A military doctor is not just a soldier with medical education, and a person, regardless of external conditions, impartially and with full dedication, driven by the desire to provide assistance to all those affected by armed conflicts and wars. A profession that originated back in the days Ancient Egypt, does not lose its relevance in the 21st century, which is due to the many hot spots on the map of the earth.
Responsibilities
A military doctor is also a medic who, due to his duty of service, is able to provide medical assistance to military and civilians, regardless of rank and status, but at the same time possesses commanding skills. The peculiarity of his work is the need to act not only in peacetime, but also in situations with a risk to life, during hostilities or armed conflicts, when it is necessary to competently organize a medical service.
The main task of a military doctor is medical support and equipping the armed forces. In peacetime, they also do not remain idle, performing the following duties:
prevention of diseases among military personnel, prevention of epidemics;
control and monitoring of implementation sanitary standards composition;
training military personnel in basic first aid skills;
medical examinations, surgical treatment patients and conducting emergency operations wounded soldiers and, if necessary, their evacuation;
supply of medications and dressings, instruments, and equipment.
Thus, the functions of military doctors are not limited to one treatment; they are much broader and include a set of measures to provide the military unit with everything necessary, i.e., to eliminate all kinds of barriers that prevent soldiers and officers from carrying out assigned combat missions.
Requirements
Not all applicants who want to find a job as a doctor in military unit will be able to do this. Applicants for this vacancy are subject to a number of requirements and conditions:
- Availability of higher medical education.
- The applicant and his close relatives have no criminal record.
- Emotional stability, mental health.
- Military training, physical development.
- Absence of any diseases (health contraindications).
Compliance of the applicant with all the stated criteria speaks not only of his qualifications, but also of his psychological potential, which helps to quickly and easily adapt to combat conditions and begin to carry out assigned tasks.
It is important to note that this position does not imply any restrictions on potential candidates depending on gender, except for the presence of education and special skills. military training, so a female military doctor is no exception.
Military ranks for military medics
The medical service of the armed forces includes the following categories of workers:
Military doctors: surgeon, dentist, sanitary doctor.
Pharmacists, pharmacists, laboratory assistants.
Paramedics, nurses, orderlies.
Sanitary instructors.
Each medical worker, as specified in the Regulations on Service, regardless of whether he is in the reserve or in the Armed Forces, must have a personal military rank. Thus, a whole range of military ranks
, which was introduced back in 1943 by NGOs of the USSR, depending on where the doctor performs his duties. Moreover, the conditions of appointment apply to both military medical and military veterinary personnel.
If there are medical or veterinary military specialties, the words “medical / veterinary service” are added to the corresponding military ranks.Military ranks
- Junior officers of the medical (veterinary) service:
- Ensign;
- lieutenant;
- senior lieutenant;
captain.
- Senior officers of the medical (veterinary) service:
- major;
- lieutenant colonel;
Colonel.
- Senior officers of the medical (veterinary) service:
- Major General;
- Lieutenant General;
Colonel General.
However, from 1935 to 1943, the titles of military doctors had a different name. Among them were the ranks of military doctors.
- Thus, according to the resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, military doctors could be awarded the following titles:
- Military paramedic.
- Senior military paramedic.
- Military doctor of the 3rd, 2nd, 1st rank.
- Brig doctor.
- Divdoctor.
- Korvrach.
Arm doctor.
At the same time, the title “Military Doctor of the 3rd Rank” was awarded to persons with a higher medical education who had just entered or were drafted into the army.
The career of a military doctor begins with the rank of lieutenant. The assignment of subsequent ranks is carried out in accordance with the basic rules that apply to other military personnel. If a candidate for the position of a military doctor has only an education with a diploma from a civilian university, after which he also completed military service, then the rank of sergeant is the maximum that is possible.
The presence of such introductory notes only allows you to apply for the position of orderly (rank of private), paramedic (ensign) or nurse (sergeant).
In this case, a career ladder awaits only if you receive an education at a special military university, upon completion of which you will be awarded the lowest officer rank.
It is the full-time students of a medical paramilitary university who undergo both medical disciplines and a combat training course. Higher educational establishments This plan is used to receive both boys and girls. Thus, the principle of gender equality is implemented.
