Presentation "Classification of mutations. Chemical mutagens"

1. 1. © Municipal Educational Institution Oktyabrskaya Secondary School 2011 Gene mutations Performed by __10_ grade student Ekaterina Rumyantseva Biology teacher Rozina G.G.
2. 2. Definition Gene (point) mutations are changes in the number and/or sequence of nucleotides in the DNA structure (insertions, deletions, movements, substitutions of nucleotides) within individual genes, leading to a change in the quantity or quality of the corresponding protein products.
3. 3. Based on the nature of changes in the composition of a gene, the following types of mutations are distinguished: Deletions - loss of a DNA segment ranging in size from one nucleotide to a gene. Duplications - doubling or re-duplication of a DNA segment from one nucleotide to entire genes. Inversions are a 180° rotation of a DNA segment ranging in size from two nucleotides to a fragment that includes several genes. Insertions are the insertion of DNA fragments ranging in size from one nucleotide to a whole gene. Transversions are the replacement of a purine base with a pyrimidine base or vice versa in one of the codons. Transitions are the replacement of one purine base with another purine base or one pyrimidine base with another in the structure of a codon.
4. 4. classification of gene mutations by consequences Neutral mutation (silent mutation) - a mutation has no phenotypic expression (for example, as a result of degeneracy of the genetic code). Missense mutation - a replacement of a nucleotide in the coding part of a gene - leads to a replacement of an amino acid in a polypeptide. A nonsense mutation - a replacement of a nucleotide in the coding part of a gene - leads to the formation of a terminator codon (stop codon) and cessation of translation. A regulatory mutation is a mutation in the 5- or 3-untranslated regions of a gene; such a mutation disrupts gene expression. Dynamic mutations are mutations caused by an increase in the number of trinucleotide repeats in functionally significant parts of the gene. Such mutations can lead to inhibition or blockade of transcription, the acquisition of properties by protein molecules that disrupt their normal metabolism.
5. 5. Genetic diseases As of August 2001, at least 4200 monogenic diseases caused by mutations of a specific gene were listed. For a significant number of affected genes, different alleles have been identified, the number of which for some monogenic diseases reaches tens and hundreds. Depending on the functional class of the altered polypeptide (structural proteins, enzymes, receptors, transmembrane transporters, etc.), attempts are made to classify monogenic diseases according to this criterion. At the moment, we can say that mutant genes encoding enzymes lead to the development of enzymopathies, the most common monogenic diseases. For any monogenic disease, an essential characteristic is the type of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, linked to chromosome X (dominant and recessive), holandric ( linked to chromosome Y) imitochondrial.
6. 6. PolydactylyPolydactyly (from poly... and Greek dáktylos - finger), polydactyly, the presence of extra fingers on the hand or foot.
7. 7. I am a hereditary disease, which is based on a metabolic disorder in the way of converting galactose into glucose (mutation of the structural gene responsible for the synthesis of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase).
8. 8. Rickets Rickets (from the Greek ῥάχις - spine) is a disease of infants and early age, occurring with impaired bone formation and insufficient mineralization, caused mainly by a deficiency of vitamin D (see also hypovitaminosis D) and its active forms during the most intensive growth body. The earliest characteristic changes detected by radiography in the end sections of long bones.
9. 9. Hemophilia Hemophilia is a hereditary disease associated with impaired coagulation (blood clotting process); with this disease, hemorrhages occur in the joints, muscles and internal organs, both spontaneous and as a result of injury or surgical intervention.
10. 10. I am (from other Greek ἀ- - absence, ζῷον - animal and σπέρμα - seed) -pathological condition, in which there are no sperm in the ejaculate.
11. 11. psia psia (ancient Greek ἐπιληψία from ἐπίληπτος, “seized, caught, caught”; lat. epilepsia or caduca) is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases person, manifested in the body’s predisposition to the sudden onset of convulsive attacks
12. 12. Conclusion Gene mutations cause diseases. Gene mutations that have little effect on the viability and fertility of the organism occur less frequently. This category of gene mutations, despite its relative rarity, is of great importance, since it provides the main material for both natural selection and artificial selection, being a necessary condition evolution and selection. Random genetic mutation.

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A presentation was prepared by three students to accompany the lesson “Hereditary diseases. Mutations.”

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Hereditary variability. Mutations.

