Informal communication in an informal setting is the most common description of this functional style. Examples of conversational style texts contain colloquial vocabulary, and the information in them is presented mainly on everyday issues.
The oral version of the style is used in everyday speech. That is why writing is often implemented in dialogues.
This article gives the corresponding definition, talks about the features, and also examines examples of texts in a colloquial style of speech.
Peculiarities
The style in which each of us expresses our thoughts, emotions and feelings is conversational. It is characterized by the absence of language selection. This is due to the fact that most people “speak first and think later.”
At the same time, the conversational style always contains shades of the speaker’s personality - it allows for slang, jargon, and other things that are not inherent in such strict styles as business or scientific.
Example speech, small text:
Have you tried it? - I glanced at the cheese. - Dad said it was delicious.
- Of course, it’s delicious, since he devoured it yesterday on both cheeks!
- But now you don’t hamster like you’re in last time“You’re having lunch,” I laughed.
It stands out brightly slang expressions, inapplicable nowhere more than in everyday dialogue.
It should be taken into account that the conversational style is largely influenced by extra-linguistic factors: facial expressions and gestures, as well as the surrounding environment, etc. are of significant importance.
Signs of conversational style:
- simplicity;
- specifics;
- saturation with emotions, sometimes excessively, expression;
- imagery.
Examples of conversational style texts can be obtained by simply recording an everyday conversation, for example, between neighbors or a buyer and seller in a bakery.
The influence of a relaxed communication environment
The more relaxed the atmosphere, the greater the freedom of speech. She becomes more emotional, and colloquial expressions are widely used.
Simplification of word forms, loss of vowels, doubling of words, and the use of suffixes are not uncommon for this style. subjective assessment- the first two signs are especially intensified when the rate of speech accelerates.
A. P. Chekhov, "Revenge"
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov illustrates well the features of the style under consideration in his work “Revenge” - this is a clear example of a conversational style of speech. A small text of a monologue can already say a lot on this topic.
The character in the story begins to speak expressively: “Open it, damn it!” Please note that no other style allows swearing. His next sentence is no less revealing: “How long will I have to freeze in this through wind?” Its construction is abrupt, the manner of conveying information is simple and unpretentious. This is a conversational style of speech. It was not for nothing that examples of texts from literature began with Chekhov’s “Revenge”.
Features of conversational style
"Revenge" shows character traits conversational style:
- preference for interrogative and exclamatory sentences over declarative ones;
- use of interjections;
- personal pronouns and verbs are reduced to the first or second person form.
Letter from A. S. Pushkin to his wife
The letter that Alexander Sergeevich wrote on August 3, 1834 to his wife, Natalya, is also a short text of a colloquial style of speech (examples are divided into sentences for consideration in greater detail).
The famous poet begins it with these words: “Shame on you, wife.” This appeal is obvious and is used in everyday life. Sentences: “What kind of desire is there to drag yourself to a nasty provincial town to see bad actors playing a bad old opera badly?” and: “I asked you not to drive around Kaluga, yes, apparently, you have such a nature,” - contain all the elements of a conversational style of speech, such as:
- evaluative derivational suffixes (gorodishko);
- inversion of word order in sentences;
- the use of a plural form for a word that, in fact, according to the rules of the Russian language, does not contain it (Kaluga - according to Kaluga);
- most verbs are used in the present tense.
Lexical means
The conversational style of speech (short text examples will be discussed later in the article) uses the following lexical means:
- phraseological units;
- diminutive suffixes;
- expressive-emotional coloring of vocabulary;
- words-contractions and truncations;
- suffixes of subjective evaluation.
Standard designs and typed forms
IN Everyday life Spontaneous, unprepared speech predominates - people are used to expressing themselves without caring about word forms and without thinking about them. Therefore, often, and even often, you can hear standard constructions, certain stereotypes for each specific daily situation. If we consider a short text of a colloquial style of speech, examples from the store will be as follows: “Three hundred grams of cookies... Weigh it by ten. Please give me a package of butter.” From public transport: “Are you getting off at the next one? I need to go to the Airships stop, where should I get off? Will you take me to Tractors?”
Forms of etiquette are also required. After all, if the speech is unprepared and less formal, this does not mean that it is rude and extremely impolite.
“Hello, good afternoon, how are you, what’s new,” these are still well-established constructions that do not lose relevance in conversations. An example of a conversational style of speech - a small text-dialogue between comrades who have just met - will contain these expressions in 99% of cases.
Individuality
For the same reason of spontaneity described in the previous paragraph, speech acquires individuality and originality. Thus, even there are countless stereotypical forms and designs, and in different times one or another comes into fashion in certain circles or, on the contrary, goes out of it, becomes obsolete, then, however, sometimes returns. But the informal communication setting does not set formal boundaries - people can use or not use familiar and established expressions as they choose. Untyped means are what convey the nature of the speaker’s speech.
"Dragon Chronicles"
Yulia Galanina in her “Chronicles of Dragons” boasts unique atmosphere, because she used a conversational style not only in the dialogues, but throughout the book. Here are short examples of texts:
“And as always, I need more than everyone else. Besides me, not a single fool climbed the fence.”
“And dragons are dangerous things. And harmful, and nasty, and frankly selfish, and also a dragon!”
Phonetics
To the linguistic means that are used at the phonetic level of language in conversational style, include two main features:
- Simplification, truncation, compression, that is, an incomplete type of pronunciation. This is not a necessary property that a conversational style of speech can have. Examples of texts (5th grade, by the way, in some regions study this book as part of the school curriculum) - "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" and other parts of this series. The vernacular trait is clearly expressed in the character Hagrid. Quote from "...Prisoner of Azkaban": "First of all, this morning... he resigned from his position. I can’t, I say, risk it if... well, this happens again." Unfortunately, Russian translators did not fully convey all simplified word forms, in original text this is more evident, but in this quote it is already possible to distinguish “grit,” which means “says.”
