, we can consider the following price functions in the market:

1) measuring. Price shows the amount of money paid and received per unit of a good or service;

2) commensurate. Using this price function, you can compare products, differentiate them into expensive and cheap, and compare the values ​​of different products;

3) accounting. With the help of prices, the world of goods is transferred from a natural material form to a value form. At the macro and micro levels, all indicators are calculated in monetary form. Price becomes an auxiliary accounting tool. It also acts as a tool for calculating relative indicators: product profitability, capital productivity, etc. In this regard, price participates in the formation of the main financial and economic indicators of the enterprise, measured in monetary terms, and is used for analysis, forecasting and planning of main production and exchange processes. The price is also an indicator of market conditions and reflects the main processes occurring in it;

4) regulating. Price is a tool for regulating economic processes: it balances supply and demand, linking them with the monetary payment ability of the producer and consumer. It also plays a regulatory role in the distribution of resources, since resource prices guide entrepreneurs to use cheap resources and save expensive ones. The state sometimes uses this price function for its own purposes through taxes, subsidies and price fixing. individual species goods or services;

5) social. Price is a factor in the standard of living of the population, influencing the volume and structure of consumption, the level of real incomes of various social groups, it is the main component of inflationary processes. The cost of living and the consumer budget of a family depend on the level and dynamics of prices, so the social reaction to price fluctuations is very acute;

6) stimulating. Market pricing creates opportunities for alternative choices when making business decisions. Thus, the stimulating effect of price lies in the fact that its level encourages the use of the most economical production methods and the fullest use of resources, on the one hand, and rational behavior of consumers (demand) on the other.

Price is a tool for generating profit, a tax factor - prices for renting apartments. In addition to price, the system of economic incentives includes, as is known, price-based economic levers: profit, profitability, taxes. In modern market conditions, price becomes the main weapon of competition, and competition is the main driving force of production;

7) distribution. The distribution and redistribution of income occurs through the price level, their structure, and ratio. Different price levels can be set for different consumers (for enterprises of various forms of ownership, for industrial consumers and the population), higher or lower prices can be achieved due to the inclusion or non-inclusion of taxes (VAT, excise duty). Redistributive pricing is not a phenomenon characteristic only of government regulation. A monopoly also carries out redistributive pricing by appropriating other people's profits, just like an oligopoly in the form of a cartel, when producers agree on a monopoly price level.

In redistribution processes in the economy, price is not the only factor. The financial system plays an even more significant role. When studying the functions of price, it should be noted that if other elements of the economic mechanism (credit, financial) influence economic processes, as a rule, by administrative methods, then price always affects economic interests, i.e. it is a more subtle instrument. The manufacturer is not able to cancel taxes, but he has a lot of ways to manipulate the price due to its many components.

Price classification

Classification of prices according to main characteristics:

1) Depending on the type of product:

Commodity prices;

Tariffs for services.

2) Depending on the scope of service of commodity circulation:

Purchasing;

Wholesale;

Retail.

3) Depending on the role in the market:

Demand prices;

Offer prices;

Market equilibrium prices;

Prices of agreements between market entities.

4) Depending on the type of market:

Competitive;

Monopoly.

5) Depending on the region of operation:

Regional;

6) Depending on the country of sale:

Internal;

Foreign economic.

7) Depending on the procedure for reimbursement of transportation costs in the domestic market:

"Franco" pricing system of different types.

8) According to the order of state regulation:

adjustable;

unregulated (free).

9) Depending on the procedure for reimbursement of transportation costs, insurance and customs “clearance” of goods in foreign economic activity:

The Incoterns price system of different types.

10) According to the variability of establishment:

Solid (fixed);

11) By period of validity in time:

Permanent;

Temporary.

12) According to the degree of novelty of the product:

For new products;

For goods that are sold;

For discontinued products.

The principle of freedom of enterprise enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation may be limited by law in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, security, protect the life, health, rights, interests and freedoms of other persons, ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state, protect the environment, protect cultural values, preventing the abuse of a dominant position in the market and unfair competition. Such restrictions include various measures of state regulation of business activities.

State regulation of business activities should be understood as the activities of the state, represented by its bodies, aimed at implementing state policy in the field of business activities.

State regulation of entrepreneurship is necessary both to ensure the implementation of the public interests of society and the state, and to create the best conditions for the development of entrepreneurship.

Tasks State regulation of entrepreneurship can be divided into two groups:

1) environmental protection;

2) alignment of the economic cycle;

3) provision normal level employment;

4) protection of life and health of citizens;

5) supporting competition in the market;

6) support and development of small businesses;

7) special measures to protect the rights of entrepreneurs, etc.

The presented list of tasks of state regulation of entrepreneurship indicates that state regulation is necessary not only for the state, but also for the entrepreneurs themselves.

Methods State regulation of business activities can be divided into two groups:

1. Direct (administrative) methods are means of direct government influence on the behavior of entities engaged in business activities. These include:

State control (supervision) over the activities of entrepreneurs;

State registration legal entities and individual entrepreneurs;

Taxation;

Licensing of certain types of business activities;

Issuance of orders by the antimonopoly authority, etc.

2. Indirect methods - economic means of influencing business relations by creating conditions that influence the motivation of behavior of business entities. These include:

Forecasting and planning;

Providing tax benefits;

Preferential lending;

State (municipal) order, etc.

16.2. State control as a method of state regulation of entrepreneurship

State control in the field of business activity is a system of checking and monitoring compliance by individual entrepreneurs and organizations with the requirements of regulations when carrying out business activities.

The procedure for conducting state control (supervision) is determined by Federal Law No. 134-FZ of August 8, 2001 “On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision)”, the provisions of which apply to all types of state control (supervision), with the exception of:

Tax control;

Currency control;

Budgetary control;

Banking and insurance supervision, as well as other types of special state control over the activities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the financial market;

Transport control (at checkpoints of vehicles across the State Border Russian Federation, as well as in stationary and mobile points on the territory of the Russian Federation);

State control (supervision) of sea and river port administrations and inspection services civil aviation, airports in the territories of the specified ports;

State control (supervision) carried out in the field of ensuring traffic safety, environmental safety and sanitary and epidemiological well-being in railway transport;

Customs control;

Immigration Control;

License control;

Safety control when using nuclear energy;

Control over ensuring the protection of state secrets;

Sanitary-quarantine, quarantine phytosanitary and veterinary control at crossing points of the State border of the Russian Federation;

Control of objects recognized as dangerous in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as particularly important and sensitive objects, the list of which is established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

Operational and investigative activities, inquiry, preliminary investigation, prosecutorial supervision and justice;

State metrological control (supervision).