Hereditary variability (genotypic) Combinative Mutational Genomic Chromosomal Gene mutations mutations mutations

Combinative variability. The basis of combinative variability is sexual reproduction organisms. Sources of combinative variability. 1. Independent divergence of chromosomes in the first division of meiosis. 2. Recombination of genes based on the phenomenon of chromosome crossing during crossing over. 3. Chance meeting of gametes during fertilization.

Mutational variability. Mutations are randomly occurring persistent changes genotype, affecting entire chromosomes, their parts or individual genes. According to the effect on the body: 1. Harmful. 2. Useful. 3. Neutral. By degree of manifestation: 1. Dominant (manifest in the next generation). 2. Recessive (manifest when crossing 2 individuals carrying the same mutation). Problematic question. Why are sick children often born in consanguineous marriages?

Genomic mutations. Genomic mutations are those that lead to a change in the number of chromosomes. Polyploidy is a multiple change in the number of chromosomes (3n, 4n,5n, 6n, etc. up to 10–12 times). There are many polyploids among plants; they are often characterized by more powerful growth, large size, and endurance.

2. Aneuploidy – a multiple change in the number of chromosomes (2n +1; 2n-1; 2n+2; 2n-2; 2n+3, etc.) Example: Down syndrome. Presentation "Genomic mutations"

Down syndrome The karyotype is represented by 47 chromosomes instead of the normal 46, since the chromosomes of the 21st pair, instead of the normal two, are represented by three copies. There are two more forms of this syndrome: translocation of chromosome 21 to other chromosomes (usually on 15, less often on 14, even less often on 21, 22 and Y chromosome) - 4% of cases, and a mosaic variant of the syndrome - 1%. For every 750 healthy children, 1 sick child is born. The disease manifests itself in severe dementia, slanted eyes, an ugly physique, and malformations of internal organs. When one chromosome of the 21st pair is shortened, it can develop serious disease blood – leukemia (malignant myloleukemia).

A disease caused by an anomaly of chromosome set (change in the number or structure of autosomes), the main manifestations of which are mental retardation, peculiar appearance patient and birth defects development. One of the most common chromosomal diseases, occurs with an average frequency of 1 in 700 newborns. Down's disease

Down syndrome The disease occurs equally often in boys and girls. Children with Down syndrome are more often born to elderly parents. If the mother's age is 35 - 46 years, then the probability of having a sick child increases to 4.1%; with the age of the mother, the risk increases. The possibility of a second case of the disease in a family with trisomy 21 is 1 - 2%.

Klinefelter's syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome occurs in 1 in 500 boys. The extra X chromosome is inherited from the mother in 60% of cases, especially during late pregnancy. The risk of inheriting a paternal chromosome does not depend on the age of the father. Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms: tall stature, disproportionately long legs. Disturbances in the development of the genital organs are detected during puberty and later. Patients are usually infertile.

x xy X x yy xx y Mental development delayed, but in adults intellectual impairment is minor. Behavioral disorders are common, epileptic seizures. Accompanying illnesses: mammary cancer, diabetes, diseases thyroid gland, chronic diseases lungs.

Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome is the only form of monosomy in live births. Clinically, Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome manifests itself the following signs. Underdevelopment of the genital organs or their absence. There are various defects of cardio-vascular system and kidneys. There is no decrease in intelligence, but patients exhibit emotional instability. Appearance patients is peculiar. Marked characteristic symptoms: short neck with excess skin and wing-shaped folds; V adolescence a lag in growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics is detected; adults are characterized by skeletal disorders, low position ears, body imbalances (shortened legs, relatively wide shoulder girdle, narrow pelvis).

45 chronicles - XO The height of adult patients is 20-30 cm below average. Treatment of patients with this syndrome is complex and includes reconstructive and plastic surgery, hormone therapy(estrogens, growth hormone), psychotherapy.

The presentation was prepared by a student of class 10 B of MOKU PSOSH No. 1. Pokrovka Ponamoreva Anastasia.

Chromosomal mutations- These are chromosome rearrangements. A deletion is the loss of a section of a chromosome. Duplication is the doubling of a section of a chromosome. Inversion is a rotation of a chromosome section by 180°. Translocation is the exchange of sections of non-homologous chromosomes. Fusion of two non-homologous chromosomes into one.

Gene, or point, mutations are changes in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. Gene mutations should be considered as the result of “errors” that occur during the duplication of DNA molecules. A gene mutation occurs on average in one in 100,000 gametes. But since the number of genes in the human body is large, almost every individual carries a newly emerged mutation. Presentation "Hereditary diseases caused by gene mutations."

