2 Basic concepts of the topic Landfill is a territory for the temporary placement of production and consumption waste. Unauthorized landfills in areas not designated for waste disposal. Authorized landfills permitted local authorities authorities of the territory (existing sites) for the disposal of industrial and household waste, but not equipped in accordance with the requirements for landfills sanitary standards and rules, and operated with deviations from the requirements of sanitary and epidemiological supervision. Landfill is a high-tech event designed for storing, isolating and neutralizing solid waste, and proper organization the whole complex preparatory work, excluding harmful effects on environment.
3 The landfill in Kanash is not a landfill and, accordingly, does not meet sanitary, epidemiological and environmental requirements, does not have a protection system to prevent environmental pollution (filtration screen, leachate removal and purification system, landfill gas removal system)
4 Prerequisites for the occurrence of unauthorized landfills: In more than 70% populated areas there is no systematic collection and transportation of waste organized. In all areas there is a shortage of containers and special equipment for waste collection. In rural settlements there is not enough money to maintain the landfill and special equipment
5 The main principle of constructing a solid waste landfill is to minimize the negative impact of production and consumption waste on the environment. The main technological and environmental task is to organize high-quality collection and disposal of leachate formed in the body of waste deposited on maps and to prevent its spread into underground aquifers. For this purpose, with appropriate justification and taking into account the peculiarities of the hydrogeological conditions of the sites of certain objects, various modern geosynthetic materials are used when preparing map bases for storing solid waste. The latter not only completely exclude the penetration of filtrate into groundwater, but also have the necessary chemical resistance. On top of this insulating structure, a collecting drainage system is provided with discharge to a collector and for further disposal. Thus, the main environmental problem of the solid waste landfill is solved.
6 On this moment, on the territory of the Chuvash Republic there is a successfully operated modern waste disposal site in the Morgaushsky district, where its operation has minimal impact negative impact on the environment. The main feature of the planned solid waste landfill in the Kanashsky district is a waste sorting complex. The storage of waste will not be indiscriminate, but with the separation of waste into fractions, with the allocation of waste for recycling.
7 Waste sorting station with processing of secondary raw materials Located in the utility zone Located in the utility zone Capacity - 5 thousand tons/year of solid waste. Productivity – 5 thousand tons/year of solid waste. Separable secondary resources (20-25%): metal, cardboard and paper, textiles, PET bottles, glass, etc. Separable secondary resources (20-25%): metal, cardboard and paper, textiles, PET bottles, glass and etc. The remaining waste (“tailings”) is stored at a landfill with the volume being compressed 5-6 times. The remaining waste (“tailings”) is stored at a landfill with the volume being compressed 5-6 times.
8
9 The solid waste landfill for the Kanashsky district is a modern complex of environmental structures designed for the centralized disposal of solid waste and the prevention of harmful substances into the environment, meeting all the requirements for waste disposal sites.
11
Reducing the burden on the environment Operating the landfill in accordance with modern requirements; Drainage of surface water from the adjacent territory; Lowering the groundwater level (draining the area for solid waste landfill); Discharge of leachate generated in the body of the solid waste landfill; Organization of protection along the perimeter of the solid waste landfill; Organization of sanitary protection zone and monitoring system 12
Protection of groundwater, surface runoff and soil from pollution 1. Drainage of surface water from the adjacent territory Drainage of surface water from the storage area will occur due to the natural slope of the site and an earthen rampart (cavalier) along the perimeter of the site. No additional measures are required. 13
Protection of groundwater, surface runoff and soil from pollution 2. Lowering the groundwater level (draining the site for solid waste landfill) To drain groundwater (“overwater”) to lower the groundwater level at the site (drainage), a drainage system is provided (perforated pipes, sprinkled crushed stone): intercepting drainage - with northwestern sides of the solid waste landfill – interception of “overwater” from the adjacent territory; drainage drainage – with northeast sides - drainage of water into an existing forest ravine. 14
Protection of groundwater, surface runoff and soil from pollution 3. Disposal of leachate formed in the body of the landfill Leachate formed in the body of the landfill is the main factor that negatively affects groundwater, surface water and soil. Leachate is formed due to atmospheric precipitation falling directly on the landfill area: partly the precipitation evaporates, partly seeps through solid waste. To prevent filtrate from entering the environment, special training solid waste landfill foundations and leachate pumping station. 15
Preparation of the base of a solid waste landfill Impermeable impervious filter - prevents leachate formed in the body of the landfill from entering the groundwater and soil; Drainage system – removes the resulting filtrate from the body of the landfill; Leachate pumping station - leachate is pumped onto the solid waste landfill body in order to reduce the load on the screen, evaporate leachate from the surface of the landfill, and prevent spontaneous combustion and fires in the landfill body in the summer. 16 Longitudinal schematic section for preparing the base
R-PLAST Waterproofing material made from a mixture of rubbers and thermoplastic polymers. Used to minimize the harmful effects of landfill leachate on the environment and for the reclamation of solid waste landfills. Certified, there is a conclusion from the Academy utilities them. K.D. Pamfilova on its suitability as an impervious screen. Successfully used at landfills in Samara, Moscow, Leningrad regions, Republic of Bashkortostan, Belarus, Perm Territory 18
Household zone The housekeeping zone is necessary for the operation of a solid waste landfill; it is located at the entrance to the landfill and includes the following structures: - gates with fencing; - weighing platform with a canopy - to control the flow of solid waste; - weigher's room; - dry closet; - disinfection - for disinfection of wheels of vehicles leaving the landfill; - garage for storing and repairing machines and mechanisms; - warehouses for fuels and lubricants, equipment and inventory; - two reinforced concrete underground tanks - used for fire-fighting purposes. 22
Every day a large amount of waste ends up
to landfills
recycle and use again.
