Home Prevention Vaccination with OPV vaccine - deciphering the scheme. Polio r3 R2 polio vaccination

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Vaccination with OPV vaccine - deciphering the scheme. Polio r3 R2 polio vaccination

According to this calendar, such a combination is given for the last time at 6 years. At 14 years of age, a third BCG revaccination is given, if necessary. However, most often there is no need and at the age of 14 they can get vaccinations that could not be done due to contraindications, for example, ADS-M and oral polio vaccine.

Larysa lymar, you are absolutely wrong, since polio is viral infection peripheral motor nerves, which may result in paralysis or paresis of motor muscles. Mostly children are affected. A similar word is osteomyelitis. This is a purulent inflammatory disease of bone tissue. A disease in which bones lose strength, soften, become thinner and break under minor stress is osteoporosis.

Primary source Pediatric student

polio is the bones become soft and break quickly - vaccination is the introduction of a piece of the disease into the body so that it survives the weak and then has immunity to the disease itself

This vaccination is against diphtheria and tetanus. There are practically no complications after it. M stands for lightweight. The next such vaccination is given after 10 years.

There may be fever, pain and redness at the injection site, and a rash. It is done for 10 years to prevent infection with diphtheria, tetanus and polio.

This vaccination is a revaccination, that is, strengthening the body’s response to the fact and case if you encounter these bacilli. Poliomyelitis is an extremely terrible disease that almost 100% entails disability, diphtheria is no better, as is tetanus itself, namely these are the components in the ADS-M and polio vaccines

Don't get vaccinated. The child will not get sick. Vaccinations today will reduce the world's population in the next generation. You won't be a grandmother.

We didn’t do it, but we need to do it now. They won't take you without vaccinations.

OPV vaccination

The Russian national vaccination calendar includes vaccinations against more than ten infectious diseases. What is OPV vaccinated against and what drugs are used for this purpose? This means vaccination against a dangerous viral disease - polio, or spinal paralysis, which until recently was recorded throughout the globe.

So what is OPV vaccination? This acronym stands for “oral polio vaccine” or polio vaccine. The word "oral" means that the drug is administered through the mouth. Let's find out everything about this vaccine.

OPV vaccination - what is it?

Currently, only one drug for oral vaccination is approved in our country. This is “Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 (OPV).” She is being released Russian manufacturer FSUE Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M.P. Chumakov RAMS".

The OPV vaccine contains live polio virus. It was obtained in the 1950s by American researcher Albert Sabin as a result of long-term cultivation of the wild strain in monkey cell culture. The peculiarity of this type of poliovirus is that it takes root well and multiplies in the intestines, but is not able to infect nervous tissue cells. Whereas field or wild poliovirus is dangerous precisely because it causes the death of neurons in the spinal cord - hence paralysis and disruption of nervous activity.

The vaccine virus includes three varieties - serotypes 1, 2, 3, which completely overlap wild strains of poliovirus. If necessary, monovalent drugs containing only one type of virus can be produced - they are used to combat the disease in foci of infection.

In addition to the virus, the vaccine contains antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to multiply in the nutrient medium - polymycin, neomycin, streptomycin. Those who have a history of allergies to these antibacterial agents should be aware of this.

The Sabin vaccine is widely used throughout the world and is the only live vaccine against poliovirus. Largely thanks to her, most developed countries are now declared polio-free zones by WHO. Since 2002, the European region, including the CIS countries, has been declared such a zone.

The vaccination schedule against polio includes two vaccines - OPV and IPV. What is the difference between them? IPV is an inactivated polio vaccine that contains killed (inactivated) virus. It is administered by injection. While the OPV vaccine contains live polio virus and is given orally.

Until 2010, vaccination against polio was carried out in Russia using exclusively inactivated vaccines- the favorable epidemiological situation allowed this. But in 2010, an outbreak of the disease occurred in neighboring Tajikistan, and one person died from polio in Russia. As a result, the decision was made to use mixed vaccination. In the first year of life, children are given an inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax polio, Poliorix), then three doses of a live vaccine. Revaccination at older ages is carried out only with live OPV vaccine.

Sometimes you can come across the abbreviation: r2 OPV vaccination - what is it? This refers to the second booster dose of oral polio vaccine, which is given at 20 months of age. What kind of vaccine is r3 OPV? Accordingly, this is revaccination No. 3, which is given to children at the age of 14.

Description of instructions for use of the OPV vaccine

According to the instructions, the OPV vaccine is intended for use in children aged from three months to 14 years. In areas of infection, the vaccine can be administered directly to newborns. maternity hospitals. Adults are vaccinated upon entering an affected area.

Where is OPV vaccination given? It is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

The vaccine is a pink liquid, packaged in bottles of 25 doses (5 ml). A single dose is 4 drops, or 0.2 ml. It is taken using a special pipette or syringe and dripped onto the root of the tongue for infants or onto the tonsils of older children. The vaccine administration procedure should be carried out in such a way as not to provoke increased salivation, regurgitation and vomiting. If such a reaction does occur, the child is given another dose of the vaccine. The fact is that the virus must be “assimilated” by the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and enter the tonsils. From there it penetrates the intestines and multiplies, causing the development of immunity. If the virus comes out with vomiting or is washed away with saliva, then vaccination will be ineffective. When it enters the stomach, the virus is also neutralized by gastric juice and does not reach its desired target. If the child burps after repeated application of the virus, then the vaccine is not repeated a third time.

OPV can be given at the same time as other vaccines. The exceptions are BCG and vaccine preparations administered orally - for example, Rotatek. OPV does not affect the development of immunity to other diseases and does not in any way affect the child’s tolerance to vaccines.

Contraindications and precautions

OPV vaccine should not be administered in the following cases:

immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV, cancer;
if in the immediate environment of the child there are people with weakened immune systems, as well as pregnant women;
in case of neurological complications due to previous OPV vaccinations;
Vaccinations are carried out under the supervision of a doctor for diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Respiratory infections, fever, and other minor weakening of the child’s immunity require complete cure before administration of OPV.

Since OPV is a vaccine containing a live virus that actively multiplies in the body, a vaccinated child can infect non-immune people for some time. In this regard, OPV vaccination requires compliance with certain rules when using it; in other cases, it must be replaced with an inactivated vaccine.

If the family has children under the age of 1 year who are not vaccinated against polio (or children who have a medical exemption from the vaccine), it is better to vaccinate with IPV.
When carrying out mass vaccination with OPV, unvaccinated children are isolated from the group for a period of 14 to 30 days.

Also, OPV is sometimes replaced by IPV in closed preschool institutions (orphanages, specialized boarding schools for children, orphanages), anti-tuberculosis sanatoriums, and inpatient departments of hospitals.

Possible complications

In very rare cases - in about one - the weakened virus in the OPV vaccine undergoes changes in the body and returns to a type that can paralyze nerve cells. This side effect is called VAPP - vaccine-associated polio. VAPP is a serious complication of the OPV vaccine.

The risk of developing such a complication is highest after the first vaccination, less so after the second. That is why the first two vaccinations are given with inactivated vaccines - from them VAPP does not develop, but protection is produced. A child vaccinated twice with IPV has virtually no risk of developing a vaccine infection.

The first reaction in the event of the appearance of VAPP occurs from 5 to 14 days after administration of the drops. Complications from OPV vaccination may occur in people with immunodeficiency. Then the weakened immune system does not produce antibodies that protect against the virus, and it multiplies unhindered, causing serious illness. Therefore, vaccinations with live vaccines are contraindicated in this case.

Vaccination dates

According to the national vaccination calendar, vaccination against polio is carried out at the following times:

at 3 and 4.5 months the child is given an IPV injection;
at 6 months - live OPV;
first revaccination with OPV at 18 months;
second revaccination - at 20 months;
third revaccination, the last one - OPV vaccination at 14 years of age.

Thus, revaccination with OPV is carried out three times.

If the child's parents wish, vaccinations against polio can be done using inactivated vaccines, at the patient's personal expense.

How to prepare for OPV vaccination

The OPV vaccine against polio requires preparation before vaccination. An examination by a pediatrician is required to assess the risk of infection of other family members (children, pregnant women) with the vaccine virus.

In order for the vaccine to be better absorbed, the child should not be fed or given water for one hour before and after vaccination.

Reaction to OPV vaccine

The reaction to OPV vaccination is usually not pronounced - children tolerate it easily. On the day of vaccination, you can walk with your child, bathe him and live as usual.

Side effects of the OPV vaccine may include mild stool upset (loose or frequent) for a few days after vaccination, which resolves without any intervention. It is also possible that mild allergic reactions may occur - skin rashes. Sometimes nausea and single vomiting occur.

Fever after OPV vaccination is an uncharacteristic reaction. It is usually associated with other factors.

Let's summarize all of the above. OPV vaccination is defined as “oral polio vaccine.” This is a vaccine containing live polio virus and is administered as droplets into the mouth. Whether a polio vaccine is necessary is a decision for parents first and foremost. But it must be taken into account that doctors have no doubt about the benefits of mass vaccination, which has allowed relatively short time(from the 1960s to the 1990s) to minimize the manifestation of such a dangerous disease as polio. Even in countries that have been free of the disease for decades, polio vaccination continues. To eliminate VAPP and the circulation of the vaccine virus in the population, they switched to a full cycle of using inactivated vaccines. If the epidemiological situation in Russia stabilizes, it is planned to do the same.

At the tip of the beam

Vaccination at the age of 14 with the ADSM vaccine is the third revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria. In relation to the R3 ADSM vaccination, we can say that this is another revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus. Therefore, vaccinations with live vaccines are contraindicated in this case. In order for the vaccine to be better absorbed, the child should not be fed or given water for one hour before and after vaccination. Adults are vaccinated only with the ADSM vaccine. In such a situation, it is administered according to the scheme - 0-1-6, that is, the first vaccination, the second one a month later and the third one six months later (6 months).