Hereditary diseases caused by gene mutations Hereditary diseases are diseases, the occurrence and development of which is associated with defects in the software of cells, inherited through gametes.

Hemophilia Hemophilia is a hereditary disease associated with impaired coagulation (blood clotting process); With this disease, hemorrhages occur in the joints, muscles and internal organs, both spontaneously and as a result of injury or surgery. With hemophilia, the risk of death of the patient from hemorrhage in the brain and other vital organs, even with minor trauma, increases sharply. Patients with severe form hemophiliacs are subject to disability due to frequent hemorrhages in the joints (hemarthrosis) and muscle tissue(hematomas). Usually men suffer from hemophilia, and women are carriers of the diseased gene.

Color blindness Color blindness, color blindness, is a hereditary, less commonly acquired vision feature, expressed in the inability to distinguish one or more colors. Named after John Dalton, who first described a type of color blindness based on his own sensations in 1794.

This is how a person sees a picture: a) with normal color perception; b) colorblind.

The simplest test for color blindness: KOZHZGSF - “Every Hunter Wants to Know Where the Pheasant Goes.” Where: K - red; O - orange, F - yellow, Z - green, G - blue, C - blue, F - purple. You can tentatively assume that you are not colorblind if you can correctly distinguish the colors of a picture.

Albinism Albinism is a congenital absence of pigment in the skin, hair, iris and pigment membranes of the eye. External manifestations In some forms of albinism, there is a decrease in the color intensity of the skin, hair and iris, while in others the color of the latter mainly changes. Changes in the retina may occur, various disorders vision, including myopia, farsightedness and astigmatism, as well as increased sensitivity to light and other anomalies. Albino people have white skin (which is especially noticeable in non-Caucasian groups); their hair is white (or they are blond). Frequency of albinos among nationalities European countries estimated at approximately 1 in 20,000 inhabitants. In some other nationalities, albinos are more common. Thus, in a study of 14,292 black children in Nigeria, 5 albinos were found among them, which corresponds to a frequency of about 1 in 3,000, and among the Indians of Panama (San Blas Bay) the frequency was 1 in 132.

Albinism

Sickle cell anemia. Gene defect resulting from substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position 6. Sickle-shaped red blood cells cause an increase in blood viscosity, create a mechanical barrier in small arterioles and capillaries, leading to tissue ischemia (which is associated with pain crises). In addition, sickle-shaped red blood cells are less resistant to mechanical stress, which leads to their destruction. Clinical picture: moderate jaundice, trophic ulcers in the ankle area, lag in physical development(especially boys).

Conclusion There are many others gene diseases, but these four are the most common.

The work was carried out by Maria Martynova, a student of grade 10b of Secondary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1 S. Pokrovka, Oktyabrsky district.

Mutagenic factors causing hereditary diseases.

Goal: to identify the causes of hereditary human diseases. Objectives: 1. Determine the consequences of the influence of mutagens on the body; 2. Determine the consequences of the influence of alcohol, nicotine, and drugs on the development of the human embryo.

Where does mutagen come from? radiation radioactive x-ray ultraviolet Sun, ultrasound, fluorography, x-ray examination, computer, cellular telephone, Appliances(microwave, TV) cell DNA Damaged DNA mutation

Chemicals 1. Mercury salts; 2. Lead salts; 3. Formalin; 4. chloroform; 5. Acridine dyes. cell DNA DNA deletion translocation replication virus gene mutation Biological (living organisms)

alcohol nicotine Narcotic substances Effect on gametes Slowing the growth of the embryo Inhibits development nerve cells Functional disorders mutations

Cleft lip and palate

Children of drug addicts. Copy, wax.

Siamese twins with drug addict parents. Nature, preserved in alcohol.

Children of parents with hereditary diseases. Copy, wax.

A child born as a result of incest (incest of relatives). Nature, preserved in alcohol. Answer the problematic question. Why are sick children often born in consanguineous marriages?

A child born into a family of Chernobyl victims. Nature, mummy.

Cyclops Man and Elephant Woman. Lived in the 19th century. Copy, wax.

Mutagens, alcohol, nicotine, and drugs negatively affect the development of the embryo and the entire body as a whole. In addition, there are a number of other reasons for hereditary variability. Conclusion:

The work was completed by Olga Derevyanko, a student of class 10B.