Tetra Pak packaging – ballpoint pen
Waste paper – toilet paper
Aluminum can - aluminum can
Plastic – jacket
Glass bottle - glass wool Why do you need to throw away trash?
apart? Separate waste collection allows you to separate solid waste from the total mass.
household waste (MSW) “useful fractions” - those materials that
can be reused.
What is solid waste –
hard
household waste?
Components of municipal solid waste
Food andvegetable
waste
Waste paper
(paper,
cardboard,
package,
magazines and
newspapers)
Plastics
(polyethylene and
plastic)
Glass
(glass
container)
Metals
(black and
colored,
For example,
aluminum
banks)
Textile
(worn out
cloth,
For example)
Other trash
(wood,
rubber, leather) How long does it take for household waste to decompose?
Food
waste
Waste paper
Foil,
tin
banks
Polyethylene
and plastic
Aluminum
Metals
10 days – 1 month
1 month - season
90 - 200 years
100 - 200 years
500 – 1000 years
up to 1000 years
1000 - 1 million years
Glass What is separate waste collection?
Separate waste collection is collection
waste that can be recycled
Waste for recycling:
Waste paper
Cardboard
Plastic
Glass
Textile
Metal
We separate waste for recycling from biodegradable waste
Biodegradable waste:
Food/plant waste
Personal care products How to separate waste?
Biodegradable waste
Important!!! cannot be placed in this type of container
smoldering/flammable/explosive waste,
hazardous to human health and life, construction
waste, household and electronic equipment.
Waste for recycling
Important!!! This type of container cannot be used
place biodegradable waste, containers with
liquid residues, damp or contaminated
material (paper/cardboard), construction waste.
Bulky waste
Important!!! large-sized
waste must be disposed of
neat and compact
preferably disassembled into parts. Why should I collect and throw away garbage separately?
because other people can sort it out or
technique? What do you need to organize
separate collection at home? The growth of landfills on our planet depends on each of us.
To organize separate waste collection from
yourself at home, you must, first of all, have the desire,
then select a place in the apartment and begin
sorting.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
Presentation on the topic: “Divide! Separate waste collection." The work was carried out by a student of the 7th grade “G” of MAOU school No. 115 Savina Vidana-13 years old Under the guidance of: Irina Yuryevna Krylova
2 slide
Slide description:
I.Introduction. Hypothesis: Separately collected waste is NOT GARBAGE, it is SECONDARY RAW MATERIALS, from which we can obtain the goods we need without increasing the burden on the environment.
3 slide
Slide description:
Relevance: The great Niels Bohr predicted: humanity will not die from the atomic bomb or endless wars, it will bury itself under mountains of its own waste. As a result of human activity, millions of tons of various waste, including household waste, are generated annually. The relevance of the work lies in the search for new effective, environmentally friendly ways to dispose of municipal solid waste (MSW) based on the research conducted.
4 slide
Slide description:
Project goal: To identify popular methods of waste disposal in the area, what they depend on, and to propose the most environmentally friendly ways of recycling waste.
5 slide
Slide description:
Project objectives: 1. Study what kind of garbage there is. 2. Conduct an experiment in your family on separate waste collection. 3. Study the experience of waste disposal abroad and in Russia. 3. Conduct an analysis of the study and propose environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal for residents of the area.