- Intonation is a purely individual feature that emotionally colors any, even stereotypical, construction. An example of a conversational style of speech is a short text from the story “A Hypothetical Case” by the author O’Henry: “Will you be Mr. Phineas K. Gooch?” said the visitor, and the tone of his voice and intonation contained at once a question, a statement and a condemnation.
Vocabulary and phraseology
Linguistic means related to the lexical and phraseological level:
- The percentage of speech is clearly dominated by neutral, specific, commonly used vocabulary, also called interstyle. It is the basis of the language. Neutral vocabulary and therefore has no emotional and/or expressive overtones. This is what makes her universal option for use in any style: like colloquial speech, and in business, scientific, journalistic. Examples of texts of a colloquial style of speech in which there is neutral vocabulary (essentially, the author’s language of literary texts, except, perhaps, fairy tales and similar genres, for the most part only contains interstyle words) are “Chameleon” by Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and “Teddy "Yuri Pavlovich Kazakov.
- Neutral colloquial vocabulary. It includes words like “doctor’s wife”, “understand” and others.
- Terminology: socio-political and general scientific, nomenclature.
- Emotional-evaluative colloquial vocabulary. It can carry a negative or positive assessment. All words from it are divided into three groups, of which: 1) the assessment is included in the very meaning of the word; 2) in a figurative sense; 3) the word contains subjective evaluative suffixes. The epithet “expressive” is also applicable to this vocabulary.
- Standardized figurative means. These include metaphors, phraseological units, hyperboles and litotes. “We drink from the cup of existence with our eyes closed” (M. Yu. Lermontov). This is an artistic metaphor, while colloquial ones have a shade of the same vernacular. An example of a colloquial style of speech, text-dialogue: “- What is he? - And he, as usual, says, let’s break through! - Who else would I worry about, but this one will really break through. - Otherwise! He’s as cunning as a fox! He’ll fool anyone !"
- Professionalisms and jargons. It is worth considering that each example of a piece of spoken language in fact often contains most of the devices given here: it cannot illustrate only one property. Thus, the above dialogue, in addition to the metaphor “cunning as a fox,” also has the jargon “will deceive.”
Morphology
- The nominative case is most common.
- Personal and demonstrative pronouns predominate, as well as adverbs and particles.
- The participle is rarely used, the gerund is almost never used.
- The boundaries of temporary forms are blurred. This means that they are freely changed and used for purposes other than their intended meaning.
- There are verbal interjections.
An example of a conversational style is a small dialogue text that illustratively illustrates the morphological linguistic level of the topic under consideration:
“He went there,” Petya waved his hand.
- Where is this - there? - I asked him.
- Well, there’s a store there. Products. Mom asked me to be stingy, so I decided to run away quickly.
“That’s how the skunk ran away?” “That’s exactly what happened.”
Syntax
- More often used in conversational style simple sentences than complex or complex ones. Their construction is characterized by a certain “stringing” on top of each other, the specificity of the transmitted information.
- Often found, in particular, they lack the main members.
- The structure is nonlinear, sometimes fragmentary. Interruptions in intonation and phrases rearranged on the fly are the consequences of spontaneity of speech. The conversational style fully allows for the active use of connecting structures, expressed in introductory words and all kinds of particles.
- Interjective phrases as one of the ways to express thoughts in a conversational style.
- Free word order - in this case, the important is usually expressed first (however, this is not a prerequisite).
Literary and colloquial speech
Conversational speech in its primordial manifestation is oral. IN works of art she needs special means imitation. The author himself may write in a speech close to conversational, but more often he uses it in conversations between characters. Thus, each hero acquires individuality.
A short text of conversational style of speech (examples from " Heart of a Dog"Bulgakova): "Indecent apartment. But how good. Why the hell did he need me? Will he really let him live? What an eccentric. But if he only blinked an eye, he would have such a dog that he would gasp.”
We have fully considered the colloquial style of speech and examples of texts. 5th grade school curriculum involves studying functional styles speech, but colloquial - this is the style that is found constantly, everyday, both in works of art and in environment(primarily in her).
In order to display the colloquial style of speech, examples of texts from literature have already been given above. Simply demonstrative sentences were placed equally with them.
Newspaper style
Where else can we use a conversational style of speech? Examples of texts from newspapers are a much more controversial issue. In journalism there are indeed features characteristic of him. Newspapers from the “closer to the people” series are completely dotted with stereotypical phrases from everyday life. But still, the newspaper style can only be called conversational to the fullest extent. If the conversational style of speech is considered, short examples of texts are often taken from works of fiction.
The conversational style (RS) is contrasted with all other styles (bookish) for the following reasons:
The main function of RS is communicative (communication function), while the functions of book styles are informative and influencing.
The main form of existence of the RS is oral (in book styles it is written).
The main type of communication in RS is interpersonal (person - personality), in books - group (oratory, lecture, scientific report) and mass (print, radio, television).
The main type of speech in RS is dialogue or polylogue, in books it is monologue.
RS is implemented in a situation of informal communication, and it is assumed that the participants in the dialogue know each other and are usually socially equal (youth, ordinary people, etc.). Hence - ease of communication, greater freedom in behavior, in expressing thoughts and feelings. Most often, MS is implemented in everyday communication, these are dialogues between family members, friends, acquaintances, colleagues, study buddies, etc. In this case, topics of an everyday and non-professional, non-official nature are discussed mainly. Book styles are implemented in formal conditions and serve verbal communication on almost any topic.