Mutations that occur in germ cells are called generative. They lead to changes in the properties of the entire descendant organism. Mutations that have arisen in the cells of the body ( somatic cells), are called somatic. Mutation in a somatic cell of a complex multicellular organism can lead to malignant or benign neoplasms.

Conclusion: Mutagenic factors Mutations Changes in the structure of chromosomes and genes Changes in the structure and properties of the organism

The law of homological series of hereditary variability. N. I. Vavilov “Species and genera that are genetically close are characterized by similar series of hereditary variability with such regularity that, knowing the series of forms within one species, one can predict the presence of parallel forms in other species and genera.”

Reinforcement Choose one correct answer. 1. Which of the phenomena can be attributed to a genomic mutation? a) the occurrence of sickle cell anemia; b) the appearance of a triploid form of potato; c) the appearance of an albino individual in the offspring. 2. Many gene mutations manifest themselves phenotypically after several generations. This is explained by the fact that: a) gene mutations are, as a rule, dominant; b) gene mutations are usually recessive; c) it depends only on the frequency of gene mutation; d) all the above reasons.

3. The movement of a gene or part of a chromosome from one locus to another is called: a) deletion; b) translocation; c) duplication; d) inversion of good. 4. Determine mutational variability among the given examples. a) in one bed, with good care, a tomato produced large fruits, and in a bed with poor care, small fruits. b) the cold weather has come - the fur of the hares has become thicker. c) one fragrant tobacco plant grew from a bud an unusual shoot with beautiful striped leaves. d) on well-fertilized soil, cabbage produces large heads of cabbage, and on poor soil, small heads.

5.Doubling of a gene or gene section is called: a) deletion; b) translocation; c) duplication; d) inversion. 6. Determine mutational variability among the given examples. a) when rabbits are raised in the cold, their fur becomes thicker; b) when cabbage is grown in areas with a Mediterranean climate, it does not form a head; c) if a fruit fly, Drosophila, is irradiated with X-rays, then various changes occur in its numerous offspring: the size of the wings changes in one, bristles appear or disappear in another, the chitinous cover is darker or lighter in a third; d) on the farm they improved the feeding of the cows - there was more milk, but they worsened the feeding - there was less milk.

Determine the type of mutation based on the chromosome set.

Determine the type of mutation based on the chromosome set.

Correlate the type of mutation with changes in chromosome structure. Normal gene order: A B C D E E. Types of mutations: 1. Deletion A) A B C D C D E E; 2. Duplication B) A B D D C E; 3. Inversion C) A B C D; Homework: § 33, 34, task No. 3 on p. 122.

Gene mutations - changes occur in the molecular structure of a gene. They are caused by a violation of the order of nucleotides in DNA due to insertions, deletions, or substitutions of individual nucleotides. As a result, a change in the reading of the hereditary program from DNA occurs, which leads to a change in the order of amino acids or their composition in the polypeptide chains of proteins and to the occurrence of mutations.

Gene mutations are the largest and are of great interest for selection.

Chromosomal mutations

Chromosomal mutations are caused by rearrangements of chromosomes and disruption of their structure.

Usually occur during cell division.

Depending on the nature of the restructuring that occurs, there are:

lack, deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation of chromosomes.

Chromosomal mutations

Deficiency - the end part of the chromosome is lost and the chromosome is shortened.

Deletion – the middle part of a chromosome is lost.

Duplication – duplication of any part of the chromosomes occurs.

Inversion - chromosomes break and grow together again at the other ends.

Translocation is the mutual exchange of parts of non-homologous chromosomes.

Genomic mutations –

is a change in the number of chromosomes in a cell , most often arising as a result of violations cell division. In this case, there may be a decrease or increase in the number of chromosomes with complete haploid sets, and then haploids and polyploids , or due to individual chromosomes in a diploid set and are formed heteroploids.

Combination variability - arising during sexual intercourse

reproduction

Stages of occurrence of combinational variability:

in prophase 1 as a result of crossing over;

in anophase 1 with independent divergence of homologous chromosomes of each pair (maternal and paternal) to different poles of the cell;

During fertilization, a random combination of germ cells can occur.

Features of combinational variability

With combinational variation, a new combination of genes occurs. The genes themselves and their molecular structure do not change. Only their combinations and the nature of interaction in the genotype change

Significance in the evolutionary process

Combination variability is associated only with new combinations and recombinations of genes, and gives a huge variety of forms.