Control measures are carried out on the basis orders (orders) state control (supervision) body, which indicates:

1) number and date of the order (order) to carry out the control measure;

3) last name, first name, patronymic and position of the person (persons) authorized to carry out control activities;

4) the name of the legal entity or the last name, first name, patronymic of the individual entrepreneur in respect of whom the control measure is being carried out;

5) goals, objectives and subject of the control measures being carried out;

6) legal grounds for carrying out control activities, including regulatory legal acts, the mandatory requirements of which are subject to verification;

7) start and end date of the control activity.

The order (order) to carry out a control measure or its sealed copy is presented by the official carrying out the control measure, to the head or other official of a legal entity or to an individual entrepreneur simultaneously with an official identification card.

The control measure can only be carried out by the official (persons) indicated in the order (order) on the control measure.

The duration of the control activity should not exceed one month. In exceptional cases related to the need to conduct special studies (tests), examinations with a significant volume of control measures, on the basis of a motivated proposal from the official carrying out the control measure, the head of the state control (supervision) body or his deputy, the period for carrying out the control measure may be extended, but not more than one month. In relation to a small business entity, planned measures for state control(supervision) can be carried out no earlier than three years from the date of its state registration.

State control (supervision) bodies carry out both planned, so unscheduled checks.

In relation to one legal entity or individual entrepreneur, each state control (supervision) body can carry out a planned control event no more than once every two years.

An unscheduled inspection, the subject of which is monitoring the execution of orders to eliminate identified violations, is subject to the activities of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur when violations of mandatory requirements are identified as a result of a planned monitoring event.

Unscheduled control activities are carried out by state control (supervision) bodies also in the following cases:

1) obtaining information from legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, government bodies about the occurrence of emergencies, changes or violations technological processes, as well as the failure of structures and equipment that can directly cause harm to the life, health of people, the environment and property of citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs;

2) the emergence of a threat to the health and life of citizens, environmental pollution, damage to property, including in relation to similar goods (works, services) of other legal entities and (or) individual entrepreneurs;

3) appeals from citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs with complaints about violations of their rights and legitimate interests by the actions (inaction) of other legal entities and (or) individual entrepreneurs related to their failure to comply with mandatory requirements, as well as obtaining other information confirmed by documents and other evidence indicating the presence of signs of such violations.

Appeals that do not allow the identification of the person who applied to the state control (supervision) body cannot serve as a basis for carrying out an unscheduled control event.

Based on the results of the control event, the official (persons) of the state control (supervision) body carrying out the inspection draws up Act in the established form in two copies.

The act specifies:

1) date, time and place of drawing up the act;

2) name of the state control (supervision) body;

3) date and number of the order on the basis of which the control measure was carried out;

4) last name, first name, patronymic and position of the person(s) who carried out the control event;

5) the name of the legal entity being inspected or the last name, first name, patronymic of the individual entrepreneur, last name, first name, patronymic, position of the representative of the legal entity or representative of the individual entrepreneur present during the control event;

6) date, time and place of the control event;

7) information about the results of the control measures, including the violations identified, their nature, and the persons who are held responsible for committing these violations;

8) information about familiarization or refusal to familiarize with the act of a representative of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, as well as persons present during the control event, their signatures or refusal to sign;

9) signature of the official (persons) who carried out the control measure.

Attached to the act are acts on the selection of samples (samples) of products, inspection of environmental objects, protocols (conclusions) of studies (tests) and examinations, explanations officials state control (supervision) bodies, employees who are held responsible for violations of mandatory requirements, and other documents or copies thereof related to the results of control activities.

One copy of the act with copies of the attachments is handed over to the head of the legal entity or his deputy and the individual entrepreneur or their representatives against signature or sent by mail with a receipt receipt, which is attached to the copy of the act remaining in the file of the state control (supervision) body.

If, as a result of control measures, an administrative offense is identified, an official of the state control (supervision) body draws up a protocol in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation on administrative offenses, and gives instructions to eliminate the identified violations.

The results of control activities containing information constituting a state secret are documented in compliance with the requirements stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of state secrets.

Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs conduct control log in which an official of the state control (supervision) body makes a record of the control event carried out, containing information about the name of the state control (supervision) body, the date, time of the control event, legal framework aniations, goals, objectives and subject of the control measure, about the violations identified, about the protocols drawn up, about administrative offenses and about the orders issued, as well as the surname, first name, patronymic, position of the person (persons) who carried out the control measure, and his ( their) signature.

The logbook of control activities must be stitched, numbered and certified with the seal of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur.

In the absence of a log of control measures, a corresponding entry is made in the report drawn up based on the results of the control measures taken.

If, as a result of measures to monitor violations of mandatory requirements by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, officials of state control (supervision) bodies, within the powers provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, are obliged to take measures to control the elimination of identified violations, their prevention, and the prevention of possible harm. life, health of people, the environment and property, as well as measures to bring those who committed violations to justice.

If, during a control event, it is established that a product (work, service) can cause harm to the life, health, environment and property of consumers, the state control (supervision) body is obliged to bring information about the dangerous product (work, service) to the attention of consumers. service), on ways to prevent possible harm, take measures to prevent harm, including by suspending the production (sale, performance) of a product (work, service) and (or) recalling a product from the market in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, with subsequent reimbursement of costs at the expense of the guilty party.

The state control (supervision) body may apply to the court with a claim for reimbursement of expenses for conducting research (tests) and examinations, as a result of which violations of mandatory requirements were identified.

The Federal Law “On the protection of the rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs during state control (supervision)” also establishes the features legal status officials authorized to carry out control activities.