6 slide
Slide description:
Research methods: - Collection of information from literary and Internet sources. - Preparation of personal photographs and photos from the Internet. - Questionnaire. - Analysis of survey and interview data. At the very beginning of the work, attention is focused on the fact that the main source of increase in household waste is Man, and the main methods of using household waste in the world are: incineration (it is considered as a means of reducing the total volume of waste, while simultaneously allowing the use of waste heat), recycling (i.e. processing for further use, disposal) and burial. However, each country deals with waste in its own way. The work examines examples of successful experience in waste disposal in countries around the world, regions of Russia and regions of our region.
7 slide
Slide description:
II. We study the essence of the problem. What kind of garbage is there? Glass containers Damage to nature: broken glass containers can cause injury to animals. Harm to humans: Broken glass containers can cause injury. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop. Recycling method: use for its intended purpose or remelting. Waste paper Damage to nature: the paper itself does not cause damage. Harm to humans: paint may release toxic substances when decomposed. Recycling method: recycling into wrapping paper. Least dangerous way neutralization: composting.
8 slide
Slide description:
Food waste Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes. Decomposition routes: used as food by various microorganisms. The least dangerous method of disposal: composting.
Slide 9
Slide description:
Bricks Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Harm to humans: May cause injury. Recycling method: recycling into crumbs. Products made from fabrics Fabrics can be synthetic and natural. Everything written below applies to natural fabrics. Damage to nature: do not cause. Recycling method: composting. The least dangerous method of neutralization: burning. Wooden products Damage to nature: do not cause. Harm to humans: may cause injury. Recycling method: recycling into paper or wood-based material. Least dangerous method of disposal: burning
10 slide
Slide description:
Tin cans Material: galvanized or tin plated iron. Damage to nature: compounds of zinc, tin and iron are poisonous to many organisms. The sharp edges of the cans injure animals. Harm to a person: they are injured when walking barefoot. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop. Recycling method: melting together with metal. Scrap metal Material: iron or cast iron. Damage to nature: iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. Pieces of metal injure animals. Harm to humans: cause various injuries. Recycling method: melting down.
11 slide
Slide description:
Foil Material: aluminum. Damage to nature: practically does not cause. Recycling method: melting down. Cans for beer and other drinks Material: aluminum and its alloys. Damage to nature: sharp edges of cans cause injury to animals. Harm to humans: water accumulates in jars, in which larvae of blood-sucking insects develop. Recycling method: melting down. Plastic products Damage to nature: interferes with gas exchange in soils and water bodies. Can be swallowed by animals, which will lead to the death of the latter. Harm to humans: Plastics can release toxic substances when decomposed. Recycling method: melting down.
12 slide
Slide description:
Packaging for food products Material: paper and different kinds plastics Damage to nature: May be ingested by animals. Recycling method: none. The least dangerous method of neutralization: burial. Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide and water, hydrogen chloride, toxic compounds. It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as this may result in the formation of dioxides. Batteries Very poisonous waste! Material: zinc, coal, manganese oxide. Damage to nature: poisonous to many organisms. Harm to humans: poisonous to humans. Many other types of waste are also very dangerous: used cartridges and Appliances, energy-saving lamps, etc. Moreover, they are prohibited from being stored in regular landfills. Although for Russia, bans and laws are ineffective in all areas.
Slide 13
Slide description:
2.How much garbage is there? The main "suppliers" huge amount waste on our planet are: 1) Residential buildings and household enterprises. Among the pollutants, household waste, food waste, feces, construction waste, waste from heating systems, and items that have become unusable predominate. household items; garbage from public institutions. 2) Industrial enterprises. Solid and liquid industrial waste constantly contains certain substances that can have a toxic effect on living organisms and their communities. 3) Thermal power engineering. In addition to the formation of a mass of slag when burning coal, thermal power generation is associated with the release of soot, unburned particles, and sulfur oxides into the atmosphere. 4) Agriculture. Fertilizers, pesticides used in agriculture and forestry to protect plants from pests, diseases and weeds. 5) Transport. During the operation of internal combustion engines, nitrogen oxides, lead, hydrocarbons and other substances are intensively released, deposited on the soil surface or absorbed by plants.