Main characteristics of conversational style:
spontaneity, i.e. unprepared speech, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means;
automaticity of speech, i.e. the use of established verbal formulas characteristic of certain situations ( Good afternoon! How are you doing? Are you going out?);
expressiveness (special expressiveness) of speech, which is achieved by using reduced words ( go crazy, go crazy, go crazy), emotionally expressive vocabulary ( big guy, kikimora, loafer), suffix formations ( daughter, grandma, cute);
the ordinariness of the content;
basically dialogical form.
The formation of speech in a conversational style is also influenced by extra-linguistic factors: the emotional state of the speakers, their age (cf. the speech of adults among themselves and their conversation with small children), the relationships of the participants in the dialogue, their family and other connections, etc.
Linguistic features of conversational style
The conversational style forms its own system and has features that distinguish it from book styles at all levels of language.
On phonetic level, MS is characterized by an incomplete style of pronunciation (fast pace, reduction of vowels up to the disappearance of syllables: San Sanych, Glebych etc.), colloquial stress options are acceptable ( cottage cheese, cooking, gave etc.), freer intonation, unfinished statements, pauses for thinking, etc.
Vocabulary MS is heterogeneous and differs in the degree of literature and emotional-expressive characteristics:
Neutral vocabulary from everyday speech: hand, leg, father, mother, brother, run, look, hear and under.
Colloquial vocabulary (the main stylistic device) - words that give speech an informal character, but at the same time are devoid of rudeness: spinner, superlative, warrior, know-it-all, go home, fool, antediluvian, prevaricate.
Evaluative vocabulary in the composition of colloquial words, which expresses a playful, humorous-ironic, ironic, affectionate, dismissive emotional assessment: grandma, daughter, kids, baby, little boy; poems, scribblings, hackwork, inveterate.
In dictionaries, colloquial words are listed with the mark “colloquial.” and additional marks “joking,” “ironic,” “disdainful,” “affectionate.”
The emotionality of a large number of colloquial words is associated with their figurative meaning : kennel(about a cramped, dark, dirty room), tower(about a tall man) stick(intrusively pester with something) and so on.
Due to the fact that the boundaries between colloquial and colloquial vocabulary are often fluid, as evidenced by the double mark “colloquial-simple.” in dictionaries, RS includes crudely expressive colloquial words, the expressiveness of which allows you to “close your eyes” to their rudeness: belly, big guy, whine, hag, kikimora, freckled, loafer, shabby, hang around, squish and under. They briefly and accurately express an attitude towards a person, an object, a phenomenon, and often contain an additional semantic connotation that is not found in a neutral word, cf.: “he is sleeping” and “he is sleeping.” The word “sleeping” expresses condemnation of a person: someone is sleeping when they should be going somewhere or doing something.
Such vocabulary may have explanatory dictionaries with the main litter “simple.” additional marks “fam.”, “branch.”, “with a hint of disdain,” “joking.”, for example: clunker - simple. joking (Dictionary by D.N. Ushakov).
On phraseological level, the colloquial style is characterized by the use of proverbs and sayings from folk speech: even stand, even fall; sit in a puddle; break into pieces; turn up your nose; hunting is worse than bondage and under.
Derivational The level of conversational style is characterized by:
1) colloquial suffixes
For nouns: -un, -un(ya): talker, talker; chatterbox, chatterbox;
Sh(a): cashier, doctor, elevator operator;
Yag(a): poor fellow, handsome, mongrel, hard worker;
Their(s): janitor, doctor, cook;
K(a): buckwheat, semolina, overnight, candle,
including abbreviated words with -к(а): soda, e-reader, dryer, locker room, record book;hitchhiker, "Literature";
N(i), -rel(i): running, fussing, bickering, cooking, hustle;
Yatin(a): nonsense, dead meat, vulgarity;
For verbs: -icha (t), -nicha (t): to be sarcastic, to be nice, to be greedy;
Well: say, spin, grab;
2) prefix-suffixal verbal formations of conversational type:
run around, chat, sit up;
talk, shout, look;
get sick, daydream, play out;
3) suffixes of subjective assessment:
magnifying: house, beard, hands;
diminutives: house, beard, cunning, quietly, quietly;
diminutives: daughter, daughter, son, little son; Sun, honey;
dismissive: little thing, little house, old man, buffoonery, hillbilly, beard;
4) half names ( Vanka, Lenka), caressing ( Mashenka, Sashok) and babbling names ( Niki – Nikolay, Zizi – Suzanne).
5) doubling words to enhance expression: big-big, black-black;
6) formation of adjectives with evaluative meaning: big-eyed, skinny.
IN morphology :
the predominance of verbs over nouns (verbal nature of speech), the predominant activity of verbs of motion ( jump, gallop), actions ( take, give, go) and states ( hurt, cry); Wed in the NS and ODS the most common verbs are obligatory ( must, obliges) and linking verbs ( is, constitutes);
high percentage of personal use ( me, you, he, we, you, They) and index ( that, this, this etc.) pronouns;
presence of interjections ( ah, oh, uh, oh etc.) and particles ( here, well, she- that, He de he said they say saw);
presence of verbal interjections ( jump, skok, bang, grab);
widespread use of possessive adjectives ( Petya's sister, Fedorova wife);
colloquial case forms nouns: genitive case singular on -y ( from the forest, from home), prepositional singular case in -у ( at the airport, on vacation), nominative plural in -a ( bunker, year, inspector, anchor, huntsman);
Participles and short forms of adjectives are rarely found, and gerunds are not used.