Officials of state control (supervision) bodies when carrying out control activities obliged:

1) timely and fully fulfill the powers granted in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation to prevent, identify and suppress violations of mandatory requirements;

2) comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation, the rights and legitimate interests of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs;

3) carry out control measures on the basis of and in strict accordance with the orders of state control (supervision) bodies on carrying out control measures;

4) visit the facilities (territories and premises) of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs for the purpose of carrying out control measures only during the performance of official duties upon presentation of an official ID and an order from state control (supervision) bodies to carry out control measures;

5) not prevent representatives of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur from being present during control activities and providing explanations on issues related to the subject of the inspection;

6) provide officials of a legal entity or individual entrepreneurs or their representatives present during the control event with the necessary information related to the subject of the inspection;

7) familiarize officials of a legal entity or individual entrepreneur or their representatives with the results of control measures;

8) when determining the measures taken in response to detected violations, take into account the compliance of these measures with the severity of the violations, their potential danger to life, health, the environment and property, and also not allow unreasonable restrictions on the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs ;

9) prove the legality of their actions when appealing them by legal entities and individual entrepreneurs in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

State control (supervision) bodies and their officials in case of improper performance of their functions and official duties when carrying out control measures or committing illegal actions (inaction) are liable in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

State control (supervision) bodies are obliged to inform the legal entity and (or) individual entrepreneur whose rights and legitimate interests have been violated within a month about measures taken against officials guilty of violating the legislation of the Russian Federation.

16.3. Methods of state regulation of pricing

Price is the monetary expression of the value of a product. A type of price is a tariff - the price for services provided and work performed. In the legal literature, price is considered as an economic and legal category. Price as an economic category is formed taking into account the level of consumer demand for products; elasticity of demand existing in the market for these products; the possibility of market reaction to changes in the enterprise's output of these products; measures of state regulation of pricing; price level for similar products of competing enterprises, etc. As a legal category, price is an essential condition of a number of contracts, the basis for the formation of value added tax, excise taxes, supply and marketing, trade markups, and also has a number of other meanings.

Depending on the role of the state in their formation, prices can be free and regulated.

The free (market) price is understood as the price that develops on the commodity market without government influence on it. The free price fluctuates around the cost of the product, responding to changes in supply and demand, and, as a rule, includes two elements: cost and profit. The principles for determining market prices for tax purposes are established by Art. 40 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Regulated price is the price of a product that develops on the commodity market under government influence on it through the application of economic and (or) policy measures. Adjustable state prices are applied by all organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership.

Currently, state pricing policy is determined by the following acts: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated February 28, 1995 No. 221 “On measures to streamline state regulation of prices (tariffs)” and Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 7, 1995 No. 239 “On measures to streamline state regulation of prices”, etc. The pricing policy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is approved by acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

In order to implement the state pricing policy, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 7, 1995 No. 239 “On measures to streamline state regulation of prices” approved three lists of goods (works, services), prices for which on the domestic market are subject to state regulation.

Firstly, a list of products, goods, services for which state regulation of prices is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation and federal executive authorities. It includes, for example, natural gas, except for that sold to the population; nuclear fuel cycle products; defense products; rough diamonds, precious stones; transportation of oil and petroleum products via main pipelines; individual postal and electrical communications services, rail transportation.

Secondly, a list of products, goods, services for which state regulation of prices is carried out without fail by executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It includes gas sold to the population; social services provided to the population of the Russian Federation by state and municipal institutions social services; trade markups on prices medicines and products medical purposes; transportation of passengers and luggage by all types public transport in city (including metro) and suburban traffic, etc.

Thirdly, a list of goods and services for which the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are given the right to introduce state regulation of tariffs and surcharges. This list includes, for example, supply, marketing and trade markups on prices for products and goods sold in the Far North and equivalent areas with limited delivery times for goods; mark-ups on products (goods) sold at public catering establishments at secondary schools, vocational schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions; trade markups on food prices baby food(including food concentrates); transportation of passengers and luggage by road on intra-regional and inter-regional (inter-republican within the Russian Federation) routes, including taxis; transportation of passengers and luggage on local airlines and river transport in local traffic and at ferries, etc.

Prices for goods, works, and services not mentioned in the specified lists are not subject to direct government regulation and are formed freely.

State regulation of prices for goods and services included in the lists is carried out by special regulations. For example, with regard to prices for electrical and thermal energy, Federal Law No. 41-FZ of April 14, 1995 “On state regulation of tariffs for electrical and thermal energy in the Russian Federation” and other acts apply. Prices for medicines are regulated by Federal Law No. 86-FZ of June 22, 1998 “On Medicines”, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2001 No. 782 “On state regulation of prices for medicines”, etc.

There are two groups of methods of state regulation of prices.

Ways to directly regulate pricing are to establish:

1) fixed prices (for example, fixed tariffs for the transportation of passengers and luggage by all types of public transport);

2) maximum (maximum and minimum) prices (for example, minimum prices for vodka, liqueurs and other alcoholic products with a strength of over 28 percent have been approved);

3) base prices and marginal coefficients for their change (for example, when calculating tariffs for communication services (coefficients are set differentiated by types of services and categories of consumers), for gas transportation services through gas distribution pipelines);

4) maximum amounts of supply, sales and trade markups (for example, maximum wholesale and retail markups are established on prices for medicines);

5) the maximum level of profitability (for example, the calculation of payment rates for the use of wagons and containers is established taking into account the provision of a 25 percent level of profitability of freight transportation);

6) guaranteed prices, which are applied if average market prices are lower than guaranteed (for example, when purchasing for government needs).

Measures of economic (indirect) regulation of pricing include preferential lending, tax benefits, budget subsidies, and compensation of costs to manufacturers. Each such measure allows us to reduce the cost of products and, consequently, the price level.