Slide 14
Slide description:
The experiment I conducted was as follows: “I decided to find out how much garbage my family (4 people) throws out. To do this, I conducted a study: for two weeks, my family collected garbage separately into 4 bags (glass, paper, plastic and food waste). The experiment was carried out from September 22 to October 8. The result is given in the form of a bar chart: Glass - 4.2 kg. Paper, cardboard - 1.5 kg. Plastic - 2.5 kg. Food waste - 6 kg. Experiment
15 slide
Slide description:
I calculated how much waste one family would accumulate in a year: Glass - 83 kg. Paper, cardboard – 30 kg. Plastic – 49 kg. Food waste – 119 kg. After making calculations, I came to the following conclusions: Processing 100 kg. waste paper will save 1 tree. If one family donated waste paper every year, we would save one tree in 3 years! Processing 1000 kg. waste paper saves 20,000 liters. water, 1000 kW. electricity. If we handed over waste paper for recycling, we would save 600 liters per year. water and 30 kW. electricity! The amount of waste per year per person, based on our experience, is 100 - 150 kg. A lot of garbage is thrown away, but we noticed that almost all household waste is returnable, i.e. it can be used as secondary raw materials. Therefore, waste can and should be sorted and delivered to various collection points. For example, food waste (for those who have a garden or who live in their own home) can be collected in special food containers, used for livestock or homeless animals. Hand over scrap metal and glass containers to collection points. Collection points for collecting plastic and aluminum bottles and cans began to open. I found out whether all waste has a second life and how it can be used. It turned out that some of the waste can be reused ourselves. It depends on our desire, creativity, fantasy, invention.
16 slide
Slide description:
3.How do they solve the waste problem in other countries? Every resident of Switzerland is required to sort waste - this is the law. Violators are subject to a large fine. The law is enforced by the garbage police, who are able to find and bring to justice even a person who threw a cigarette butt out of a car window. Those who do not want to “get their hands dirty” must pay a tax to have a “specialist” deal with their waste. Another direct responsibility of every law-abiding Swiss is to bring sorted waste to collection points, from where it is sent to recycling plants. The waste sorting system in Switzerland has been taken to the extreme. In the country, more than 90% of used glass containers end up in recycling plants. On the streets of Geneva there are metal containers for broken and non-standard bottles, and the glass is sorted by color: white, green, brown, for this purpose the containers have appropriate inscriptions. Almost a third of printed products are also returned to recycling collection points. Batteries containing reagents hazardous to living organisms are never thrown into the trash, just like old electrical appliances, home appliances, construction garbage. Switzerland
Slide 17
Slide description:
USA In the USA, separate waste collection has also been developed - it must be thrown into strictly designated containers. There is a system of fines. There are more than 550 waste recycling plants in the United States - local residents It is proposed to only hand over recyclable waste. It is also possible to hand over household waste for a fee to commercial structures that sort, package and sell waste to enterprises. Some US states use a deposit system: when purchasing goods in containers (such as bottles) that can be recycled, the buyer pays a certain amount as a deposit. When he returns the bottle, he receives this money back. In recent decades, it has begun to be used in the United States new method fight against waste - its minimization: entrepreneurs produce more economical packaging, and consumers learn to reuse existing items. The program is called RRR - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (Reduce consumption. Use again. Recycle).
18 slide
Slide description:
Germany Germany also has a separate waste collection system. Each type of solid waste has its own barrel. Only residual garbage, old newspapers, magazines and carton boxes. Cans, bottles, polymer and paper, as well as partially metal packaging with a “green dot” are thrown into the yellow barrel. The green barrel is intended for organic waste that is processed into compost. Pharmacies accept expired medications. There are collection points for old batteries in any supermarket. The removal of refrigerators must be agreed upon in advance. Garbage collected in the city, depending on the distance between the collection point and the landfill, is delivered either directly to the landfill, or to a sorting center, or to a waste transfer station. Here the waste is reloaded into large (with a carrying capacity of 24-40 tons) truck containers. Thus, transport costs are reduced. At sorting centers, collected packaging materials are sorted manually. Various types of household waste are recycled by the glass industry; paper recycling society; a society for the recycling of used packaging made of artificial materials, polymer films, cans, bottles, polystyrene foam; metallurgical industry; society for recycling aluminum packaging, etc.
Slide 19
Slide description:
Japan In Japan, the problem of waste management is especially pressing because there is simply no place for waste disposal. Waste is actively used to create fill areas in the ocean. The solution to the problem of household waste, without exaggeration, depends on each person, and one of the main achievements of Japan is that recycling of raw materials from waste now begins in households. Since the early 2000s, Japanese society has been swept by a real wave: “mottainai-nee-uh” can often be heard from the lips of Japanese of different generations. It's hard to translate, but the point is that you shouldn't throw anything away as long as something remains. beneficial features that wastefulness is inappropriate.
20 slide
Slide description:
Finland The Finns manage to hide it underground. Finnish specialists have developed their own waste disposal technology: it is stored in special containers with a capacity of 3 to 5 cubic meters, hidden two-thirds into the ground. Only one such installation can dispose of up to 7 cubic meters of waste. The inside of the tank is made of dense plastic, top part The tank is closed with a lid. This system is emptied once a week, usually at night. The next achievement in waste disposal is steel elevators, which are special lifts that are equipped in crowded places. These lifts allow you to hide up to 100 cubic meters of waste underground. Strange as it may sound, garbage is practically a strategic raw material for Finns. They got the hang of squeezing the “juices” out of it. The water obtained after pressing waste is purified to drinking condition. Methane, a gas released during the decomposition of waste (which the Finns capture and then burn), is used as a fuel for units operating at landfills. As a result, there is a double benefit - due to waste, electricity is produced and methane, which represents great danger for the environment.