Gene mutations create new hereditary units - genes and thereby present the source material to natural selection. It is gene mutations that cause the very vague variability to which Darwin attached primary importance in evolution

Significance in the evolutionary process

Natural selection evaluates the quality of mutations. It preserves those forms that, as a result of mutations, turned out to be more adapted to given conditions and destroys forms with mutations that reduce their fitness.

Methods for studying variability

Methods for studying genetic variability are based on determining the degree of influence of heredity and environment in the manifestation of the phenotype.

When studying intraspecific variability, statistical methods are used for processing quantitative characteristics of individual samples of groups of individuals belonging to different types, subspecies or varieties.

Slide 1

Lesson “Causes of mutations. Somatic and generative mutations»
The lesson was prepared by the biology teacher of the Astrakhan Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 23” Medkova E.N.

Slide 2

The epigraph for the lesson can be words from the famous fairy tale by A. S. Pushkin “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”
“The queen gave birth in the night to either a son or a daughter; Not a mouse, not a frog, but an unknown animal.”

A. S. Pushkin

Slide 3

Slide 4
Motivation in the lesson:

Introductory speech by the teacher about the problem of the phenomenon of mutations in humans and in the reality around them Problematic questions: Why do mutations occur? Are mutations really that dangerous? Should we be afraid of them? Can mutations be beneficial? Are mutations necessary in nature?

Slide 5
The purpose of the lesson:

deepen and expand knowledge about the molecular cytological bases of mutational variability based on the study of the main characteristics of mutational variability and the diversity of somatic and generative mutations; develop knowledge about mutagenic factors as causes of mutations based on knowledge from the course of physics and chemistry

Slide 6
Lesson objectives: Answer the questions by studying: the concept of mutation and classification of mutations, characteristics various types

mutations Find out the causes of mutations in nature Summarize the lesson: The meaning of mutations in nature and in human life

Slide 7
Basic concepts:
Mutation, mutagenesis, mutagens, mutants, Mutagenic factors Somatic mutations Generative mutations
Additional Concepts
Ionizing radiation Ultraviolet radiation

Chromosomal, gene and genomic mutations Lethal mutations Semi-lethal mutations Neutral mutations Beneficial mutations

Slide 8
Definitions:
Mutation
Mutagens
Mutation (from Latin mutatio - change, change) is any change in the DNA sequence. Mutation is a qualitative and quantitative change in the DNA of organisms, leading to changes in the genotype. The term was introduced by Hugo de Vries in 1901. Based on his research, he created a mutation theory. Mutagens –

environmental factors

causing mutations in organisms
Slide 9
Mutations (according to the degree of genotype change)
Gene (spot)

Chromosomal

Genomic
Slide 10

Gene mutations:

A change in one or more nucleotides within a gene.
Slide 11
Patients with sickle cell anemia have an increased (though not absolute) innate resistance to malaria infection.

Slide 12

Examples of gene mutations
Hemophilia (incoagulability of blood) is one of the most severe genetic diseases caused by a congenital lack of coagulation factors in the blood. Queen Victoria is considered the ancestor.

Slide 13

ALBINISM – lack of pigment
The cause of depigmentation is the complete or partial blockade of tyrosinase, an enzyme necessary for the synthesis of melanin, a substance on which the color of tissues depends.

Slide 14

Chromosomal mutations
Changes in the shape and size of chromosomes.

Slide 15

Chromosomal mutations

Slide 16

Slide 17

Genomic mutations -
Change in the number of chromosomes

Slide 18

Genomic mutations -
An “extra” chromosome in pair 21 leads to Down syndrome (the karyotype is represented by -47 chromosomes)

Slide 19

Polyploidy
Hexoploid plant (6n)
Diploid plant (2n)

Slide 20

Human use of polyploids

Slide 21

Mutations are distinguished:
Visible (morphological) - short legs and hairlessness in animals, gigantism, dwarfism and albinism in humans and animals.

Biochemical - mutations that disrupt metabolism. For example, some types of dementia are caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for the synthesis of tyrosine.

Slide 22

Slide 23
There are several classifications of mutations

Mutations are distinguished according to the place of occurrence: Generative - occurring in germ cells. They appear in the next generation. Somatic - occurring in somatic cells (cells of the body) and are not inherited.

