Home Prevention The main types of cases according to the Eisenhower scheme. The Eisenhower Matrix: How to distinguish the urgent from the important

Prevention

The main types of cases according to the Eisenhower scheme. The Eisenhower Matrix: How to distinguish the urgent from the important

Occupational hygiene is the field of medicine that deals with the study labor activity and working conditions, taking into account their impact on the body. This area is also developing hygienic standards and measures that are designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational pathologies and make working conditions safer.

The main tasks of occupational health include:

Setting the permissible impact harmful factors on the employee's body.
Classification of labor intensity based on process conditions.
Determination of tension and severity of the work process.
Organization of rest and work schedules, as well as the workplace, in accordance with rational standards.
Study of psychophysical parameters of work.

When assessing the quality of the employee’s environment, it is necessary not only to examine the impact various factors, their influence on each other, but also working conditions according to the intensity of the labor process. It is also necessary to develop comprehensive indicators that will be considered the norm. Occupational hygiene methods can be either instrumental or clinical or physiological. Methods of medical statistics and sanitary examination are also applicable.

The classification of different types of severity and intensity of work is of particular importance for the rational organization and optimization of working conditions. Such classifications, as well as the identification of working conditions factors, make it possible to evaluate various types of work. In addition, this makes it possible to find methods for implementing health-improving measures, taking into account the assessment of the severity and intensity of work.

Quite often, labor intensity is classified taking into account the energy expenditure of a person in the process of carrying out work activities. An indicator such as energy expenditure is determined by the degree of muscle labor tension coefficient, as well as the neuro-emotional state of a person during work. Another important indicator is working conditions. A person spends 10-12 MJ per day on mental work, and workers performing heavy physical work, spend from 17 to 25 MJ.

The severity and intensity of work can be defined as the degree of tension in the body of a functional plan that arises during the performance of work tasks. Depending on the power of work during physical or mental labor, functional tension occurs during information overload. The physical burden of labor is the load on the body when performing activities that require muscle tension and corresponding energy consumption.

Emotional stress occurs during the performance of intellectual tasks when processing information. This type of load is often called nervous labor tension.

Factors in the work environment: an overview

The harmful effects on the worker’s body are determined by factors in the working environment. Occupational hygiene identifies two main factors - harmful and dangerous. Hazardous is the factor of heaviness and intensity of work, which can cause acute illness or a sharp deterioration in the employee’s health indicators or death. A harmful factor in the process of work and in a combination of certain conditions can cause occupational disease, decreased performance of a temporary or chronic nature, increase the number of infectious and somatic pathologies and lead to problems in reproductive function.

Harmful production factors

Conditions affecting the intensity of working conditions can be divided into several groups:

Physical. These include humidity, temperature, electromagnetic and non-ionizing radiation and fields, air speed, constant magnetic fields, electrostatic fields, thermal and laser radiation, industrial noise, ultrasound, vibrations, aerosols, lighting, air ions, etc.
Chemical. Biological and chemical substances, including hormones, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, proteins.
Biological. Live spores and cells, harmful microorganisms.
Factors that characterize the severity of work.
Factors that characterize labor intensity.

Assessment of severity and tension

The severity of labor is most often determined by the load on the musculoskeletal system and various body systems. The assessment of the severity and intensity of work is characterized by an energy component and is determined by a number of indicators.

Indicators of the severity of the process

These include:

Labor intensity characterizes the labor process. The concept also projects a load on the central nervous system, emotional area and sensory organs.

Indicators of labor intensity

Data considered includes:

Sensory, emotional and intellectual stress.
Monotonous load.
Operating mode.
Intensity and duration of intellectual load.

The Cyberspace Age

Scientific and technological progress not only provokes the creation of new professions, but also new pathogenic factors. Behind last years The importance of psychophysiological indicators of the severity and intensity of work has increased significantly, which is due to the development of computer technology.

Working conditions are considered safe when the influence of production factors is minimized and does not exceed hygiene standards. The latter include MPC, or maximum permissible concentrations, and MPL, or maximum permissible levels.

Classification of labor by load

The load, depending on the severity of the work performed, is regulated in sanitary and hygienic requirements that comply with GOST. Everything in them physical types Works are divided into three categories depending on the indicators of the severity and intensity of labor and on the energy expenditure of the body for their implementation.

Energy consumption up to 139 W. Work performed in a sitting position that does not involve significant physical stress factors. This is a number of professions related to precision instrument making, clothing production, and management. This also includes watchmakers, metalworkers, engravers, knitters, etc.
Energy consumption up to 174 W. Work performed while standing or requiring a lot of walking. This category includes workers in the printing industry, communications enterprises, labelers, bookbinders, photographers, auxiliary workers in agriculture, etc.

Third category. Includes work requiring more than 290 W of energy consumption. These are professions that do not involve a reduction in labor intensity and include heavy physical activity, carrying weights of more than 10 kilograms, work in a forge and foundry, the activities of postmen, agricultural workers, namely: tractor drivers, cattlemen, livestock breeders, etc.

Additional features of working conditions

The conditions in which a person works and their severity can be determined by a number of indicators, namely:

1. Posture and body position when performing work. This indicator is divided into the following types:

Horizontal body position. This includes high-altitude assemblers, welders, mining workers, etc.
Half-bent or flexed position. In this case, it is necessary to clarify the temporary stay in this position as a percentage of the total working time.
Same type of movements. The number of movements of the same type that an employee makes per shift is calculated. Not only the local load is taken into account, but also the regional one.

2. Time on your feet. To classify working conditions as severe, this condition must be permanent and include not only static exposure vertical position, but also walking.

3. Tilts of the body. Typical for agricultural workers during harvesting, weeding, as well as on dairy farms and construction sites when laying floors and cladding walls. In this case, the number of bends during a shift is specified.

4. The pace at which the required actions are performed. This includes work on semi-automatic machines, conveyors and weaving.

5. Operating mode. Typically, difficult working conditions include shift work schedules or shift method, night shifts and frequent changes in the rhythm of life.

6. Exposure to vibration. The influence can be not only general, but also local. Tractor drivers, combine operators, choppers, bulldozer operators, as well as railway and urban transport employees are exposed to vibrations.

7. Meteorological working conditions. Abnormally low or high temperature operating conditions, high humidity or sudden changes, air speed and drafts.

8. Exposure to radiation of any kind. This may be a magnetic field, laser or ionizing radiation, insolation, the influence of static electricity and electric fields.

9. Interaction with toxins, namely poisons and other substances harmful to humans.

10. Professional malicious features.

11. Polluted air in the workplace, high level noise and atmospheric pressure.

12. Quite often, in one profession there are several factors at once, according to which working conditions can be classified as difficult.

Types of intellectual work

In addition to working conditions, it is also necessary to consider the intensity and severity of the work. Many areas of activity combine mental and physical aspect. However, in modern professional fields, sensory, mental and emotional stress are prevalent. This is due to the fact that mental work is given especially great importance.

Professions that involve processing large amounts of information are considered intellectual. Carrying out this type of activity requires tension in memory, sensory apparatus, attention, emotions and thinking.

Occupational health identifies five main types of intellectual activity:

Operator labor. This involves the management of equipment, technological processes and machines. This area involves great responsibility and stress of a neuro-emotional nature.
Management work. This group includes teachers and teachers, as well as heads of organizations and enterprises. This field of activity involves an increasing amount of information, a small amount of time to process it and personal responsibility for decisions made. The workload is irregular, and solutions are often non-standard. Sometimes conflicts may arise, the resolution of which also requires a certain emotional stress.
Creation. Such professions usually include writers, artists, composers, painters, designers, architects and others. This activity involves the creation of non-standard algorithms based on many years of training and qualifications. In these areas you need to have initiative, good memory, and the ability to concentrate. All this causes increased nervous tension.
Medical workers. The following traits are considered typical for all workers in this field: lack of information, close contact with sick people, high degree of responsibility to patients.
Educational area. Students and students need to constantly strain their attention, memory, perception, and be resistant to stressful situations when passing exams, tests or tests.

Neuro-emotional stress is characterized depending on the load and density of the work schedule, the number of actions performed, the complexity and volume of information to be absorbed, and the time spent on the operation.

Types of working conditions according to the intensity of the work process

There are several classes that show the degree of assessment of labor intensity:

First grade. Mild tension. The criteria for this class are: work in one shift without night shifts workplace, no need to make decisions in an emergency, individual work plan, actual working hours up to 7 hours, elimination of risk to life, elimination of liability for other persons. This category includes those professions that do not undergo dramatic changes and do not require concentration on more than one subject. The work itself is small, for example, secretary, timekeeper, typist, etc.
The second class is characterized as acceptable and has an average level of labor intensity. This category involves moderate nervous tension and the performance of tasks of moderate complexity. Responsibility is only for specific types of actions typical for a given field of activity. The second class includes economists, accountants, legal advisers, engineers, librarians and doctors.
The third class denotes hard work. These areas of activity require strong mental stress, a large volume of production activity, attentional stress for a long time, and the ability to quickly process a large amount of information. TO this species works include heads of large organizations and enterprises, leading specialists of departments, for example, chief accountants, designers and technologists. In addition, this includes activities that involve a continuous flow of information and an immediate response to it. These could be dispatchers at airports, railway stations, duty officers and metro operators, television workers, telephone and telegraph operators, as well as ambulance doctors, intensive care wards, etc. The last category also implies working under time pressure, increased responsibility for decisions made and a lack of information. The length of the working day is not standardized and is usually more than 12 hours. A high degree of risk and responsibility for the lives of other people are also indicators of work intensity.
The fourth class includes extreme conditions labor. They mean the presence of factors that can pose a threat to life during work or lead to the development of serious complications for the employee’s health. Such particularly dangerous activities include mine rescuers, firefighters, liquidators of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident, etc. This is the hardest and most intense work, which does not pass without leaving a mark on the human condition. Working in such conditions is only permissible in case of an emergency. A prerequisite is the use of personal protective equipment.