The Russian national vaccination calendar includes vaccinations against more than ten infectious diseases. So what is OPV vaccination? This acronym stands for “oral polio vaccine” or polio vaccine. The word "oral" means that the drug is administered through the mouth. Let's find out everything about this vaccine.

Currently, only one drug for oral vaccination is approved in our country. The OPV vaccine contains live polio virus. If necessary, monovalent drugs containing only one type of virus can be produced - they are used to combat the disease in foci of infection. In addition to the virus, the vaccine contains antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to multiply in the nutrient medium - polymycin, neomycin, streptomycin.

While the OPV vaccine contains live polio virus and is given orally. Until 2010, vaccination against polio was carried out in Russia using exclusively inactivated vaccines - a favorable epidemiological situation allowed this. But in 2010, an outbreak of the disease occurred in neighboring Tajikistan, and one person died from polio in Russia.

ADSM vaccination for children

In the first year of life, children are given an inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax polio, Poliorix), then three doses of a live vaccine. The fact is that the virus must be “assimilated” by the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and enter the tonsils. From there it penetrates the intestines and multiplies, causing the development of immunity. When it enters the stomach, the virus is also neutralized by gastric juice and does not reach its desired target. If the child burps after repeated application of the virus, then the vaccine is not repeated a third time.

OPV does not affect the development of immunity to other diseases and does not in any way affect the child’s tolerance to vaccines. In very rare cases - in about one - the weakened virus in the OPV vaccine undergoes changes in the body and returns to a type that can paralyze nerve cells. That is why the first two vaccinations are given with inactivated vaccines - from them VAPP does not develop, but protection is produced.

The first reaction in the event of the appearance of VAPP occurs from 5 to 14 days after administration of the drops. Complications from OPV vaccination may occur in people with immunodeficiency. If the child's parents wish, vaccinations against polio can be done using inactivated vaccines, at the patient's personal expense. The OPV vaccine against polio requires preparation before vaccination.

The reaction to OPV vaccination is usually not pronounced - children tolerate it easily. On the day of vaccination, you can walk with your child, bathe him and live as usual. Side effects of the OPV vaccine may include mild stool upset (loose or frequent) for a few days after vaccination, which resolves without any intervention.

OPV vaccination is defined as “oral polio vaccine.” This is a vaccine containing live polio virus and is administered as droplets into the mouth. Whether a polio vaccine is necessary is a decision for parents first and foremost.

To eliminate VAPP and the circulation of the vaccine virus in the population, they switched to a full cycle of using inactivated vaccines. Preventive vaccinations mean the introduction of immunoglobulic drugs into the human body in order to create immunity (specific immunity) to infectious diseases. In both cases, a vaccine or toxin is administered that does not itself cause disease, but it stimulates the immune system, making it able to recognize and attack a specific microorganism.

In most cases, vaccine infection occurs without pronounced clinical symptoms and leads to the formation of lasting immunity. Recombinant vaccines, which use recombinant technology in which the genetic material of a microorganism is inserted into yeast cells that produce an antigen.

ADSM vaccination and pregnancy

ADSM is used only in children over 4 years of age and adults, since whooping cough is not dangerous for these categories. But in children under 4 years of age, whooping cough can lead to death, since its course can be acute and even lightning fast.

ADSM vaccination at 7 years old

In this case, children need to undergo resuscitation measures. Today, the domestic vaccine ADSM and the imported Imovax D.T.Adult are available in Russia, which less often causes various reactions from the body in response to its administration. Since the ADSM vaccine contains active components against two infections at once, it is called bivalent.

Many parents and adults believe that monovalent vaccines are better than bivalent or polyvalent ones. In reality, to create a polyvalent vaccine, it is necessary to achieve special purity of the biological components of the drug.

Finally, the third advantage is the preservatives and other ballast substances present in the vaccine preparation. Developed countries have already come to the use of polyvalent vaccines, but they are all recombinant, that is, obtained using genetic engineering technologies.

According to the orders and instructions of the Ministry of Health of Russia, subsequent revaccinations after 14 years are carried out for adults at 24 - 26 years old, 34 - 36 years old, 44 - 46 years old, 54 - 56 years old, etc.

To form adequate immunity against tetanus and diphtheria, three vaccinations are required - at 3, 4.5 and 6 months. In this case, you need to find out the schedule of the vaccination room and the days on which medical personnel work with ADSM vaccines. If necessary, sign up for the ADSM vaccination in advance.

CALENDAR OF PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS

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Vaccination against polio. Injection or drops?

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Comments

Lyudmila, we also gave up all the medications that were given (.) or prescribed to our son for speech development. regarding additional vaccinations, an article appeared in the district newspaper in which they shame and reproach “negligent” parents like me who refuse these vaccinations. Today I looked at the electronic version of the newspaper on their website, this note was not there, I contacted the editor of the forum, he answered that this information was disseminated by Rosspotrebnadzor and they gave them their phone number, which could not be reached. where is she really?

Marina, we don’t go to kindergarten yet.

I already wrote a refusal, Alexey, we are in the Altai region, the doctor told us that the whole world is now supplying this additional vaccine, well, let the world supply it, but I will not allow my child to be made into a guinea pig. And as for speech, we have the same thing, when we were one year old, he tried to speak a lot of words, but the doctors were not enough and we were injected with cortexin, after which he didn’t say anything at all, not even my mother. Now everything is more or less normal, but mostly he speaks his own language, and again they offered us both injections and tablets. They don’t give all this to their children and grandchildren.

If a child goes to a nursery group where there are potties, there is a very high probability that an unvaccinated child will get into the potty with a vaccinated child, you probably don’t need to talk about sanitization in the garden - I work there myself. I see how several children use one potty during quiet time, shouldn’t we put 15 potties next to each bed? And if we consider the period of contagion to be long enough, then I would advise you to ask for a temporary transfer yourself. Maybe someone will laugh at you, but not the manager, after all, God forbid you live with your sick child. So take care of your child!

Lyudmila, my son was also prescribed tertiary and subsequent vaccinations against polio. I didn’t take the child to these vaccinations. I was confused by the doctor’s words that this additional vaccination is carried out only in our district, and even before that they gave some medicines, free of charge, supposedly to speed things up speech development. Looks like some kind of test. I asked young parents in Moscow, none of them had heard of additional vaccines, although in Moscow, for example, I think there are much more Tajiks, from whom the threat supposedly comes. What region are you in? ?

please tell me, my son is 2 years old, we were given this vaccination as expected, only in drops, after 1.5 months the doctor said that they had an unscheduled one and need to be vaccinated again. Is it possible to give it again, and together with DPT?

R3 - third revaccination

R4 - respectively the fourth (apparently R4 of polio?)

can someone tell me what this is (R3 ADS + R4)

Yana, if your child does not eat the poop of a vaccinated person, and the teachers make sure that the children wash their hands after using the toilet, then the likelihood of infection is zero. Moreover, since your child goes to kindergarten, he does not suffer from immunodeficiency, so there is nothing to be afraid of. By the way, in most kindergartens an unvaccinated child is transferred to another group for 45 days in order to be on the safe side (my unvaccinated child is going to another group from today).

The probability is negligible. Only if your child suffers from severe immunodeficiency. A vaccinated child is at greater risk

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Hello dear readers! Our children are our life and it is quite natural that we try in every possible way to protect them from any troubles. However, this is only possible when you know the enemy by sight, and even better, see him. It’s another matter if it sneaks up unnoticed and strikes instantly.

This is exactly what usually happens in the case of viral diseases. And if some of them are successfully treated, others can, at a minimum, leave you disabled, and, at maximum, take your life. These include polio. There is an opinion that the polio vaccine, reviews of which are striking in their contradictions every year, can save the situation. But is this really so? This is what we will talk about today.

1. Polio vaccination: what is it and why?

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous and incredibly contagious disease, the virus of which, penetrating the human body, multiplies in the throat and intestines.

Where does it come from? Most often, infection occurs through airborne droplets after contact with an infected person, especially if he coughs or sneezes, as well as through household items and water, where the pathogen can live for months.

The disease occurs all over the globe and, ironically, most often affects children aged 10 months to 5 years. But the most interesting thing is that at first the symptoms of polio are similar to the symptoms of a common acute respiratory infection and do not immediately attract the necessary attention.

Meanwhile, the virus itself does not sleep: from the intestines it penetrates the blood and nerve cells of the spinal cord, gradually destroying and killing them. If the number of affected cells reaches 25–30%, paresis, paralysis, and even atrophy of the limbs cannot be avoided. How else is this disease dangerous? Sometimes it can affect the respiratory center and respiratory muscles, causing suffocation and the onset of fatal outcome.

In any case, today only pictures from the Internet tell about the consequences of polio. But all this is only due to the fact that in the 1950s two vaccines were created, which subsequently saved several continents from the disease. We are talking about OPV and IPV, which are also successfully used by modern medicine.

2. OPV vaccine against polio

OPV, or oral live vaccine, is the same red drops with a bitter taste that are administered by instillation through the mouth. Moreover, for babies they try to get to the root of the tongue, where there are no taste buds, in order to exclude the possibility of regurgitation, and for older children - to the palatine tonsil. They were created by medical scientist Albert Sabin in 1955.

The principle of the vaccine is simple: the strain of the virus enters the intestines, where it begins to multiply. The immune system immediately reacts to its presence, synthesizing antibodies that can subsequently fight real polio. However, this is not the only advantage of this vaccine. The fact is that children vaccinated with it secrete environment a weakened strain of the virus introduced to him up to 2 months after vaccination. This happens when you sneeze or cough. And that, in turn, further spreads among other children, as if once again “vaccinating” them. And everything would be fine, but the consequences of OPV vaccination against polio are sometimes disastrous.

Consequences of introducing OPV into the body:

an increase in temperature to 37.5 C, which may not be recorded immediately, but on days 5–14;
changes in stool on days 1–2 (increased frequency or weakening);
various allergic reactions;
development of vaccine-associated polio.