Slide 24
Mutations by adaptive value:

Useful - increasing the vitality of individuals. Harmful - reducing the viability of individuals. Neutral - not affecting the viability of individuals. Lethal - leading to the death of an individual at the embryonic stage or after its birth

Slide 25

Mutations are distinguished:
Slide 26 Hidden (recessive) - mutations that do not appear in the phenotype in individuals with heterozygous genotype

(Ah). Spontaneous - spontaneous mutations are very rare in nature. Induced - mutations that occur due to a number of reasons.

Slide 27
Mutagenic factors:
Physical factors
Chemical factors

Biological factors

Slide 28
Questions for a conversation about physical mutagens: 1. What types of radiation do you know? 2. What radiation is called infrared? (let’s establish a connection between temperature and mutations) 3. Why is ultraviolet radiation called chemically active? 4. What is ionizing radiation? 5. What is the impact ionizing radiation

on living organisms?

Slide 27
Physical mutagens ionizing radiation ultraviolet radiation - excessively high or low temperature. Biological mutagens some viruses (measles, rubella, influenza virus) - metabolic products (lipid oxidation products);

Slide 30

Physical mutagens
Mutations due to the explosion in Chernobyl Scientists have found that 25 years after Chernobyl disaster genetic mutations doubled the number congenital anomalies in descendants of people living in areas affected by radiation

Slide 31

Chemical mutagens:
- nitrates, nitrites, pesticides, nicotine, methanol, benzopyrene. - some nutritional supplements, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons - petroleum products - organic solvents - medications, mercury preparations, immunosuppressants.

Slide 32

Exposure to chemical mutagens
Nitric oxide. A toxic substance that breaks down into nitrites and nitrates in the human body. Nitrites provoke mutations in body cells and mutate germ cells, leading to irreversible changes in newborns. Nitrosamines. Mutagens to which ciliated epithelial cells are most sensitive. Similar cells line the lungs and intestines, which explains the fact that smokers have a high incidence of lung, esophageal and intestinal cancer. Benzene. Constant inhalation of benzene contributes to the development of leukemia - cancer diseases blood.

When benzene burns, soot is formed, which also contains many mutagens.

Definitions:

summary of presentations

Slides: 18 Words: 438 Sounds: 0 Effects: 117 Mutations. Definition of mutation. Mutations occur randomly in nature and are found in descendants. "Every family has its black sheep". Mutations can be dominant or recessive. Dominant mutation

yellow. Recessive mutations: nude \left\ and hairless \right\. Varitint waddler. Dominant spotting. Neurological mutation of freezing in any position. A mutation in Japanese waltzing mice causes strange spinning and deafness. Homologous mutations. Identical or similar mutations can occur in species of common origin. Dutch piebald mutation. Hair loss. “Once upon a time there was a tailless cat who caught a tailless mouse.”

- Mutation.ppt

Alignment... Mutations and selection. Today we will focus on mutations. CDS, coding sequence – gene coding sequence. Replication scheme. Types of mutations. The causes of mutations are varied. CDS mutations and selection. How to display the ancestor-descendant relationship for nucleotides? “Inheritance” of an amino acid residue of a protein. Alignment problem. Alignment example. What to do with leftovers that shouldn't be cleared? Alignment and evolution. Sequences of the envelope protein from two strains of Coxsackievirus. Sequences of the envelope protein from two strains of Coxsackievirus and human enterovirus.

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Types of mutations

Slides: 20 Words: 323 Sounds: 0 Effects: 85

Gene mutations

Mutation is the source of the formation of biological diversity. What is the significance of the occurrence of mutations for the process of evolution? Hypothesis: Mutations can be both harmful and beneficial. Objectives of the study. Types of mutations. How can genetic material change? Mutation. Variability. Genome. Gene. Chromosome. Modification. Hereditary. Non-hereditary. Phenotypic. Genotypic. Environmental conditions. Combinative. Mutational. Mitosis, meiosis, fertilization. Mutations. New sign. Genetic material. Mutagenesis. Mutant. Properties of mutations. Sudden, random, not directed, hereditary, individual, rare.

- Types of mutations.ppt

Slides: 57 Words: 1675 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2

Definition. Classification of gene mutations. Nomenclature of gene mutations. The meaning of gene mutations. Biological antimutation mechanisms. Gene properties. We continue to talk about reactions involving DNA. The lecture was difficult to understand. A muton, the smallest unit of mutation, is equal to a pair of complementary nucleotides. Gene mutations. Definition. Let me remind you: The structure of the eukaryotic gene. Gene mutations are any changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene. Genes. structural - encode a protein or tRNA or rRNA. Regulatory – regulate the work of structural ones. Unique - one copy per genome.