On syntactic level:
simple sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are not used, complex sentences are not used, except for subordinate clauses with a conjunction word which;
free word order in a sentence: I was at the market yesterday;
omission of words (ellipsis), especially in dialogue:
Have you been to the store? - I'm going to college. Are you home?
lexical repetitions: I tell him and tell him, but he doesn’t listen;
syntactic repetitions (identically constructed sentences): I went to him, I told him...;
speech figures like “Well done!”, “What a scoundrel you are!”, “What kind of idiot!”, “Wow!”;
designs like " Do you have what to write? (i.e. pencil, pen); " Give me how to hide! (i.e. blanket, rug, sheet);
“non-smooth” phrases, i.e. sentences without clear boundaries, which are obtained as a result of the interpenetration of two sentences: In the fall such storms begin, there, at sea...;
frequent restructuring of structures during the dialogue, amendments, repetitions, clarifications;
rhetorical questions: Will he listen to me?
interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences;
in “non-smooth” phrases, the nominative topic is used, when the first part of the sentence contains a noun in the nominative case, and the second contains information about it, while both parts are grammatically independent: Grandma - she will talk to everyone. Flowers, they are never superfluous.
Non-verbal means of communication play a major role in the implementation of MS - gesture and facial expressions, which can accompany the speaker’s words, indicating the shape, size and other characteristics of the subject of speech: I bought this round one(gesture) hat, but can also act at the place of a pause, as an independent means of communication, in the function of individual lines of dialogue, as an answer to a question, a request: nod your head with the meaning “yes”, shrug your shoulders - express bewilderment.
An informal, relaxed, relaxed atmosphere is typical for everyday speech. The specific features of the colloquial style are usually most clearly manifested when we are talking about objects, situations, and topics that are relevant in everyday use. In conversational communication, a special, everyday type of thinking prevails. Colloquial speech occupies an exceptional position in the system of modern Russian language. This is the original, original style of the national language, while all others are phenomena of later secondary formation. Colloquial speech was often characterized as vernacular, which was considered outside the framework of the literary language. In fact, it is a type of literary language.
Conversational style is contrasted with book styles. It forms a system that has features at all levels of the language structure: phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation, morphology and syntax.
The colloquial style finds its expression both in written and oral form.
“Colloquial speech is characterized by special operating conditions, which include: the absence of preliminary thinking about the utterance and the associated lack of preliminary selection of linguistic material, the immediacy of verbal communication between its participants, the ease of the speech act associated with the lack of formality in the relations between them and in the the nature of the utterance. A big role is played by the situation (the environment of verbal communication) and the use of extra-linguistic means (facial expressions, gestures, the interlocutor’s reaction). Purely linguistic features of everyday speech include the use of such extra-lexical means as phrasal intonation, emotional and expressive stress, pauses, speech rate, rhythm, etc. In everyday speech there is a wide use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology, emotional-expressive vocabulary (including particles, interjections), different categories of introductory words, originality of syntax (elliptical and incomplete sentences of various types, words of address, words of sentences, repetitions of words, breaking sentences with inserted constructions, weakening and disruption of forms of syntactic connection between parts of a statement, connecting constructions, etc.).
In addition to its direct function - a means of communication, colloquial speech also performs other functions in fiction, for example, it is used to create a verbal portrait, for a realistic depiction of the life of a particular environment, in the author's narration it serves as a means of stylization, and when colliding with elements of book speech it can create a comic effect.
§ 2. Linguistic features of conversational style
Pronunciation. Often words and forms in colloquial style have an emphasis that does not coincide with the emphasis in more strict styles of speech: dO talk(cf.: normative Great DanesO R).
Vocabulary. Colloquial and everyday vocabulary, part of the vocabulary oral speech, is used in casual conversation and is characterized by various shades of expressive coloring.
These include:
nouns: lies, nonsense, spiteful, good fellow, hustle, nonsense and etc.;
Nominal adjectives: meticulous, sophisticated, hard-working, lax and etc.;
Verbs: to be sarcastic, to be greedy, to be secretive, to be sick, to chatter, to bother and etc.;
adverbs: that's it, quietly, head over heels, instantly, little by little, slowly, thoroughly and etc.
There are also colloquial pronouns (sort of), unions (once - in meaning If), parts (perhaps over there meaning, it’s unlikely Lee), INTERMEDIATE METHODS (well, eh).
Phraseology occupies a significant place in everyday speech. This is due to the dominance of a specific way of thinking in the sphere of everyday communication. Concrete thinking does not shy away from abstraction. A person generalizes his specific observations, highlighting something significant and abstracting from some particulars. For example: No smoke without fire. You can't hide an sew in a bag. Leopard change his spots. For me, mathematics is a dark forest. Quieter than water, below the grass. Instead of saying They live unfriendly, quarrel - They say: They chew like dogs.
Colloquial phraseology is the great guardian of traditional form. It stores many phraseological units that arose in ancient times.
Word formation. In the category of nouns, the following suffixes are used with a greater or lesser degree of productivity, giving the words a colloquial character:
- ak (-yak) - good-natured, healthy, simpleton;
- an (-yan) - rude, old man;
- ach - bearded man;
"- ash - tradesman;
- ak-a (-yak-a) for words general kind- reveler, bully, onlooker;
- szhk-a- sharing, cramming, feeding;
En is a darling;
- l-a - tycoon, thug, crammer;
- n-i - fuss, bickering;
- rel-i - running around, getting dirty;
- tai - lazy, slobbery;
- un - chatterbox, talker, screamer;
- uh-ah - dirty, fat;
- ysch - silly, naked, strong, baby;
- yag-a - poor fellow, hard worker, hard worker.
Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with the suffix - sh-a, denoting female persons by their profession, position held, work performed, occupation, etc.: director, secretary, librarian, cashier.
In most cases, subjective evaluation suffixes give words a colloquial coloring: thief, naughty girl, little house; dirt, beard; enormous, furious; in the evening, in a whisper etc.
For adjectives that are colloquial in nature, one can note the use of the suffix -ast-: big-eyed, toothy, tonguey and etc.; as well as prefixes pre-: kind, nice, most unpleasant and etc.