21 slides
Slide description:
4. Recommendations for every citizen of Russia To reduce the amount of waste it is necessary: – Do not take extra paper and plastic bags from the store or reuse them. - Write and draw on both sides of the paper. - Try to buy drinks in bottles that can be returned. - Don't buy more than you might need. Be able to throw away garbage: - At home, throw garbage into a garbage bag. - The bucket must be closed with a lid, because... waste may be toxic. - Close the thrown garbage tightly so that it does not spill on the road. - Dispose of garbage in specially designated places. - Throw small garbage on the street only into trash cans. Reuse waste: - The clothes we wear can be given to those in need. - Do not throw away old toys and books: someone may need them. You can give it to orphanages, boarding schools, kindergartens, libraries. - If you have a garden plot, use food waste to make fertilizer. - Be sure to participate in collecting waste paper. - Be actively involved in separate waste collection if it is organized in your locality.
22 slide
Slide description:
III.My project - conclusions. Unfortunately, among Russian municipal officials, everything still remains the same: this is a focus mainly on burying waste in landfills, and actively promoting ideas for building waste incineration plants, and, most importantly, a lack of desire to work with the population. But even equipped according last word equipment, household waste landfills inevitably create a whole complex environmental problems. Moreover, in Russia there are currently no more than a dozen such “proper landfills” - there are only landfills that will pollute the environment for about 100 years after their closure. Therefore, recycling of secondary raw materials is the most promising way to improve the ecological state of the environment. Summing up the results of my research, I developed an environmental project “Separate waste collection - mission possible.” Conclusion: Separate waste collection and subsequent civilization in any civilized country in the world is of the greatest national importance, justified by both high economic benefits and conservation ecological balance in the region. In addition, the high level of waste processing and disposal allows the use of fossil resources much more efficiently and economically.
Slide 23
Slide description:
Ecology lesson in additional education with presentation
Novikova Ekaterina Mikhailovna, head of the department for core activities of the State Educational Institution “Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center for Students”, Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.Lesson duration: 1 academic hour (45 minutes)
Study group composition: age of children: 13 - 14 years
Purpose of the lesson: contribute to expanding students' knowledge about methods of recycling and reuse of household waste.
Tasks:
Educational– expand knowledge about household waste and the need for separate collection.
Developmental– promote the development of a communicative culture among students.
Educating– cultivate a caring attitude towards the environment.
Specifics of the lesson: educational and developmental activity.
Teaching methods used in the training session:
- verbal method (explanation, conversation);
- practical method (master class);
- gaming (games).
Pedagogical technology: productive (collective activities, environmental workshop)
Material and technical support of the training session: multimedia installation, presentation “The second life of household waste”, old CDs, oilcloth (you can use old plastic bag, wrapping paper), glue, brushes, scissors, pencil, illustrations on the topic of the lesson.
Lesson structure:
1. Organizational stage (2 min)
1.1. Greetings. Message of the topic, purpose of the lesson.
1.2. Game “Today I threw away...”
3. Operational-cognitive stage (27 min)
3.1. Conversation “Separate collection of household waste.”
3.2. Game “Where to throw it?”
3.3. Physical education lesson “The bunny came out.”
3.4. Mini-lecture “Recycling and reuse of household waste”, presentation “The second life of household waste”
4. Control and correction stage (10 min)
4.1. Ecological workshop: “Cup holder made from a CD.”
5. Reflection. (3 min)
Summing up the lesson. Interactive game"Reflective Circle"
Lesson structure:
1. Organizational stage (2 min)
Teacher: Today in class we will talk about waste, how to properly collect and recycle it, and also find out what can be made from household waste.
2. Orientation-motivational stage (3 min)
Teacher: Let's start by looking at how much we throw into the trash bin throughout the day. To do this, let's play the game “Today I threw away...”.
Rules of the game:
A trash can is drawn on the board. In turn, each student names what he threw yesterday or today in the trash can, the teacher “fills” the bucket (writes in everything that the students name).
Teacher: Okay, now look at our trash can, you see it is completely filled, everything we throw away is household waste. Today, 1.3 billion tons of waste per year end up in garbage chutes and landfills.