- Gene mutations.ppt Examples of mutations Slides: 21 Words: 1443 Sounds: 0 Effects: 21 Mutations. Goals of work. Introduction. Any change in the DNA sequence. Mutations in the germ cells of parents are inherited by children. Classification of mutations. Genomic mutations. Chromosomes arranged in order of size. Structural mutations. Various types chromosomal mutations. Gene mutations. on the radiation dose. Phenylalanine, an aromatic amino acid. Tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid. The number of mutations decreases sharply. Gene therapy. Tissue transplantation methods. Lungs of mice 3 days after infection with cancer cells.

- Examples of mutations.ppt

Mutation process

Slides: 11 Words: 195 Sounds: 0 Effects: 34 The evolutionary role of mutations. Population genetics. S.S. Chetverikov. Saturation of natural populations with recessive mutations. Fluctuations in gene frequency in populations depending on the action of factors external environment

. Mutation process -. Counted. On average, one gamete out of 100 thousand is 1 million. A gamete carries a mutation at a specific locus. 10-15% of gametes carry mutant alleles. That's why. Natural populations are saturated with a wide variety of mutations. Most organisms are heterozygous for many genes. One can guess. Light-colored - aa Dark-colored - AA.

- Mutation process.ppt

Examples of mutational variability

Slides: 35 Words: 1123 Sounds: 0 Effects: 9

Mutational variability. Forms of variability. Mutation theory. Classification of mutations. Classification of mutations according to the place of their occurrence. Classification of mutations according to the nature of their manifestation. Dominant mutation. Classification of mutations by adaptive value. Gene mutations. Genomic mutations. Generative mutations. Klinefelter's syndrome. Shershevsky-Turner syndrome. Patau syndrome. Down syndrome. Chromosomal mutations. Deletion. Duplications. Translocations. Replacing bases. Primary structure of hemoglobin. Mutation in a gene. Morphan's syndrome. Adrenaline rush. R. Hemophilia. Prevention.

- Examples of mutational variability.ppt Mutational variability of organisms Slides: 28 Words: 1196 Sounds: 0 Effects: 12

Genetics and evolutionary theory. Problematic question. Target. Tasks. Natural selection is the guiding, driving factor of evolution. Variability is the ability to acquire new characteristics. Variability.

Modification variability

. Hereditary variability. Combinative variability. Genetic programs. Mutational variability is the primary material. Mutations. The classification is conditional. Chromosomal and genomic mutations. Increasing complexity of the organization of living things. Gene (point) mutations. What happens to the individual? A population is an elementary unit of the evolutionary process. - Mutational variability of organisms.ppt. Characteristics of mutational variability. Types of mutations according to their effect on the body. Types of mutations by changing the genotype. Chromosomal mutations. Chromosomal mutations in animals. Change in the number of chromosomes. Polyploidy. Down syndrome. Changes in gene structure. Genomic mutations. Gene mutations. Types of variability. Homework. - Types of mutational variability.pptx

Mutational variability

Slides: 17 Words: 717 Sounds: 0 Effects: 71

Mutational variability. Genetics. From history: Mutations: Mutational variability is associated with the process of formation of mutations. Who created it: Organisms in which a mutation has occurred are called mutants. The mutation theory was created by Hugo de Vries in 1901-1903. Slide separator. According to the method of occurrence In relation to the embryonic path According to the adaptive value. By localization in the cell. Classification of mutations. According to the method of occurrence. There are spontaneous and induced mutations. Mutagens are of three types: Physical, Chemical, Biological. In relation to the germinal path.

- Mutational variability.ppt

Hereditary variability

Slides: 14 Words: 189 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0

Hereditary variability. Comparison of modification and mutational variability. Let's test our knowledge. Combinative variability. A random combination of genes in a genotype. Mutations are sudden, persistent changes in genes and chromosomes that are inherited. Mechanism of mutations. Genomics lead to changes in the number of chromosomes. Genetic Associated with changes in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. Chromosomal are associated with changes in the structure of chromosomes. Cytoplasmic is the result of changes in the DNA of cellular organelles - plastids, mitochondria. Examples of chromosomal mutations.

- Hereditary variability.ppt

Types of hereditary variability