If the first reactions to the polio vaccine are considered normal, then the latter is a real complication. The fact is that if the rules of vaccination are violated, the incoming virus provokes the development of ordinary polio, which can result in paralysis. The IPV vaccine is another matter.

3. IPV vaccine against polio

The inactivated vaccine was created by Jonas Salk in 1950. It is a drug that is injected into the body using a disposable syringe. Where is the polio vaccine given in this case? In the thigh or shoulder, the main thing is intramuscularly.

The advantage of this vaccine is its relative safety. The fact is that it contains a killed virus. Once in the body, it also forces the immune system to work, but since in this case no one is reproducing, there is no risk of developing vaccine-associated polio. And the reaction to its introduction is somewhat easier.

Consequences of introducing IPV into the body:

redness and swelling at the injection site (no more than 8 cm in diameter);
increase in temperature in the first two days;
loss of appetite;
irritability, anxiety;
development allergic reaction– it is already considered a complication.

4. When is the polio vaccine given?

It is worth noting that the use of both types of vaccines is officially permitted in Russia. Moreover, vaccination can be carried out according to several schemes, depending on the one chosen.

At what age is OPV or polio drops administered?

At 3 months three times with an interval of 4 - 6 weeks;
18 months (revaccination);
20 months (revaccination);
14 years old.

According to the vaccination schedule, IPV is given to children aged:

Meanwhile, at present, a mixed scheme is most often used, when both IPV and OPV are given to the same child. In this way, it is possible to minimize the occurrence of side effects associated with vaccination.

In this case, he receives a dose of the drug in:

3 months (IPV);
4.5 months (IPV);
6 months (OPV);
18 months (OPV, revaccination);
20 months (OPV, revaccination);
14 years old.

How is vaccination done if for some reason it was not possible to follow the schedule? Here everything is decided by a pediatrician or an immunoprophylaxis specialist. True, if at least one vaccination has been given, vaccination is not started all over again, but continued.

By the way, along with children, adults are also vaccinated, for example, if they plan to travel to countries where there are polio outbreaks.

5. Contraindications to polio vaccination

It is prohibited to administer live oral OPV vaccine to a child if:

detection malignant neoplasms(tumors);
exacerbation of chronic diseases;
the presence of acute diseases;
immunodeficiencies (HIV, AIDS);
neurological disorders;
presence of developmental defects;
the presence of serious diseases of internal organs, in particular the intestines.

Is it possible to get the polio vaccine if you have a runny nose? It all depends on its nature. However, as practice shows, it is not absolute contraindication for vaccination.

A child should not be given IPV only if:

if he is allergic to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;
development of an allergic reaction to previous vaccinations;
presence of neurological disorders.

6. Is it possible to get polio from a vaccinated child?

Unfortunately yes. However, this applies to completely unvaccinated children. That is why, in the case of collective vaccination with live vaccines (drops), those are sent to quarantine for 2 - 4 weeks.

Interestingly, there have been cases when a vaccinated older child infected a younger one, or worse, pregnant women picked up the virus. But in order to prevent this from happening, it is necessary to especially carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash your hands more often, if possible, do not use shared household items (toys, potty, etc.)

We also suggest watching the video in order to finally decide whether to get vaccinated against polio. In it, Dr. Komarovsky touches on the issue of all enteroviruses, which include the causative agent of polio:

7. Reviews about the polio vaccine

They vaccinated my daughter (drops), that’s all, everything is fine. True, she complained of pain in her tummy, and she had frequent bowel movements for a couple of days.

I read bad reviews and wrote a refusal to take polio. Now it was done in the garden, and we were forbidden to visit it for 60 days so as not to get infected.

I vaccinated my son against polio. A couple of days later, ARVI symptoms began, they were treated, and then he began to limp on his leg. We went through an examination, the doctors said that everything was fine, and the son eventually went away. But I still have a biased attitude towards her.

What is the polio vaccine? For some, this is a huge risk that they consciously do not want to take. For others, this is the only way to escape from dangerous illness. However, when taking either side, it is important to weigh the pros and cons. After all, from your decision in in this case Not only the child’s health, but also his life depends.

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ADSM vaccination - what is it, why and when is it done?

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One of the most important vaccinations which the child will have to undergo in the first year of life is OPV vaccination. This vaccine is made to prevent a serious and very dangerous disease - Even those parents who are ardent opponents of vaccinations quite often still agree to give their baby this vaccine. In addition, the polio vaccine carries a minimal amount

In this article we will tell you what the name of this vaccination means and at what age it is given.

Explanation of the name of the OPV vaccine

The abbreviation "OPV" stands for "oral polio vaccine." In this case, the word “oral” means that this vaccine is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

This is precisely the reason for the complexity of the OPV vaccination procedure against polio. The drug, which must be administered into the child’s mouth, has a strong bitter-salty taste. It is not yet clear to young children that this is a medicine that must be swallowed, and they very often regurgitate or spit out the vaccine. Besides, infant may vomit due to the unpleasant taste of the drug.

In this regard, the doctor or nurse administering the vaccine should instill medicine exactly on the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx of newborn infants under the age of 1 year or on the palatine tonsils of children who are one year old. These areas do not have taste buds, and the baby will not spit out the bad-tasting vaccine.

At what age is the OPV vaccine given?

The polio vaccination schedule in each country is set by the Ministry of Health. In any case, to achieve immunity against this disease, the OPV vaccine is administered to the child at least 5 times.

In Russia, the baby will receive 3 vaccinations against polio at the ages of 3, 4.5 and 6 months, in Ukraine - when the baby reaches 3, 4 and 5 months. Next, the child will have to undergo 3 revaccinations, or re-vaccination with OPV, according to the following scheme:

Many parents and teenagers themselves are interested in what kind of r3 OPV vaccination they will have to undergo, and whether it is possible not to do it. The third stage of polio revaccination is no less important than the previous ones, because the OPV vaccine is live, which means that a child’s stable immunity will be formed only after repeated administration of the drug.

Poliomyelitis is caused by polyviruses of the first, second and third types. The causes of epidemic outbreaks in most cases are the first type virus. The main risk group is children aged six months to 6 years.

Since polio is caused by viruses, the only in an effective way prevention is vaccination.

Two types of vaccines are used for vaccination:

OPV – oral live polio vaccine. OPV contains modified attenuated live polyviruses and is a solution for instillation into the mouth;
IPV - inactivated polio vaccine. IPV includes killed pathogens. It is introduced into the body through subcutaneous or intramuscular injection.

Both the first and second preparations contain all types of viruses, i.e. they prevent infection with all types of disease.

IPV is administered both separately and as part of combination drug tetracok - a prophylactic against polio, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus. Poliomyelitis vaccine can be used simultaneously with immunoglobulin.

Oral polio vaccine

OPV is a pinkish liquid substance with a salty-bitter taste. It is instilled into the mouth, for younger children - on the lymphoid tissue in the pharynx, for older children - on the palatine tonsils, where the formation of immunity begins.

Since there are no taste buds in these places, children do not feel bitterness, due to the irritating effect of which a copious secretion of saliva may begin, provoking the ingestion of the drug (if it enters the stomach, it is destroyed by enzymes).

OPV is instilled using a disposable plastic dropper or syringe. The dosage is determined depending on the concentration of the vaccine used: 2 or 4 drops.

In case of regurgitation immediately after instillation of the product, the procedure must be repeated. If regurgitation occurs again, attempts to administer the drug are no longer repeated and the procedure is prescribed after 1.5 months.

After OPV is instilled, the baby should not be given food or drinks.

Experts believe that a five-time administration of a live vaccine is a complete guarantee of protection against polio. It is carried out according to the following scheme:

at three months of age, then at the ages of 4.5 and 6 months;
Afterwards, revaccination is carried out: at 18 months, 20 months and at 14 years of age.

The reaction of the child's body

Basically, there is no reaction from the body. In some cases, the following may occur:

low-grade fever after 5-14 days;
increased frequency of bowel movements (in younger age groups) – goes away within a maximum of 2 days and does not require treatment.

How the live vaccine works

After entering the intestines, the live vaccine remains viable for a month and stimulates the formation of immunity. The process is similar to what occurs as a result of an infection: protective proteins (antibodies) are produced on the intestinal mucosa and in the blood to prevent the wild virus from entering the body.

At the same time, special immune cells are synthesized that recognize and destroy polio pathogens.

In addition, “vaccine” viruses that “settle” in the intestines prevent the penetration of “wild” viruses.

For this reason, in areas where the disease is widespread, to protect babies in the first month of life, vaccination is carried out immediately after birth, in the maternity hospital. This type of vaccination is called zero because it does not form long-term immune protection.

Another advantage of a live vaccine is that it stimulates the synthesis of an antiviral substance in the body - interferon.

In rare cases (about 5%), an allergic reaction occurs.

The only serious complication is the development of VAP (vaccine-associated polio) as a result of the administration of a live vaccine. Such cases are extremely rare (approximately one in 2.5 million). Poliomyelitis infection due to vaccination can occur:

when administering a live vaccine to a baby with congenital immunodeficiency;
a patient with AIDS in the immunodeficiency stage of the disease;
in the presence of congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract.

Inactivated polio vaccine

IPV is produced in liquid form, packaged in 0.5-milliliter syringe doses.

The drug is administered by injection:

children under 18 years of age - in the area under the shoulder blade, shoulder (subcutaneous) or thigh (intramuscular);
at an older age - in the shoulder.

After vaccination, there are no restrictions on eating or drinking.

Primary course: 2-3 vaccinations at 1.5-2 month intervals.

The formation of immunity occurs after the second injection of IPV, however, in some cases, in order to form a stable immune response, it is advisable to carry out additional vaccination - for example, if the child’s immunity is weakened due to:

presence of chronic diseases;
immunodeficiency states;
undergone surgery.

The first revaccination is provided a year after the third vaccination, and the second – after 5 years.

In rare cases (5-7%), general or local reactions may occur:

state of anxiety;
redness;
edema.