Moreover, interest in this profession among representatives of the fairer sex is much higher than among boys. So, a competition among girls in Military Medical Academy named after Kirov was 35 people per place, as opposed to young people, when their number did not exceed 12 people per place.
Thus, if previously military doctors were exclusively men, today women’s names also appear among the names of colonels of the medical service.
Having received the rank of lieutenant, citizens who graduated from a university in mandatory They must register at the military commissariat, where they will be issued a military ID. Failure to comply with this condition may result in administrative sanctions being applied to them.
Training of specialists
The main forge of military medicine personnel, starting from Soviet times, is the VmedA named after. Kirov. Three faculties (flight, sea, land) train specialists in this area. The duration of training is 6 years, after which the graduate receives a diploma and the rank of lieutenant. The next stage in education is internship.
Unlike honey. Civil universities have a strict age limit of 16-22 years for admission to the Military Medical Academy, and the full age of 16 at the time of admission must already be on August 1. An applicant who is 23 years old on July 31 will not be able to enter the academy.
The future military doctor will learn all the hardships of military service while still a student. As in other military departments, cadets at the Military Medical Academy undergo drill training; in the first two years they have barracks conditions and get up early. In addition, students wear mandatory form clothes and perform daily outfits. Moreover, the entire process is based on compliance with military discipline and physical training (skiing, running, shooting and swimming standards).
Demand and prospects
The demand for qualified specialists in the military doctor profession remains consistently high. Moreover, this is typical not only during military conflicts, but also in peacetime. A combat-ready army, along with weapons, also requires medical support to be effective.
This specialty promises great opportunities and career. At the same time, the doctor’s activity is not at all limited to just medical practice and allows you to engage in purely scientific activities.
Having concluded a contract, usually for 5 years, a military doctor can go into civilian medicine. To do this, you only need to undergo requalification, and even before the end of the contract. The only condition is the payment of a penalty. This includes all costs incurred by the state. A significant part of them goes to the issuance of clothing allowances, and this is a considerable amount.
The profession of a military doctor is not easy and requires not only medical knowledge, but also endurance. Moreover, military discipline is often cultivated from a young age, when the majority, starting from military lyceums, get used to military life, before entering a university.
Doctor- a specialist with completed higher medical education.
The training of doctors in the USSR is carried out in medical institutes and medical faculties of universities (see Medical education) in the following specialties: general medicine; pediatrics; dentistry; hygiene, sanitation and epidemiology. In accordance with the university diploma and primary specialization, V. are divided into therapists, surgeons, obstetricians-gynecologists, hygienists-epidemiologists, pediatricians, doctors sports medicine, pediatric surgeons, dentists, biochemists, biophysicists, as established by nomenclatures medical specialties and medical positions in health care institutions.
A doctor holding the position of a local physician (generalist, pediatrician, etc.) provides outpatient care population in accordance with established standards for the number of people in the territorial (shop) area assigned to it (see. Medical area ). Doctor working in organs and institutions sanitary-epidemiological service in the field of hygiene (general, communal, labor, nutrition, children and adolescents, radiation), he is called a sanitary doctor, and in the field of epidemiology - an epidemiologist.
The general rights and obligations of V. are provided for by the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics on Health Care (1969), Doctor's oath Soviet Union and other legislative acts (see Legal basis for health protection ). The rights and responsibilities of doctors, taking into account specialties and positions, are regulated by legal acts of the USSR Ministry of Health: qualification characteristics, professional job descriptions, regulations on health care institutions and positions, etc.
The right to work as a doctor in the USSR is granted to persons who have received special training and having a medical degree. This requirement applies to both citizens of the USSR and foreign citizens, stateless persons permanently residing in the USSR. Doctors who have a medical diploma from a foreign higher medical educational institution and an academic degree or title, as well as medical work experience in their specialty, are allowed to professional activity with the permission of the USSR Ministry of Health without passing exams.
A doctor who has not worked in his profession for more than 3 years receives admission to medical practice in the manner determined by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, after completing an internship in or other appropriate health care facility. Persons who have received the title of doctor and the corresponding medical specialty are accepted for medical positions provided for in the nomenclature of positions in accordance with the specialty they received.