Control questions

1. Justify the need for state regulation of business activities.

2. List the tasks of state regulation of business activities.

3. What methods of state regulation of entrepreneurship do you know?

4. Describe the essence and procedure for state control.

5. What methods of government regulation of pricing do you know?

Lecture No. 1, 2 General provisions business law

1. The concept and essence of state regulation of business activities

2. Theories of business law. Business law in the system Russian law

3. Subject and method of business law

4. Principles of business law

5. Signs of entrepreneurial activity

6. The relationship between entrepreneurial and professional activities

Andreev V.K. On the concept of development of legislation on entrepreneurial activity // Russian Judge. 2010. No. 9. P. 20-25.

The concept and essence of state regulation of business activities

Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, believed that the main driving forces The economy is free trade and free competition, but the state should not interfere in economic processes. Exploring the work of the free market, A. Smith speaks of the “invisible hand of the market,” thereby finding an explanation for reasonable selfishness as an effective lever in the distribution of resources. In his opinion, the manufacturer pursues his own benefit, strives to achieve his private interests, but the path to this lies through satisfying someone else's needs. Thus, in an effort to increase his well-being, the producer increases the well-being of society as a whole. A set of producers, as if driven by an “invisible hand”, in order to satisfy private interests, at the same time, unconsciously realizes the interests of the entire society. Over time, the “invisible hand” of the initially spontaneous market should transform it into a socially useful mechanism.

The idea of ​​spontaneous market regulation of the economy was criticized. For example, D. Soros believes that if market forces are given full power even in purely economic and financial matters, this could ultimately lead to the collapse of the world capitalist system.

In this regard, the state cannot be removed from its function - regulation of market relations. The regulatory influence of the state should be aimed at eliminating both market failures, when the market becomes unable to effectively distribute available resources, and the failures of the state, which, for various reasons, is unable to solve a particular problem or, through its actions, destabilizes the social order.

Government intervention in solving these problems may be justified if the problems are significant and cannot be overcome by the market on its own. The state, by its intervention, contributes to the emergence of a positive effect compared to the situation of the absence of regulatory influence, which expresses the expediency of state intervention.

With the development and complexity of socio-economic relations, it became clear that market relations cannot serve as a self-sufficient regulatory mechanism.

None of the developed countries can do without impact on the economy. Only the limits and forms of government intervention in the economy differ. In Russia, the need for state regulation of the economy is currently recognized by almost all economists and politicians. The experience of “shock therapy,” which led to devastating consequences for the Russian economy, indicates that without government regulation the market will not be able to organize itself.

The purpose of state regulation of the economy– ensuring the implementation and protection of public interests, such as defense and security of the state, protection of human and civil rights and freedoms, protection of socially vulnerable segments of the population, environmental protection.

Moreover, for normal functioning the market itself needs regulation, in establishing uniform rules of behavior, without which chaos ensues in the economic sphere. We are talking primarily about the regulation of competitive markets and control over their activities.

The legal prerequisites for state regulation of the economy are, first of all, the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: on the social state (Article 70); on guarantees of a single economic space, support for competition, protection of various forms of property (Article 8); on the prohibition of monopolistic activities and unfair competition (Article 34), etc.

– Level of state regulation of business activities

According to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russia has jurisdiction over:

– establishing the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of economic development of Russia;

– establishing the legal basis for the single market;

– financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, fundamentals of pricing policy, etc.

In Russian legislation there is no legal definition of the concepts “state regulation of the economy” and “state regulation of business activities”. Science has proposed the most different variants these concepts.

State regulation of business activities represents the state’s influence on it by a) adopting regulations, legal acts of individual regulation, b) organizing control over compliance with legal requirements for entrepreneurs and c) applying incentives and liability measures to violators of these requirements.

Depending on the method of influencing the behavior of business entities, the following methods of regulation are distinguished in the literature:

direct regulation carried out by establishing mandatory requirements for entrepreneurs. Such requirements are contained in regulatory legal acts and in the form of instructions addressed to specific entities;

indirect regulation lies in the fact that government influence is carried out through the interests of the Union. The state seeks appropriate behavior from entrepreneurs not through direct power under the threat of sanctions, but through economic methods and incentives. These, for example, include forms of support for small and medium-sized businesses, tax breaks, loans, subsidies, subventions, etc.;

– quasi-regulation. It involves the state exerting influence on the business sector so that it independently resolves problems. State regulation here is indirect and less regulated, due to which state intervention becomes small;

– self-regulation. It is a way to solve problems using market mechanisms with minimal government intervention. IN in this case it is necessary that the market has the ability to independently solve emerging problems, which should not be significant and entail unreasonable risks for society;

– joint regulation. It involves joint participation in regulation by the state itself, represented by its bodies and various market participants. Control over the actions of economic entities (Es) is carried out by both the state and market participants. Here, the opinion of not only the business community, but also consumers and counterparties, who may not be heard within the framework of direct government regulation or self-regulation, must be taken into account.

The right to carry out entrepreneurial activities is exercised in generally permissible regime based on the principle that everything that is not prohibited by law is permitted.

In this case, it can be installed prohibitions and restrictions , which are primarily enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation ( prohibitions: part 2 tbsp. 34 – economic activities aimed at monopolization or unfair competition are not allowed; restrictions: Art. 55 – human and civil rights can be limited by federal law only to the extent necessary in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, health, rights and freedoms of the legitimate interests of other persons, and ensure the defense and security of the state.

There may be prohibitions absolute: entrepreneurial activity is impossible because it is prohibited by law (for example, due to unfair competition)

And relative(for example, a ban on engaging in entrepreneurial activity in the absence of a license, membership in an SRO, etc.).

Prohibitions and restrictions on business activities are considered as various kinds regulators. These also include privileges.

The experience of countries with market economies shows the possibility of using a variety of mechanisms in the regulatory process:

1) regulation by development general rules, specifically presented in the form of norms operating at the level of laws;

2) development of rules by regulatory bodies, for example, through the development of standards;

3) the procedure for issuing preliminary permits (for example, issuing licenses, permission from the antimonopoly service to concentrate capital;

4) plans and programs;

5) duties and tax incentives.

The principle of freedom of enterprise enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation may be limited by law in order to protect the foundations of the constitutional system, morality, security, protect the life, health, rights, interests and freedoms of other persons, ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state, protect the environment, protect cultural values, preventing abuse of a dominant position in the market and unfair competition. Such restrictions include various measures of state regulation of business activities.