How IPV works

After the vaccine is administered, the production of antibodies in the blood begins. Unlike OPV, vaccination with inactivated polio vaccine does not lead to the formation of antibodies on the intestinal mucosa and the synthesis of protective cells that recognize and destroy polio viruses. But IPV never leads to polio infection. It can be used even if the child has an immunodeficiency.

When using an inactivated vaccine, a local reaction may develop, which is not considered a complication.

Sometimes you may experience:

weakness
slight increase in temperature;
malaise.

In the presence of immunodeficiency or in contact with a patient, IPV is given instead of OPV.
Administration of OPV is not indicated if neurological complications occur as a result of previous vaccination.
IPV is not given in case of an allergic reaction to some antibiotics: streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, polymyxin B.
IPV is also contraindicated in the presence of a serious allergic reaction to a previous injection of the drug.

OPV vaccination

OPV vaccination - what is it?

Currently, only one drug for oral vaccination is approved in our country. This is “Oral polio vaccine types 1, 2, 3 (OPV).” It is produced by the Russian manufacturer FSUE Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M.P. Chumakov RAMS".

Until 2010, vaccination against polio was carried out in Russia using exclusively inactivated vaccines - a favorable epidemiological situation allowed this. But in 2010, an outbreak of the disease occurred in neighboring Tajikistan, and one person died from polio in Russia. As a result, the decision was made to use mixed vaccination. In the first year of life, children are given an inactivated polio vaccine (Imovax polio, Poliorix), then three doses of a live vaccine. Revaccination at older ages is carried out only with live OPV vaccine.

Description of instructions for use of the OPV vaccine

According to the instructions, the OPV vaccine is intended for use in children aged from three months to 14 years. In areas of infection, the vaccine can be administered to newborns directly in maternity hospitals. Adults are vaccinated upon entering an affected area.

Where is OPV vaccination given? It is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

Contraindications and precautions

OPV vaccine should not be administered in the following cases:

immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV, cancer;
if in the immediate environment of the child there are people with weakened immune systems, as well as pregnant women;
in case of neurological complications due to previous OPV vaccinations;
Vaccinations are carried out under the supervision of a doctor for diseases of the stomach and intestines.

Respiratory infections, fever, and other minor weakening of the child’s immunity require complete cure before administering OPV.

If the family has children under the age of 1 year who are not vaccinated against polio (or children who have a medical exemption from the vaccine), it is better to vaccinate with IPV.
When carrying out mass vaccination with OPV, unvaccinated children are isolated from the group for a period of 14 to 30 days.

Possible complications

Vaccination dates

According to the national vaccination calendar, vaccination against polio is carried out at the following times:

at 3 and 4.5 months the child is given an IPV injection;
at 6 months - live OPV;
first revaccination with OPV at 18 months;
second revaccination - at 20 months;
third revaccination, the last one - OPV vaccination at 14 years of age.

Thus, revaccination with OPV is carried out three times.

If the child's parents wish, vaccinations against polio can be done using inactivated vaccines, at the patient's personal expense.

How to prepare for OPV vaccination

In order for the vaccine to be better absorbed, the child should not be fed or given water for one hour before and after vaccination.

Reaction to OPV vaccine

The reaction to OPV vaccination is usually not pronounced - children tolerate it easily. On the day of vaccination, you can walk with your child, bathe him and live as usual.

Fever after OPV vaccination is an uncharacteristic reaction. It is usually associated with other factors.

Let's summarize all of the above. OPV vaccination is defined as “oral polio vaccine.” This is a vaccine containing live polio virus and is administered as droplets into the mouth. Whether a polio vaccine is necessary is a decision for parents first and foremost. But we must take into account that doctors do not doubt the benefits of mass vaccination, which made it possible in a relatively short time (from the 1960s to the 1990s) to minimize the manifestation of such a dangerous disease as polio. Even in countries that have been free of the disease for decades, polio vaccination continues. To eliminate VAPP and the circulation of the vaccine virus in the population, they switched to a full cycle of using inactivated vaccines. If the epidemiological situation in Russia stabilizes, it is planned to do the same.

Should children be vaccinated with OPV?

Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease; vaccination with OPV will help prevent it, without which the child may develop paralysis, the nervous system will be affected, and inflammatory changes in the nasopharynx and intestines are possible. Vaccination will strengthen the immune system and prevent viruses from entering the body. Stands for oral polio vaccine. It is administered in the form of drops into the oral cavity, which are red in color and have a bitter-salty taste.

Contraindications to vaccination

infectious diseases (in such cases, vaccination is done after the child has recovered);
allergy to streptomycin, neomycin, polymyxin B;
pregnancy planning;
breast-feeding;
It is prohibited to vaccinate against polio for children with HIV infection, congenital immunodeficiency, as well as for similar problems in parents or family members living nearby;
allergic reaction to previously administered vaccines.

Children at 2 months of age are instilled with up to 4 drops of the drug (there are different concentrations of the vaccine) into the throat or tonsils, after which doctors advise not to feed the child for about an hour. The vaccination is done together with other vaccines, first with a break of 1.5 months, 2 times, and the last at 14 years.

Reactions of the child's body to the vaccine

In most cases, there is no reaction to the vaccination; sometimes the temperature rises to 37.5 degrees a few days after vaccination. Young children may experience increased bowel movements that last up to 2 days; experts say that these symptoms are not complications and are temporary. In very rare cases, it is possible to develop VAP - vaccine-associated poliomyelitis, which occurs when the vaccine was given to a child with HIV infection or congenital immunodeficiency, stomach or intestinal defects. Doctors advise anyone who has had VAP to continue vaccination with the inactivated drug.

People who have had polio need to continue receiving further vaccinations to avoid being reinfected by another type of virus.

Possible occurrences side effects, in which it is necessary to immediately contact the nearest hospital:

shortness of breath or difficulty respiratory functions The child has;
lethargic, painful restless state of the baby;
temperature rise to 39 degrees;
itching, urticaria, cramps;
significant swelling of the eyes and face;
difficulty swallowing functions.

IPV and OPV vaccine

inactivated Solka - has polioviruses killed by formaldehyde, administered orally;
live Serbin vaccine - it contains weakened live viruses, administered using a syringe.

All these vaccines are approved for use and have proven to be highly effective in the Russian Federation. The oral polio vaccine remains in the intestines for a month and forms immunity in the body, as after an illness, and protective proteins prevent the virus from entering the blood. Cells formed for protection in the future easily recognize the virus and destroy it.

One of the positive properties of the vaccine is the release of the antiviral substance interferon, so there is no additional threat to the child in the form of influenza or acute respiratory infections.

There are precautions, failure to comply with which will result in the need for re-vaccination:

It is prohibited to introduce new foods into the diet of children who have been vaccinated to avoid allergic reactions;
when a child spits up after vaccination, additional vaccination is necessary;
You cannot kiss children directly on the lips and be sure to wash your hands when washing the baby;
walks are allowed fresh air and bathing the child;
If you feed your baby or give him something to drink for an hour, the vaccine tends to wash off into the stomach, and there will be no proper protection against infections.

Consequences of refusal to vaccinate:

polio with all its complications and consequences. Inpatient treatment is necessary, isolation of the patient for a period of about 40 days, because viruses are transmitted only by airborne droplets and the fecal-oral route;
complications are possible in the form of cardiovascular failure, problems with the respiratory system, muscle paralysis, even death, if timely qualified assistance is not provided;
Difficulties when traveling abroad and when applying for work or study.

Vaccination with OPV or IPV will help the child resist such a complex disease as polio and strengthen the body from childhood, and parents can walk with the child in crowded places without any problems, get rid of many problems and complications that develop after past illness. The presence of cases of imported virus from other countries and its volatility makes it necessary to carry out vaccination to preserve the life and health of infants, because after vaccination, almost 100% of children are protected for up to 15 years.

OPV vaccination - explanation

One of the most important vaccinations that a child will receive in the first year of life is OPV vaccination. This vaccine is made to prevent a serious and very dangerous disease - polio. Even those parents who are ardent opponents of vaccinations quite often still agree to give their baby this vaccine. In addition, the polio vaccine carries minimal complications.

In this article we will tell you what the name of this vaccination means and at what age it is given.

Explanation of the name of the OPV vaccine

The abbreviation "OPV" stands for "oral polio vaccine." In this case, the word “oral” means that this vaccine is administered orally, that is, through the mouth.

This is precisely the reason for the complexity of the OPV vaccination procedure against polio. The drug, which must be administered into the child’s mouth, has a strongly pronounced bitter-salty taste. It is not yet clear to young children that this is a medicine that must be swallowed, and they very often regurgitate or spit out the vaccine. In addition, an infant may vomit due to the unpleasant taste of the drug.

In this regard, the doctor or nurse administering the vaccine must drop the drug directly onto the lymphoid tissue of the pharynx of newborn infants under the age of 1 year or onto the tonsils of children who are one year old. These areas do not have taste buds, and the baby will not spit out the bad-tasting vaccine.

At what age is the OPV vaccine given?

The polio vaccination schedule in each country is set by the Ministry of Health. In any case, to achieve immunity against this disease, the OPV vaccine is administered to the child at least 5 times.

the first revaccination (r1) is carried out at the age of 18 months;
second revaccination (r2) of OPV vaccination - at the age of 20 months in Russia, and 6 years - in Ukraine;
finally, the third revaccination (r3) should be given to the adolescent at 14 years of age.

Description and significance of OPV vaccination

OPV vaccination, which stands for oral live vaccine, is used to prevent such a severe infectious process as polio. It is caused by a specific virus that is most dangerous for children.

Specifics of the infectious process

The cause of polio, or, as it is also called, infantile paralysis, is a virus that, according to the presence of various antigens, can be divided into three main types. Most often, the disease is caused by a pathogen containing the first type of antigen. The disease is transmitted from the patient to healthy person by airborne droplets. Young children are most susceptible to this pathogen.