The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators, expressed in ergometric values that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person participating in this process. The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

the mass of the load lifted and moved manually;

stereotypical labor movements;

working posture;

body tilts;

movement in space.

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these “Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process.”

The assessment of labor intensity of a professional group of workers is based on an analysis of work activity and its structure, which is studied through time-lapse observations over the course of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the prerequisites for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overstrain). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, routine loads.

Regulatory and technical documentation, in accordance with which measurements were carried out and conclusion R 2.2.2006-05 was given. “Guide to the hygienic assessment of working environment factors and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions."

The following means were used for measurement: mechanical stopwatch - certificate dated December 15, 2010 No. 1343 DL; dynamometer DPU-0.01-2, measuring tape.

Assessment of the severity of the labor process (for men)

	Indicators of the severity of the labor process		Actual value	Class of working conditions

From 1 to 5 m
More than 5 m
Weight of the load lifted and moved manually (kg):
	when alternating with other work, up to 2 times per hour
	constantly during the shift
	total weight for each hour of shift:
From the work surface

Stereotypical work movements (number per shift):
	local load (involving the muscles of the hands and fingers)
	regional load (involving the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle)
	one hand
	with both hands
	involving the body and legs
	Working posture	Standing up to 75% of the shift time
	Body tilts (number per shift)
	Movement in space (km):
	horizontally
	vertically
Final assessment of work severity

Conclusion: Working conditions in the workplace of a hot shop cook, in terms of the severity of the labor process, belong to class 3.1.

Assessing the intensity of the labor process

Indicators	Class of working conditions


1. Intellectual loads

	Signal perception and evaluation
	Distribution of functions according to the degree of task complexity
	Nature of work performed
2. Sensory loads
	Duration of concentrated observation
	Signal density for 1 hour of operation
	Number of simultaneous observation objects
	The size of the object of discrimination during the duration of concentrated attention
	Work with optical instruments with a duration of concentrated observation
	Monitoring the video terminal screen


3. Emotional stress
	The degree of responsibility for the results of one’s own activities. Significance of the error.
	The degree of risk to your own life
	Responsibility for the safety of others
	Number of conflict production situations per shift
4. Monotonous loads
	The number of elements required to implement a simple task or repetitive operations
	Duration of simple tasks or repetitive tasks
	Time for active actions
	Monotony of the production environment
5. Operating mode
	Actual working hours
	Shift work
	Availability of regulated breaks and their duration
Number of indicators in each class
General assessment of work intensity

Working conditions in the workplace of a hot shop cook in terms of the intensity of the labor process belong to class 2.

In the hot kitchen shop, the severity and intensity of the work process also depends on the number of orders per shift and additional work, which is servicing banquet events.

All these factors greatly influence the work of a kitchen cook, significantly reducing his ability to work, both physical and mental. There is a lot of overwork.

General assessment of working conditions according to the degree of harmfulness and (or) danger of factors in the working environment and the labor process.

By measuring individual factors taking into account their combined effect, it is possible to make a general assessment of working conditions.

The general assessment is established: according to the highest class and degree of harmfulness; in the case of a combined effect of 3 or more factors belonging to class 3.1, the overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to class 3.2; when 2 or more factors of classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 are combined, working conditions are assessed accordingly one degree higher.

In terms of injury safety - working conditions class -2;

In terms of PPE availability, it fully complies with the requirements for PPE availability;

Due to the state of the hot shop, this workshop needs a little modernization.

From the general assessment of working conditions, we see that there is a need to develop measures to improve working conditions in certain respects.

The specialists conducting the examination pay an important role to the physical stress that the employee endures. For some types of diseases, they are strictly contraindicated, or, at a minimum, should be limited and within the framework of sanitary standards.

The physical severity of labor for VTEK is determined by the number of actions performed and the amount of effort exerted for certain types of activity. In many cases, additional costs lead to exhaustion of the body. And some diseases provoke physical suffering for the employee, causing pain.

They are divided according to tension indicators as follows:

Conditions that are comfortable for the body as a whole and comply with sanitary standards.
Conditions that comply with established standards in general, but have specific characteristics that cause some discomfort in the employee (noise, cold, hot shop, etc.).
Extreme working conditions accumulate chronic fatigue and require excessive physical and mental stress.
Refers to conditions of increased danger during the course of certain diseases, but do not lead to disturbances and the development of pathologies in a healthy body (work in the far north, work in mines, metallurgical shops, etc.).
Ultra-extreme operating conditions that negatively affect not only the weakened, but also the healthy body, leading to the development of diseases (work in the Far North in the open air and/or with excessive working hours, work in mines, some types of activities for miners, etc.)

To the number of these characteristics are added types of labor intensity, which are determined by its intensity. Here, the leading role is played by information loads that affect the brain activity of the body. When determining them, the energy consumption of the body is calculated:

during shift work;
based on the number of movements performed;
monotony and specific posture.

Each unit of action (blocking action) is defined as an interaction of neural signals.

Comfortable working conditions are limited to 75 units, while for hard work the number of units should not exceed 176 units.

In general, in addition to tension, the document identifies a number of factors that influence the development of disability of citizens, causing occupational and other diseases. They are defined as factors of the production environment. These include:

Physical factors, such as temperature, humidity, gas pollution, noise and other conditions in which the production process takes place.
Chemical factors commonly encountered in pharmaceutical and similar industries.
Biological – occurring upon contact with microorganisms, bacteria, viruses, etc.

The hazards of working environment factors contain 4 types (classes), where class 1 and 2 work do not negatively affect the worker’s body, work is carried out in a healthy, optimal manner. In class 3, subgroups are distinguished according to the degree of harmfulness:

The harmful effects are compensated by rest and may not contribute negative consequences due to self-purification and self-restoration of vital forces.
They cause persistent pathologies after prolonged contact with the body, usually within 15 years of activity in the designated conditions.
They pose a risk of developing pathology of individual organs and tissues and allow complete loss of ability to work and normal life activities.
They arise in conditions of extreme and super-extreme types of labor intensity. Every shift is fraught with risk to life. Exposure to harmful factors usually leads to disorders.

Additional characteristics provide insight into the influences, provoking the development of unpleasant tendencies due to other reasons.

The additional characteristics themselves stem from natural processes and movements. But workers who constantly repeat them throughout the day wear out their body much faster. This point also comes into focus when examining citizens. These include:

Systematic standing position under physically heavy load, typical for installers, welders when installing heavy structures, etc.
Squatting position, bending position when working as welders, laying parquet or flooring, etc.
Sitting position when working drivers.
Bent position, mainly when working in agriculture.
Systematic hand strain when milking cows by hand.
The effect of vibrations on the body for tractor drivers, combine operators, machinists, and miners.
High pace of work, automation of movements when working on a conveyor.

To these characteristics are added walking throughout the working day, specific monotonous movements like those of construction workers involved in the same operations.

During the examination, mental types of stress that affect the stability of the nervous system and ongoing mental processes are also not ignored. They are often associated with factors of information oversaturation of the psyche.

Intensity of work activity under mental stress calculated in accordance with the number of operations performed per unit of working time.

Classification and criteria

When examining workers, norms and standards developed at the legislative level are applied. The basis regulating classification standards is the Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection RF, under N 664n, which entered into force on September 29, 2014.

It announces the provisions on the classifications and criteria used ITU Bureau at all levels - from local to federal. These criteria are universal and applicable in typical cases with the characteristics indicated in the list. The order was registered with the Ministry of Justice on November 20, 2014.

The general provisions reflect the classification rules. The classifier determines compliance with those categories of diseases that affect the wear and tear of the body, which leads it to pathologies.

Thus, the procedure for establishing disability is carried out summarily. The reasons for the decrease in the functioning of the body are derived, with the establishment of the admissibility of performing certain professional functions.

The third part establishes criteria for the limited means of life support for a citizen due to existing disorders. They are characterized by their abilities:

self-service;
independent movement;
behavior control;
communication and learning;
to orientation;
to work.

For working persons, the ratio of production load on the body is carried out. Indicators of the severity of work activity are established as the load on the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, according to the types of work performed.

Each item is divided into 3 categories (degrees).

Second characterized by the fact that the performance of the designated functions is so difficult that it is necessary to use auxiliary means. For example, crutches, hearing aids, education in a special school, etc.

Third characterized by deep pathologies that cannot be corrected even with auxiliary means. Accordingly, the functions are maximally impaired.

In the fourth point methods for establishing disability groups are given. They are established in proportion to the depth of the violations. Respectively:

Group 3 corresponds to disorders of the 1st degree;
Group 2 – 2 degrees;
1 gr. – 3 degrees.

Experts examining the patient, based on the presented picture of the course of the disease, draw conclusions:

about the need to transfer an employee to easier working conditions;
prohibit labor activity.

This is expressed in, which is confirmed by the assignment of the corresponding disability group.

The established indicators are based on legislative provisions and acts of the Ministry of Health (ICD-10).

MSE for some diseases: list

Many diseases cause discomfort and require constant inpatient examination and treatment, but do not guarantee disability.