Under government regulation entrepreneurial activity should be understood as the activity of the state, represented by its bodies, aimed at implementing state policy in the field of entrepreneurial activity.

State regulation of entrepreneurship is necessary both to ensure the implementation of the public interests of society and the state, and to create the best conditions for the development of entrepreneurship.

The tasks of state regulation of entrepreneurship can be divided into groups:

Environmental protection;

Alignment of the economic cycle;

Ensuring a normal level of employment of the population;

Protecting the life and health of citizens;

Supporting competition in the market;

Support and development of small businesses;

Special measures to protect the rights of entrepreneurs, etc.

The presented list of tasks of state regulation of entrepreneurship indicates that state regulation is necessary not only for the state, but also for the entrepreneurs themselves.

Methods State regulation of business activities can be divided into two groups.

1. Direct(administrative) methods are means of direct government influence on the behavior of subjects carrying out entrepreneurial activities. These include:

State control (supervision) over the activities of entrepreneurs;

State registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs;

Taxation;

Licensing of certain types of business activities;

Issuance of orders by the antimonopoly authority, etc.

2. Indirect methods are economic means of influencing business relations by creating conditions that influence the motivation of behavior of business entities. These include:

Forecasting and planning;

Providing tax benefits;

Preferential lending;

State (municipal) order, etc.

Entrepreneurial environment

An enterprise operates in a certain business environment, which influences all its activities.

Entrepreneurial environment characterized by the current economic and political situation, legal, socio-cultural, technological, geographical environment, environmental situation, as well as the state of institutional and information systems.

Economic situation determines income and purchasing power population, unemployment and employment levels, the degree of economic freedom of entrepreneurs, investment opportunities, availability and accessibility of financial resources and other economic factors.

Political situation depends on the goals and objectives of the government in power. By pursuing one or another economic policy, the state can stimulate or restrain entrepreneurial activity in certain industries or regions.

Legal environment characterized by a system of laws and other regulations governing trade, production, financial, tax, innovation and investment areas of the enterprise. The degree of development of the legal framework for entrepreneurship largely determines the stability and sustainability of the enterprise.

Geographical environment determines the natural conditions in which business is carried out, for example, the availability of raw materials, energy resources, climatic and seasonal conditions, the presence of highways, railways, sea and air routes. Geographical factors are taken into account when choosing the location of an enterprise, developing schemes for the supply of raw materials, distribution of finished products, etc.

Ecological situation reflects the state of the environment, the degree of environmental risks, the development of control systems and measures to influence enterprises that pollute the environment. These and other environmental factors are taken into account when an enterprise chooses a particular technology, raw materials used or type of product produced.

Institutional environment characterized by the presence of various institutions (organizations), with the help of which various commercial transactions are carried out and business relationships are established.

These institutions include banks, Insurance companies, stock exchanges, firms providing various professional services (legal, accounting, auditing, etc.), advertising agencies, employment offices, etc.

conclusions

The enterprise operates in a certain business environment, which influences all aspects of its activities. When developing an enterprise development strategy, it is important to take into account its state, development prospects, dynamics, and various areas of influence.

External business environment

The external business environment is a complex system of external regulation of business activities. For entrepreneurs, it is objective in nature, since they cannot directly change it (for example, federal laws, natural factors, etc.), but must be taken into account when running your own business.

The external business environment includes areas and factors of the macro environment (general environment) of the company (Table 1).

Table 1. External business environment of the company

Macro environment	Macroenvironmental factors
1. International	The number of “hot spots” in the world where any military conflicts are taking place The number of military and other personnel involved in the “hot spots” at a given time The number of international symposia, conferences, exhibitions and other events highest category currently being carried out in the country and in the world in the field of education, culture, scientific and technological progress. Trends in changes in life expectancy of the population as a whole in the world community
2. Political	Stability of democratic transformations in the country Probability of a return to the previous political system Number of strikes with more than 100 people participating in the country on a given day Criminal situation in the country Number of political factions in the legislative branch
3. Economic	The share of industrial products of the country's firms that are competitive in the foreign market The share of the industrial products of the country's firms that are competitive in the domestic market Trends in changes in foreign economic relations The country's budget deficit, % Average annual inflation rates The share of private property in the total property of the country The presence of a “transition strategy” of the country to market relations and their development Availability of federal methodological documents regulating the process of making and implementing management decisions (on functional-cost analysis, forecasting, standardization, optimization, economic justification and other issues) The share of raw materials in the country’s exports Indicators of the tax system and foreign economic activity Structure of distribution of income of the population Level of development of the country's financial system
4. Socio-demographic	Place of the country in the world in terms of life expectancy Place of the country in the world in terms of living standards of the population Life expectancy (men, women) Mortality of children under one year of age, % of the number of births and in comparison with the best world indicator Fertility and mortality of the country's population Structure of the country's population by gender, age, family composition, employment, proportion of single people, by education, proportion of the number of working women, employees, pensioners, schoolchildren, students, working women, population density by region, etc. Population migration Prospects of cities Population structure by income, etc. .
5. Legal	Availability of federal legal acts on standardization, metrology, consumer protection, antitrust policy, certification of goods and services, quality management and competitiveness of goods, environmental protection, entrepreneurship, securities, finance, etc. Availability of federal legal acts regulating the relationship between the components of the country's economic system Availability of federal legal acts regulating the foreign economic activity of the country and firms Availability of a federal program for creating a rule of law state Quality of prosecutorial supervision over compliance with federal legal acts Continuity of legal support vertically and horizontally
6. Ecological	Parameters of the country's ecosystem Number of cities that do not meet environmental requirements and the share of their population Costs in the country's budget (in%) for maintaining the country's ecosystem
7. Natural and climatic	Assessment of the main natural resources country and its place in the world community Characteristics of the country’s climatic factors Deficiency of certain types of resources by region of the country Degree of use of secondary resources
8. Scientific and technical	The share of inventions and patents of the country in the fund of the world community The share of the number of doctors of science, professors in the total number of employees in the country The cost of the country's fixed production assets per scientist The level of automation of production in the country's mechanical engineering Expert assessment of the monthly wages scientist, designer, university teacher (in US dollars) Indicators of depreciation of fixed production assets in sectors of the country's national economy Characteristics of the country's information system Level of computerization of the country
9. Cultural	Average level of education of the country's population Provision of the country's population with cultural objects Relationships of people to the outside world Long-term development trends in the field of cultural values

Internal business environment

Entrepreneurial success depends on the internal business environment - a certain set internal conditions functioning of the enterprise. It depends on the entrepreneur himself, his competence, willpower, determination, level of aspirations, abilities and skills in organizing and running a business.