When infected, the central nervous system is mainly affected. Clinically, the disease occurs in two variants: paralytic and non-paralytic forms. With the latter, the course of the disease resembles the symptoms of a respiratory or intestinal infection. The disease is mild and without serious consequences for the patient. However, in this case, the patient poses the greatest threat in epidemic terms, since the cause of the disease, as a rule, remains unidentified. The patient can infect others.

The paralytic form of polio is the most severe. It manifests itself with symptoms of sluggish paralysis of various parts of the body. The area affected depends on the area of infection in the gray matter of the spinal cord. In this case, there is a weakening of the tone of muscle structures, a decrease or loss of neurological reflexes, and impaired motor activity of varying intensity. Often these symptoms are accompanied by algia.

How to protect yourself from polio?

The disease is dangerous not only because of the severity of its course and the complexity of therapy, but also because of the presence of a large number of complications that can lead to disruption of the patient’s motor activity and even death. The only effective protection in this case is vaccination. For this, two main grafting materials are used:

OPV contains weakened special method live polio viruses.
IPV is a suspension of killed viruses.

These vaccines belong to the polyvalent vaccination material, that is, they contain all possible types the causative agent of polio. Accordingly, their use is fully capable of protecting the child from infection. They differ in the method of administration. OPV is administered as oral drops, while IPV is administered subcutaneously. In addition, the latter can be combined with other vaccines. An example of this is the drug Tetracok, which is a combination of vaccination material against polio, whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus.

Specifics of the oral vaccine

This vaccine is a pinkish liquid that has a bitter-salty taste. If it is administered correctly, the child should not feel any unpleasant taste sensation, since for young children droplets of the grafting material are applied to the area of the lymphatic tissue of the pharynx. And with revaccination at an older age - on the tonsils of the palate. That is, in those places where there are no taste buds. In addition, with this method of administration, the baby does not swallow the vaccination material. The latter can be destroyed in the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of gastric juice and enzymes, which will cause a disruption in the development of immunity against polio.

Oral administration of the vaccination material is carried out using a disposable syringe or a special pipette. There is no need to calculate the dosage. It is indicated in the annotation and depends on the quantitative composition of the weakened virus. As a rule, no more than four drops of the vaccine are instilled into the child. Sometimes, after administering the drug, the baby may vomit, then the vaccination procedure is immediately repeated. In rare cases, repeated regurgitation may occur. In such a case, the administration of OPV is abandoned, and vaccination is carried out no earlier than a month and a half later. Immediately after vaccination you should not eat or drink.

To develop stable immunity, it is necessary to carry out vaccination according to a certain scheme. It involves the introduction of vaccination material into the patient’s body five times. The first dose is administered to the baby at 3 months, and then after a month and a half and at six months. This stage is considered vaccination itself. All subsequent administrations are revaccinations and are given at one and a half years, one year and 8 months, and the last dose is administered at 14 years.

How does immunity develop?

After a vaccine with a weakened polio virus enters a child’s body, immunity begins to gradually form, similar to that formed after suffering an acute inflammatory infectious process. IN circulatory system And gastrointestinal tract Specific antibodies are formed that are sensitive to the penetration of the polio virus into the child’s body. In case of interaction with a pathogen, the immune system begins to produce special protective cells that can not only recognize, but also destroy the virus.

Allergic reactions to the administration of oral polio vaccine, as a rule, do not develop. The child feels well and has no complaints about his general health. Quite rarely, after the introduction of the vaccination material, the body temperature may rise slightly. This symptom will bother the baby for no more than a week. Sometimes short-term dyspeptic symptoms may develop, which will go away on their own, and specific treatment, and no decryption is required. The above clinical manifestations are not complications of vaccination.

What is OPV vaccination: decoding and application

What is this

OPV vaccination is used to prevent the body from getting polio. This disease is very dangerous, especially for young children. If he suffers polio during the formation of the body, this may lead to the development of many pathologies that are associated with irreversible physical abnormalities.

Despite the fact that parents are increasingly refusing to vaccinate their children, experts still strongly recommend vaccination against polio to protect their child from serious consequences.

The main feature of OPV vaccination is considered to be maximum effectiveness against such a disease. Other methods are not able to provide the desired result, both during prevention and during treatment. This is the best method to combat polio.

The OPV drug does not belong to the group of mandatory vaccinations, but people increasingly agree to it as they learn more about the severity of the consequences of the disease.

The vaccine itself carries a minimal number of possible complications, which allows it to be used in early age.

The immunobiological drug is based on artificially weakened organisms. As a result, stable immunity can be developed through repeated administration of OPV into the human body. A special feature of this vaccination is that the poliovirus takes root well in new environment, develops without affecting nerve cells and epithelium, unlike the wild form.

OPV contains attenuated strains of poliovirus of three types. These strains are grown in laboratories on kidney cells of a species of African monkey. These cells have a beneficial effect on the growth of microorganisms. The composition also includes a stabilizer (magnesium chloride), a preservative element (kanamycin sulfate) and an antibiotic (polymycin, streptomycin or neomycin). An antibiotic is needed to stop the reproduction of organisms in a favorable environment.

Produced in Russia by the specialized Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M.P. Chumakov (FSUE). The vaccine itself was developed in the fifties of the last century by the American research scientist Albert Sabin. Before using OPV, doctors should examine the child in order to be able to detect in advance certain contraindications to such vaccination. The vaccine is not administered if the baby has:

primary immunodeficiency, HIV;
oncological diseases, malignant tumors and neoplasms in the internal cavity of the body;
during severe viral diseases, when the child’s immunity is significantly weakened;
in case of disruption of the central nervous system;
for severe diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
for complications after other OPV vaccinations.

Adverse reactions are extremely rare. Usually this may be due to a violation of the dosage or due to late detection of contraindications to vaccination.

Decoding

The short abbreviation “OPV” is deciphered according to its intended purpose - oral polio vaccine. Based on this, it becomes clear that the vaccine is administered orally – through the baby’s mouth.

There is also IPV - an inactivated polio vaccine, which is based on dead cells of the pathogen. It is administered intramuscularly.

Video “What to choose: IPV or OPV?”

Instructions for use

It is very important to correctly calculate the dosage of the drug during vaccination. The doctor proceeds from concentration active substances as part of a medicine. The instructions indicate the age range for administering the medicine - from three months to 14 years. If foci of polio infection are detected, newborn children may be given OPV while still in the maternity hospital. The drug is also given to the adult population when they enter an unfavorable area with a spreading disease.

Inserted into the oral cavity. The liquid is transparent and has a slight pinkish tint. Packaging is carried out in 5 ml bottles.

For a child, the dose for one-time use is 0.2 ml (on average 4 drops). The drug is taken with a special narrow pipette or a syringe without a needle. Usually, it is with the introduction of OPV into the child’s oral cavity that the main difficulty lies. This is due to the fact that the solution itself has a sharp, salty, bitter taste. Of course, when you try to give him medicine, he will turn away, spit it out, and will be capricious and kicking. Even when it was possible to introduce OPV into the oral cavity, and the baby swallowed the solution, he can vomit it back within a few minutes.

A baby may vomit even when tasting such a vaccine. In order to properly administer OPV vaccination, reducing the likelihood of regurgitation of the substance, the doctor must carefully drop the required dose of the medicine onto the lymphoid tissues in the throat. You can also drop it on the tonsils. There are no taste buds in these areas, which will allow you to calmly perceive the drug without spitting it out. The doctor should try not to provoke increased salivation, so everything needs to be done quickly and clearly. If the vaccine is washed away by saliva, its effectiveness will be significantly reduced.

This The best way for children under 1 year of age. If the child regurgitates the medicine, then the vaccination must be repeated. There are no contraindications for the simultaneous use of polio vaccination with other drugs. The exceptions are vaccines, which are also administered orally, and BCG against tuberculosis. Other substances do not affect the production of antibodies to poliovirus.

At what age is it done?

Parents should know at what age OPV vaccination is given. The vaccination schedule is set by the Ministry of Health in each country. To obtain immunity from polio at an early age, you must be vaccinated five times.

In the Russian Federation, OPV is administered in the first year after birth. If there are no contraindications or an allergic reaction to some components of the medicine, then its administration is carried out at 3,4,5,6 months. In Ukraine there are 3 vaccinations from 3 to 5 months. After this, revaccinations are done. Repeated administration of OPV is done at one and a half years of age. The second revaccination is at 20 months (in Ukraine at 6 years), and the last at the age of 14 years.

Video “What you need to know about the polio vaccine”

To understand why this vaccination is needed, we suggest you familiarize yourself with the information in the video.

Poliomyelitis: vaccination and immunization

Poliomyelitis, or infantile spinal paralysis, is an acute infectious disease caused by an intestinal enterovirus and accompanied by damage to the gray matter of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. The main route of transmission, like everyone else intestinal infections– fecal-oral, but infection by airborne droplets is also possible.

It is often asymptomatic and is especially active in the autumn-summer months, although cases of infection are recorded throughout the year. Specific antiviral treatment There is no cure for polio; the only way to prevent this terrible disease is vaccination.

This terrible word is polio.

The polio virus is found throughout the globe and has no specific habitat. Before the start of active vaccination of the population, the incidence was epidemic in nature. Although non-paralytic forms of polio generally have a favorable prognosis, in more severe paralytic forms, defects of varying severity often remain for the rest of life. The virus first multiplies in the pharyngeal tonsils and in the intestines of an infected person, and then penetrates the blood and nerve cells, destroys and kills them.

Death 25-30% or more nerve cells spinal cord leads to the development of paresis of varying severity, complete paralysis, and atrophy of the limbs.

In the middle of the last century, two American scientists independently created the first vaccines against polio. The first vaccine contained live attenuated viruses and was intended for oral administration, the second contained completely killed viruses and was administered by injection intramuscularly or subcutaneously. It is these two types of vaccines that are widely used today to prevent polio. Vaccines build immunity to the disease, block infection by wild strains of the virus, their transmission from person to person, and protect both individuals and the entire population as a whole (this mechanism is called “herd immunity”).