Particular attention is paid hypertension. It may lead to recognition disabilities individual, but not in all cases. The main reason is its prevalence in modern society., which is associated with ecology, stress, and a hypodynamic lifestyle.

Because high blood pressure may arise spontaneously, but after some time it can be eliminated as a result of treatment for a long period; it is not taken into account as a prerequisite for obtaining disability.

In addition to the characteristics given in the second and third provisions on the assignment of a disability group, violations of the so-called target organs are taken into account here, which, with constant attacks of pressure on the vessels, bring the body into the risk zone. They are manifested by organic disorders in the area of cerebral vessels, as well as:

cardiovascular disorders;
renal dysfunction;
peripheral vascular disorder;
retinal dissection.

If diseases provoke myocardial infarction, stroke, intermittent claudication or blindness, a disability must be established until the citizen is fully restored.

As a rule, it is provided for high and very high risk (grade 3.4 disease), which leads to diabetes mellitus, nephropathy and other associated conditions.

Rheumatoid arthritis– another common disease, against the background of which citizens experience systematic pain, suffering, and lose the ability to perform professional duties. It also takes into account the volume of violations committed in bone tissue, joints and joint fluid, the degradation of which is considered on a scale.

At the initial stages, until the destruction of the joints has reached the acceptable criterion for obtaining disability, it is recommended to maintain health in accessible ways. If no positive consequences occur, it is possible to recognize the restriction of rights.

Arthrosis changes in the joints of the arms and legs become visually diagnosed. Often such cases lead to complete helplessness of patients (approximately 10% of those examined) and require recognition of disability.

Chronic pancreatitis - serious disease digestive tract. When recognizing a disability, attention is paid only to some of its forms:

chronic recurrent pancreatitis;
pancreatitis with acute persistent pain;
pseudotumor;
latent recurrent disease.

Patients with degree 2 of complexity are usually assigned to group 3 - as a result of a successful operation, until the body is restored.

At degree 3 of complexity, group 2 is prescribed if pancreatic fistulas and pseudocysts are present. And if the patient develops endocrine insufficiency with a pronounced degree of dystrophy, incessant pain and other similar consequences, group 1 is prescribed.

Conclusion

During the examination, it is required to present not only medical evidence of the presence of the disease, but also certificates of the nature of the work activity. Sometimes they help reveal the cause of disorders.

The assessment of the severity of the labor process is carried out based on taking into account all 18 indicators. In this case, the class is first established for each assessed indicator, and the final assessment of the severity of work is established according to the most sensitive indicator, which received the highest degree of severity. If there are two or more indicators of classes 3.1 and 3.2, working conditions in terms of the severity of the labor process are rated one degree higher (classes 3.2 and 3.3, respectively. According to this criterion, the highest degree of severity is class 3.3).

Indicators of the severity of the labor process are assessed consistently.

IN the group of indicators includes the following indicators: regional load (with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) when moving the load over a distance of up to 1 m, total load (with the participation of the muscles of the arms, body, legs) when moving the load over a distance from 1 to 5 m, total load (involving the muscles of the arms, body, legs) when moving the load over a distance of more than 5 m.

To calculate the physical dynamic load (external mechanical work), the mass of the load (parts, products, tools, etc.) moved manually in each operation and the path of its movement in meters are determined. The total number of load transfer operations per shift is calculated and the amount of external mechanical work (kg m) for the shift as a whole is summed up. Based on the amount of external mechanical work per shift, depending on the type of load (regional or general) and the distance of movement of the load, it is determined which class of working conditions this work belongs to.

When working due to both regional and general physical activity during the shift, and compatible with the movement of the load over various distances, the total mechanical work per shift is determined, which is compared with a scale according to the average distance of movement.

The class of working conditions for this group of indicators is determined separately for men and women, which is due to physiological characteristics male and female organisms.

To the indicator group “the mass of the load lifted and moved manually” includes the following indicators: lifting and moving (one-time) weights when alternating with other work (up to two times per hour), lifting and moving (one-time) weights constantly during the work shift, the total mass of loads moved during each hour of the shift from the working surface , the total mass of goods moved during each hour of the shift from the floor.

Quantitative characteristics of physical dynamic load are presented in table. 3.1.

Table 3.1

Quantitative characteristics of physical dynamic load

Characteristic Definition	Characteristic values, kg m
Characteristic Definition
With regional load (with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) when moving the load over a distance of up to 1 m



With a general load (involving the muscles of the arms, body, legs) when moving the load over a distance of 1 to 5 m


	More than 35,000	More than 25,000
With a general load (involving the muscles of the arms, body, legs) when moving the load over a distance of more than 5 m


	More than 70,000	More than 40,000

*KUT - classes of working conditions: class 1 (optimal), class 2 (permissible), class 3.1 (harmful 1st degree), class 3.2 (harmful 2nd degree).

To determine the mass of the load (lifted or carried by the employee during the shift, constantly or when alternating with other work), it is weighed on commercial scales. Only the maximum value is recorded. The weight of the cargo can also be determined from documents.

To determine the total mass of cargo moved during each hour of a shift, the weight of all cargo for the shift is summed up. Regardless of the actual duration of the shift, the total weight of cargo per shift is divided by 8, based on an 8-hour work shift.

In cases where manual movement of the load occurs both from the working surface and from the floor, the indicators should be summed up. If a larger load was moved from the working surface than from the floor, then the resulting value should be compared with this indicator, and if the greatest movement was made from the floor - with the indicator of the total mass of the load per hour when moving from the floor. If an equal load is moved from the working surface and from the floor, then the total mass of the load is compared with the indicator of movement from the floor.

Quantitative characteristics of the mass of the load lifted and moved manually are presented in table. 3.2.

Table 3.2

Quantitative characteristics of the mass of the load lifted and moved manually

Characteristic Definition	Characteristic values, kg
Characteristic Definition
Lifting and moving (one-time) heavy objects when alternating with other work (up to two times per hour)



Lifting and moving (one-time) heavy objects constantly during the work shift



The total mass of loads moved from the working surface during each hour of the shift



Total mass of loads moved from the floor during each hour of shift

The group of indicators “stereotypical working movements” includes the following indicators: stereotypical working movements with local load (with the participation of the muscles of the hands and fingers), stereotypical working movements with regional load (when working with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle).

The concept of “labor movement” in this case implies an elementary movement, i.e. a single movement of the arms (or arm) from one position to another. Stereotypical working movements, depending on the amplitude of movements and the muscle mass involved in the movement, are divided into local and regional. Work characterized by local movements is usually performed at a fast pace (60-250 movements per minute), and the number of movements per shift can reach several tens of thousands. Since during these works the pace, i.e. the number of movements per unit of time practically does not change, then, having calculated, using some kind of automatic counter, the number of movements in 10-15 minutes, calculate the number of movements in 1 minute, and then multiply by the number of minutes during which this work is performed . The time for completing the work is determined by time-keeping observations or from photographs of the working day. The number of movements can also be determined by the number of characters printed (entered) per shift (the number of characters on one page is calculated and multiplied by the number of pages printed per day).

Regional working movements are performed, as a rule, at a slower pace, and it is easy to calculate their number in 10-15 minutes or in 1-2 repeated operations, several times per shift. After this, based on the total number of operations or the time it takes to complete the work, the total number of regional movements per shift is calculated.

Quantitative characteristics of stereotypical working movements are presented in table. 3.3.

Table 33

Quantitative characteristics of stereotypical work movements

The group of indicators “static load” includes the following indicators: the amount of static load per shift when holding a load with one hand, the amount of static load per shift when holding a load with two hands, and the amount of static load per shift when holding a load with the participation of the core and leg muscles.

The static load associated with holding a load or applying force is calculated by multiplying two parameters: the magnitude of the holding force (weight of the load) and the time it is held.

During work, static forces occur in various forms: holding the workpiece (tool), pressing the workpiece (product) to the workpiece (tool), efforts to move controls (handles, flywheels, steering wheels) or carts, etc. In the first case the magnitude of the static force is determined by the weight of the product (tool) being held. The weight of the product is determined by weighing on a scale. In the second case, the magnitude of the clamping force can be determined using strain gauges, piezoelectric crystals or other sensors that must be mounted on the tool or product. In the third case, the force on the controls can be determined using a dynamometer or from documents. The holding time of the static force is determined on the basis of timing measurements (or from a photograph of the working day). The assessment of the class of working conditions according to these indicators should be carried out taking into account the predominant load: on one, two arms or with the participation of the muscles of the body and legs. If, when performing work, two or three of the above loads are encountered (loads on one, two arms and with the participation of the muscles of the body and legs), then they should be summed up and the total value of the static load correlated with the indicator of the predominant load.

The class of working conditions for this group of indicators is also determined for men and women separately.

Quantitative characteristics of the static load are presented in table. 3.4.

Table FOR

Quantitative characteristics of static load

Characteristic Definition	Characteristic values, kg s
Characteristic Definition
The magnitude of the static load per shift when holding a load with one hand


	More than 70,000	More than 42,000
The magnitude of the static load per shift when holding the load with both hands


	More than 140,000	More than 84,000
The magnitude of the static load per shift when holding a load with the participation of the core and leg muscles


	More than 200,000	More than 120,000

To the indicator group "working nose" includes the following indicators: free position, being in an uncomfortable and (or) fixed position, being in a forced position and being in a standing position.