The internal business environment includes certain areas and factors of the microenvironment (working environment) of the company (Table 2).

table 2

Microenvironment sphere	Microenvironmental factors
1. Suppliers	Integral indicator of the quality of incoming raw materials (by type) and materials Integral indicator of the quality (useful effect) of components, equipment, spare parts, etc. Integral indicator of the quality of information supplied to the company Integral indicator of the quality of normative and methodological documentation Integral indicator of the quality of training of specialists entering the company Forecast of changes in supply conditions
2. Consumers	Trends in changes in the range of needs of the main consumers of the company's goods Forecast of changes in market parameters in terms of volume and range of goods Forecast of changes in consumer income Forecast of changes in the composition and values ​​of market segmentation signs within the country and in the world
3. Competitors	Analysis of the quality, prices and competitiveness of competitors' products Analysis of the organizational and technical level of production of the main competitors Forecasting the competitiveness and unit price of the products of the main competitors Forecasting the market strategy of the main competitors
4. Contact audiences	Analysis of the attitude towards the company and its product among the financial circles of the region (country), the media, state and municipal institutions, civil assistance groups, public organizations, etc. Development of measures to improve relations with the contract audience
5. Marketing intermediaries	Analysis of the structure and strategy of resellers and, together with them, clarification of the marketing strategy for promoting goods Establishing contracts with agencies for the provision of marketing services (advertising agencies, consulting firms, marketing research firms, etc.) Establishing relations with financial institutions
6. Legislation on the tax system and foreign economic activity	Formation of a data bank on the tax system and foreign economic activity Analysis of the influence of tax rates, customs duties, quotas, licenses and other indicators on the efficiency of the company Preparation of proposals for improving legislation in the field of the tax system and foreign economic activity

The task of management is to identify the nature and extent of the impact of such factors and make decisions aimed at ensuring the stability of the functioning and development of the enterprise. For this purpose, a systematic analysis of business environment factors is carried out in the process:

Marketing research and development of marketing programs;

Planning and development of target indicators;

Operational management;

Monitoring the results of economic activities.

The efficiency of an enterprise's economic activity depends on many factors that are constantly in the field of view of managers at all levels, identified and analyzed using various economic indicators.

A deep and thorough analysis of the internal environment is a necessary prerequisite for making management decisions based on the results of the study. Economic information is a specific expression of processes occurring within an enterprise. Without such information and its analysis, the effective functioning and development of the production and marketing activities of the enterprise is impossible.

This is a set of measures by legislative, executive and judicial authorities, carried out on the basis of regulatory legal acts, in order to stabilize the existing socio-economic system.

The main directions of state regulation of business activities:

1. Creation of conditions for the civilized functioning of the market:

Determination of the form of ownership of business entities and management rules

Creation of a mechanism for ensuring the execution of business contracts

Protection of interests and rights of consumers

Setting standards and measures

Prevention of disputes between entrepreneurs

2. Strategic planning of science and scientific and technological progress

3. Solving macroeconomic problems:

Proportionality of economic development

Economic growth rate

National production volume

Foreign economic relations of the country

Employment level and social protection of the population

Control and subsequent state regulation in the business sector are divided into direct and indirect.

Indirect control includes a system of benefits and taxes, a special pricing policy, regulation of employment, professional training and retraining, information support and the creation of developed infrastructure.

TO direct state control and regulation include: financial, environmental, sanitary and fire control, as well as control over the quality and certification of products.

State intervention in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity is due to:

1. Prevention of environmental disasters and solution of environmental problems

2. The fight against criminalization of business activities

3. Prevention of economic crises and social upheavals

4. Control over the use of national resources

5. Social protection the least affluent segments of the population

Functions of public administration:

1. Forecasting economically undesirable situations and their prevention

2. Information support and monitoring of compliance with standards and restrictions

3. Logistical and financial support for national projects

Methods of state regulation of business activities

Methods of state regulation are divided into: administrative, economic And moral and political. Administrative ones include: prohibition, legal liability, coercion, including through criminal and administrative liability. Economic methods, in contrast to direct administrative methods, manifest themselves in the indirect regulation of business activities through: prices, tariffs, quotas, taxes and licenses. Moral and political methods are implemented through the media.

Internet government regulation

State regulation of business activities

Government regulation entrepreneurship is a system of economic, social, organizational, legal and political provision by the state of the environment for the formation and sustainable development of modern entrepreneurship.

The main goal state regulation is to create favorable socio-economic conditions for the strengthening and development of entrepreneurship.

Modern entrepreneurship is unthinkable without an effective mechanism for its interaction with the state. Moreover, such a mechanism has become one of the essential features of a highly developed market economy and democratic society in industrialized countries. The state must regulate the entire set of relations that mediate entrepreneurial activity to the extent necessary to reconcile the interests of society, the entrepreneur and the individual. This interaction finds its practical embodiment in the most various forms and directions:

In creating business infrastructure;

Providing favorable conditions for its effective functioning;

Activities of semi-governmental export advisory organizations with mandatory participation business representatives;

Formation and implementation of industrial and foreign economic policy;

Placement of state and municipal orders;

Legalization of lobbying activities of business structures;

Corporatism in the regulation of social and labor relations, etc.

In Russia, entrepreneurship is especially in need of government support, since it is in its infancy. It is characterized by a lack of capital and technical resources, a focus on quick profits and limited connections with the outside world. Enterprises are forced to constantly compete for their markets with large domestic and foreign capital. During the period of formation of free enterprise, the state performs the following main functions.