OPV and IPV

OPV is an oral (“live”) vaccine against polio, which is instilled into the mouth using a special mini-dropper or syringe without a needle, more precisely, on the root of the tongue for infants or on the surface of the tonsils of older children, where the formation of immunity begins. If the child burps or spits, the administration of the drug is repeated, but only once; in case of repeated regurgitation, vaccination will be delayed for 1.5 months to avoid an overdose. Single dose – 2 to 4 drops of vaccine. For obvious reasons, the child should not be given food or water for an hour after the vaccine is administered.

The principle of action of OPV is similar to all other live vaccines. When instilled, the virus from the vaccine enters the intestines, where immunity is formed at approximately the same level as it would be after a polio infection, only without the disease itself. Antibodies are synthesized on the intestinal mucosa that actively displace wild polioviruses that enter from the outside, preventing them from multiplying and penetrate deep into the body. During polio outbreaks, which occur from time to time even in developed, prosperous countries, OPV is instilled into newborn babies directly in maternity hospitals.

IPV is an inactivated (“killed”) vaccine against polio, contains killed pathogen viruses, is administered by injection into the thigh or shoulder and causes the production of antibodies in the blood of the vaccinated person. On the intestinal mucosa, unlike OPV, antibodies and protective cells against the virus are not formed, which until recently was considered a significant disadvantage of inactivated vaccines. Recent studies in which IPV and OPV vaccine recipients were then given live vaccines that mimic wild virus infection and then assessed for the amount of virus excreted in their stool have shown that this is not entirely true. The virus entered the recipients' intestines with approximately the same frequency in both cases.

The choice to vaccinate with OPV makes practical sense only when faced with a wild virus, which is now relatively rare.

Immunization schedule

According to the vaccination calendar approved in our country, the first three vaccinations are carried out with IPV, the subsequent ones – with OPV. This vaccination regimen is considered optimal for developing stable immunity. In addition to vaccination and revaccination of children, the adult population is also given repeated vaccinations against polio, in case of travel to areas dangerous for polio, or for epidemic reasons in the place of residence.

Currently, the following mixed vaccination schedule is used in Russia:

6 months – OPV (third vaccination, last);
18 months – OPV (first revaccination);
20 months - OPV (second revaccination);
14 years old - OPV (third revaccination, last).

It is possible to vaccinate with IPV only; in this case, the same intervals are observed as with a mixed regimen, with the only difference being that IPV does not require revaccination at 20 months, but does require it at the age of 6 years (5 years after the last main vaccination). diagram). This graph can be visually represented as follows:

3 months – IPV (first vaccination);
4.5 months – IPV (second vaccination);
6 months – IPV (third vaccination);
18 months – IPV (first revaccination);
6 years – IPV (second revaccination).

The first schedule assumes that the child receives 5 doses of the vaccine up to 2 years of age, the second - 4. If a vaccination regimen of only IPV is chosen, it is recommended to rely primarily on the instructions for any inactivated polio vaccine. The IPV-exclusive vaccination regimen is used in many countries around the world, for example, in the USA.

If the vaccination schedule is disrupted or shifted for some reason, you should not panic, or even refuse vaccination altogether. A pediatrician or a specialized immunoprophylaxis specialist - an immunologist-vaccinologist - will help you create an individual vaccination schedule; the effect of vaccination will be exactly the same. The recommended interval between vaccinations of 45 days is minimal, but the formation of immunity does not stop with increasing interval, i.e. if the second or subsequent vaccination is missed, vaccination is not started from the beginning, but continues further according to the scheme.

Both vaccines, live and inactivated, are interchangeable, and even more so, vaccines of the same type from different manufacturers are interchangeable.

Contraindications, side effects, VAPP

Although vaccination against polio is considered perhaps the most serious link in the overall vaccination schedule, modern vaccines are usually well tolerated and have minimal side effects. In most cases, the vaccine manifests itself as swelling, redness, thickening at the injection site, weakness, moodiness, and a slight increase in body temperature. In young children, bowel disorders are observed. All these post-vaccination manifestations are absolutely normal, do not require treatment and disappear without a trace after a couple of days.

The only serious, fortunately quite rare, complication of vaccination is VAPP (vaccine-associated paralytic polio). The risk of developing VAPP is highest after the first vaccination, and very rarely during the second vaccination. VAPP proceeds similarly to real polio, with paresis and paralysis of the limbs. This complication can occur in children with a weakened immune system or in a state of immunodeficiency (for example, HIV-infected, cancer patients) who have serious developmental defects and serious illnesses internal organs, especially the intestines. In all these groups of people, only IPV should be used, the principle of which excludes VAPP.

An unvaccinated child is likely to get the virus kindergarten from children vaccinated with OPV through contact through a shared toilet, toys, etc.

When carrying out collective revaccination against polio with live vaccines, unvaccinated children are quarantined for a period of 2 weeks to a month precisely in order to prevent the risk of VAPP. The literature also describes cases of infection of pregnant women or unvaccinated infants from an older child in the family who received OPV. In such cases, it is recommended either to also use IPV, or to observe hygiene especially carefully - do not let children use a shared potty, wash their hands.

People who are allergic to some of the antibiotics it contains cannot be vaccinated with IPV. Both types of vaccines are contraindicated for further use in people who have had neurological disorders(encephalopathy, seizures) or generalized allergic reaction ( anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema) after the first injection.

It is no secret that mass vaccination at the state level has become the subject of heated debate in our time. Both sides present compelling and well-reasoned pros and cons of vaccinations. No experts can make a choice for the baby’s worried parents, but it is logical to assume that serious infections should be fought not by completely refusing vaccination, but by searching for a high-quality vaccine, for example, a polyvalent one. In this way, the child can not be burdened with unnecessary injections, and vaccination against polio can be combined with vaccination against other pathogens.

Decoding the abbreviations of childhood vaccinations (what they are done and why)

VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

Prevention of tuberculosis is vaccination against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine (BCG - bacillus Calmette-Guerin). The tuberculosis vaccine consists of live, dried bacteria from the vaccine strain, weakened by successive “recultures” over a period of 13 years.

The BCG vaccine is administered intradermally on days 3-7 of a child’s life. When the vaccine is administered correctly, a papule is formed white, which disappears after a minute. However, after 4-6 weeks, it forms again, turning into an abscess that becomes covered with a crust. After 2-4 months, a scar with a diameter of up to 10 mm forms under the crust in 90-95% of vaccinated children. Vaccination against tuberculosis with the BCG vaccine is a proven means of protection against the disease.

FIRST VACCINATION AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B

The hepatitis virus is especially dangerous for children. Having been transferred at an early age, the disease in 50-95% of cases develops into chronic form, which subsequently leads to cirrhosis or primary liver cancer.

In newborns, viral hepatitis is asymptomatic in 90-95% of cases, without classical jaundice and in 70-90% of cases leads to chronic carriage of the virus, and in 35-50% to chronic hepatitis.

Vaccination against hepatitis - reliable protection from a dangerous disease. Vaccination against hepatitis is carried out in the first 12 hours of life.

The hepatitis vaccine is repeated during the first month of the child's life. Without vaccination, a child can get hepatitis. The main route of infection is through blood (most often through blood transfusion).

A second hepatitis vaccine will protect against this disease.

FIRST VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

Vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio is carried out using a combined DPT or ADS-m vaccination.

The Russian DPT vaccine is identical in its set of components to the French vaccine D.T. Cook. DTP includes diphtheria vaccine and tetanus vaccine.

In some cases (in case of allergic reactions or in the presence of contraindications to DPT vaccination), the ADS-m vaccine, an effective vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus, is used.

The first vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio is carried out in the third month of a child’s life.

SECOND VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

The DPT vaccine is administered to the child a second time at 4.5 months. All components of the DTP vaccine are capable of forming immunity in almost 100% of vaccinated patients.

Vaccination against diphtheria is given intramuscularly. The vaccine is administered against the background of the use of antipyretic drugs, which helps prevent a possible increase in temperature and eliminate the risk of fever cramps in young children. In addition, antipyretic drugs have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

DTP vaccine - effective remedy prevention of tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough, poliomelitis

THIRD VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

The third DTP vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio is carried out at 6 months. This completes the primary course of vaccinations, which form immunity lasting about 10 years. The whooping cough vaccine provides shorter-lasting immunity. The polio vaccine (OPV) is given by mouth. It is one of the least reactogenic vaccines. In addition to OPV, there is also the Imovax Polio vaccine. This vaccine is administered through an injection. The polio vaccine “Imovax Polio” does not contain live viruses and is therefore safe even for children with impaired immune systems and HIV-infected children.

THIRD VACCINATION AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B

Modern prevention of hepatitis is based on vaccination. The third hepatitis vaccination is carried out at 6 months. Hepatitis b-vaccination "Engerix B" is a special suspension for injection. Dose for children - 0.5 ml (1 dose).

"Engerix B" promotes the development of immunity against the hepatitis B virus. Contains purified hepatitis B core antigen (HBsAg) obtained using recombinant DNA technology.

Hepatitis vaccination with Engerix B provides protection against hepatitis B in at least 98% of individuals who received 3 injections of the drug.

VACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES, RUBELLA, MUMPS

First vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps carried out at 12 months. Imported vaccine against measles, rubella, mumps Priorix or measles vaccine domestic production.

Priorix meets World Health Organization production requirements biological drugs, requirements for vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella and live combination vaccines.

Vaccination of measles, mumps, rubella - mandatory vaccination for children 12 months of age

FIRST REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

The first revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, in accordance with the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, is carried out at 18 months. The same vaccines are used as for primary vaccinations - DPT, DTP and OPV. If necessary, you can get tested for whooping cough at our clinic.

DPT revaccination is a necessary step to maintain the effect of previous vaccinations against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, and polio.

SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS

Childhood vaccination, according to the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, includes the introduction of a polio vaccine at 20 months. The vaccine is made from live, weakened strains of three types of polio virus. It is administered orally in drops in an amount that depends on the concentration of the drug.