The nature of the working posture (loose, fixed, uncomfortable, forced) is determined visually. TO free poses include comfortable sitting postures that make it possible to change the working position of the body or its parts (lean back in a chair, change the position of the legs, arms). TO uncomfortable positions include postures with a large bend or turn of the body, with arms raised above shoulder level, with uncomfortable placement lower limbs. Fixed posture - impossibility of changing mutual position various parts bodies relative to each other. Similar postures are encountered when performing work related to the need to distinguish small objects in the process of activity. The most rigidly fixed working postures are for representatives of those professions who have to perform their main production operations using optical magnifying devices - magnifiers and microscopes. TO forced poses include working positions lying down, kneeling, squatting, etc. The absolute time (in minutes, hours) spent in a particular position is determined on the basis of timing data for the shift, after which the time spent in relative values is calculated, i.e. as a percentage of an 8-hour shift (regardless of the actual duration of the shift). If the nature of the work requires different working postures, then the assessment should be made based on the most typical posture for the job.

Working standing pose - the need for a working person to remain in an orthostatic position for a long time (either in a sedentary position or with movements between objects of work). Consequently, the time spent in a standing position will be the sum of the time spent working in a standing position and the time spent moving in space.

The class of working conditions for this group of indicators is determined completely for men and women.

Quantitative characteristics of the working posture are presented in table. 3.5.

Table 3.5

Quantitative characteristics of working posture

Definition characteristics	Characteristic values, quantity per shift
Being in an uncomfortable and/or fixed position
	Periodically, up to 25% of the shift time, being in an uncomfortable (working with rotation of the body, inconvenient placement of limbs, etc.) and (or) fixed position (impossibility of changing the relative position of different parts of the body relative to each other)
	Periodic, up to 50% of shift time
	More than 50% of shift time
Being in a forced position	Free, comfortable posture, the ability to change the working position of the body (sitting, standing)

End of table. 3.5

To the group "body tilts" The only indicator included is the body tilt itself (forced, more than 30°), the number per shift. The number of tilts per shift is determined by directly counting them per unit of time (several times per shift), then calculating the number of tilts for the entire time the work is performed, or by determining their number per operation and multiplying it by the number of operations per shift. The depth of the body slopes (in degrees) is measured using any simple device for measuring angles (for example, a protractor). When determining the angle of inclination, you do not need to use devices for measuring angles, since it is known that in a person with average anthropometric data, body tilts of more than 30° occur if he takes any objects, lifts a load or performs actions with his hands at a height of no more than 50 cm from the floor.

Classes of working conditions are determined on the following scale: up to 50 - class 1 (optimal), from 51 to 100 - class 2 (permissible), from 101 to 300 - class 3.1 (harmful 1st degree), more than 300 - class 3.2 (harmful 2nd degree)

IN group of indicators "movement in space" g.e. transitions caused by the technological process during a shift, either horizontally or vertically - along stairs, ramps, etc. includes the following indicators: horizontal movement and vertical movement.

The easiest way to determine this value is to use a pedometer, which can be attached to the employee’s body, to determine the number of steps per shift (remove the pedometer during regulated breaks and lunch breaks). Multiply the number of steps per shift by the step length (a man’s step in a production environment is on average 0.6 m, and a woman’s is 0.5 m) and express the resulting value in kilometers. Vertical movement can be considered movement along stairs or inclined surfaces, the angle of inclination of which is more than 30° from the horizontal. For professions associated with movement both horizontally and vertically, these distances can be summed up and compared with the indicator whose value was greater.

Quantitative characteristics of movement in space are presented in table. 3.6.

Table 3.6

Quantitative characteristics of movement in space

The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

The weight of the load lifted and moved manually;

Stereotypical labor movements;

Working posture;

Body tilts;

Moving in space.

Each of the listed indicators can be quantitatively measured and assessed in accordance with the methodology and tables 7.1 and 7.2.

Physical dynamic load (expressed in units of external mechanical work per shift - kg/m)

To calculate the physical dynamic load (external mechanical work), the mass of the load (parts, products, tools, etc.) moved manually in each operation and the path of its movement in meters are determined. The total number of load transfer operations per shift is calculated and the amount of external mechanical work (kg x m) for the shift as a whole is summed up. Based on the amount of external mechanical work per shift, depending on the type of load (regional or general) and the distance of movement of the load, it is determined which class of working conditions this work belongs to.

Example 1. The worker (male) turns around, takes a part from the conveyor (mass 2.5 kg), moves it to his workbench (distance 0.8 m), performs the necessary operations, moves the part back to the conveyor and takes the next one. In total, a worker processes 1,200 parts per shift. To calculate the external mechanical work, we multiply the weight of the parts by the distance of movement and by 2 more, since the worker moves each part twice (to the table and back), and then by the number of parts per shift. Total: 2.5 kg x 0.8 m x 2 x 1,200 = 4,800 kgm. The work is regional, the distance of moving the load is up to 1 m, therefore, according to indicator 1.1, the work belongs to class 2.

For work that is caused by both regional and general physical stress during a shift, and is compatible with moving loads over various distances, the total mechanical work for the shift is determined, which is compared with a scale according to the average distance of movement.

Example 2. A worker (male) moves a box of parts (there are 8 parts in the box, 2.5 kg each, the weight of the box itself is 1 kg) from the rack to the table (6 m), then takes the parts one by one (weight 2.5 kg), moves it to the machine (distance 0.8 m), performs the necessary operations, moves the part back to the table and takes the next one. When all the parts in the box have been processed, the worker takes the box to the rack and brings the next box. In total, he processes 600 parts per shift.

To calculate the external mechanical work, when moving parts over a distance of 0.8 m, we multiply the weight of the parts by the moving distance and by 2 more, since the worker moves each part twice (to the table and back), and then by the number of parts per shift (0.8m x 2 x 600 = 960 m). Total: 2.5 kg x 960 m = 2,400 kgm. To calculate the external mechanical work when moving boxes with parts (21 kg) over a distance of 6 m, the weight of the box is multiplied by 2 (since each box was moved 2 times), by the number of boxes (75) and by a distance of 6 m.

Total: 2 x 6 m x 75 = 900 m. Next, we cut 21 kg at 900 m and get 18,900 kgm. In total, the total external mechanical work for the shift amounted to 21,300 kgm. The total travel distance is 1,860 m (900 m + 960 m). To determine the average movement distance of 1,800 m: 1,350 times and we get 1.37 m. Therefore, the resulting external mechanical work should be compared with the movement indicator from 1 to 5 m. In this example, external mechanical work belongs to class 2.

Weight of the load lifted and moved manually (kg)

Example 1. Let's consider the previous example 2 of paragraph 1. The mass of the load being lifted is 21 kg, the load was lifted 150 times per shift, i.e. it is a frequently lifted load (more than 16 times per shift) (75 boxes, each was lifted 2 times), therefore, according to this according to the indicator, the work should be classified as class 3.2

In cases where manual movement of the load occurs both from the working surface and from the floor, the indicators should be summed up. If a larger load was moved from the working surface than from the floor, then the resulting value should be compared with this indicator, and if the greatest movement was made from the floor, then with the indicator of the total mass of the load per hour when moving from the floor. If an equal load is moved from the working surface and from the floor, then the total mass of the load is compared with the indicator of movement from the floor (examples 2 and 3).

Example 2. Let's consider example 1 of paragraph 1. The mass of the load is 2.5 kg, therefore, in accordance with table. 17 of the manual (clause 2.2) the severity of labor according to this indicator belongs to class 1. During a shift, a worker lifts 1,200 parts, 2 times each. It moves 150 parts per hour (1,200 parts: 8 hours). The worker picks up each part 2 times, therefore, the total mass of the load moved during each hour of the shift is 750 kg (150 x 2.5 kg x 2). The load moves from the working surface, so this work according to clause 2.3 can be classified as class 2.

Example 3. Let's consider example 2 of point 1. When moving parts from the table to the machine and back, the mass of the load is 2.5 kg, multiplied by 600 and by 2, we get 3,000 kg per shift. When moving boxes with parts, the weight of each box is multiplied by the number of boxes (75) and by 2, we get 3,150 kg per shift. Total weight per shift = 6,150 kg, therefore per hour - 769 kg. The worker was taking boxes from the rack. Half of the drawers stood on the bottom shelf (height above the floor 10 cm), half - at the height of the desktop. Consequently, a larger load moved from the working surface and it is with this indicator that the resulting value must be compared. In terms of the total weight of cargo per hour, the work can be classified as class 2.

Stereotypical work movements (number per shift, total for two hands)

The concept of “working movement” in this case implies an elementary movement, that is, a one-time movement of the hands (or arms) from one position to another. Stereotypical working movements, depending on the amplitude of movements and the muscle mass involved in performing the movement, are divided into local and regional. Work characterized by local movements is usually performed at a fast pace (60-250 movements per minute) and the number of movements per shift can reach several tens of thousands.

Since during these works the tempo, i.e. the number of movements per unit of time, practically does not change, then, by calculating, using some automatic counter, the number of movements in 10-15 minutes, we calculate the number of movements in 1 minute, and then multiply by the number of minutes during which this work is performed. The time required to complete the work is determined by time-keeping observations or from photographs of the working day. The number of movements can also be determined by the number of characters printed (entered) per shift (we count the number of characters on one page and multiply by the number of pages printed per day).

Example 1. A data entry operator into a personal computer prints 20 sheets per shift. The number of characters on 1 sheet is 2,720. The total number of characters entered per shift is 54,400, i.e. 54,400 small local movements. Consequently, according to this indicator (clause 3.1 of the manual), his work is classified as class 3.1

Regional working movements are performed, as a rule, at a slower pace and it is easy to calculate their number in 10-15 minutes or in 1-2 repeated operations, several times per shift. After this, knowing the total number of operations or the time required to complete the work, we calculate the total number of regional movements per shift.