1. Formation of subjects of modern entrepreneurship.

2. Development of a competitive environment.

3. Creating conditions for a sustainably developing supply of goods and services produced on an innovative basis.

4. Stimulation and direct formation of demand for innovative products.

5. Formation of organizational and market infrastructure of entrepreneurship.

6. Ensuring social orientation of the process of formation and development of small businesses.

State regulation of entrepreneurship is carried out in accordance with the principles:

– legality(the legality of state regulation of entrepreneurship means that its measures comply with current legislation and are applied in the manner prescribed by law);

– humanity;

– expediency(regulation should be used only when with its help certain problems in the development of entrepreneurship can be solved and when the negative consequences of its use do not exceed the positive effect achieved with its help);

– justice(rules of law establish the equality of business entities before the law, and are expressed in accordance with the volume of regulatory impact and the nature of the offense, in their proportionality);

– a combination of state regulation and independence of business entities;

– mutual responsibility of the state and economic entities;

– maintaining a balance between the interests of the state and the entrepreneur;

– limited number of subjects of state regulation.

These principles are part of the objectively existing general principles state management, which are enshrined in the current legislation and are used in the process of governing the country.

Methods of state macroeconomic regulation include economic and administrative.

Administrative methods assume: restriction of unreasonable risky activities, liability for violation of procedural norms; licensing; ongoing supervision and audit; legislative implementation of risk adaptation mechanisms.

Economic methods are divided into normative (direct) and regulatory (indirect).

The state exercises regulatory functions through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

Legislation regulating business activities in Russia is in its infancy. An instrument of legal influence the economy is mainly governed by the rules of law adopted by the state. Legal factors include:

1) the presence of laws regulating business activities and creating the most favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship: a simplified and accelerated procedure for opening and registering enterprises;

2) protection of the entrepreneur from state bureaucracy;

3) improvement of tax legislation in the direction of motivating industrial entrepreneurial activity,

4) development of joint activities of Russian entrepreneurs with foreign countries.

Market subjects, entering into interactions, need to agree on their rights and responsibilities. Each of them must know in advance, before making a transaction, what responsibility they have in this case. What rights arise? Law forms criteria for justification of actions in business .

System legal norms and rules governing business relations includes the following components:

– civil and criminal legislation of the state;

– general business legislation of the state – relating to the activities of all entrepreneurs (tax, state registration, bankruptcy, customs);

– special business legislation – regulating certain types of business activities (banking, trade, on standardization and quality of products, on securities);

– subordinate regulations;

– norms of international law.

Official law has now turned out to be divorced from real processes, so a significant part of business activity is carried out outside its borders. The lack of effective legal norms leads to legal nihilism and illegal methods of conducting business and resolving disputes. For the development of entrepreneurship, a transition to more subtle and effective regulation of this process, adequate to the current conditions, is necessary. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the specific features and opportunities for the socio-economic development of the country, regions and individual socio-demographic groups of the population.

The regulation of entrepreneurship by executive authorities is achieved through a unified state policy and a system of economic policy measures. The essence of state ( government) support most often comes down to the development of specific measures in three areas:

– consulting support for the process of creating and functioning of new business organizations at the initial stage (1-3 years from the date of formation of the organization);

– providing certain financial support to a newly created structure or providing such a structure with certain benefits (usually in the field of taxation);

– provision of technical, scientific, technical or technological assistance to financially weak business structures.

State support covers usually created business structures until they transition from small to large business organizations. The state support mechanism includes organizational, managerial and economic measures.

Organizational structures for business support today are represented primarily by divisions of the Ministry of Economy and Trade, regional funds, agencies, centers and others. Unions, associations and others are increasingly active at the federal and regional levels. public associations small businesses. The system of chambers of commerce and industry, which has significant potential in supporting small entrepreneurs, has been significantly strengthened.

The main activities of government bodies are aimed at resolving problems that hinder the development of entrepreneurship, such as:

– imperfection of the taxation system;

– instability of budget financing of federal and regional programs small business support;

– underdevelopment of mechanisms for financial and credit support and risk insurance for small enterprises;

– lack of self-financing mechanisms (credit unions, mutual insurance societies, etc.);

– restriction of access of small enterprises to production facilities and property of restructured enterprises;

– lack of reliable social security and safety of entrepreneurs;

– organizational problems of interaction of small businesses with the market and with government agencies;

– administrative barriers to the development of small businesses.

There are various forms of economic support:

1) creation of a system of information support, training and retraining of personnel, regulatory framework, financial infrastructure, etc.;

2) tax benefits and concessions;

3) trust funds, financing from the federal and local budgets, foreign financial aid to support business structures in Russia.

4) one of the main forms of assistance in the development of entrepreneurship, especially in initial stage, – provision of loans to business entities.

Loans can be provided directly from budget funds, or through banks, including through equity participation, based on the feasibility of developing a particular area of ​​entrepreneurship in the territory.

INTERNATIONAL PLANNING. BASIC CONCEPTS AND CLASSIFICATION.

In-house planning– drawing up company plans (various in terms of execution, methods and essence), defining the goals of the work, forecast of further development, practice and strategy. Also, intra-company planning can be characterized as a set of interconnected decisions aimed at achieving certain goals (increasing profits, improving competitiveness, and so on).

Types of intra-company planning

Planning the company's activities– this is one of the main management functions, the essence of which is assessing external factors, forecasting, identifying the best options for business development and achieving goals, developing company development plans, and so on. At the same time, all types of intra-company planning can be divided:

1. According to the characteristics of planned tasks :

- directive planning. Here we are talking about mandatory decision-making regarding the objects under study. Often directive plans are targeted, that is, they are targeted and highly detailed. If one of the points of such a plan is not fulfilled, the entire project may be in jeopardy;

- indicative planning is the antipode of the previous type. In essence, this is government planning, which is not necessarily executed. Such a plan may include special and important tasks for the company, but, as a rule, their scope is limited. Indicative planning in 90% of cases is in the nature of a regular recommendation.

Directive planning is compiled in the current mode, and indicative planning is compiled for the future. Moreover, these two plans actually complement each other and must correspond common system companies.