3. Operational-cognitive stage (27 min)
3.1. Conversation “Separate collection of household waste.”
Teacher: Solid household waste (MSW, household garbage) is objects or goods that have lost their consumer properties, the largest part of consumer waste. Solid waste is also divided into waste (biological waste) and household waste (non-biological waste of artificial or natural origin), and the latter is often household level are simply called garbage.
Each of us throws out garbage all the time, but are we doing it right?
We have all heard at least once about the concept of “separate waste collection”. How many of you will tell us what separate waste collection is?
Student: Waste separation and selective waste collection are the activities of sorting and collecting waste depending on its origin.
Teacher: Separating waste is done to avoid mixing different types garbage and environmental pollution. This process allows you to give waste a “second life”, in most cases through its reuse and recycling. Separating waste helps prevent waste from decomposing, rotting, and burning in landfills. Consequently, it decreases bad influence on the environment.
Who knows what groups our garbage can be divided into?
Student: All our garbage can be divided into several groups: paper, plastic, glass and mixed garbage.
Teacher: Very good, let's see what can be thrown into containers.
Paper containers
Paper containers are plain or mesh containers labeled as such.
What can be thrown into this container?
Student: You can throw in them: magazines, newspapers, handouts, paper packaging, cardboard boxes, advertising leaflets from mailboxes, calendars, corrugated cardboard egg packaging.
Teacher: The next type of containers are plastic containers.
Except for the inscription, they may not differ from paper containers. And they may differ - it depends on exactly when the corresponding container was placed in your yard.
What can you throw away?
Student: You can throw in them: PET bottles, canisters, plastic film and bags, plastic packaging from shampoos, shower gels and other cosmetics, bottles from household chemicals, plastic bottles (not to be confused with cups) from drinking yoghurts, milk, kefir, etc., cling film, buckets, basins, pens without rods, rulers.
Teacher: Do not forget that it is advisable to throw away a plastic bottle without corks (caps), empty, and, of course, it is best to stomp on them first. No corks - because corks are made from a different type of plastic and are not recycled. You need to stomp on bottles in order to save space in the garbage truck: the less volume the garbage takes up, the fewer times the car needs to roll from the factory to the city. For the same reason, bottles must be empty - they will be compressed, and it is quite difficult to compress a bottle with frozen water inside.
Teacher: The next type of container is a glass container.
You can throw bottles and cans into such containers (preferably clean ones without labels). It is better to collect window glass separately; it is also recycled, but it is not advisable to mix it with other types of glass. If the cans break, don’t be upset, the glass will still go into battle, i.e. sooner or later your jar will be broken anyway. But if the box comes apart at the seam and the glass falls out on the ground, call the housing office; in this form the box is useless and needs to be replaced.
Teacher: But not all garbage can be sorted into these containers. Where do you think the rest of the garbage is thrown?
Student: We throw all other waste into mixed waste containers.
Teacher: The most common container is still a container for mixed garbage, municipal waste (in general, for what is not recycled). It looks something like this:
You can absolutely throw away in this container: TetraPak bags (for milk, juices, etc.), adhesive tape, diapers, wallpaper, photo paper, disposable tableware, yogurt and sour cream cups, yogurt, milk and sour cream bags, food foil , money, napkins, cigarette packs, adhesive tape for cleaning clothes, mirrors, car windows, tableware, meat trays, polystyrene packaging boxes for cakes, waste plastic profiles for windows, candy wrappers, food waste, packaging for eggs made of foam or impact-resistant polystyrene. We understand that disposable tableware or yogurt cups are like trash that can be recycled. But they are made from other types of plastic and are not recycled in Belarus.
Teacher: We have listed many types of household waste, but not all. For example, batteries, energy-saving light bulbs, where should we throw them away?
Student: All this must be thrown into special containers.
Teacher: But if we walk around the city, we are unlikely to see such containers on the street. Where will we look for them?
Student: such containers are placed in shopping centers, in various institutions, in crowded places.
3.2. Game “Where to throw it?”
Teacher: Now let's see how well you remember where to throw things away. To do this, let's play the game “Where to throw it?” (Annex 1).
Rules of the game:
Students form 3 groups. Each group is given an envelope containing cards with images of various objects and garbage containers. Students need to “throw away” the garbage correctly (sort the pictures into containers). 4 minutes are allotted for the game.
Teacher: Let's see what you got, how you coped with the task.
(The teacher “disassembles” garbage containers and corrects mistakes)
3.3. Physical education lesson “Walk around the city”
(Children perform movements according to the text).
Teacher:
We are walking along the street where we live (everyone is walking)
We collect and place pieces of paper and glass. (They crouch and imitate collecting garbage)
Once in the bucket, and twice in the basket, we bend our backs together. (Do bends)
If you work together, everything around you will be transformed! (Spread their arms to the sides).