The child should not eat before or after receiving the polio vaccine for one hour. If after receiving the vaccine the child burps, the procedure is repeated. If regurgitation recurs, the vaccine is no longer administered, and the next dose is given after 1 month.

REVACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES, RUBELLA, MUMPS

Secondary vaccination against measles, rubella, and mumps is prescribed at 6 years of age. Measles, rubella, and mumps are among the most common childhood infectious diseases. Before a child enters school, it is necessary to receive a comprehensive vaccination against measles, rubella, and mumps using the Priorix vaccine or measles and mumps vaccines.

The rubella vaccine is not administered until the acute manifestations of the disease have ended. For mild ARVI, acute intestinal diseases, etc., vaccinations can be carried out immediately after the temperature has normalized.

FIRST REVACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out at 6-7 years of age. To maintain immunity, the BCG-m vaccine is administered to healthy children with a negative result from a preliminary Mantoux test.

The main indicator of a child’s immunity to tuberculosis is the appearance of a positive Mantoux test and the diameter of the graft scar being 5 millimeters or more. The consequences of tuberculosis are extremely dangerous. Without treatment, mortality from active tuberculosis is 50%. In other cases, untreated tuberculosis becomes chronic. This is why revaccination against tuberculosis is especially important in childhood.

SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, TETANUS

The second revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus is done at 7-8 years of age using the ADS-M vaccine.

Diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations for primary school children contain a reduced content of the diphtheria component. An analogue of the Russian vaccine ADS-M is the French-made vaccine Imovax D.T.Adult.

VACCINATION AGAINST RUBELLA (GIRL)

Rubella vaccination for girls is carried out at 13 years of age. Vaccination is necessary to prevent rubella during future pregnancy. Vaccination against rubella is done using the imported drug Rudivax.

The Rudivax vaccine contains live, attenuated rubella viruses. Due to the fact that the vaccine is “live”, its effectiveness is %. The duration of immunity caused by the Rudivax vaccine is more than 20 years.

VACCINATION AGAINST HEPATITIS (NOT PREVIOUSLY VACCINED)

If vaccination was not carried out in early childhood, you can get vaccinated against hepatitis at 13 years of age. The drug "Engerix B" is an effective vaccine that promotes the development of immunity against the hepatitis B virus.

Prevention viral hepatitis - the best remedy avoid a dangerous disease that adolescence threatens the development of acute liver failure or even cirrhosis of the liver.

THIRD REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS. SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, polio, as well as revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out on the fly. Vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus - ADS; vaccine against polio - OPV, against tuberculosis - BCG-m.

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out only in the absence of active disease. The polio vaccine OPV is administered orally. It is one of the least reactogenic vaccines and causes virtually no side effects.

REVACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES AND MUMPS IN SINGLE-TIME VACCINATES

Vaccination against measles and mumps is done immediately if vaccination has been carried out once before.

The measles vaccine stimulates the production of antibodies to the measles virus, which reach maximum levels 3-4 weeks after vaccination. The drug meets WHO requirements. The measles vaccine contains at least TCD of the measles virus, stabilizer, and gentaphycin sulfate. The mumps vaccine stimulates the production of protective antibodies, which reach their maximum concentration 6-7 weeks after vaccination. Measles vaccination also meets WHO requirements.

Poliomyelitis is a severe disease that affects the spinal cord. It disguises itself as a banal ARVI, in some cases causing irreparable damage to health: a person will experience paralysis and other pathological processes. It cannot be cured. Improve the patient's condition, but do not guarantee it full recovery, may require intensive and long-term rehabilitation. But the polio vaccine has been helping to significantly reduce the likelihood of the disease itself and significantly reduce possible damage to the body for decades. Other methods of protection against the flying virus are ineffective, and it is most dangerous for children under 2 years of age.

Types of vaccines

Anti-polio drugs are available in two versions: OPV and IPV. Their decoding is as follows:

OPV – oral polio vaccine;
IPV is inactivated polio vaccine.

Both drugs contain all three strains of poliovirus, so they protect the vaccinated person from all types of polio pathogens.

Polio vaccines (both OPV and IPV) work well with immunoglobulin. This substance contains:

neutralizing and opsonizing antibodies that help resist bacteria and infections;
IgG antibodies that reduce the risk of infection in patients with immunodeficiency.

Vaccination against polio in combination with immunoglobulin, depending on the method of administration, can be oral or intramuscular. The dosage is calculated individually.

"Live" drug

OPV is a “live” vaccine containing modified and highly weakened but still live polioviruses. The drug is a solution. It is dripped into the mouth. The oral vaccine has a characteristic pink tint and a salty-bitter taste.

Application and reaction to a “live” drug

For young children, OPV vaccination is done by applying a drop of the drug to the lymphoid tissue located in the throat; for older children, the vaccine is dripped onto the tonsils. This is where immunity begins to form. These areas are specially selected - there are no taste buds there, so patients cannot determine the taste of the drug, its bitterness, which can provoke salivation, which washes the vaccine into the stomach, where it will be destroyed.

The OPV vaccine is administered with a disposable plastic dropper or syringe. The required dosage - 2 or 4 drops - is determined based on the initial concentration of the vaccine. If the vaccination provokes regurgitation, the procedure is repeated. If the attempt is unsuccessful again, OPV will be re-administered only after 45 days. After applying the drops, you should neither eat nor drink.

Vaccination schedule and reaction

OPV is administered at least 5 times. Routine vaccination is performed at the age of:

3 months;
4.5 months;
6 months.

Revaccination is carried out at 18 and 20 months, and at 14 years.

Often the body does not respond to OPV. Allowed to occur:

low-grade fever 1-2 weeks after administration of the vaccine;
In children, stool may become more frequent, which goes away in no longer than 2 days;
allergies.

The only recognized and very serious complication after the introduction of a “live” vaccine is the development of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis. The probability of occurrence is 1 in 2.5 million cases. This is possible if the baby:

congenital immunodeficiency;
AIDS in the immunodeficiency stage;
available birth defects development of the gastrointestinal tract.

Mechanism of action

After vaccination with a live vaccine, weakened polioviruses enter the intestines, where they remain viable for 1 month, provoking the development of immunity to the disease.

As a result, the production of antibodies (proteins specializing in polioviruses) begins in the blood, as well as on the intestinal mucosa, which will not allow wild strain polio enter the body. At the same time, new immune cells are synthesized, capable of not only recognizing polio pathogens, but also killing them.

Those viruses that entered the intestines with OPV are designed to prevent the penetration of their “wild” counterparts there.

Based on the route of infection and the mechanism of the vaccine, in areas with a high risk of polio, newborns are vaccinated against this scourge right in the maternity hospital. The vaccination is called zero. Its effect is short-term, but it will last until the first vaccination.

Inactivated drug

IPV is a drug containing inactivated, i.e. killed polioviruses. This vaccination is given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.

The IPV drug does not stimulate the production of antibodies on the intestinal mucosa and protective cells that could recognize polioviruses and destroy them.

IPV is produced as an independent drug and is included in the complex DTP vaccine (Tetracok, Infanrix™ HEXA and others). It turns out to be vaccinated simultaneously against diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, and tetanus.

The inactivated drug is available in the form of a solution enclosed in syringe doses of 0.5 ml. IPV vaccination is given through an injection:

1 - children under 18 years of age:

subcutaneously under the shoulder blade or shoulder;
intramuscularly into the thigh;

2 – for adults – in the shoulder.

There are no restrictions on food intake after the injection.

Vaccination schedule, reaction and restrictions

IPV is administered according to the following scheme: 2-3 vaccinations with an interval of 1.5-2 months. Lasting immunity is acquired after the second injection. But if:

immunity is weakened;
have chronic diseases;
surgery was performed;
an immunodeficiency state has been established;

then repeated administration of IPV is required.

Revaccination with an inactivated drug is performed through:

1 year, after the 3rd vaccination;
5 years after the 1st revaccination.

In 5-7% of cases, patients can give a reaction to IPV such as:

slight increase in temperature;
the appearance of anxiety;
swelling and redness in the injection area.

Complications such as polio infection never occur. The drug can be administered even in the presence of immunodeficiency or contact with a patient.

The vaccine cannot be used if you are allergic to antibiotics:

streptomycin:
neomycin;
kanamycin;
polymyxin B;

as well as with a severe allergic reaction to a previous polio vaccination.

How many days does the temperature last after DPT and polio vaccination?

Poliomyelitis is a disease that can lead to irreversible consequences. The only preventative measure for this disease is vaccination. Children must be vaccinated with OPV and IPV. Today we will find out how these abbreviations stand for, why some parents are against immunization and how they justify their refusal to use vaccines. We will also find out what doctors think about vaccinating children, including the OPV vaccine.

What is polio?

This is a viral infection that affects the central nervous system (the gray matter of the spinal cord), which subsequently leads to paralysis. The source of the disease can be either a clearly sick person or someone who is a carrier of the disease, but you cannot tell from it that he is affected. Poliomyelitis is transmitted by airborne droplets and the fecal-oral route.

Children aged 3 months to 5 years are most susceptible to this infection.

It is difficult to cure this problem, but you can prevent its occurrence. To do this, it is necessary to vaccinate children on time. A vaccine that has been successfully used against polio is OPV. It is mandatory for all children, but some parents refuse to do it for their children. At the end of the article we will understand why they do this.

OPV vaccination: deciphering the abbreviation

These three letters of the drug represent the capital letters of the vaccine name. They stand for “oral polio vaccine.” Oral means that the drug is administered through the mouth.

The drug is produced in Russia. It is produced at the Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis named after. M. P. Chumakova RAMS.

Types of vaccines

To prevent this infectious disease, 2 types of drugs are used:

Why do you need to get both types of vaccinations?

Until 2010, vaccination against this dangerous disease was carried out in Russia only using IPV, that is, an inactivated drug. At that time, the country had a favorable epidemiological situation. But in 2010, an outbreak of this disease occurred in Tajikistan, which also affected Russia. Then 1 person died in the country. As a result of this, the government decided on mixed vaccination. Now, in the first year of life, babies are given IPV, then OPV. Revaccination in older children is carried out only

How is drop immunization performed?