2. By timing and degree of detail :

- long-term planning is always formed for the future, looking at several years ahead. Such a plan may cover a period of five to ten years. The main task is the long-term growth strategy of the company. It may include scientific, technical, economic and social stages of development.

Of particular importance for the overall success of planning is a comprehensive forecast, which is compiled for a longer period - up to 15 years. Its task is to determine the company’s development guidelines, the possibility of attracting new types of raw materials (providing additional services), development of new production technologies, technical reconstruction, and so on. When forming a long-term forecast, a specialist always relies on real indicators and sets the goal of future increases in productivity and labor efficiency.

The forecast provides the basis for long-term planning. There are also common and divergent features between these two plans. They are united by the fact that both planning and forecasting are an attempt to foresee the path of development of the company. The difference is in the probability of coincidences. For example, plans can describe not only goals, but also real funds allowing them to be achieved. A forecast is simply one of the probabilities of events, albeit based on a real basis;

- medium-term planning produced within a period of one to five years. In most enterprises, such work is often not allocated and is carried out in conjunction with the preparation of a short-term plan. In such a situation, the name of the document is “moving 5 summer plan»;

- short-term planning– this is the formation of calculations for the development of the company for a period of up to one year. The peculiarity of such a plan is its full expansion and depth into the main planned indicators, production and economic activities, financial resources, as well as the internal labor market. Particular attention is paid not only to the financial part, but also to improving product quality, labor optimization, implementation innovation activity, optimization by nomenclature and so on;

-operational planning involves drawing up two types of plan – calendar and operational plan. The task of the first is to detail the goals of each specific department, service, price for a certain period of time (from a month to hours). The second task is to ensure the coordinated operation of all links in the chain, that is, to ensure dispatch.

3. Essentially the planned decisions:

- strategic planning aims at long-term planning. It defines the main directions of the company's development in the next few years. The strategic plan should reflect the main prospects, opportunities for introducing new directions, expanding activities, and incentives in the technical field. It is considered what measures should be taken to cover market demands, in which areas it will be more profitable to work, what kind of product to produce, and so on.

The result of strategic planning is a clear statement of prospects for further development and the development of ways to achieve them;

- tactical planning. Its peculiarity lies in the formation of prerequisites for the implementation of certain plans. In essence, this is preparing the “soil” for the implementation of a strategic plan. And if strategic planning focuses on what the company wants to achieve in the future, then the tactical plan answers the question of how this can be done most easily. Most often, a tactical plan is drawn up for a short period of time (up to five years), while strategic plan can be formed for a period of 5 years and above;

- operational production planning- This is the “finish line” in developing a plan for the company. Here we can highlight several main functions - determining the time for carrying out basic operations for the production of goods or providing services, preparing production for the implementation of planned volumes (preparing a workplace, purchasing workpieces, and so on), as well as carrying out analysis, control and accounting of all completed tasks. The implementation of innovations deserves special attention.

4. By planning level - business units, business groups, corporate.

5. By the functions that the plan focuses on - marketing, production, R&D, finance, personnel.

6. By regularity - policies, recurring plans, rules, procedures, and so on.

7. By their uniqueness - unique programs and unique projects.

Besides, intra-company planning can be classified according to time sequence, taking into account changes in incoming information, coordination of private plans, areas, depth and objects of planning. But for the most part, such a breakdown is secondary and is not of key importance for understanding the planning structure.

Principles of intra-company planning

Today there are four basic principles of enterprise planning:

1. The principle of unity. Its peculiarity is the representation of the object as a single whole. In this case, the work is based on a systematic approach, the implementation of which is carried out through the integration or coordination of specific services vertically and horizontally. This type of planning has a unifying function and allows you to qualitatively link all the plans available in the company for further implementation.

State regulation of business activities is carried out in many areas. The need for such regulation is due to the fact that in the process of activity the private interests of entrepreneurs and the public interests of society collide. These interests must be balanced and not conflict with each other.

Our society has not yet reached the level of development when we could talk about building a rule of law state. However, we must strive for this goal, and to achieve it it is necessary to develop a perfect mechanism for legal interaction between entrepreneurs and society.

State regulation of business activities can be direct and indirect.

Direct regulation is more characteristic of administrative economics, and currently it is losing its position. At the same time, legal acts contain a lot of directive rules regarding various aspects of business activity. Direct government regulation can be considered in the following areas: establishing requirements for business activities; introduction of bans on certain manifestations during its implementation; application by the state of sanctions and penalties; creation of business entities, their reorganization and liquidation (for example, unitary enterprises); concluding agreements to provide targeted programs, satisfy other state needs, etc.

At the same time, in market economic conditions priority is given to indirect methods of regulation using various economic levers and incentives. Indirect government regulation can either stimulate certain types of entrepreneurship (through the provision of tax benefits, lending, etc.) or be aimed at disincentivizing the implementation of activities.

The state regulates business activities, enshrining in legislative acts the right of state bodies to control and supervise its conduct. One of the main tasks of the federal antimonopoly body is to monitor compliance with the requirements of antimonopoly legislation by business entities. The sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population is ensured, among other things, by the system of state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance.

State regulation of entrepreneurial activity is clothed in legal form of the act. An act of state regulation is an instruction from a competent government body in a prescribed form, addressed to business entities or a specific entity and containing a requirement to conduct business activities in a certain way or to bring them to a certain state. These may be regulations addressed to an indefinite circle of persons, or acts of specific regulation containing instructions to a specific subject and being a legal fact. Specific acts can be of a varied nature: prohibitions, permissions. The legislation provides for acts-instructions (for example, on stopping violations of antimonopoly legislation), planning acts (plan-order in relation to a state-owned enterprise), etc.

State regulation of business activities is carried out in various ways ways. Regulatory legal acts provide for the use of the following tools for this purpose: norms, standards (for example, depreciation norms); limits (for example, emissions of pollutants into the natural environment); rates of taxes, duties, and other obligatory payments; quotas (for example, when exporting goods); coefficients (for example, changes in regulated prices or tariffs); reserves (for example, establishing the amounts reserved by commercial banks); the size of capital and funds (for example, establishing a minimum amount of authorized capital).