3.4. Mini-lecture “Recycling and reuse of household waste”, with demonstration presentation “The second life of household waste”
Teacher: After we throw out the garbage, it goes for recycling.
Slide 2
Waste processing is an activity that involves handling waste for the purpose of its safe destruction or ensuring reuse V national economy received raw materials, energy, products and materials.
Slide 3
A number of paper products are produced from recycled materials, primarily cardboard, toilet paper, and individual species building materials.
Slide 4
PET bottles are cleaned of foreign debris (caps, labels), after which they are washed to remove dirt and remaining contents, sorted by color, and crushed into PET flakes
Slide 5
PET flakes are used as raw material for a range of products that would otherwise be made from polyester. Examples include polyester fibers (the main material for the production of clothing, pillows, carpets, etc.), polyester sheets, strapping (bandage tape), or again PET bottles, etc.
Slide 6
Collected cans and bottles are turned into broken glass - this is what crushed packaging glass is called in production. The broken glass is passed through a magnet to separate the remaining metal caps from the bottles. For the production of glass, quartz sand, soda and limestone are used, but 30-40% of the total mass can be replaced with broken glass, which saves natural raw materials and energy for production.
Slide 7
What is not recycled is sent for disposal; garbage is mainly disposed of in two ways:
Burial
burning
Slide 8
In addition to industrial recycling, people independently “give” waste a second life in the form of decorations and useful devices.
4. Control and correction stage (10 min)
4.1. Ecological workshop: “Cup holder made from a CD.”
IN last years people have almost stopped using CDs and quite a lot of them have accumulated, today we will give a second life to an old, at first glance unnecessary disc, we will make a cup holder out of it.
Materials: We need an old CD, oilcloth (you can use an old plastic bag, wrapping paper), glue, scissors, pencil.
We take the disk, place it on oilcloth (plastic bag, wrapping paper), and trace it twice, then cut out the resulting circles.
We coat each side of the disk with glue and glue the resulting circles.
Our stand is ready.
Presentation on the topic: Separate waste collection.
Watch the video on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4cZcgIBPc_U
The great Niels Bohr predicted: humanity will not die from the atomic bomb or endless wars, it will bury itself under mountains of its own waste.
As a result of human activity, millions of tons of various waste, including household waste, are generated annually.
Goals:
1. Study what kind of garbage there is.
2. Conduct an experiment in your family on separate waste collection.
3. Study the experience of waste disposal abroad and in Russia.
4. Conduct an analysis of the study and propose environmentally friendly methods of waste disposal for residents of the area.
What kind of garbage is there?
Glass containers
Waste paper
- Damage to nature: Broken glass containers can cause injury to animals.
- Harm to humans: Broken glass containers can cause injury. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.
- Recycling method: use for its intended purpose or remelting.
- Damage to nature: the paper itself does not cause damage.
- Harm to humans: paint may release toxic substances when decomposed.
- Recycling method: recycling into wrapping paper.
- Damage to nature: practically no damage.
- Harm to humans: rotting food waste is a breeding ground for microbes.
- Decomposition routes: used as food by various microorganisms.
- The least dangerous method of disposal: composting.
Bricks
- Harm to humans: May cause injury.
- Recycling method: recycling into crumbs.
Fabric products
- Fabrics can be synthetic and natural. Everything written below applies to natural fabrics.
- Damage to nature: do not cause.
- Recycling method: composting.
- The least dangerous method of neutralization: burning.
Wooden crafts
Damage to nature: do not cause.
Harm to humans: may cause injury.
Recycling method: recycling into paper or wood-based material.
Least dangerous method of disposal: burning
Cans
Scrap metal
- Material: galvanized or tin plated iron.
- Damage to nature: compounds of zinc, tin and iron are poisonous to many organisms. The sharp edges of the cans injure animals.
- Harm to a person: they are injured when walking barefoot. Water accumulates in the jars, in which the larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.
- Recycling method: melting together with metal.
- Material: iron or cast iron.
- Damage to nature: iron compounds are poisonous to many organisms. Pieces of metal injure animals.
- Harm to humans: cause various injuries.
Foil
- Material: aluminum.
- Damage to nature: practically does not cause.
- Recycling method: melting down.
Drink cans
- Material: aluminum and its alloys.
- Damage to nature: sharp edges of cans cause injury to animals.
- Harm to humans: water accumulates in jars, in which larvae of blood-sucking insects develop.
- Recycling method: melting down.
Plastic products
- Damage to nature: interferes with gas exchange in soils and water bodies. Can be swallowed by animals, which will lead to the death of the latter.