The solution for a procedure such as OPV polio vaccination is a pink liquid with a salty-bitter taste. Order drops in your mouth:

For children under 2 years old - on lymphoid tissue in the pharynx.

For children over 2 years old - on the tonsils.

There are no taste buds in these places, so boys and girls do not taste bitterness.

The liquid is instilled by a nurse using a disposable plastic dropper with a syringe. The dosage of the drug may vary depending on the concentration of the vaccine used. So, a healthcare worker can apply 2 or 4 drops.

Sometimes babies regurgitate the drug. In this case, the procedure must be repeated. If after the second time the child spits up, then the nurse does not make a third attempt.

The OPV vaccination does not allow you to eat or drink for an hour after vaccination.

Drug administration regimen

This method of preventing an infectious disease is done according to the following plan:

At 3, 4, 5 and 6 months of age.

Revaccination is carried out at 18, 20 months, and then at 14 years.

Deterioration in health after vaccination

OPV is a vaccination, after which there are practically no complications. In isolated cases, a small patient may experience such negative consequences as:

Increased body temperature.

Increased bowel movements.

Usually these symptoms go away on their own within 2 days after vaccination, so no treatment is required.

OPV may not increase at all or fluctuate between 37.5-38 degrees. Pediatricians are confident that there is no need to worry about this unless it is accompanied by additional serious reactions.

Hyperthermia (overheating) may appear 2-3 hours after vaccination, as well as 2 or 3 days after the drug enters the body. This temperature can last from 3 days to 2 weeks. If the baby is active and nothing bothers him, then there is no need to knock her down. If the child is whiny and apathetic, then the use of medications for fever is possible.

Components of the drug

The composition of the OPV polio vaccine is as follows:

Attenuated strains of the virus of the first three types of the disease, grown on kidney cell cultures of African green monkeys.

Stabilizer - magnesium chloride.

Preservative - kanamycin sulfate.

The product is sold in 10 or 20 doses.

Contraindications

OPV vaccination is not carried out in the following cases:

For immunodeficiency conditions, including HIV, cancer.

With a weakened immune system, as well as if there are people in the family with infectious diseases.

For neurological complications from previous OPV vaccinations.

Vaccination is carried out with caution and only under the supervision of a doctor for problems with the intestines and stomach.

Rare adverse reactions after OPV

There are situations when this vaccine leads to such a negative consequence as infection with polio. This can happen, but it is observed very rarely, somewhere around 1 case per 3 million people. This situation can happen for one reason: if the OPV vaccine is administered to a baby who has a disorder of the immune system. For this reason, in those countries where polio has been eradicated, IPV, that is, injections, is given as part of routine vaccination. But if a person travels to another country where there is a risk of contracting this disease, then it is better for him to take OPV. This vaccine creates stronger immunity to the disease.

Preparing for vaccination

Vaccination with OPV and IPV requires preparation of the child for it. For this, the baby needs to be shown to a pediatrician. The specialist carefully examines the child, listens to him, checks his throat, and asks if there are sick family members at home. If everyone is healthy, then the pediatrician gives a referral for vaccination.

Before and after vaccination, you should not feed or water your child for 1 hour. This is necessary so that the vaccine is better absorbed by the child’s body.

Adverse reactions after IPV

Since it is inactivated, this means that it will never lead to the baby becoming infected with polio. Unlike OPV. True, even in that case, infection can occur extremely rarely. As for complications, sometimes children may experience a local reaction. Some may lose their appetite and become less active. But these are harmless changes that go away on their own.

DPT

This is another type like OPV vaccination. The decoding of these four capital letters is simple - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine. DTP is given to children starting from 3 months. Exactly the same as OPV. The drug is injected intramuscularly into the shoulder.

Complex vaccination

In Russia and Ukraine, DTP and OPV vaccinations are usually done as planned. The only exceptions are those cases when the child is vaccinated according to an individual schedule. Experts note that joint vaccination against polio, whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria helps to develop lasting immunity. The doctor can give a referral for a complex injection with one of the following drugs: Pentaxim, Infarix Hexa. Or administer the drug in two different vaccines At the same time. For example, these could be drugs such as Infarix + Imovax.

Despite the fact that comprehensive vaccination is very good, the decision about such vaccination must be made on an individual basis due to the fact that DTP itself places a strong burden on the body.

ADSM

This is a modification of the DTP vaccine, but without such a component as the whooping cough vaccine.

It turns out that after 4 years this disease is not fatal. Therefore, any parent can decide together with the doctor which vaccination to give their child after 4 years of age - DPT or ADSM.

This vaccine is used for adults (an injection is given every 10 years), as well as for children who have contraindications for DTP. Vaccination ADSM, OPV can be supplemented and done at the same time. This modification of DPT is a solution in ampoules for injection. The vaccine is given intramuscularly. The optimal places for injections are: thigh, shoulder, place under the shoulder blade. It is not recommended to inject the drug into the buttock, since the patient may subsequently inflame the sciatic nerve or the drug will get into the subcutaneous fat. Vaccination ADSM, OPV is done by a specialist only after examination by a pediatrician. Undesirable reactions may include:

Fever.

Whims, nervousness.

Loss of appetite.

Problems with stool.

Negative opinions about the vaccine

OPV vaccination receives mixed reviews. Some mothers think that after this they will become sensitive to the disease and will be able to quickly catch this disease - polio. In reality, this will never happen. This is why vaccination is needed to protect both yourself and your child from dangerous disease called polio. Some mothers praise the vaccine, others criticize it. Those who did not like the effect of the drug against polio note that there are consequences from the droplets. Some children begin to be capricious, lose their appetite, and begin to have problems with bowel movements. The occurrence of such negative consequences can be caused by OPV vaccination. Fever, trembling in the body - this can also be observed in the first 2 days after vaccination. You just need to wait out these symptoms; they should go away on their own.

But there are also mothers who are sure that after vaccination with OPV, children begin to suffer from acute respiratory viral infections. For some reason, parents are convinced that it was this vaccine that contributed to the child’s illness. However, in reality this is not the case at all. No immunization, including polio drugs, can weaken protective functions body. And the fact that children get sick after vaccination is the problem of the parents. Perhaps the mother and baby were in the clinic for a long time. While they were waiting their turn to be vaccinated, the child came into contact with other children who may not have been healthy. Viruses and bacteria multiply quickly indoors, and it is in hospitals that boys and girls most often become infected. And to avoid any consequences, you need to harden your child so that no virus sticks to him after he is injected the right drug, that is, the vaccination will be done. OPV is also opposed by those people who are faced with the problem of poor-quality vaccines. That, they say, after vaccination, the child became ill, started vomiting, appeared loose stool, the temperature rose, and the child was taken to the hospital. To prevent this from happening, you need to use the tips below.

Important instructions for parents

If some mothers are afraid that their babies will have no consequences after vaccination, then you need to follow these recommendations:

Be sure to inquire about the quality of the vaccine, the date of its production, and storage conditions.

Any mother should know about the health status of her child before deciding to undergo immunization. If the baby is sick or was ill a week ago, then drops should not be given to him. OPV vaccination should only be given to a completely healthy baby.

After vaccination, you must give your son or daughter an antiallergic drug.

If possible, come for immunization with the whole family. Let dad and child walk outside while mom stands waiting for her turn. This way, the likelihood of catching the virus in the clinic is reduced, and the baby will tolerate the OPV vaccination just fine.

Positive feedback from people

OPV vaccination receives not only disapproving, but also flattering reviews. In general, there are more positive responses than negative ones. So, those mothers who brought healthy child to the clinic for polio immunization, they note that the procedure is painless. The child is not scared, does not cry, does not worry about droplets dripping into him. And mothers feel good because they won’t have to reassure their son or daughter. OPV vaccination is not an injection, which many children are afraid of.

Many more parents note that when proper care There will be no side effects for the child. And this is really, really true. For the most part, children tolerate this vaccination well.

Vaccination is a prerequisite on the path to national health.

Doctors' opinions

Pediatricians are confident that there is no better prevention against polio than vaccination. Therefore, doctors are constantly trying to convince parents that vaccinations are not dangerous. The threat to the child is created by the parents themselves, who, having read false information in newspapers or heard from friends about the dangers of immunization, write refusals to vaccinate their children. You should never listen to false stories or draw conclusions based on unreliable data. It is imperative to vaccinate a child, and any doctor will tell you this. The only question is when to do it. If a boy or girl is sick, then any doctor will postpone the issue of immunization until later.

Pediatricians note: in order to avoid any consequences after vaccination, parents should also help them. How? At your appointment, be sure to talk about possible health problems: runny nose, cough and other symptoms of a viral infection.

Conclusion

Poliomyelitis is a dangerous infectious disease that can lead to paralysis. It is important to vaccinate your child on time so that he has immunity to this disease. Therefore, a timely visit to the pediatrician and parental consent to vaccination is the right path to the health of our children. Vaccination with OPV is the main measure to prevent diseases such as polio. And it is advisable for all children to do it, according to indications.

OPV vaccination

OPV vaccination - what is it?

Description of instructions for use of the OPV vaccine

Contraindications and precautions

Possible complications

Vaccination dates

How to prepare for OPV vaccination

Reaction to OPV vaccine

At the tip of the beam

ADSM vaccination for children

ADSM vaccination and pregnancy

ADSM vaccination at 7 years old

CALENDAR OF PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS

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Polio vaccination - description, possible consequences, contraindications and reviews

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VACCINATION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS

FIRST VACCINATION AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B

FIRST VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

SECOND VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

THIRD VACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

THIRD VACCINATION AGAINST VIRAL HEPATITIS B

VACCINATION AGAINST MEASLES, RUBELLA, MUMPS

FIRST REVACCINATION AGAINST DIPTHERIA, WHOOPING COUGH, TETANUS, POLIOMYELITIS

SECOND REVACCINATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS