INDIVIDUAL ORAL HYGIENE is a scientifically based system of individual therapeutic and preventive events that are carried out using funds personal hygiene oral cavity, aimed at improving the health of organs and tissues of the oral cavity and preventing the occurrence and progression of dental diseases. It is based on an individual program of hygienic prevention and consists of daily hygienic and preventive procedures.
HYGIENO-PREVENTIVE PROCEDURE - a system of successive stages of care for organs and tissues of the oral cavity, taking into account the individual characteristics of each patient (dental and hygienic status) and a specific set of personal oral hygiene products selected in accordance with them.
PROFESSIONAL ORAL HYGIENE is a scientifically based system of therapeutic preventive measures carried out medical personnel, aimed at improving the health of organs and tissues of the oral cavity and preventing the occurrence and progression of dental diseases. Professional oral hygiene measures are carried out at least 2 times a year.
The main activities of professional oral hygiene can be divided into 3 groups: 1. Preventive examination of the patient with the determination of hygienic indices; measures for the prevention of caries (including fissure) and periodontal diseases with the removal of supra- and subgingival dental plaque using special equipment, followed by grinding and polishing of tooth tissues
2. Educational development of knowledge about the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the oral cavity, about personal oral hygiene products, training in the rules of their use, development of individual programs for hygienic prevention of major dental diseases
3. Therapeutic and preventive hygienic preparation before surgery (for periodontal diseases, implantation) and rehabilitation measures in the postoperative period (including anti-inflammatory, physiotherapeutic treatment); medical examination and rehabilitation of patients with decompensated forms of caries, diseases of the oral mucosa and periodontal disease; teeth whitening; treatment of hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues; deep fluoridation activities; checking the closure of the dentition of the upper and lower jaw;identification of preliminary contacts; selective grinding of teeth
General local carigenic factors Diet Concomitant diseases Extreme effects Plaque bacteria Properties and composition oral fluid Food residues Genetic characteristics Enamel structure Enamel structure Chemical composition enamel Chemical composition of enamel
Etiological prevention Fight against oral microflora (antiseptics) Elimination of waste products of microflora (enzymes, surfactants, herbal preparations) Professional hygiene Self-cleaning of the oral cavity (diet, creation of conditions in oral cavity)
Classification of acquired structures of the oral cavity (G.N. Pakhomov) 1. Non-mineralized dental plaque: Pellicle Dental plaque Soft plaque Food debris 2. Mineralized dental plaque: Supragingival tartar Subgingival tartar
Dyes for detecting dental plaque Schiller's solution - Pisarev's Lugol's solution Lugol's solution with glycerin 6% fuchsin solution Methylene blue Erythrosine KJ - 2.0; J – 1.0; H 2 O – 40.0 KJ – 2.0; J – 1.0; H 2 O – 17.0 KJ – 2.0; J – 1.0; H 2 O – 3.0 glycerol – 94.0 ethanol– 70% 25.0; magenta – 1.5
Oral hygiene indices Fedorov–Volodkina index Fedorov–Volodkina index G.N. index. Pakhomov Index G.N. Pakhomova Oral hygiene index J.C.Green, J.R.Vermillion (IGR-U, OHI-S) Oral hygiene index J.C.Green, J.R.Vermillion (IGR-U, OHI-S) Oral hygiene performance index (PHP) Oral hygiene performance index (PHP)
Fedorov-Volodkina Index Evaluation codes: 1 – dental plaque not detected 1 – dental plaque not detected 2 – 1/4 surface stained 2 – 1/4 surface stained 3 – 1/2 stained 3 – 1/2 stained 4 – 3/4 4 – 3/4 5 – entire surface 5 – entire surface
Fedorov-Volodkina Index Number of teeth examined Fomula: Sum of indicators Interpretation of the index: 1.1 – 1.5 – good level hygiene 1.6 – 2.0 – satisfactory 1.6 – 2.0 – satisfactory 2.1 – 2.5 – unsatisfactory 2.6 – 3.4 – poor 3.5 – 5.0 – very poor
Oral Hygiene Index J.C.Green, J.R.Vermillion Plaque assessment codes: 0 – no plaque detected 0 – no plaque detected 1 – soft plaque covering no more than 1/3 tooth surface or the presence of any amount of colored deposits 1 – soft plaque covering no more than 1/3 of the tooth surface or the presence of any amount of colored deposits 2 – 1/3 – 2/3 2 – 1/3 – 2/3 3 – more than 2/3 3 – more than 2/3 IGR-U = Sum of plaque values Number of surfaces
Oral Hygiene Index J.C. Green, J.R. Vermillion Calculus assessment codes: 0 – no calculus detected 1 – supragingival calculus covering no more than 1/3 of the tooth surface 2 – supragingival calculus covering 1/3 to 2/3 of the surface, or the presence of individual deposits of subgingival stone in the cervical area 3 – supragingival stone - more than 2/3 of the surface, or significant deposits of subgingival stone Sum of stone values Number of surfaces IGR-U =
Oral Hygiene Index J.C. Green, J.R. Vermillion Interpretation of the index for plaque or tartar: 0 – 0.6 – good hygiene 0 – 0.6 – good hygiene 0.7 – 1.8 – satisfactory 0.7 – 1.8 – satisfactory 1.9 – 3.0 – poor 1.9 – 3.0 – poor
Sum of stone values Number of surfaces IGR-U = Sum of plaque values Number of surfaces + Oral hygiene index J.C.Green, J.R.Vermillion Interpretation of the index: 0 – 0.6 – low index; good hygiene 0.7 – 1.6 – average index; satisfactory 1.7 – 2.5 – high; unsatisfactory 2.6 – 3.0 – very high; bad
Oral health directly affects the condition of the entire human body as a whole. Hygiene is the simplest and most accessible, as well as the main way to prevent diseases of teeth and gums. Following the rules of hygiene for caring for the mucous membrane will help you maintain your health and avoid many serious problems.
The dentist performs a thorough examination of all teeth and tissues. Doctors use hygiene indices to assess cavity health. With their help, they quantify the extent of the disease and track its progression. There are a large number of hygiene indicators in dentistry, each of which allows us to assess the health of the oral cavity in a different way.
What is the hygiene index in dentistry
In dentistry, health status is measured in the form of special indices. The hygiene index is data that can be used to assess the hygienic state of the oral cavity. The degree of contamination of the enamel surface is assessed, and the presence of bacteria and their quantitative expression, the ratio of healthy and carious ones are detected.
Thanks to these hygiene data, during periodic examinations, the doctor can identify the causes of tooth and gum decay, and also take preventive measures to prevent many serious diseases of the oral mucosa.
Using hygiene data, the dentist finds out:
- oral health;
- stage of destruction;
- deleted units and those that cannot be recovered;
- how thoroughly the cleaning is carried out;
- stage of tissue destruction;
- curvature in bite;
- assessment of treatment effectiveness.
The dentist observes this and many other useful information about the health of the mucous membrane thanks to hygiene indicators. For the analysis of each type of destruction and damage to teeth and tissues, there is its own specialized data.