Many verbs in -nitchit belong to colloquial everyday vocabulary: to misbehave, to wander, to cheat.
Morphological features of colloquial speech are characterized by the following:
Prepositional case form of nouns: I'm on vacation, in the workshop (cf.: on vacation, in the workshop);
Nominative plural form: agreements, sectors (cf.: agreements, sectors);
Genitive plural form: orange, tomato (cf.: oranges, tomatoes);
Colloquial version of the infinitive: see, hear (cf.: see, hear).
Syntactic features of colloquial speech are very unique. This:
Predominant use of the dialogue form;
Predominance of simple sentences; Of the complex ones, compound and non-union compounds are more often used;
Wide use of interrogative and exclamatory sentences;
Use of words-sentences (affirmative, negative, incentive, etc.);
Extensive use of incomplete sentences;
Interruptions in speech caused by for various reasons(excitement of the speaker, unexpected transition from one thought to another, etc.);
Using introductory words and phrases of different meanings;
The use of plug-in constructions that break the main sentence and introduce additional information, comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into it;
Widespread use of emotional and imperative interjections;
Lexical repetitions: - Yes Yes Yes.
- various kinds of inversions in order to emphasize the semantic role of the word highlighted in the message: I like the white shoes better;
- special forms of the predicate.
In colloquial speech there are complex sentences, parts of which are connected by lexical-syntactic means: in the first part there are evaluative words - well done, smart, stupid etc., and the second part serves as a rationale for this assessment: Well done for standing up.
Test questions and assignments
Exercise 1.
Determine what styles these texts belong to.
A thunderstorm is an atmospheric phenomenon consisting of electrical discharges between clouds (lightning and thunder), accompanied by rain, hail and violent gusts of wind.
- What a thunderstorm! It's scary to go to the window.
Yes, there hasn't been a storm like this for a long time.
Can you imagine finding yourself in a field during such a thunderstorm...
3. A strong wind suddenly began to roar in the heights, the trees began to storm, large drops of rain suddenly hit, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed, and a thunderstorm broke out. (I. Turgenev).
Task2.
Determine your speaking style. Indicate the linguistic features of conversational style.
Hey, good man! - the coachman shouted to him. - Tell me, do you know where the road is?
The road is here; I'm standing on solid ground. - answered the roadie, - what's the point?
Listen, little man,” I told him, “do you know this side? Will you undertake to take me to my lodging for the night? (A. Pushkin).
Task 3.
What linguistic means make the text emotional?
It was about the Christmas tree. The mother asked the watchman for an ax, but he did not answer her, but got on his skis and went into the forest. Half an hour later he returned.
OK! Even though the toys weren’t very elegant, even though the hares made from rags looked like cats, even though all the dolls looked alike - straight-nosed and pop-eyed - and, finally, there were fir cones wrapped in silver paper, but such a Christmas tree in Moscow, of course, no one had it. It was a real taiga beauty - tall, thick, straight, with branches that diverged at the ends like stars.
(A. Gaidar).
Task 4.
Determine the stylistic and semantic originality of the highlighted words.
1. With this diploma of his, he’s completely arrived. 2. What are you here for? bazaar arranged? 3. I'll come to you in the evening I'll take a look. 4. I will not go in front of anyone bow! 5. The child also needs his own corner have. 6. By the way, he is a figure at work.
Exercise 5.
Uncover the meanings of colloquial metaphors.
1. Why are you sitting? inflated? What are you not happy with?
2. It is necessary that the foreman be toothy a guy so that he could talk to his superiors and suppliers, and make a reassurance to his own comrades.
3. Everything in a family almost never happens smooth. Nadya is offended by her Peter, but she herself has the same character - not sugar.
4. If you don’t develop the will in yourself from childhood, then you will grow up not as a man, but as a rag.
5. He is now so obsessed with this problem that forcing him to do something else is completely useless.
Task 6.
Match the meanings of the highlighted words. Determine which ones are stylistically neutral and which ones are conversational.
1. Nikolai in childhood was very stuttered. About fishing you tell me don't stutter.
2. Under cotton wool a blanket will make you sleep hot. What are you doing today cotton some kind.
3. He was in love with me, even matched They're wooing me a foreman in our workshop.
Task 7. Determine which of the two synonyms is neutral and which is colloquial.
1. The controller, my dears, also has a difficult job: firstly, stowaway to find the passenger, and secondly, to force him to pay a fine. I didn’t put on my jacket today, but the money was still there. Well, I had to go to work hare to go - there was no time to return.
2. - How did you spend your vacation? - I went to the Oka River, we lived in the village. All day long went through the forest. Oh, how lovely! Today is noon was dangling shopping for gifts. People before the holiday - God forbid!
3. - Well, tell me honestly: you are got cold feet Then? Tell me honestly. Well, of course, I was a little scared. And if you were me didn't you get cold feet?
4. Distribution of books disposes of Valentina Vasilyevna, you should contact her. -Who do you have here? tests commands?
Task 8. Determine the meanings of the highlighted words.
I wake up in the morning, someone bale-bale on glass. 2. There were cakes in the refrigerator here. And the cakes bye bye. 3. Well, I think I’ll sit down now and study. And here - ding. - Vovka comes. 4. - Irina at home? - What you! I came, ate, changed clothes and whoops! - And Zhenya swims - oh-oh-oh! At least sign him up for the rescue team.
Task 9 . Explain the meaning of the highlighted expressions.
You and I, Artem, no stake, no yard. At the nearby large station, workers made porridge. Grishutka to these smugglers stood across my throat. He disappeared as if he had sunk into water. I was looking for until the seventh sweat. “It fell out of the blue,” - Rita said laughing. By night he completely exhausted. Case not worth a damn. I'm in these things shot bird. Tell me, Tsvetaev, why are you do you have a tooth on me?