Example 2. The painter performs about 80 large amplitude movements per minute. In total, the main work takes up 65% of working time, i.e. 312 minutes per shift. The number of movements per shift = 24,960 (312 x 80), which, in accordance with clause 3.2 of the manual, allows us to classify its work as class 3.1.

Static load (the amount of static load per shift when holding a load, applying force, kgf s)

The static load associated with holding a load or applying force is calculated by multiplying two parameters: the amount of force held (the weight of the load) and the time it is held.

In the third case, the force on the controls can be determined using a dynamometer or from documents. The holding time of the static force is determined on the basis of timing measurements (or from a photograph of the working day). The assessment of the class of working conditions according to this indicator should be carried out taking into account the predominant load: on one, two arms or with the participation of the muscles of the body and legs. If, when performing work, 2 or 3 of the above loads are encountered (loads on one, two arms and with the participation of the muscles of the body and legs), then they should be summed up and the total value of the static load correlated with the indicator of the primary load (clauses 4.1-4.3 of the manual ).

Example 1. A painter (woman) of industrial products, when painting, holds a spray gun weighing 1.8 kgf in her hand for 80% of the shift time, i.e. 23,040 s. The magnitude of the static load will be 41,427 kgf s (1.8 kgf 23,040 s). Work according to this indicator belongs to class 3.1.

Working posture

The nature of the working posture (loose, uncomfortable, fixed, forced) is determined visually. Free poses include comfortable sitting postures, which make it possible to change the working position of the body or its parts (lean back in a chair, change the position of the legs, arms). Fixed working posture - the impossibility of changing the relative position of various parts of the body relative to each other. Similar poses are found when performing work related to the need to distinguish small objects in the process of activity. The most rigidly fixed working postures are for representatives of those professions who have to perform their main production operations using optical magnifying devices - magnifiers and microscopes.

Uncomfortable working postures include postures with a large bend or turn of the torso, with arms raised above shoulder level, and with inconvenient placement of the lower extremities. Forced positions include working positions lying down, kneeling, squatting, etc. The absolute time (in minutes, hours) spent in a particular position is determined on the basis of timing data for the shift, after which the time spent in relative values is calculated , i.e. as a percentage of an 8-hour shift (regardless of the actual duration of the shift). If the nature of the work requires different working postures, then the assessment should be based on the most typical posture for the job.

Example 1. A laboratory doctor spends about 40% of his shift time in a fixed position - working with a microscope. According to this indicator, the work can be classified as class 3.1.

Working in a standing position is the need for a working person to remain in an orthostatic position for a long time (either in a sedentary position or with movements between objects of work). Consequently, the time spent in a standing position will be the sum of the time spent working in a standing position and the time spent moving in space.

Example 2. When called to a site, the electrician on duty (shift duration is 12 hours) performs work in a standing position. This work and traveling to the place of work takes him 4 hours per shift. Therefore, based on an 8-hour shift, he spends 50% of his working time in a standing position - class 2.

Body tilts (number per shift)

The number of bends per shift is determined by directly counting them per unit of time (several times per shift), then the number of bends for the entire time is calculated

performance of work, or by determining their number per operation and multiplying by the number of operations per shift. The depth of the body tilts (in degrees) is measured using any simple device for measuring angles (for example, a transponder). When determining the angle of inclination, you do not need to use devices for measuring angles, since it is known that in a person with average anthropometric data, body inclinations of more than 30° occur if he takes any objects, lifts a load or performs actions with his hands at height no more than 50 cm from the floor.

Movement in space (transitions caused by the technological process, during a shift horizontally or vertically - along stairs, ramps, etc., km)

The easiest way to determine this value is to use a pedometer, which can be placed in a worker’s pocket or attached to his belt, and determine the number of steps per shift (remove the pedometer during regulated breaks and lunch breaks). Multiply the number of steps per shift by the length of the step (a man’s step in a production environment is on average 0.6 m, and a woman’s is 0.5 m), and express the resulting value in km. Vertical movement can be considered movement along stairs or inclined surfaces, the angle of inclination of which is more than 30° from the horizontal. For professions associated with movement both horizontally and vertically, these distances can be summed up and compared with the indicator whose value was greater.

Example. According to the pedometer, a worker takes about 12,000 steps per shift when servicing machines. The distance she travels per shift is 6,000 m or 6 km (12,000 · 0.5 m). According to this indicator, the severity of labor belongs to the second class.

General assessment of the severity of the labor process

The overall assessment of the degree of physical severity is carried out on the basis of all the above indicators. In this case, at the beginning, a class is established for each measured indicator and entered into the protocol, and the final assessment of the severity of work is established according to the indicator assigned to the highest class. If there are two or more indicators of class 3.1 and 3.2, the overall grade is set one grade higher.

Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process

Intellectual loads

The differences between classes 2 and 3.1 practically come down to two points: “solving simple” (class 2) or “complex problems with choice using known algorithms” (class 3.1) and “solving problems according to instructions” (class 2) or “work according to a series of instructions” (class 3.1).

In the case of applying the evaluation criterion “simplicity - complexity of the tasks to be solved,” you can use the table, which shows some characteristic features of simple and complex problems.

Some signs of the complexity of the problems being solved

Simple tasks	Complex tasks
1. Does not require reasoning	1. Requires reasoning
2. Have a clearly stated purpose	2. The goal is formulated only in general (for example, managing the work of a team)
3. No need to build internal representations about external events	3. It is necessary to build internal ideas about external events
4. The plan for solving the entire problem is contained in the instructions (instructions)	4. The solution to the entire problem must be planned
5. A task may include several subtasks that are not interconnected or related only by a sequence of actions. Information obtained when solving a subtask is not analyzed and is not used when solving another subtask	5. The task always includes the solution of logically related subtasks, and the information obtained when solving each subtask is analyzed and taken into account when solving the next subtask
6. The sequence of actions is known, or it does not matter	6. The sequence of actions is chosen by the performer and is important for solving the problem

For example, the task of a chemical analysis laboratory technician includes subtasks (operations): sampling (as a rule), preparation of reagents, sample processing (using chemical solutions, combustion) and quantitative assessment of the content of analyzed substances in the sample. Each subtask has clear instructions, clearly formulated goals and a predetermined final result with a known sequence of actions, i.e., according to the above characteristics, it solves simple problems (class 2). The work of a chemical engineer, for example, is of a completely different nature.

First, he must determine the qualitative composition of the sample, using sometimes complex methods of qualitative analysis (task planning, choosing a sequence of actions and analyzing the results of a subtask), then develop a work execution model for laboratory technicians, using the information obtained from solving the previous subtask. Then, based on all the information received, the engineer makes a final assessment of the results, i.e. the problem can only be solved using an algorithm as a logical set of rules (class 3.1).

When applying the evaluation criterion “work according to instructions - work according to a series of instructions,” you should pay attention to the fact that sometimes the number of instructions characterizing the content of the work is not a sufficiently reliable characteristic of intellectual load.

For example, a chemical analysis laboratory assistant can work according to several job descriptions, while the head of a chemical laboratory works according to one job description. Therefore, here you should pay attention to those cases when the general instruction, being formally unique, contains many individual instructions, and in this case, evaluate the activity as work according to a series of instructions.

The differences between classes 3.1 and 3.2 in terms of “work content” (intellectual load) are only in one characteristic - whether solutions to problems using known algorithms (class 3.1) or heuristic techniques (class 3.2) are used. They differ from each other in the presence or absence of a guarantee of receiving correct result. An algorithm is a logical set of rules that, if followed, always leads to the correct solution to a problem. Heuristic techniques are some rules of thumb (procedures or descriptions), the use of which does not guarantee successful completion of a task. Consequently, class 3.2 should evaluate work in which the methods for solving the problem are not known in advance.

An additional feature of class 3.2 is “sole management in difficult situations" Here it is necessary to consider only those situations that can arise suddenly (as a rule, these are pre-emergency or emergency situations) and are of an emergency nature (for example, the possibility of stopping the technological process, breakdown of complex and expensive equipment, danger to life), and also, if the management of the actions of other persons in such situations is determined by the job description in force at the certified workplace.

Thus, class 3.1 should be used to evaluate work where decisions are made on the basis of necessary and sufficient information according to a known algorithm (as a rule, these are diagnostic or selection tasks), and class 3.2 should be used to evaluate work when decisions need to be made in conditions of incomplete or insufficient information (as a rule, these are decisions under conditions of uncertainty), but there is no solution algorithm. Consistency in solving such problems is also important.

For example, a dispatcher usually solves problems rated at class 3.1, and if emergency situations- and problems of class 3.1, if the problem is typical and encountered before, and class 3.2, if such a situation is encountered for the first time. Since tasks of class 3.2 are much less common, the work of the dispatcher should be assessed according to the “content of work” criterion of class 3.1.

Examples. The simplest tasks are solved by laboratory assistants (class 1 working conditions**), and activities that require solution simple tasks, but with a choice (according to instructions) is typical for nurses, telephone operators, mechanics, etc. (2nd grade). Complex problems solved using a well-known algorithm (work according to a series of instructions) take place in the work of managers, foremen of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, dispatchers, etc. (class 3.1). The most complex work in terms of content, requiring heuristic (creative) activity to one degree or another, is found among scientists, designers, doctors of various profiles, etc. (class 3.2).

3.1.2. “Perception of signals (information) and their evaluation.” The criterion from the point of view of differences between classes of intensity of the labor process is the setting goal (or reference norm), which is adopted to compare the information received during work with the nominal values necessary for the successful progress of the work process.

Class 2 includes work in which the perception of signals involves subsequent correction of actions or operations. In this case, an action should be understood as an element of activity in the process of which a specific, not decomposed into simpler, conscious goal is achieved, and an operation should be understood as a completed action (or a sum of actions), as a result of which an elementary technological goal is achieved.

For example In a turner, processing of a simple part is performed through a series of operations (fastening the part, processing the outer and inner surfaces, cutting off ledges, etc.), each of which includes a number of elementary actions, sometimes called techniques. The correction of actions and operations here consists of comparison with certain simple and unrelated “standards”; the operations are separate and complete elementary components technological process, and the perceived information and the corresponding correction are of a “right-wrong” nature according to the type of identification process, which is characterized by operating with integral standards. TO typical examples we can include the work of a controller, a machine operator, an electric and gas welder and most representatives of mass working professions, the basis of which is objective activity.

“Standard” for work characterized by this indicator as stress class 3.1. is a set of information characterizing the current state of the object of labor during work, the basis of which is intellectual activity. Correction (comparison with the standard) is carried out here according to the type of recognition process, including the processes of decoding, information retrieval and information preparation of a decision based on thinking with the obligatory use of intelligence, i.e. the mental abilities of the performer. Such work includes most operator and dispatcher-type professions, as well as the work of scientists. The perception of signals with the subsequent comparison of the actual values of parameters (information) with their nominal required levels is noted in the work of nurses, foremen, telephone operators and mechanics, etc. (class 3.1).

Class 3.2 evaluates work related to the perception of signals with a subsequent comprehensive assessment of all production activities. In this case, when work activity requires the perception of signals with the subsequent comprehensive assessment of all production parameters (information), accordingly, such work in terms of intensity belongs to class 3.2 (managers of industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, dispatchers, navigators, designers, doctors, scientific workers nerds, etc.).

3.1.3. "Distribution of functions according to the degree of complexity of the task." Any work activity is characterized by the distribution of functions between workers. Accordingly, the more functional responsibilities assigned to an employee, the higher the intensity of his work.

According to this indicator, class 2 (acceptable) and class 3 (hard work) differ in two characteristics - the presence or absence of a control function and work on distributing tasks to other persons. Class 3.1 is characterized by work, a mandatory element of which is monitoring the completion of the task. Here we mean control over the completion of a task by other persons, since control over the completion of one’s tasks should be assessed by class 2 (processing, execution of a task and its verification, which, in essence, is control).

An example of work that includes monitoring the completion of tasks may be the work of a labor protection engineer, an engineer in the production and technical department, etc.

Class 3.2 evaluates according to this indicator such work that includes not only control, but also preliminary work on distributing tasks to other persons.

Thus, work activity containing simple functions, aimed at processing and performing a specific task, does not lead to significant labor intensity. An example of such activity is the work of a laboratory assistant (class 1). Tension increases when processing, execution and subsequent verification of task completion are carried out (class 2), which is typical for such professions as nurses, telephone operators, etc.

Processing, checking and, in addition, monitoring the completion of a task indicates a greater degree of complexity of the functions performed by the employee, and, accordingly, the intensity of labor is manifested to a greater extent (foremen of industrial enterprises, telegraph operators, designers, vehicle drivers - class 3.1).

Most complex function- this is preliminary preparatory work with the subsequent distribution of tasks to other persons (class 3.2), which is typical for such professions as managers of industrial enterprises, dispatchers, scientists, doctors, teachers, etc.

3.1.4. "Nature of the work performed"- in the case when the work is performed according to individual plan, then the level of labor intensity is low (grade 1 - laboratory technicians). If work proceeds according to a strictly established schedule with possible correction as necessary, then tension increases (grade 2 - nurses,
telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc.). Even greater labor intensity is typical when work is performed under time pressure (class 3.1 - industrial foremen, scientists, designers). The greatest tension (class 3.2) is characterized by work under conditions of shortage of time and information. At the same time, high responsibility for the final result of work is noted (doctors, managers
industrial enterprises, vehicle drivers, dispatchers).

Thus, the criteria for classifying work according to this indicator as class 3.1 (intense work of the 1st degree) is work under time pressure. In practice, time shortage is usually understood as a high workload, on the basis of which almost any work is assessed according to this indicator as class 3.1. Here it is necessary to be guided by the requirement of this manual, according to which an assessment of working conditions must be carried out when carrying out technological processes in accordance with the technological regulations. Therefore, class 3.1 in terms of the “nature of work performed” indicator should only evaluate such work in which time pressure is its constant and integral characteristic, and at the same time, successful completion of the task is possible only with correct actions in the face of such shortages.

Hard work of the 2nd degree (class 3.2) characterizes work that occurs in conditions of a lack of time and information with increased responsibility for the final result. With regard to time shortages, one should be guided by the considerations outlined above, and as for increased responsibility for the final result, such responsibility should not only be subjectively conscious, since in any workplace the performer is aware and bears such responsibility, but and the job description assigned to the performer. The degree of responsibility must be high - this is responsibility for the normal course of the technological process (for example, a dispatcher, operator of boilers, turbines and units at an energy enterprise), for the safety of unique, complex and expensive equipment and for the lives of other people (foremen, foremen).

As an example of the degree of responsibility, let us cite the work of doctors. The work of not all doctors is characterized by the same level of tension in terms of the nature of the work: for example, the work of emergency doctors, surgeons (operating), traumatologists, anesthesiologists, resuscitators, without a doubt, can be assessed according to the indicator under consideration as class 3.2 (shortage time, information and increased responsibility for the final result), while the work of, for example, clinic doctors - therapists, ophthalmologists and others - does not meet such criteria, as well as the work of, for example, hygienists.

3.2. Sensory loads

3.2.1. “Duration of concentrated observation (in % of shift time)”- the greater the percentage of time during a shift devoted to concentrated observation, the higher the tension. Total time work shift is taken as 100%.

The basis of this process, which characterizes the intensity of work, is concentration, or concentration of attention on any real (shipmaster) or ideal (translator) object, therefore this indicator should be interpreted more broadly as the “duration of concentration of attention”, which manifests itself in depth in activity. The defining characteristic here is precisely the concentration of attention, in contrast to the passive nature of monitoring the progress of the technological process, when the performer periodically, from time to time, controls the state of an object.

The differences here are defined as follows. Long-term concentrated observation is necessary in those professions where the state of the observed object is constantly changing, and the activity of the performer consists of periodically solving a number of tasks that continuously follow each other, based on received and constantly changing information (surgeons during an operation , proofreaders, translators, dispatchers, drivers, radar operators, etc.).

The most common errors encountered in this criterion are two. The first is that this indicator evaluates such work when observation is not concentrated, but is carried out in a discrete mode, such as, for example, by dispatchers at process control panels, when from time to time they note instrument readings during the normal course of the process . The second mistake is that high indicators for the duration of concentrated observation are assigned a priori, only because in professional activities this characteristic is clearly expressed, as, for example, among drivers.

Thus, for vehicle drivers, the duration of concentrated observation while driving a vehicle averages more than 75% of the shift time; on this basis, the work of all drivers is assessed according to this indicator with class 3.2. However, this is not true for all drivers.

For example, this indicator is significantly lower for drivers of rotational and firefighting vehicles, as well as vehicles on which special equipment is installed (drilling, steam installations, cranes, etc.). Therefore, this indicator must be assessed in each specific case according to its actual value, obtained either using timing or another method.

For example, for welders, the duration of concentrated observation can be determined quite accurately by measuring the combustion time of one electrode and counting the number of electrodes used during a work shift. For car drivers, it can be easily determined by the shift mileage (in km) divided by the average vehicle speed (km per hour) in a given area, information about which can be obtained from the relevant branch of the Russian Transport Inspectorate. In practice, quite often such calculations show that the total driving time and, accordingly, the duration of concentrated observation do not exceed 2-4 hours per work shift. Good results are also obtained by using technological documentation, for example, process maps, workplace passports, etc.

3.2.2. “Density of signals (light, sound) and messages on average for 1 hour of operation”- the number of perceived and transmitted signals (messages, orders) allows one to assess employment and the specifics of the employee’s activities. The greater the number of incoming and transmitted signals or messages, the higher the information load, leading to increased tension. According to the form (or method) of presenting information, signals can be sent from special devices (light, sound signaling devices, instrument scales, tables, graphs and diagrams, symbols, text, formulas, etc.) and during speech communication ( by telephone and walkie-talkie, with direct direct contact of workers).

3.2.3. “Number of production facilities for simultaneous observation”- indicates that with an increase in the number of objects of simultaneous observation, labor intensity increases. This characteristic of work places demands on the volume of attention (from 4 to 8 unrelated objects) and its distribution as the ability to simultaneously focus attention on several objects or actions.

A necessary condition for work to be assessed by this indicator is the time spent from receiving information from objects of simultaneous observation to actions: if this time is significantly short and actions must be performed immediately after receiving information simultaneously from all necessary sensitive objects (otherwise the normal course of the technological process will be disrupted or a significant error will occur), then the work must be characterized by the number of production objects of simultaneous observation (pilots, navigators, drivers of other vehicles, operators controlling robots and manipulators, etc.). If information can be obtained by sequentially switching attention from object to object and there is enough time before making a decision and/or performing actions, and a person usually moves from distribution to switching attention, then such work should not be assessed by indicator “number of objects of simultaneous observation” (on-duty electrical mechanic for instrumentation and automation, inspector-inspector, order picker).

Example. For the operator type of activity, the objects of simultaneous observation are various indicators, displays, controls, keyboards, etc. The largest number of objects of simultaneous observation is installed among air traffic controllers - 13, which corresponds to class 3.1, this number is slightly lower among telegraph operators - 8-9 teletypes, for drivers of vehicles (2nd class).

3.2.4. “The size of the object of discrimination during the duration of concentrated attention (% of the shift time)”. The smaller the size of the object in question (product, part, digital or letter information, etc.) and the longer the observation time, the higher the load on the visual analyzer. Accordingly, the labor intensity class increases.

The categories of visual work from SNiP 23-05-95 “Natural and artificial lighting” were taken as the basis for the size of the object of discrimination. In this case, it is necessary to consider only such an object that carries the semantic information necessary to perform this work. So, for inspectors this is the minimum size of a defect that needs to be identified, for PC operators - the size of a letter or number, for an operator - the size of the instrument scale, etc. (Often only this characteristic is taken into account and the other is not taken into account, in to the same extent necessary is the duration of concentration of attention on a given object, which is equivalent and mandatory.)

In a number of cases, when the dimensions of an object are small, they resort to the help of optical instruments that increase these dimensions. If optical instruments are resorted to from time to time to clarify information, the object of differentiation is the direct information carrier. For example, when viewing fluorographic images, radiologists must differentiate dark spots with a diameter of up to 1 mm (class 3.1), and from time to time they use a magnifying glass to clarify information, which increases the size of the object and transfers it to class 2, however, the main work on viewing images is carried out without optical instruments, so such work should be assessed according to this criterion with class 3.1.

If the size of the object is so small that it is indistinguishable without the use of optical instruments, and they are used constantly (for example, when counting blood cells, the sizes of which are in the range of 0.006-0.015 mm, the laboratory doctor always uses a microscope), The size of the enlarged object must be recorded.

3.2.5. “Working with optical instruments (microscope, magnifying glass, etc.) with the duration of concentrated observation (% of the shift time).” Based on timing observations, the time (hours, minutes) of working with the optical device is determined. The length of the working day is taken as 100%, and the time of fixed gaze using a microscope or magnifying glass is converted into percentages - the greater the percentage of time, the greater the load, leading to the development of tension in the visual analyzer.

Optical instruments include those devices that are used to increase the size of the object under consideration - magnifying glasses, microscopes, flaw detectors, or used to increase the resolution of the device or improve visibility (binoculars), which is also associated with an increase in the size of the object. Optical devices do not include various devices for displaying information (displays) in which optics are not used - various indicators and scales covered with a glass or transparent plastic cover.

3.2.6. “Monitoring the video terminal screen (hours per shift).” According to this indicator, the time (hours, minutes) of direct work of the VDT user with the display screen throughout the entire working day when entering data, editing text or programs, reading alphabetic, numeric, and graphic information from the screen is recorded. The longer the time the VDT user fixates his gaze on the screen, the greater the load on the visual analyzer and the higher the labor intensity.

The criterion “monitoring the screens of video terminals” should be used to characterize the intensity of the labor process at all workplaces that are equipped with means of displaying information on both cathode-ray and discrete (matrix) screens (displays, video modules, video monitors, video terminals).

The degree of tension of the auditory analyzer is determined by the dependence of the intelligibility of words as a percentage of the ratio between the level of intensity of speech and “white” noise. When there is no interference, word intelligibility is 100% - grade 1. Class 2 includes cases when the speech level exceeds noise by 10-15 dBA and corresponds to word intelligibility equal to 90-70% or at a distance of up to 3.5 m, etc.

The most common mistake when assessing the intensity of the labor process is when this indicator characterizes any work carried out in conditions higher level noise. The indicator “load on the auditory analyzer” must characterize such work in which the performer, in conditions of increased noise levels, must perceive speech information or other sound signals that guide him in the process of work. An example of work related to the load on the auditory analyzer is the work of a telephonist for industrial communications, a sound engineer for TV, radio, and music studios.

3.2.8. “Load on the vocal apparatus (total number of hours spoken per week).” The degree of tension in the vocal apparatus depends on the duration of speech loads. Voice overstrain occurs during prolonged vocal activity without rest.

Example. The greatest loads (class 3.1 or 3.2) are observed among people in voice-speech professions (teachers, kindergarten teachers, vocalists, readers, actors, announcers, tour guides, etc.). To a lesser extent, this type of load is typical for other professional groups (dispatchers, managers, etc. - class 2). The lowest values of the criterion can be observed in the work of other professions, such as laboratory assistants, designers, and vehicle drivers (grade 1).

3.3. Emotional stress

3.3.1. “The degree of responsibility for the results of one’s own activities. The significance of the error"- indicates the extent to which an employee can influence the result of his own labor at various levels of complexity of the activity performed. With increasing complexity, the degree of responsibility increases, since erroneous actions lead to additional efforts on the part of the employee or the whole team, which accordingly leads to an increase in emotional stress.

Professions such as managers and foremen of industrial enterprises, air traffic controllers, doctors, vehicle drivers, etc. are characterized by the highest degree of responsibility for the final result of the work, and mistakes made can lead to a stop in the technological process and the emergence of dangerous situations for human life (class 3.2).

If the employee is responsible for the main type of task, and mistakes lead to additional efforts on the part of the whole team, then the emotional load in this case is already somewhat lower (class 3.1): nurses, scientists, designers.

In the case where the degree of responsibility is related to the quality of the auxiliary task, and errors lead to additional efforts on the part of senior management (in particular, the foreman, shift supervisor, etc.), then such work according to this indicator is also characterized less manifestation of emotional stress (grade 2): telephone operators, telegraph operators. The least importance of the criterion is noted in the work of a laboratory assistant, where the employee is responsible only for the implementation of individual elements of the product, and in case of an error, additional efforts are required only on the part of the employee himself (class 1).

Thus, this indicator assesses the employee’s responsibility for the quality of elements of tasks of auxiliary work, main work or final products. For example, for a turner, the final product is the parts he has made, for a turning section foreman - all the parts made in this section, and for the head of a mechanical shop - the work of the entire workshop. Therefore, when using this criterion, the following approach is possible.

Class 1 - responsibility for the quality of actions or operations that are an element of the labor process in relation to its final goal, and the error is corrected by the worker himself on the basis of self-control or external, formal control of the “right-wrong” type (all types of auxiliary work, nurses , cleaners, loaders, etc.).

Class 2 - responsibility for the quality of an activity that is a technological cycle or a large element of a technical process in relation to its final goal, and the error is corrected by a superior manager according to the type of instructions “how to do it correctly” (construction workers, repair personnel).

Class 3.1 - responsibility for the entire technological process or activity, and the error is corrected by the entire team, group, team (dispatch personnel, foremen, foremen, heads of main production departments), except for cases where the error can lead to the consequences listed below.

Class 3.2 - responsibility for the quality of products produced by the entire structural unit or increased responsibility for the result of one’s own error, if it can lead to a stop in the technological process, breakdown of expensive or unique equipment, or danger to the lives of other people (drivers, transporting vehicle passengers, passenger aircraft pilots, locomotive drivers, ship captains, heads of enterprises and organizations).

3.3.2. "The degree of risk to one's own life." A measure of risk is the probability of an undesirable event occurring, which can be identified with sufficient accuracy from statistical data on industrial injuries at a given enterprise and similar enterprises in the industry.

Therefore, at a given workplace, the presence of traumatic factors that can pose a danger to the lives of workers is analyzed and the possible zone of their influence is determined. It is recommended to use workplace certification materials for working conditions, which prescribe the compilation of such a list. For example, in a temporary method of conducting in the electric power industry (vessels and pipelines with pressure above 5 atmospheres, oil-filled bushings of high-voltage equipment for voltages above 1,000 V, vessels, pipelines and fittings with a carrier temperature above 60 °C, etc.) .

The indicator “degree of risk to one’s own life” characterizes only those workplaces where there is a direct danger, i.e. the working environment is fraught with the threat of a directly damaging reaction (explosion, impact, spontaneous combustion), in contrast to an indirect danger when the working the environment becomes dangerous if the worker behaves incorrectly and recklessly.

The most common types of accidents leading to fatalities are: road traffic accidents, falls from heights, falls, collapses and collapses of objects and materials, exposure to moving and rotating parts, flying objects and parts. The most common sources of injury are cars, power equipment, tractors, and metal-cutting machines.

Examples of professions in which work is characterized by an increased degree of risk to one’s own life:

Construction specialties, mainly related to work at height (carpenters, scaffolders, metal structure installers, crane operators, masons, and a number of others); the main traumatic factor in these professions is a fall from a height;

Drivers of all types of vehicles: the main traumatic factor is violation of traffic rules, vehicle malfunction;

Professions related to the maintenance of energy equipment and systems (electricians, electricians, etc.): traumatic factor - electric shock;

The main professions in the mining industry (miners, blasters, scrapers, longwall workers, etc.): traumatic factor - explosions, destruction, collapses, gas emissions, etc.;

Professions of metallurgy and chemical production (foundry workers, smelters, converter workers, etc.): traumatic factor - explosions and emissions of melts, ignition as a result of disruption of the technological process.

The risk to one’s own life is associated not only with the risk of injury, but can also be determined by the specifics of work activity in certain socio-economic conditions in the country. So, high risk for their own lives is typical for prosecutors (prosecutors, assistant prosecutors, investigators) and other law enforcement officers.

3.3.3. "Responsibility for the safety of others". When assessing tension, it is necessary to take into account only direct, and not indirect responsibility (the latter is distributed among all managers), that is, that which is assigned by the job description.

As a rule, these are the leaders of primary labor collectives - foremen, foremen, captains responsible for proper organization work in potentially hazardous conditions and monitoring the implementation of labor protection and safety instructions; workers whose responsibility comes from the very nature of the work - doctors of certain specialties (surgeons, resuscitators, traumatologists, preschool teachers, air traffic controllers) and persons operating potentially dangerous machines and mechanisms, for example, vehicle drivers, passenger aircraft pilots , ship mechanics.

3.3.4. “The number of conflict production situations per shift.” The presence of conflict situations in the production activities of a number of professions (employees of all levels of the prosecutor's office, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, teachers, etc.) significantly increases the emotional burden and is subject to quantitative assessment. The number of conflict situations is taken into account based on time-keeping observations.

Conflict situations among teachers occur in the form of direct relationships between the teacher and students, as well as participation in resolving conflicts that arise between students. In addition, conflicts may arise within the teaching staff with colleagues, management and, in some cases, with the parents of students.

Prosecutors and law enforcement officers encounter conflicts with clients in the form of verbal threats, threats by telephone, in writing and in person, as well as insults, threats of physical violence, and physical attacks.

Example. The largest number of conflict situations on average per work shift was observed among law enforcement officers: more than 8 (class 3.2), a smaller number among teachers - from 4 to 8 (class 3.1), among assistant investigators of the prosecutor's office from 1 to 3 (class 2), among employees of the prosecutor's office - none (class 1).

3.4. Monotonous loads

3.4.1 and 3.4.2. “The number of elements (techniques) necessary to implement a simple task or repetitive operations” And “Duration (s) of performing simple production tasks or repetitive operations”- the smaller the number of techniques performed and the shorter the time, the correspondingly higher the monotony of the loads.

These indicators are most pronounced during assembly line work (class 3.1-3.2). These indicators characterize the so-called “motor” monotony.

A necessary condition for classifying operations and actions as monotonous is not only their frequent repetition and small number of techniques, which can be observed in other works, but also their monotony and, most importantly, their low information content, when actions and operations are performed automatically and practically do not require close attention, information processing and decision-making, i.e., they practically do not involve “intellectual” functions.

Such work includes almost all professions of flow-conveyor production - installers, fitters, radio equipment adjusters, and other work of the same nature - stamping, packaging, sticking labels, applying markings. In contrast to these, there are works that external signs are classified as monotonous, but, in essence, they are not, for example, the work of a PC operator-programmer, when short, monotonous and frequently repeated actions have a significant information component and cause a state not of monotony, but of neuro-emotional tension .

3.4.3.“Time of active actions (in % of shift duration)”. Monitoring the progress of the technological process does not refer to “active actions”. The shorter the time for performing active actions and the longer the time for monitoring the progress of the production process, the correspondingly higher the monotony of the loads.

The highest monotony in this indicator is typical for control panel operators chemical production(class 3.1-3.2).

3.4.4.“Monotony of the production environment (time of passive observation of the progress of the technical process, as a percentage of the shift time)”- the longer the time of passive observation of the technological process, the more monotonous the work.

This indicator, like the previous one, is most pronounced in operator types of labor working in standby mode (operators of control panels of chemical plants, power plants, etc.) - class 3.2.

3.5. Operating mode

3.5.1 "Actual working hours"- highlighted in a separate section, since regardless of the number of shifts and the rhythm of work, the actual duration of the working day ranges from 6-8 hours (telephone operators, telegraph operators, etc.) to 12 hours or more (managers of industrial enterprises). A number of professions have shift lengths of 12 hours or more (doctors, nurses, etc.). The longer the work, the greater the total load per shift, and, accordingly, the higher the labor intensity.

3.5.2. "Shift work" determined on the basis of internal production documents regulating the work schedule at a given enterprise or organization. The highest class 3.2 is characterized by irregular shifts with night work (nurses, doctors, etc.).

3.5.3. “Availability of regulated breaks and their duration (excluding lunch break)”. Regulated breaks should include only those breaks that are included in the working time regulations on the basis of official internal production documents, such as a collective agreement, an order from the director of an enterprise or organization, or on the basis of government documents - sanitary norms and rules, industry rules on labor protection and others .

Insufficient duration or absence of regulated breaks aggravates labor tension, since there is no element of short-term protection from the influence of factors of the labor process and the production environment.

The existing work regimes of air traffic controllers, doctors, nurses, etc. are characterized by the absence of regulated breaks (class 3.2), in contrast to foremen and managers of industrial enterprises, whose breaks are not regulated and are short-lived (class 3.1). At the same time, breaks do occur, but they are not of sufficient duration for designers, scientists, telegraph operators, telephone operators, etc. (grade 2).

General assessment of the intensity of the labor process

Regardless of professional affiliation (profession), all 23 indicators are taken into account. Selective consideration of any individual indicators for a general assessment of labor intensity is not allowed.

For each of the 23 indicators, its own class of working conditions is determined separately. In the event that, due to the nature or characteristics of the professional activity, any indicator is not presented (for example, there is no work with the screen of a video terminal or optical instruments), then for this indicator class 1 (optimal) is assigned - light labor intensity.

In the final assessment of labor intensity.

6.1 “Optimal” (1st class) is established in cases where 17 or more indicators are rated 1st class, and the rest belong to 2nd class. At the same time, there are no indicators related to class 3 (harmful).

6.2“Acceptable” (class 2) is established in the following cases:

When 6 or more indicators are assigned to class 2, and the rest - to class 1;

When from 1 to 5 indicators are classified as 3.1 and/or 3.2 degrees of harmfulness, and the remaining indicators are rated as 1st and/or 2nd classes.

6.3 “Harmful” (3) class is established in cases where 6 or more indicators are assigned to the third class (mandatory condition).

If this condition is met, intense labor of the 1st degree (3.1):

When 6 indicators have a rating of only class 3.1, and the remaining indicators belong to classes 1 and/or 2;

When from 3 to 5 indicators belong to class 3.1, and from 1 to 3 indicators belong to class 3.2.

Stressful work 2nd degree (3.2):

When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.2;

When more than 6 indicators are classified as class 3.1;

When from 1 to 5 indicators are assigned to class 3.1, and from 4 to 5 indicators - to class 3.2;

When 6 indicators are assigned to class 3.1 and there are from 1 to 5 indicators of class 3.2.

6.4. In cases where more than 6 indicators are rated 3.2, the intensity of the work process is rated one level higher - class 3.3.

Table 2.1.

Classes of working conditions according to indicators of the severity of the labor process

Indicators of the severity of the labor process	Classes of working conditions
Optimal (light physical activity)	Acceptable (average physical activity)	Harmful (hard work)
1st degree	2 degrees

1. Physical dynamic load (units of external mechanical work per shift, kg. m)
1.1. With regional load (with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle) when moving a load over a distance of up to 1 m: for men for women	up to 2,500 up to 1,500	up to 5,000 up to 3,000	up to 7,000 up to 4,000	more more
1.2. With a general load (involving the muscles of the arms, body, legs):
1.2.1. When moving a load over a distance of 1 to 5 m for men for women	up to 12,500 up to 7,500	up to 25,000 up to 15,000	up to 35,000 up to 25,000	more than 35000 more than 25000
1.2.2. When moving a load over a distance of more than 5 m for men for women	up to 24,000 up to 14,000	up to 46,000 up to 28,000	up to 70,000 up to 40,000	more than 70000 more than 40000
2. Mass of the load lifted and moved manually (kg)
2.1. Lifting and moving (one-time) heavy objects when alternating with other work (up to 2 times per hour): for men for women	to 15 to 5	up to 30 up to 10	up to 35 up to 12	more than 35 more than 12


2.2. Lifting and moving (one-time) heavy objects constantly during the work shift: for men for women	to 5 to 3	to 15 to 7	to 20 to 10	more than 20 more than 10
2.3. The total mass of goods moved during each hour of the shift:
2.3.1. From the work surface for men for women	up to 250 up to 100	up to 870 up to 350	up to 1500 up to 700	more than 1500 more than 700
2.3.2. From the floor for men to women	up to 100 up to 50	up to 435 up to 175	up to 600 up to 350	more than 600 more than 350
3. Stereotypical work movements (number per shift)
3.1. With local load (involving the muscles of the hands and fingers)	up to 20,000	up to 40,000	up to 60,000	more than 60,000
3.2. With regional load (when working with the predominant participation of the muscles of the arms and shoulder girdle)	up to 10,000	up to 20,000	up to 30,000	more than 30,000
4. Static load - the amount of static load per shift when holding a load, applying force (kgf - s)
4.1. One hand: for men for women	to 18,000 to 11,000	up to 36,000 up to 22,000	up to 70,000 up to 42,000	more than 70,000 more than 42,000
4.2. Two hands: for men for women	up to 36,000 up to 22,000	up to 70,000 up to 42,000	up to 140,000 up to 84,000	more than 140,000 more than 84,000
4.3. Involving the muscles of the core and legs: for men for women	up to 43,000 up to 26,000	up to 100,000 up to 60,000	up to 200,000 up to 120,000	more than 200000 more than 120000