Types of KPU index
KPU is considered the main indicator in dentistry. It reveals how intense the caries process is. It is used to analyze both temporary and permanent teeth.
Basic data:
- K – number of foci;
- P – number of delivered;
- Y is the number of units that were removed.
The total expression of these data provides information about the intensity with which caries develops in the patient.
KPU classification:
- KPU of teeth - the number of caries-affected and filled units in the patient;
- KPU of surfaces – the number of enamel surfaces infected with caries;
- KPU of cavities - the number of cavities from caries and fillings.
It is used during treatment to check the results. Based on such a survey, only a rough assessment of the situation is possible.
Papillary bleeding (PBI) according to Saxer and Miihiemann
PBI also determines the degree of gum inflammation and is carried out by drawing a groove with a special probe along the interdental papillae.
Severity of gum disease:
- 0 – no blood;
- 1 – pinpoint hemorrhages occur;
- 2 – there are many pinpoint hemorrhages or blood along the line of the furrow;
- 3 – blood flows or fills the entire groove.
All periodontal indicators allow us to assess the degree of development of gum inflammation. Gingivitis and periodontitis are very serious diseases that lead to tooth loss. The sooner treatment is started, the greater the likelihood of maintaining chewing abilities.
Hygienic indices
Hygienic indicators are used in dentistry to determine the degree of contamination. Various data characterize clusters by their quality and quantity. They differ in the way they evaluate the teeth that are taken for examination.
Each of the hygienic methods approaches the problem of cleanliness from its own perspective.
Fedorova-Volodkina
The hygiene index according to Fedorov-Volodkina is the most popular and simple. This method of assessing cleanliness involves staining the lower frontal incisors with an iodide solution. After staining, observe the reaction.
Reaction analysis: 
- 1 – no color appeared;
- 2 – color appeared on ¼ of the surface;
- 3 – color appeared on ½ part;
- 4 – color appeared on ¾ of the part;
- 5 – the entire surface is completely painted.
Calculated by dividing all points by 6.
Meaning:
- up to 1.5 – cleaning is carried out perfectly;
- from 1.5-2.0 – good level of hygiene;
- up to 2.5 – insufficient purity;
- from 2.5-3.4 – poor level of hygiene;
- up to 5.0 – practically no cleaning is carried out.
This method allows you to identify the presence of soft and stone without the use of dyes. To do this, 6 numbers are examined - 16, 26, 11, 31, 36 and 46. The incisors and upper molars are examined from the vestibular part, the lower molars - from the lingual part. The inspection is carried out visually or using a special probe.
Based on the results of the inspection of each unit, points are assigned:
- 0 – clean surface;
- 1 – 1/3 of the surface is covered with sediments;
- 2 – 2/3 are occupied by clusters;
- 3 – observed on more than 2/3 of the surface.
The assessment is given separately for the presence of stone and bacterial accumulations. The points are summed up and divided by 6.
Values:
- up to 0.6 – very good condition;
- from 0.6-1.6 – cleanliness is at a good level;
- up to 2.5 – insufficient hygiene;
- from 2.5-3 – poor level of cleanliness.
Silnes Low
This method makes it possible to analyze all the patient’s dental units or only some at his request. The examination is carried out by a doctor using a probe; no staining is used.
Based on the presence of plaque, the following points are assigned:
- 0 – clean;
- 1 – thin strip deposit, which can only be determined with a probe;
- 2 – plaques are clearly visible visually;
- 3 – cover the entire surface.
The indicator is calculated based on the sum of points on all four sides divided by 4. General value for the entire cavity is calculated as the average between the individual data.
Calculus Index (CSI)
This method reveals the accumulation of plaque on the lower incisors and canines at the junction with the gum. All sides of each tooth are examined separately - vestibular, medial and lingual.
Points are assigned for each face:
- 0 – clean;
- 1 – presence of deposits no more than 0.5 mm;
- 2 – width up to 1 mm;
- 3 – more than 1 mm.
The stone's score is calculated by dividing the sum of points for all faces by the number of units examined.
Quigley and Hein Plaque Index
This method examines the accumulations on the 12 frontal numbers of the lower and upper jaws. For inspection, the following numbers are taken: 13, 12, 11, 21, 22, 23, 33, 32, 31, 41, 42 and 43.
The study requires painting the surface with a fuchsin solution. After this, the vestibular edge of each tooth is examined and points are assigned: 
- 0 – color does not appear;
- 1 – some parts appeared in the cervical area;
- 2 – color up to 1 mm;
- 3 – deposit more than 1 mm, but does not cover 1/3;
- 4 – close up to 2/3;
- 5 – cover more than 2/3.
The indicator is calculated based on dividing the points by 12.
Simplified Lange Approximal Plaque Index (API)
Aproximal surfaces require careful care. Depending on whether there are accumulations on them, the doctor determines how well the patient cleanses.
For this method, the mucous membrane must be stained with a special solution. Plaque formation on proximal surfaces is then determined using “yes” or “no” answers. The examination is carried out in the first and third quadrants from the oral side and in the second and fourth quadrants from the vestibular side.
Calculated as a percentage of positive responses to all responses.
- less than 25% - cleaning is carried out well;
- up to 40% - sufficient hygiene;
- up to 70% - hygiene at a satisfactory level;
- more than 70% - cleaning is not carried out enough.
Ramfiord index
Identifies plaque deposits; the vestibular, lingual and palatal sides are examined. Several numbers are taken for analysis - 11, 14, 26, 31, 34 and 46.
Before examining your teeth, you need to stain them with a brown Bismarck solution. After the inspection, an assessment is made based on the nature of the accumulations: 
- 0 – clean;
- 1 – presence of deposits on individual parts;
- 2 – appeared on all faces, but occupy less than half;
- 3 – visible on all edges and covering more than half.
Navi
In this method, only the anterior incisors from the labial side are examined. Before starting, you need to rinse your mouth with a fuchsin solution. Based on the results of staining, points are assigned:
- 0 – clean;
- 1 – deposits are slightly colored only along the border with the gum;
- 2 – a stripe of accumulations is clearly visible at the border with the gum;
- 3 – up to 1/3 of the tooth near the gum is covered with deposits;
- 4 – close up to 2/3;
- 5 – cover more than 2/3 of the surface.
The value is the average of one tooth.
Tureski
Its creators used the Quigley and Hein method as a basis, only for the study they took edges from the lingual and labial sides of the entire dentition.
The mouth is similarly stained using a fuchsin solution and the manifestation of accumulations is analyzed according to points:
Turesky data is calculated by dividing all points by the total number of teeth.
Arnim
This method provides the opportunity to most accurately study plaque and measure its area. But it is quite labor-intensive and is more suitable for research purposes. Its labor intensity does not allow it to be used during routine examinations of patients.
The upper and lower front incisors are taken for examination. They are stained with erythrosine and a photograph of the surface is taken from the vestibular side. The image is enlarged 4 times and printed. Next, you need to transfer the outline of the teeth and painted surfaces onto paper and identify these areas using a planimer. After this, the size of the surface area on which plaque has formed is obtained.
Plaque formation rates (PFRI) according to Axelsson
Using this method, they study the speed at which plaque forms. To do this, they clean using professional equipment and do not clean the mouth for the next 24 hours. After this, the mucous membrane is stained with a solution and the surfaces with the resulting plaque are examined.
The result is assessed as a percentage of contaminated units to all inspected:
- less than 10% - very low speed plaque deposits;
- from 10-20% – low
- up to 30% - average;
- from 30-40% - high;
- more than 40% is very high.
Such a study provides an opportunity to analyze the degree of risk of the occurrence and spread of caries and find out the nature of plaque deposition.
Plaque estimates in young children
Used to analyze plaque in children that appears after the appearance of baby teeth. During the examination, all erupted teeth in the child are examined visually or using a special probe.
The condition is assessed as follows:
- 0 – clean;
- 1 – there are deposits.
It is calculated by dividing the number of teeth with deposits by the total number present in the oral cavity.
Values:
- 0 – hygiene is good;
- up to 0.4 – cleaning at a satisfactory level;
- from 0.4-1.0 – hygiene is very poor.
Oral hygiene effectiveness (ORE)
This indicator is used to establish the level of cleaning thoroughness. The following numbers are taken for the study - vestibular parts 16, 26, 11, 31 and lingual parts 36 and 46. The surface is divided into 5 parts - medial, distal, occlusal, central and cervical.
The mouth is rinsed with a special solution and the degree of coloration of each sector is analyzed according to points:
- 0 – clean;
- 1 – color appears.
The indicator of one tooth is obtained by summing all the points based on the results of its examination. The total value is obtained by dividing the sum of individual indicators by their total number.
Hygiene level:
- 0 – hygiene is very well maintained;
- up to 0.6 – cleaning at a good level;
- up to 1.6 – hygiene is satisfactory;
- more than 1.7 - cleaning is carried out poorly.
Hygiene indicators are important for analyzing contamination levels. It is important to maintain good hygiene and clean your mouth thoroughly every day. Tartar and plaque cause inflammation of the tissue around the teeth and can cause tooth loss.
Stages of epidemiological survey following the WHO methodology
Epidemiology is a way of studying the nature of the spread of diseases in different segments of the population. It is also used for dental purposes.
Epidemiological survey consists of three main stages:
- Preparatory stage. A plan is drawn up indicating the timing, methods and objectives of the research. The research site and necessary equipment are being prepared. A group of two doctors and a trained nurse is formed. Special population groups are selected to characterize their populations and living conditions ( climatic conditions, social conditions, environment etc.). The number of male and female people should be the same. The size of the groups depends on the required level of rigor of the study.
- Second stage - examination. A registration card is used to record data. For children under 15 years old it has a simplified form. Additions and corrections to the map are prohibited. All entries are made in the form of codes indicating the specific manifestation of symptoms or their absence. To get a complete picture of the state of health, information is collected on the oral mucosa and the extraoral area.
- The third stage – evaluation of results. Data is calculated according to the required parameters - the level of caries prevalence, the level of periodontal disease, etc. The results are displayed as a percentage.
Such examinations make it possible to assess the dental situation in a particular region, to identify the dependence of the health of the oral mucosa on others and social conditions life. And also monitor changes in the condition of teeth and gums as the patient ages.
It is important to identify the most common diseases and their intensity in different regions and age groups. Based on the research results, preventive treatment measures are planned serious illnesses and hygiene training.
Conclusion
All dental indicators are individual in their own way. They allow you to assess your oral health from different angles. When examining a patient, the dentist uses one or another method based on the individual characteristics of the body and the condition of the oral mucosa.
All research methods are quite simple to use. They do not deliver to the patient painful sensations and do not require special training. Special solutions for staining plaque are absolutely harmless to the patient.
Thanks to them, the doctor can not only evaluate initial state oral cavity, but also to predict future deterioration or track changes in teeth and gums after treatment.
Parfenov Ivan Anatolievich
The Dental Index is a method for determining the effectiveness of hygiene procedures And general condition oral cavity. The article discusses the main types of indices, evaluation criteria, and diagnostic procedures used.
What is the Dental Oral Health Index?
The hygiene index is indicators reflecting oral hygiene, the degree of contamination, determining the presence of signs of bacterial infection, indicating the number of teeth that are affected by caries.
The hygiene index allows a specialist to determine the reasons why tooth decay occurs, gum disease occurs, and also prescribe effective preventive measures.
With their help they determine:
- The level of dental health of the patient;
- The severity and stage of caries;
- Number of teeth pulled out;
- Quality of hygiene procedures;
- Presence of malocclusion;
- The degree of effectiveness of therapy.
Important to remember! Each diagnostic criterion for different types lesions are reflected in the individual index.
KPU index
It is the most common indicator used in modern dentistry. The presented indicator reflects the nature of the course of caries. The index is used in the diagnosis of both temporary and molar teeth.
The KPU index reflects:
The combination of this data allows the dentist to determine the severity and intensity of caries.
There are the following types of KPU indexes:
- KPU of teeth (reflects how many teeth are affected by caries or filled);
- KPU of surfaces (reflects how many teeth the early stage of caries was found on);
- KPU of cavities (reflects the number of cavities caused by softening of tissues due to caries or loss of fillings).
When examining baby teeth, the number of pulled out or fallen out units is not taken into account. The index includes only indicators K - the number of caries affected, and P - the number of filled teeth.
Using the KPU index, the prevalence of caries is assessed. The number of all patients with caries must be divided by the number of subjects, and then multiplied by 100. The result obtained will indicate the percentage of prevalence.
Prevalence levels:
- 1% – 30% – low;
- 31% – 80% – average;
- 81% – 100% -high.
The degree of caries intensity is calculated taking into account the number of diseased teeth:
| Intensity of the pathological process | Grades for children (12 years old) | Estimates for adults (35 years old) |
| Very low | Below 1.1 | Below 1.5 |
| Low | 1.2 – 2.6 | 1.6 – 6.2 |
| Average | 2.7 – 4.4 | 6.3 – 12.7 |
| High | 4.5 – 6.4 | 12.8 – 16.2 |
| Very high | 6.5 and higher | Over 16.2 |
Important to remember! The dental index KPU is very effective, but does not allow us to provide absolutely reliable information about the nature of the course of caries. This is due to the fact that the overall clinical picture is influenced by previously treated or extracted teeth.
Green-Vermillion (OHI-S)
The method is a simplified method of hygienic indexing, with which the volume of plaque is determined without the application of auxiliary dyes.
A dental examination is used to determine contamination. During the examination, the condition of 6 teeth is examined.
Teeth examined:
- Vestibular surface: 11, 31;
- Buccal surface: 16, 26;
- Lingual surface: 36, 46.
The evaluation criteria for Green Vermillion (Vermilion) are presented in the table:
To calculate the index, the plaque and tartar scores are summed up and the resulting number is divided by 6.
A breakdown of the results is presented in the table:
Fedorova-Volodkina
The presented method is carried out to determine the level of plaque contamination. During the procedure, a solution containing potassium and iodine is applied to the vestibular surface of the lower front teeth. Drying from saliva is done first.
The index is determined based on the intensity of staining:
The Fedorov-Volodkin index is determined as follows: the sum of the indices of each stained tooth is divided by 6.
Interpretation of results:
Silnes Low
A method for assessing oral hygiene without the application of coloring materials.
The dentist examines the oral cavity using a probe to determine the amount of plaque.
Based on the amount of plaque detected, the appropriate assessment is made:
- 0 – no plaque;
- 1 – thin layer of deposits, invisible without the use of a probe;
- 2 – visually noticeable plaques;
- 3 – plaque covers the crown.
Using the Silnes-Low method, the hygiene index of an individual unit, a group of several teeth or the entire oral cavity is calculated.
Pakhomova
Involves applying Lugol's solution to the teeth being examined. The procedure involves 6 frontal teeth of the lower jaw, all 1st molars, 11 and 21 teeth.
The quality of hygiene is assessed according to the degree of staining:
| Grade | Degree of staining |
| 1 | Lack of color upon application |
| 2 | Staining 1/4 crown |
| 3 | Staining 1/2 crown |
| 4 | Staining 3/4 crowns |
| 5 | Staining the entire surface of the tooth |
The overall score is calculated by summing the scores for each tooth examined and dividing by 12.
Assessment of plaque in young children (Kuzmina index)
During the examination, the child is examined for erupted units. The hygienic condition of the oral cavity is assessed after the eruption of primary teeth.
During the examination, the child's erupted units are examined. Inspection is carried out visually or using a probe.
The condition of the oral cavity is assessed depending on the presence of plaque.
The absence of deposits corresponds to a score of 0, and any amount of plaque corresponds to a score of 1.
To assess the plaque index in children, it is necessary to divide the number of points by the number of all erupted teeth. This allows you to determine the quality of hygiene procedures.
Kuzmina plaque index indicators:
- 0 – optimal oral hygiene;
- From 0.1 to 0.4 – hygiene is at a satisfactory level;
- From 0.5 and above – unsatisfactory hygiene.
Important to remember! Children's teeth are more susceptible to bacteria and are more likely to suffer from caries, which emphasizes the need to hygiene standards on high level.
Navi indicator
The method involves examining the anterior incisors from the lips. Before starting the procedure, the patient is required to rinse his mouth with a fuchsin solution. This substance colors soft deposits, allowing you to assess the degree of contamination.
Hygiene rating:
- 0 – no deposits;
- 1 – presence of deposits in the area between the gum and tooth;
- 2 – the presence of a noticeable strip of plaque above the border of the tooth and gum;
- 3 – 1/3 coating;
- 4 – 2/3 coating;
- 5 – the tooth is covered with deposits by more than 2/3.
To give an overall assessment, calculate the arithmetic mean for all examined teeth.
Tureski
When calculating the Turesky index, the entire dentition is examined. The procedure involves applying a fuchsin solution, after which the appearance of deposits on the lingual and labial surfaces of the teeth is analyzed.
The score is calculated as follows:
The Turesky Index is calculated by adding the scores for each individual tooth and dividing by the number of teeth examined.
Arnim
It is used primarily for research purposes. It is used extremely rarely in dental practice, since the calculation is a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. The procedure is aimed at determining the area covered by plaque.
Stages of calculating the Arnim index:
- Application of a dye to the front incisors (erythrosine)
- Taking photographs of teeth that have stained
- Enlarging photos and transferring contours using a planimeter
- Determination of contaminated surface area
CPITN indicator
The CPINT index is also called the periodontal therapy need index. The assessment method involves examining the gums in the area of 11, 16, 17, 26, 27, 36, 37, 46 and 47 teeth. The method allows you to determine the condition of the tissues on both jaws.
Using a probe, the degree of bleeding of the gums, the presence of a periodontal pocket, and tartar are determined.
The assessment is carried out as follows:
When determining the CPINT index, the condition of each of the above teeth is assessed.
After this, a general assessment is made, reflecting the condition of the soft tissues and the degree of need for therapeutic intervention.
The treatment need estimate is calculated by adding the results for each tooth and dividing the resulting number by the number of units examined.
CPINT ratings:
PMA indicator
Stands for papillary-marginal-alveolar index. Used to assess the condition of the oral cavity with gingivitis (inflammation of the gums).
The assessment is made depending on the location and extent of the lesion:
- 1 – gingival papilla;
- 2 – marginal area;
- 3 – alveolar area.
The PMA index is calculated using the formula: sum of points for each tooth * 100 divided by 3 * number of teeth.
PHP
Determines the effectiveness of hygiene measures, including the thoroughness of daily cleaning. During the procedure, 6 teeth are examined: 16, 26, 11, 31, 36 and 46. The patient rinses his mouth with a special solution containing a dye.
The rating is based on the presence of a reaction to the solution:
- 0 – no reaction
- 1 – tooth staining
If the indexed tooth is removed, the adjacent tooth is examined.
To calculate the result, the score of all examined teeth is combined, after which it is divided by 6. The code for an individual tooth is the score obtained from the examination of each area (medial, distal, occlusal, central, cervical).
Interpretation:
Oral Hygiene Performance Index (OHP) Podshadley, Haley, (1968) CSI
Determining the CSI index allows you to find out the amount of tartar and accumulated plaque in the area where the teeth come into contact with the gums.
The condition of the anterior incisors is analyzed. Each tooth is examined from the lingual, medial and vestibular sides. The examination is carried out using a dental probe.
Each surface is scored by:
- 0 – no deposits;
- 1 – deposits 0.5 mm wide;
- 2 – deposits 1 mm wide;
- 3 – plaque more than 1 mm.
To determine the index, it is necessary to add up the sum of ratings for each examined surface and divide by the number of teeth. The maximum value is considered to be CSI 16.
Approximal Plaque Index (API)
The procedure involves applying a dye The approximal surface is the area of contact of the enamel with the tooth located behind it.
The need to inspect the area presented is due to the fact that it requires careful care, which can be difficult to achieve through routine hygiene procedures.
If the amount of plaque exceeds the permissible level, the patient is prescribed professional cleaning.
The procedure involves applying a dye. After this, it is determined how many teeth the color changes.
The API index rating does not provide a pollution rating. The assessment is the presence of a reaction to the dye or its absence.
To determine the index, it is necessary to divide the number of stained teeth by the number of all teeth in the patient’s oral cavity. The resulting figure is multiplied by 100.
Evaluation of results:
Flying Rate by Quigey and Hein
Determining the plaque index involves applying a fuchsin solution to 12 front teeth on both jaws. The survey includes numbers 12, 13, 11, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43.
After applying the solution, the vestibular surface is examined. The plaque index depends on the degree of surface staining.
Results of the procedure:
- 0 – no changes when applying the solution;
- 1 – change in color in the cervical area;
- 2 – color within 1 mm;
- 3 – deposits occupy from 1 mm to 1/3 of the surface;
- 4 – 2/3 plaque;
- 5 – sediments cover more than 2/3.
To calculate the index, the totality of points is summed up, and the resulting number is divided by the number of teeth examined (12).
Gingivitis score PMA (Parma)
Used to determine the clinical condition of the periodontium, reflection present symptoms inflammation.
The score reflects the stage of the inflammatory process:
The difference between the Parma modification is the modified formula for calculating the index.
The indicator is calculated as follows: the sum of points is divided by 3* the number of teeth examined. The resulting result is multiplied by 100.
This is how the severity of gingivitis is assessed:
- Less than 30% – light;
- 31% – 60% – average;
- 61% – 100% – severe.
Composite Periodontal Index (CPI)
It is used for a comprehensive assessment of the condition of the gums and periodontal canal. The procedure involves performing standard dental examination using a probe and a mirror.
During the examination, the dentist notes the presence of certain symptoms, each of which corresponds to a specific score reflecting the condition of the tissues.
Criteria for evaluation:
- 0 – absence of pathological signs;
- 1 – soft deposits;
- 2 – bleeding;
- 3 – tartar;
- 4 – expansion of the periodontal canal;
- 5 – loosening of the tooth in the affected area.
The KPI index is determined by dividing the sum of indicators by the number of examined teeth. The method of examination depends on the age of the patient.
Interpretation of the CRPD:
- From 0.1 to 1 – potential risk of developing periodontitis;
- From 1.1 to 2 – mild form of periodontitis;
- From 2.1 to 3.5 – moderate severity;
- From 3.6 and above – severe form.
Ramfiord
Like the KPI, it reflects the condition of the periodontium and gums. During the procedure, the vestibular and lingual surfaces of 6 teeth are examined: 16th, 21st, 36th, 41st, 44th. IN mandatory The presence of plaque and tartar is taken into account.
Inspection results:
- 0 – no pathological signs identified;
- 1 – inflammation of a small area of the gum;
- 2 – pronounced inflammatory process;
- 3 – aggravated inflammatory process.
Such symptoms are characteristic of periodontitis and gingivitis. Further assessment reflects the condition of the periodontal pocket.
In the presence of periodontitis, the following values are possible:
- 0-3 – normal sizes;
- 4 – formation of a pocket up to 3 mm;
- 5 – formation of a pocket up to 6 mm;
- 6 – pocket deeper than 6 mm.
PFRI
The indicator reflects the rate of plaque formation. Allows you to evaluate the conditions and factors that influence the formation of soft deposits. The diagnostic value of the method lies in the fact that it allows you to assess the risk of caries.
The rate of plaque formation is affected by the following factors:
Before assessing the rate of plaque formation, professional cleaning is performed.
Diagnostic procedure performed 24 hours after cleaning. To do this, a coloring solution is applied.
The following surfaces are examined:
- Buccal;
- Lingual;
- Mesio-buccal;
- Mesio-lingual;
- Distobuccal;
- Distal-lingual.
The appearance of color is assessed as 1 point, while the absence of reaction to the solution is 0 points.
To calculate the PFRI, the total score should be divided by the number of teeth and multiplied by 100. The PFRI results are expressed as a percentage.
Ratings:
- From 0 to 10% – very low;
- From 10% to 20% – low;
- From 21% to 30% – average;
- From 31% to 40% – high;
- Over 40% is very high.
Examination stages
Determining dental indices is a complex procedure that includes several main stages.
Examination stages:
Important to remember! The diagnostic results obtained must be entered into the medical card patient.
Oral hygiene can be assessed using different indicators and criteria. Dental indices provide details about the condition of teeth and gums, reflect the likelihood of developing diseases.
Hygiene indices are determined through a dental examination, which is absolutely painless and does not cause discomfort to the patient.
INDICES OF ORAL CAVITY CONDITION
Methods for assessing dental plaque
Fedorov-Volodkina Index(1968) was widely used in our country until recently.
The hygienic index is determined by the intensity of coloring of the labial surface of the six lower frontal teeth with an iodine-iodide-potassium solution, assessed using a five-point system and calculated using the formula:,
where K avg . – general hygienic cleaning index; To u – hygienic index of cleaning one tooth; n – number of teeth.
Staining the entire surface of the crown means 5 points; 3/4 – 4 points; 1/2 – 3 points; 1/4 – 2 points; absence of staining – 1 point.
Normally, the hygiene index should not exceed 1.
Green-Vermillion index(Green, Vermillion, 1964) . The Oral Health Index Simplified (OHI-S) evaluates the area of tooth surface covered by plaque and/or tartar and does not require the use of special stains. To determine OHI-S, examine the buccal surface 16 and 26, the labial surface 11 and 31, and the lingual surface 36 and 46, moving the tip of the probe from the cutting edge towards the gum.
The absence of dental plaque is indicated as 0 , dental plaque up to 1/3 of the tooth surface – 1 , dental plaque from 1/3 to 2/3 – 2 , dental plaque covers more than 2/3 of the enamel surface – 3 . Then tartar is determined according to the same principle.
Formula for calculating the index.
where n – number of teeth, ZN – dental plaque, ZK – tartar.
No | No |
1/3 crown | supragingival stone on 1/3 of the crown |
Silnes-Lowe Index(Silness, Loe, 1967) takes into account the thickness of plaque in the gingival region in 4 areas of the tooth surface: vestibular, lingual, distal and mesial. After drying the enamel, the tip of the probe is passed along its surface at the gingival sulcus. If no soft substance adheres to the tip of the probe, the plaque index on the tooth area is indicated as - 0 . If the plaque is not visually detected, but becomes visible after moving the probe, the index is equal to 1 . A plaque with a thin to moderate thickness, visible to the naked eye, is assessed by 2 . Intensive deposition of dental plaque in the area of the gingival sulcus and interdental space is designated as 3 . For each tooth, the index is calculated by dividing the sum of the points of 4 surfaces by 4.
General index equal to the sum indicators of all examined teeth, divided by their number.
Tartar index(CSI) (ENNEVER" et al., 1961). Supra- and subgingival tartar is determined on the incisors and canines of the lower jaw. The vestibular, distal-lingual, central-lingual and medial-lingual surfaces are differentially examined.
To determine the intensity of tartar, a scale from 0 to 3 is used for each surface examined:
0 - no tartar
1 - tartar is determined to be less than 0.5mm in width and/or thickness
2 - width and/or thickness of tartar from 0.5 to 1 mm
3 - width and/or thickness of tartar more than 1 mm.
Formula for calculating the index:
Ramfjord index(S. Ramfjord, 1956) as part of the periodontal index involves the determination of dental plaque on the vestibular, lingual and palatal surfaces, as well as the proximal surfaces of the 11, 14, 26, 31, 34, 46 teeth. The method requires preliminary staining with a Bismarck brown solution. Scoring is done as follows:
0 - absence of dental plaque
1 - dental plaque is present on some tooth surfaces
2 - dental plaque is present on all surfaces, but covers more than half of the tooth
3 - dental plaque is present on all surfaces, but covers more than half.
The index is calculated by division total amount points for the number of teeth examined.
Navy index (I.M.Navy, E.Quiglty, I.Hein, 1962).The color indices of tissues in the oral cavity limited by the labial surfaces of the front teeth are calculated. Before the examination, the mouth is rinsed with a 0.75% solution of basic fuchsin. The calculation is carried out as follows:
0 - no plaque
1 - the plaque was stained only at the gingival border
2 - pronounced plaque line at the gingival border
3 - the gingival third of the surface is covered with plaque
4 - 2/3 of the surface is covered with plaque
5 - more than 2/3 of the surface is covered with plaque.
The index was calculated in terms of the average number per tooth per subject.
Turesky index (S.Turesky, 1970).The authors used the Quigley-Hein scoring system on the labial and lingual surfaces of the entire row of teeth.
0 - no plaque
1 - individual spots of plaque in the cervical area of the tooth
2 - a thin continuous strip of plaque (up to 1 mm) in the cervical part of the tooth
3 - plaque strip is wider than 1 mm, but covers less than 1/3 of the tooth crown
4 - plaque covers more than 1/3, but less than 2/3 of the tooth crown
5 - plaque covers 2/3 of the tooth crown or more.
Index Arnim (S. Arnim, 1963)when assessing effectiveness various procedures Oral hygiene department determined the amount of plaque present on the labial surfaces of the four upper and lower incisors stained with erythrosine. This area is photographed and developed at 4x magnification. The outlines of the corresponding teeth and colored masses are transferred to paper and these areas are determined with a planimer. The percentage of surface area covered by plaque is then calculated.
Hygiene Performance Index (Podshadley, Haby, 1968)requires the use of dye. Then a visual assessment of the buccal surfaces of 16 and 26 teeth, labial surfaces of 11 and 31 teeth, and lingual surfaces of 36 and 46 teeth is carried out. The surveyed surface is conventionally divided into 5 sections: 1 – medial, 2 – distal 3 - mid-occlusal, 4 – central, 5 - mid-cervical.
0 - no staining
1 - staining of any intensity is available
The index is calculated using the formula:
where n is the number of teeth examined.
CLINICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING GINGUM CONDITION
PMA index (Schour, Massler). Inflammation of the gingival papilla (P) is assessed as 1, inflammation of the gingival margin (M) - 2, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the alveolar process of the jaw (A) - 3.
By summing up the gum condition assessments for each tooth, the PMA index is obtained. At the same time, the number of examined teeth of patients aged 6 to 11 years is 24, from 12 to 14 years old – 28, and from 15 years old – 30.
The PMA index is calculated as a percentage as follows:
RMA = (sum of indicators x 100): (3 x number of teeth)
In absolute numbers, PMA = sum of indicators: (number of teeth x 3).
Gingival index GI(Loe, Silence). For each tooth, four areas are differentially examined: vestibular-distal gingival papilla, vestibular marginal gingiva, vestibular-medial gingival papilla, lingual (or palatal) marginal gingiva.
0 – normal gum;
1 – mild inflammation, slight discoloration of the gum mucosa, slight swelling, no bleeding on palpation;
2 – moderate inflammation, redness, swelling, bleeding on palpation;
3 – severe inflammation with noticeable redness and swelling, ulceration, and a tendency to spontaneous bleeding.
Key teeth whose gums are examined: 16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44.
To evaluate the examination results, the sum of points is divided by 4 and the number of teeth.
0.1 – 1.0 – mild gingivitis
1.1 – 2.0 – moderate gingivitis
2.1 – 3.0 – severe gingivitis.
IN periodontal index PI (Russell)the condition of the gums and alveolar bone is calculated individually for each tooth. For calculation, a scale is used in which a relatively low indicator is assigned to gum inflammation, and a relatively higher indicator to alveolar bone resorption. The indices of each tooth are summed up, and the result is divided by the number of teeth in the oral cavity. The result shows the patient's periodontal index, which reflects the relative status of periodontal disease in a given oral cavity without taking into account the type and causes of the disease. The arithmetic mean of the individual indices of the examined patients characterizes the group or population indicator.
Periodontal Disease Index - PDI (Ramfjord, 1959)includes an assessment of the condition of the gums and periodontium. The vestibular and oral surfaces of the 16th, 21st, 24th, 36th, 41st, and 44th teeth are examined. Plaque and tartar are taken into account. The depth of the periodontal pocket is measured with a graduated probe from the enamel-cement junction to the bottom of the pocket.
GINGIVITIS INDEX
0 - no signs of inflammation
1 - mild or moderate inflammation of the gums, not spreading around the tooth
2 - moderate inflammation of the gums, spreading around the tooth
3 - severe gingivitis, characterized by severe redness, swelling, bleeding and ulceration.
INDEX OF PERIODONTAL DISEASE
0-3 - the gingival groove is determined no deeper than the cemento-enamel junction
4 - gum pocket depth up to 3mm
5 - gum pocket depth from 3mm to 6mm
6 - the depth of the gum pocket is more than 6 mm.
CPITN (WHO) – comprehensive periodontal index of treatment needused to assess the periodontal condition of the adult population, to plan prevention and treatment, determine the need for dental personnel, analyze and improve treatment and preventive programs.
To determine the indicator, a specially designed periodontal probe is used, which has a ball with a diameter of 0.5 mm at the end and a black stripe at a distance of 3.5 mm from the tip of the probe.
In persons over 20 years of age, the periodontium is examined in the area of six groups of teeth (17/16, 11, 26/27, 37/36, 31, 46/47) in the lower and upper jaws. If there is not a single index tooth in the named sextant, then all remaining teeth in that sextant are examined.
In young people under the age of 19, teeth 16, 11, 26, 36, 31, 46 are examined.
Registration of research results is carried out according to the following codes:
0 – healthy gums, no signs of pathology
1 – gum bleeding is observed after probing
2 – subgingival tartar is determined with a probe; the black strip of the probe does not sink into the gingival pocket
3 – a pocket of 4-5mm is determined; the black strip of the probe is partially immersed in the periodontal pocket
4 – a pocket larger than 6 mm is determined; the black strip of the probe is completely immersed in the gingival pocket.
Complex periodontal index - KPI (P.A. Leus).In adolescents and adults, teeth 17/16, 11, 26/27, 31, 36/37, 46/47 are examined.
The patient is examined in a dental chair under adequate artificial lighting. A standard set of dental instruments is used.
bleeding | tooth mobility |
If several signs are present, a more severe lesion is recorded (higher score). In case of doubt, preference is given to underdiagnosis.
The KPI of an individual is calculated using the formula:
The average CPI of the surveyed population is calculated by finding the average number of individual CPI values.
- 29.37 MB
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Parts 1 and 2
Kyiv: Book Plus, 2007. - 128 p.
Authors: L. A. Khomenko, A. V. Savichuk, E. I. Ostapko, V. I. Shmatko, N. V. Bidenko, E. M. Zaitseva, I. D. Golubeva, L. A. Vovchenko, E. A. Voevoda, Yu. M. Trachuk
Content
Class
1. Dental examination technique. Dental examination demonstration...
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- 2.29 MB
- added 04/21/2011
St. Petersburg: Man, 2004. - 184 p.
The encyclopedia consists of more than 300 short articles that are devoted to various sections of preventive dentistry - anatomy and physiology maxillofacial area normal and with pathological conditions; various methods communal, group, professional and individual profile...
Oral hygiene is one of the most accessible and at the same time one of the leading methods of preventing oral diseases. Regular and competent oral care is an integral part of all preventive measures. Mass population surveys conducted in all countries of the world have convincingly shown that systematic oral care has an undoubted preventive value. It is possible to objectively assess the level of oral hygiene only using hygiene indices.
To identify dental plaque in assessing oral hygiene in modern dentistry, objective indicators (indices) are used that characterize the quality and quantity of dental plaque. However, the number of assessment methods based on different number teeth from various functional groups, up to staining all teeth on both sides or collecting and weighing plaque around individual teeth, indicates the relevance of the problem under consideration and the imperfection of existing methods.
Oral hygiene indices.
Method for determining the Fedorov-Volodkina hygienic index//E.M.Melnichenko “Prevention of dental diseases”, Minsk, “Higher School”., 1990, pp. 3-17.
It is determined by the intensity of the color of the vestibular surface of the six lower frontal teeth by applying an iodine-iodide-potassium solution (Schiller-Pisarev liquid).
The calculation is carried out according to the formula:
Ksr (hygiene index) = Kn (total hygiene index for each of the six teeth) / n (number of teeth).
Coloring the entire surface of the crown is scored 5 points, 3/4 of the surface - 4, 1/2 of the surface - 3, 1/4 of the surface - 2 points. If there is no staining, 1 point is given. The indicator is assessed as follows: good index, satisfactory, unsatisfactory, bad, very bad.
However, the proposed method has a number of disadvantages:
Determination of the quality and quantity of dental plaque and assessment of the hygiene index were carried out only on one’s own teeth;
- the use of known dyes is impossible when determining the amount of dental plaque on bridges, since these solutions are difficult to wash off from the surface of the dentures.
|
Name |
Facilities diagnostics |
Self-control criteria |
|
Lugol's solution 1.1-1.5 is good 1.6-2.0 - satisfactory 2.1-2.5 - unsatisfactory 2.6-3.4 - bad 3.5-5.0 - very bad |
The vestibular surface of the six front teeth of the lower jaw - incisors and canines - is stained with Lugol's solution. Rating on a 5-point system: 5 points - everything is painted surface of teeth, 4 points - 3/4 of the tooth surface, 3 points - 1/2 of the tooth surface, 2 points - 1/4 of the tooth surface, 1 point - no staining Then find the arithmetic mean by dividing the sum of the color of all teeth by their number: K av = Kp: p. Good level of hygiene: Ksr=1.0-1.3 b IG = sum of six teeth points |
|
|
Schiller-Pisarev solution or Lugol solution 0-0.6 good 0.7-1.6 satisfactory 1.7-2.5 unsatisfactory 2.6-3 - bad |
Determine the presence of plaque and tartar on the buccal surface of the first upper molars, the lingual surface of the lower molars, and the vestibular surface 1| and lower |1 6 1| 6
0 - no plaque (stone) 1 - plaque covers up to 1/3 of the tooth surface 2 - plaque covers from 1/3 to 2/3 of the tooth surface 3 - plaque covers more than 2/3 of the tooth surface Tartar assessment: 0 - absence of tartar 1 - supragingival tartar covers no more than 1/3 of the tooth crown 2 - supragingival tartar covers from 1/3 to 2/3 of the tooth crown, or single formations of subgingival tartar are detected 3 - supragingival tartar covers more than 2/3 of the tooth crown, or significant deposits of subgingival tartar are detected along the entire circumference of the tooth. IZN = sum of indicators of 6 teeth The assessment of the tartar index is carried out similarly to UIG = IZN + IZK |
|
|
Schiller-Pisarev solution 0-no staining 1- staining up to 1/3 of the crown, 2- staining up to 2/3 of the crown 3- more than 2/3 of the tooth crown |
Staining of the vestibular and lingual surfaces 6 1 | 6
The plaque index and stone index are summed up and the average is obtained. |
|
|
RHP Index - Oral Hygiene Performance Index (Podshadley, Haley - 1968) |
Color 6 teeth: 16, 26, 11, 31 - vestibular surfaces. 36, 46 - lingual surfaces |
The examined surface is divided into 5 sections: 1-medial, 2-distal, 3-mid-occlusal, 4-central, 5-mid-cervical. Plaque is assessed at each site: 0 - no staining 1 - staining detected For each tooth, the site codes are summed up. Then the values of all examined teeth are summed up and the resulting sum is divided by the number of teeth. Index values: 0 - excellent 0.1-0.6 - good 0.7-1.6 - satisfactory 1.7 or more - unsatisfactory |
Index of need for treatment of periodontal diseases - CPITN
To assess the prevalence and intensity of periodontal diseases, almost all countries use the index of need for the treatment of periodontal diseases - CPITN. This index was proposed by specialists of the WHO working group to assess the condition of periodontal tissues during epidemiological surveys of the population.
Currently, the scope of the index has expanded, and it is used to plan and evaluate the effectiveness of prevention programs, as well as calculate the required number of dental personnel. In addition, the CPITN index is currently used in clinical practice to examine and monitor the periodontal condition of individual patients.
This index registers only those clinical signs that may undergo reverse development: inflammatory changes in the gums, which are judged by bleeding, tartar. The index does not register irreversible changes (gingival recession, tooth mobility, loss of epithelial attachment), does not indicate the activity of the process and cannot be used for planning specific clinical treatment in patients with developed periodontitis.
The main advantages of the CPITN index are the simplicity and speed of its determination, information content and the ability to compare results.
To determine the CPITN index, the dentition is conventionally divided into 6 parts (sextants), including next teeth: 17/16, 11, 26/27, 36/37, 31, 46/47.
The periodontium is examined in each sextant, and for epidemiological purposes only in the area of the so-called “index” teeth. When using an index for clinical practice They examine the periodontium in the area of all teeth and highlight the most severe lesion.
It should be remembered that a sextant is examined if it contains two or more teeth that cannot be removed. If only one tooth remains in the sextant, it is included in the adjacent sextant, and this sextant is excluded from the examination.
In the adult population, starting from 20 years of age and older, 10 index teeth are examined, which are identified as the most informative:
When examining each pair of molars, only one code characterizing the worst condition is taken into account and recorded.
For persons under 20 years of age, 6 index teeth are examined during the epidemiological survey: 16, 11, 26, 36, 31, 46.
CODE 1: bleeding observed during or after probing.
Note: bleeding may appear immediately or after 10-30 seconds. after probing.
CODE 2: tartar or other plaque-retaining factors (overhanging edges of fillings, etc.) are visible or felt during probing.
CODE 3: pathological pocket 4 or 5 mm (the edge of the gum is in the black area of the probe or the 3.5 mm mark is hidden).
CODE 4: pathological pocket 6 mm deep or more (with the 5.5 mm mark or black area of the probe hidden in the pocket).
CODE X: When only one or no teeth are present in the sextant (third molars are excluded unless they are in place of second molars).
To determine the need for periodontal disease treatment, population groups or individual patients can be categorized based on the following criteria.
0: CODE 0 (healthy) or X (excluded) for all 6 sextants means that there is no need for treatment for this patient.
1: A CODE of 1 or higher indicates that this patient needs to improve his oral hygiene status.
2: a) CODE 2 or higher indicates the need for professional hygiene and the elimination of factors that contribute to plaque retention. In addition, the patient needs training in oral hygiene.
b) CODE 3 indicates the need for oral hygiene and curettage, which usually reduces inflammation and reduces pocket depth to values equal to or less than 3 mm.
3: Sextant with CODE 4 can sometimes be successfully treated with deep curettage and adequate oral hygiene. In other cases, this treatment does not help, and then it is necessary complex treatment, which includes deep curettage.
The prevalence and intensity of periodontal disease in the population is assessed based on the results of a survey of 15-year-old adolescents.
Prevalence of signs of periodontal damage (adolescents 15 years old)
Prevalence Bleeding gums Tartar
low 0 - 50% 0 - 20%
average 51 - 80% 21 - 50%
high 81 - 100% 51 - 100%
Level of intensity of signs of periodontal damage (adolescents 15 years old)
INTENSITY LEVEL BLEEDING GUMS CALCULUS
LOW 0.0 - 0.5 sextants 0.0 - 1.5 sextants
AVERAGE 0.6 - 1.5 sextants 1.6 - 2.5 sextants
HIGH< 1,6 секстантов < 2,6 секстантов
Gingivitis index PMA (Schour, Massler) modified by Parma
Gingivitis index PMA (Schour, Massler) as modified by Parma (determination of risk factors) - papillary-marginal-alveolar index is calculated by adding the assessments of the gum condition of each tooth in % using the formula:
RMA = sum of indicators x 100%
3 x number of teeth
0 - no inflammation,
1 - inflammation of the interdental papilla (P)
2 - inflammation of the marginal gum (M)
3 - inflammation of the alveolar gum (A)
At the age of 6-7 years, the number of teeth is normally 24, at 12-14 years - 28, and at 15 years and older - 28 or 30.
The PMA index is very sensitive to the slightest changes in clinical picture, and its value may be influenced by random influences.
COMPLEX PERIODONTAL INDEX, KPI(P.A.Leus, 1988)
Methodology. The condition of periodontal tissue is determined using a conventional dental probe and a dental mirror; dental tweezers can be used to determine mobility. In adults, 17/16, 11, 26/27, 37/36, 31, 46/47 are examined. If several signs are present, a more severe condition is recorded (higher score).
Criteria
0 - healthy - dental plaque and signs of periodontal damage are not detected;
1- dental plaque - any amount of dental plaque;
2- bleeding - bleeding visible to the naked eye upon slight probing of the periodontal groove;
3 - tartar - any amount of tartar in the subgingival area of the tooth;
4 - pathological pocket - pathological periodontal pocket determined by the probe;
5 - tooth mobility - mobility 2-3 degrees
The KPI of an individual is calculated using the formula:
KPI = Sum of codes / number of sextants (usually 6)
Interpretation:
Values Intensity level
0.1-1.0 Risk of disease
1.1-2.0 Light
2.1-3.5 Average
3.6-5.0 Heavy
Index CP.I.- communal periodontal index.
Designed to determine the condition of periodontal tissues during epidemiological studies. The condition of periodontal tissues is assessed by:
Presence of subgingival calculus
Bleeding gums after gentle probing
By the presence and depth of pockets
A special button probe is used for the study:
Weight 25 grams
Button diameter 0.5 mm
Marking 3-5-8-11 mm
Distance between 3 and 5mm black
In persons from 15 to 20 years old, teeth 11, 16, 26, 31, 36, 46 are examined. In persons over 20 years old, teeth are examined: 11, 16, 17, 26, 27, 31, 36, 37, 46, 47.
Research is carried out from the vestibular and oral surfaces, in the distal and medial areas
Research methodology:
1. The working part of the probe is placed parallel to the long axis of the tooth
2. The button of the probe is inserted with minimal pressure into the space between the tooth and soft tissues until you feel an obstacle
3. Mark the immersion depth of the probe
4. When extracting, the probe is pressed against the tooth to determine whether there is subgingival calculus on it
5. At the end of the study, the gums are observed after 30-40 seconds to determine bleeding
Data logging:
0 - healthy gums
1 - bleeding after 30-40 seconds, with a pocket depth of less than 3 mm
2 - subgingival calculus
3 - pathological pocket 4-5 mm
4 - pathological pocket 6 mm or more
If several symptoms are present, the most severe one is recorded.
In each sextant, the periodontal condition of only one tooth is recorded, recording the tooth with the most severe clinical periodontal condition
To evaluate the index, the proportion of people who have a particular number of sextants with a particular code is calculated.
Iodine index of enamel remineralization.
The active permeability of iodine in tooth tissue is known. Remineralization index (RI), which characterizes the effectiveness of the remineralization therapy used. It is assessed using a four-point system:
1 point - no staining of the tooth area;
2 points - light yellow coloration of the tooth area;
3 points - light brown or yellow staining of the tooth area;
4 points - dark brown staining of the tooth area.
The calculation is carried out using the formula:
IR = IRNP x number of teeth s hypersensitivity/n,
where IR is the remineralization index;
RRI—remineralization index of one non-carious lesion;
P - number of teeth examined.
Dark brown and light brown staining indicates demineralization of the tooth area with non-carious lesions; light yellow - indicates a certain level of remineralization processes in this area of the tooth, and the absence of staining or its slightly yellow color demonstrates a good level of the remineralization process of a particular non-carious tooth lesion.
Prevalence and severity of hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues
(Fedorov Yu.A., Shtorina G.B., 1988; Fedorov Yu.A. et al., 1989).
The index is calculated using the formula and expressed as a percentage:
Number of teeth with increased = sensitivity / Number of teeth in a given patient x 100%.
Depending on the number of teeth with sensitivity to various irritants, the index varies from 3.1% to 100.0%.
3.1—25% are diagnosed with a limited form of hyperesthesia
26-100% - generalized form of dental hyperesthesia.
Dental hyperesthesia intensity index (DHI)
calculated by the formula:
IIHI = Sum of index values of each tooth / Number of teeth with increased sensitivity
The index is calculated in points, which are determined based on the following indicators:
0 - no reaction to temperature, chemical and tactile stimuli;
1 point—sensitivity to temperature stimuli;
2 points - sensitivity to temperature and chemical stimuli;
3 points - sensitivity to temperature, chemical and tactile stimuli.
Values of the intensity index of hyperesthesia of hard dental tissues
1.0 - 1.5 points, degree I hyperesthesia;
1.6 - 2.2 points - II degree;
2.3 - 3.0 points - III degree.
The listed indices correlate with each other in 85.2-93.8% of cases and allow adequate and objective monitoring of the intensity and severity of the pathological process, and monitoring the dynamics of changes during treatment.