Task 10 . Explain the meanings of the following phraseological units. If you have any difficulties, consult a phraseological dictionary.
Be in seventh heaven; not to believe your own eyes; walk on hind legs; open your mouth; freeze in place; both ours and yours; be silent like a fish; walk around to about; from small to large; play cat and mouse; come out dry from water; lead a cat and dog life; written in black and white; the house is a full cup; chickens don't eat money; only bird's milk is not enough.
Task 11 . Write down phraseological units with the word eye. Select similar phraseological units from your native language.
Don't take your eyes off; eat with your eyes; blink your eyes; can't close my eyes; pull the wool over someone's eyes; close (to what), open your eyes (to whom, what); speak to your eyes; speak behind your back; talk face to face; you need an eye and an eye; do by eye; blurred vision; spin before the eyes; sparks fell from the eyes; hide your eyes; go wherever your eyes lead you; don't believe your eyes; fear has big eyes.
Task 12 . Replace the highlighted combinations with phraseological units with the word eye.
These apples were sent to me yesterday from Georgia - extraordinary beauty! 2. My friend and I are doing wood inlay. But in different ways. He calculates everything, copies the drawing, and then selects the tree exactly. And I - without any precise calculations. As a result: I envy him, he envy me. 3. Sergei should come to me now. Will you be offended if we go straight to my room? We really need to talk alone. 4. Something Ivan to us hasn't come for a long time. Maybe he went somewhere? 5. That closet is the whole room. spoils - I somehow feel sorry for him: we’re used to it, it’s like he’s a member of the family. 6. I think: what is Frolov trying to do? don't date me. And if he meets, he tries not to look on me. Well, then he himself came and honestly told everything.
Task 13.
Name colloquial phraseological units with words that you know head, hands, tongue etc. Select similar phraseological units from your native language.
Task 14.
Using the suffixes -UN/UN-ya, -UH-a, -USH-a, -USHK-a, -L-a (-LK-a), -K-a, -G-a, -IK, form colloquial nouns with the meaning “name of a person based on an excessively manifested characteristic.”
Boast, grumble, walk, work, yawn, whine, whine, chat.
Task 15.
Using the suffixes (-я) Г-а, -УЛ-я, (-я) K (-yak), -YSH, - CHAK, -ACH, ON-ya, -IK, -ITs-a, form from the following adjectives colloquial nouns with general meaning"the name of a person based on a strongly manifested characteristic."
Modest, dirty, fat, healthy, strong, kind, cheerful, dexterous, naked, quiet, clean, stupid, smart.
Task 16.
Explain from what words these colloquial verbs are formed.
To be idle, to be frank, to be cautious, to be liberal, to be fashionable, to be modest, to be capricious, to be delicate, to be lazy.
Task 17.
Determine from the context what semantic and stylistic shades each of the highlighted nouns has.
1. Alexander! You are already an adult and I intend to talk to you like man to man. 2. Sasha, you listen to what your father tells you, he worries about you, and he knows life better than you. 3. Sasha! Don't bother me - you don't have any urgent matters right now. So come with us. 4. Ahh, Sashok! Come on, brother, come in, they were just talking about you. Just in time for tea. 5. Sashenka, You should rest a little. Go son, take a walk in the fresh air.
Task 18.
Try to restore full form the following colloquial phrases. Sample: Not seen with a baby stroller? - Did not see woman with baby stroller?
1. Do you have cough medicine?
2. With green balconies - is this yours?
3. I'm two thirty and one bagel?
4. Behind me is a woman with glasses and a child.
5. Didn’t you come here in a gray fur coat?
6. In a blue robe, she always flirts with him.
Task 19.
Write down these combinations in two columns: in the left - stylistically neutral, in the right - stylistically marked (that is, colloquial)
Steep descent, steep temperament; household, domestic child; wave a handkerchief, wave out of town; slide down the slope, slide down the deuces; battle glory, battle girl; hold on to, city, hold on to a chair; climb a tree, get into a stupid story.
Task 20.
Replace phraseological units with synonymous words or free combinations.
She and her mother-in-law live in perfect harmony, she’s just lucky with her mother-in-law. 2. I’m not boom-boom in these tables. 3. Don't worry! We will accept them honorably. 4. Didn’t they know that they were coming here to work, and not for a picnic? If they don’t want to work properly, good riddance! 5. Don’t explain it to me, it’s been like two and two to me for a long time now. 6. – Isn’t Kostya bored there? - What you! He and Petka are like water, he has no time to think about us.
Every time you write a text or simply communicate with other people, you choose the style of speech that is most relevant for the given moment. There are five styles in total, but the success of your dialogue, both with your interlocutor and with the reader, depends entirely on the correct choice of each of them. For the reader, the style of your presentation is even more important, since when reading a person does not have non-verbal information about you, such as facial expressions, gestures, breathing rate, gaze, etc. So, today we will look at what text styles exist, what features they have and, of course, we will look at examples of these styles.
Five Basic Speech Styles
So, as mentioned above, any text that you create can be classified into one of five speech styles. Here they are:
- Scientific style
- Journalistic style
- Art style
- Formal business style
- Conversational style
Note: different kinds texts usually refer to different styles, although they can describe the same object. Let's look at an example. Suppose you need to write a text about a washing machine. How can you write it:
- You write a review with the main characteristics (scientific style)
- You write a selling text (conversational style)
- You are writing an SEO article for a blog (journalistic style)
- You write hypnotic text (art style)
- You are writing a commercial proposal (formal business style)
However, for greater objectivity, today we will not focus on the washing machine, but will simply consider all five styles of speech with various examples.
1. Scientific style of speech
The scientific style is characterized by strict writing requirements, which are described in more detail in the article "". In this article, an example of a scientific style will be more condensed, but if you are interested in an expanded version, it can be found at.
The scientific style is used among scientists as well as in educational settings. A distinctive feature of the scientific style is its objectivity and comprehensive approach to the issue under consideration. Theses, hypotheses, axioms, conclusions, monotonous coloring and patterns - this is what characterizes the scientific style.
An example of a scientific style of speech
Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that the object has a soft homogeneous structure, freely transmits light and can change a number of its parameters when exposed to a potential difference in the range from 5 to 33,000 V. Research has also shown that the object irreversibly changes its molecular structure under the influence of temperatures above 300 K. With mechanical impact on an object with a force of up to 1000 N visible changes not observed in the structure.
2. Journalistic style of speech
Unlike the scientific style, the journalistic style is more controversial and ambiguous. Its main feature: it is used for “brainwashing” in the media, and, therefore, is initially biased and contains the author’s assessment of ongoing events, phenomena or objects. The journalistic style is widely used for manipulation. Let's look at examples.
Let's say in the village of Experimentalovo local Uncle Vanya conducted a series of tests of the new chemical preparation on the hen, causing her to lay golden eggs. Now let's see how the journalistic style can convey this information to us:
Example of journalistic style of speech No. 1
Incredible discovery! A resident of the remote village of Experimentalovo invented new drug, making hens lay golden eggs! The secret that the world's greatest alchemists have struggled with for centuries has finally been revealed by our compatriot! While no comments have been received from the inventor, he, in this moment, is in a strong binge, but we can definitely say that the discoveries of such patriots will definitely stabilize the economy of our country and strengthen its position on the world stage as a leader in the field of gold mining and the production of gold products for decades to come.
Example of journalistic style of speech No. 2
An act of unprecedented cruelty and inhumane treatment of animals was demonstrated by a resident of the village of Experimentalovo, who, for his own selfish purposes, with particular cynicism, used unfortunate chickens to create his “philosopher’s stone.” The gold was obtained, but this did not stop the flayer, and he, like an absolutely immoral type, went into a deep binge, without even trying to help the poor creatures who had become victims of his outrageous experiments. It is difficult to say what such a discovery entails, however, given the trends in the “scientist’s” behavior, we can conclude that he is clearly plotting to seize power over the world.
3. Artistic style of speech
When you are overtired by the dryness of the scientific style or the duplicity of the journalistic style, when you want to breathe in the lightness of something beautiful, bright and rich, overflowing with images and an unforgettable range of emotional shades, then artistic style comes to your aid.
So, the artistic style is “watercolor” for a writer. It is characterized by images, colors, emotions and sensuality.
Example artistic style speeches
Sidorovich slept poorly at night, waking up every now and then to the sound of thunder and flashing lightning. It was one of those terrible nights when you want to wrap yourself under a blanket, sticking your nose out for air, and imagine that you are in a hut in the wild steppe hundreds of kilometers from the nearest city.
Suddenly, out of nowhere, the palm of his wife, who was sleeping next to him, ran across Sidorovich’s ear:
“Go to sleep already, you damn traveler,” she moaned, sleepily smacking her tongue.
Sidorovich turned away offended, pouting. He was thinking about Taiga...
4. Formal business style of speech
Main characteristics business style– this is accuracy, pedantry to detail, imperativeness. This style places the main emphasis on conveying information, does not allow dual interpretations and, unlike the scientific style, may contain first and second person pronouns.
Example of business style of speech
I, Ivan Ivanovich Ivanov, express my sincere gratitude to the employees of the Primer LLC company, in particular, S.S. Sidorov. and Pupkov V.V. behind high level quality of service and prompt resolution of all controversial issues right on the spot and I ask you to encourage them in accordance with the terms of the collective agreement of Primer LLC.
5. Conversational style of speech
Conversational style is most characteristic of the modern Internet. With the massive emergence of blogs, it has become dominant on the Internet and leaves its mark not only in web journalism, but also in selling texts, slogans, etc.
The conversational style essentially blurs the boundaries between the author and the reader. It is characterized by naturalness, relaxedness, emotionality, its own specific vocabulary and adjustment to the recipient of information.
Example of conversational style of speech No. 1
Yo, dude! If you read this text, you will understand the topic. Energy, drive and speed are what define my life. I love extreme sports, I love thrills, I love when the adrenaline rushes through the roof and blows my mind away. I can’t live without this, dude, and I know that you understand me. I really don't care: skateboard or parkour, roller skates or bike, as long as I have something to challenge. And that's cool!
Example of conversational style of speech No. 2
Have you ever wondered what would happen if the Earth switched places with Jupiter? I'm serious! Would New Vasyuki appear on his rings? Of course not! They're made of gas! Have you really bought such blatant nonsense for even a minute? I won't believe it in my life! What if the moon fell in Pacific Ocean, how much would his level rise? You probably think that I am a rare bore, but if I don’t ask these questions, then who will?
conclusions
So, today we looked at examples of speech styles in all their, albeit not rich, diversity. For various situations Various directions will be optimal, but the main thing you should pay attention to when creating text is the language of your audience and a style that is convenient for them. The emphasis on these two parameters allows your texts to be read in one breath, and, therefore, increases your chances of successfully completing the task assigned to the text.
The conversational style is appropriate in the sphere of everyday, everyday and professional informal relationships. The predominant form of speech is oral (conversation, conversation), but it is possible to use a conversational style in some genres of written speech - personal diaries, notes, private letters.
In texts of the colloquial style, to a greater extent than in texts of other styles, the function of communication, or communicative, is realized.
The main properties of conversational style texts include informality, ease, unpreparedness of communication, lack of preliminary selection of linguistic means, participation of gestures, facial expressions, dependence on the situation, characteristics and relationships of speakers, a lower degree of regulation compared to book styles.
Since spoken texts are predominantly oral, a special role is played by means of the phonetic level - intonation, pauses, rhythm, tempo of speech, logical stress. Unlike other genres that exist in oral form - a scientific report, a political speech, a lecture - conversational texts are characterized by incomplete, sometimes unclear pronunciation of sounds, syllables, words, and a fast pace of speech. The orthoepic, or pronunciation, norm of colloquial speech allows for options: Hello, Leksey Mikhalych (Hello, Alexey Mikhailovich), “agreement” with stress on the first syllable (in a scientific report, lecture, speech, such stress is undesirable).
The vocabulary of conversational style texts is characterized by the predominance of concrete words over abstract ones (table, chair, sleep, eat), the widespread use of words with emotional-evaluative (eagle, dog - about a person) and colloquial-colloquial (sleep, get into trouble) coloring, as well as metaphors (vinaigrette, porridge, okroshka - about confusion; jelly, noodles, slob - about a sluggish, spineless person) against the background of neutral vocabulary. Book, foreign language and terminological vocabulary is rarely used. A feature of conversational style texts are the so-called empty words, which can replace any other words (deed, thing, thing): “I drink without sugar, but with this thing (pie).” In everyday communication, it is possible to name objects in a special way: “Give me something to cover myself with (blanket, plaid, sheet). Speech occasionalisms are often used - words created in the process of speaking, and their meaning is clear without additional explanations (opener - can opener, squealers - high-heeled shoes). Synonyms are often used, including occasional ones, and it is permissible to expand the compatibility of words.
At the word-formation level, the emotionality and evaluativeness of colloquial style texts is realized with the help of subjective evaluation suffixes with the meaning of endearment, disapproval, magnification (cold, hot, belly, thin), repetitions of words (barely, big, very big). The tendency to save linguistic resources in colloquial style texts is manifested in the fact that a phrase can be replaced by one word (condensed milk - condensed milk, stew - stewed meat, minibus - minibus) and in the formation of new words by truncation (magician - tape recorder, teacher - teacher , video - video recorder, cash - cash, strain - tension).
At the level of morphology, the conversational style is characterized by the predominance of verbs over nouns, the frequent use of personal pronouns (I, we, you, etc.), particles (well, well, after all), the use of interjections as predicates (He jumped into the water), the use present tense in the meaning of the past (this is what happened: I was walking, I looked, and he was standing and hiding), the presence of special vocative forms (Sash! Zhen!), as well as unchangeable forms (the mood is so-so), the absence of participles, gerunds and short forms of adjectives . Only in colloquial texts is it permissible to simplify the declension of phrases (I don’t have one hundred and twenty-five rubles, ask Yegor Petrovich), use case endings with –у (to leave the house, to be on vacation; cf.: to leave the house, to be on vacation) , on – and in them. p.m. h. (agreements, sectors; cf.: agreements, sectors) and in gender. p.m. the number of zero endings in some words (orange, tomato, kilogram; cf.: oranges, tomatoes, kilograms), use of forms comparative degree on -ey and with the prefix po- (stronger, faster, better, simpler; cf.: stronger, faster, better, simpler).
In the syntax of spoken texts, as well as at the phonetic, word-formation, lexical and morphological levels, general properties are realized - expressiveness, evaluativeness, the desire to save language resources, and lack of preparedness. This is manifested in the private use of incomplete (I’m going to the store; Would you like coffee or tea?), impersonal 9It’s hot today), interrogative (When will you be back?), incentive offers(Come on quickly!), free word order (K Central Market how to get through?), in special predicates (And she’s dancing again; he’s sitting reading; he doesn’t know), omission in the main part of a complex sentence of a correlative word (Put it where you got it; cf.: Put it where you got it from), in the use of introductory words , inserted constructions (I probably won’t come; Zoya will come (she’s my cousin)), interjections (Wow!). According to scientists, non-conjunctive and complex sentences predominate in colloquial texts over complex sentences (complex sentences in colloquial texts account for 10%, in texts of other styles - 30%). But the most common are simple sentences, the length of which on average ranges from 5 to 9 words.
Example of conversational style text:
My dear darling Anechka, I received your sweet letter, and I was very sad to read how the kids cried when I left. Dear little darlings! Tell them right now that dad remembers them, kisses them and calls them to St. Petersburg. I hug and kiss continuously and bless you. I, Anya, am still unwell, my nerves are very irritated, and my head is like a fog, everything seems to be spinning. Never before, even after the most severe seizures, has such a state happened to me. Very hard. It’s like sleep and drowsiness, and they still can’t wake me up. I should take at least a couple of weeks' rest from work and incessant worries - that's what. (Dostoevsky F.M. Complete collected works: In 30 volumes. T.29. Book 1.M., 1986, P.2-9).
Conversational style text is presented in in this case in written form, although the most common is oral form. The general properties of the text include informality, ease (the author and addressee of the letter are close people), and the lack of careful selection of linguistic means.
The text of the letter mainly uses neutral vocabulary, although there are also colloquial words (dad, at least, it’s necessary). Emotional character the text is given words with evaluative suffixes (darling, darlings, Anechka, week); verbs conveying the author’s state (remembers, kisses, blesses); figurative means of language, for example comparisons (in the head it’s like fog, like a dream and drowsiness); expressive addresses (my dear darling Anechka, dear darlings); personal pronouns (I, them, with me, me), particles (same, even, at least, would). The syntax of the text is characterized by Various types sentences, free word order (you should rest for at least two weeks), frequent use homogeneous members. There is a limit short sentences(Very hard); There are even unfinished ones (... that's what). The composition of the text is free, factual information, description and narration, thematic means of communication, and emotional means of influencing the addressee predominate. The type of reaction of the addressee to the text is an emotion, an action (for example, a response letter).