- Harm to humans: Plastics can release toxic substances when decomposed.
- Recycling method: melting down.
Food packaging
Batteries
- Material: paper and various types of plastics.
- Damage to nature: May be ingested by animals.
- Recycling method: none.
- The least dangerous method of neutralization: burial.
- Products formed during neutralization: carbon dioxide and water, hydrogen chloride, toxic compounds.
- It is strictly forbidden to burn these materials, as this may result in the formation of dioxides.
- Very poisonous garbage!
- Material: zinc, coal, manganese oxide.
- Damage to nature: poisonous to many organisms.
- Harm to humans: poisonous to humans.
Many other types of waste are also very dangerous: used cartridges and household appliances, energy-saving lamps, etc. Moreover, they are prohibited from being stored in regular landfills. Although for Russia, bans and laws are ineffective in all areas.
How much garbage is there?
The main “suppliers” of a huge amount of waste on our planet are:
- Residential buildings and household enterprises.
- Industrial enterprises.
- Thermal power engineering.
- Agriculture.
- Transport.
Experiment
The experiment is as follows:
“It is necessary to collect garbage separately into 4 bags (glass, paper, plastic and food waste) for two weeks. The experiment runs from September 22 to October 8. The result is presented in the form of a bar chart.
For example:
Glass - 4.2 kg.
Paper, cardboard - 1.5 kg.
Plastic - 2.5 kg.
Food waste - 6 kg.
How do they solve the waste problem in other countries?
- Every resident of Switzerland is required to sort waste - this is the law. Violators are subject to a large fine. The law is enforced by the garbage police, who are able to find and bring to justice even a person who threw a cigarette butt out of a car window.
- In the country, more than 90% of used glass containers end up in recycling plants.
- On the streets of Geneva, metal containers for broken and non-standard bottles are placed, and the glass is sorted by color: white, green, brown.
- Batteries containing reagents hazardous to living organisms are never thrown into the trash, just like old electrical appliances, household appliances, and construction waste.
Switzerland
- In the United States, separate waste collection has been developed - it must be thrown into strictly designated containers. There is a system of fines.
- There are more than 550 waste recycling plants in the United States
- Some US states use a deposit system: when purchasing goods in containers (such as bottles) that can be recycled, the buyer pays a certain amount as a deposit. When he returns the bottle, he gets that money back.
- Entrepreneurs are releasing more cost-effective packaging, and consumers are learning to reuse existing items.
- Germany has a separate waste collection system. Only residual waste, old newspapers, magazines and cardboard boxes are carried into the gray barrel. Cans, bottles, polymer and paper, as well as partially metal packaging with a “green dot” are thrown into the yellow barrel. The green barrel is intended for organic waste that is processed into compost.
- Pharmacies accept expired medications
- Garbage collected in the city, depending on the distance between the collection point and the landfill, is delivered either directly to the landfill, or to a sorting center, or to a waste transfer station.
- Waste is actively used to create fill areas in the ocean.
- Since the early 2000s, Japanese society has been swept by a real wave: “mottainai-nee-uh” can often be heard from the lips of Japanese of different generations. It's hard to translate, but the point is that nothing should be thrown away as long as it retains any beneficial properties, and that wastefulness is inappropriate.
- The Finns manage to hide it underground: it is stored in special containers with a capacity of 3 to 5 cubic meters, hidden two-thirds into the ground.
- The next achievement in waste disposal is steel elevators, which are special lifts that are equipped in crowded places.
- Garbage is practically a strategic raw material for Finns. They got the hang of squeezing the “juices” out of it. The water obtained after pressing waste is purified to drinking condition. Methane, a gas released during the decomposition of waste (which the Finns capture and then burn), is used as a fuel for units operating at landfills.
In Moscow...
Aluminum Can Machines
Know how to throw away trash:
- - At home, throw garbage into a garbage bag.
- - The bucket must be closed with a lid, because... waste may be toxic.
- - Close the thrown garbage tightly so that it does not spill on the road.
- - Dispose of garbage in specially designated areas.
- - Throw small garbage on the street only into trash cans.
To reduce the amount of waste you need to:
- – Do not take extra paper or plastic bags from the store or reuse them.
- - Write and draw on both sides of the paper.
- - Try to buy drinks in bottles that can be returned.
- - Don't buy more than you might need.
Reuse waste:
- - The clothes we wear can be given to those in need.
- - Do not throw away old toys and books: someone may need them. You can give it to orphanages, boarding schools, kindergartens, libraries.
- - If you have a garden plot, use food waste to make fertilizer.
- - Be sure to participate in collecting waste paper.
- - Be actively involved in separate waste collection if it is organized in your locality.