When hiring in medical and preventive, children's and some other institutions (sanatoriums, rest homes, boarding schools, etc.), V. undergo preliminary, and during the work period periodic medical examinations(cm. Medical checkup ) to determine their health status and ability to work in these institutions.
When hiring for medical positions, a probationary period of at least 1 year is established. The exception is young specialists, as well as doctors who were transferred to work in another locality or institution or were hired after completing clinical residency.
Young specialists with higher medical education are required to work after graduation in accordance with the assignment for at least 3 years in the institution (enterprise or organization) to which they are sent. Doctors who entered clinical residency immediately after graduating from medical school must work in a healthcare institution for at least 2 years in accordance with the assignment of the ministry (department). In the vast majority of cases, the administration enters into an employment contract with the doctor for an indefinite period; V. has the right to terminate it at any time by notifying the administration in writing two months in advance.
Upon conclusion employment contract for a certain period or for the duration of certain work, it can be terminated only if there are good reasons. The contract can be concluded for temporary (up to 2 months) and seasonal (up to 6 months) work.
Doctors are allowed to work part-time both in different medical institutions and within one institution, but in no more than two positions with payment based on the actual working time spent, and the total earnings for the main and combined work should not exceed one and a half times the rate for the main position , except as provided by law. It is not considered part-time work to perform the duties of temporarily absent doctors (illness, vacation, business trip, etc.), as well as consultants of medical institutions in the amount of no more than 12 h per month with one-time payment and some other types of work. Part-time work in some professions is permitted to V., provided that during the established duration of the working day they fulfill the duties of the main and combined work in a high-quality and timely manner. Substitution work is carried out in excess of the standard working time established for the substitute for the main job and only with his consent.
V.'s relocation to another job is possible without changing his position, specialty, salary, benefits, advantages and other significant working conditions; translation from one structural unit similar (according to the profile) is allowed without the consent of the doctor. V.'s transfer to another job is considered to be a change in his specialty or position, the profile of a structural unit, benefits and advantages, or other significant working conditions in the same institution, as well as moving from one area to another, even if together with the institution. Transfer to another job is carried out by the administration only with the voluntary consent of the doctor, with the exception of temporary transfer for a period of up to one month in the same institution or in another, but in the same area in cases of production necessity, to prevent or eliminate a natural disaster, industrial accident, accidents, epidemics and pandemics, etc., as well as to replace an absent employee in case of downtime and as a result of disciplinary action.
In cases where incompetence is revealed, V. may be subject to verification through certification or assignment of probationary experience at a medical institution at the discretion of the health authorities. Based on the results of the certification, the commission may recognize V. as unsuitable for the position held or conditionally appropriate. The V. certification system provides for taking into account the results of postgraduate training based on the recommendations of advanced training institutes on compliance with a particular category and discussion of candidacy of doctors in work collectives. The Higher Certification Commission of the USSR Ministry of Health deals with the issues of early certification of doctors who have committed irresponsibility, negligence, abuse of official position and other serious violations that do not entail criminal liability.
The doctor is obliged to provide medical and preventive care to the population, including preventive measures,
diagnostics, treatment, examination of work ability and rehabilitation in accordance with their specialty and position. In cases requiring emergency and emergency care, V. must provide first medical aid to the person in need, wherever he is and at whatever time he needs it. For persons who have suffered from accidents or who, as a result of a sudden illness, find themselves in a condition requiring urgent medical care, this assistance must be provided immediately, regardless of the position and specialty of the doctor. When an epidemic is detected infectious disease, acute food or occupational poisoning V. is obliged within 12 h notify the territorial SES about this. The doctor must maintain medical confidentiality.The doctor reports every case of serious bodily injury, murder, and suicide known to him to the appropriate law enforcement agencies.
A doctor may be involved in examining persons conscripted for military service and in conducting forensic medical examinations. In cases that threaten a person’s life, V. can use free of charge any of the types of transport available in the given situation to travel to the patient’s location or to transport him to the nearest medical institution.
The doctor has the right to use only those methods of diagnosis, prevention, treatment and those medicinal products that are authorized by the USSR Ministry of Health, and new scientifically based, but not yet approved for general use, methods and means - only in the manner established by the USSR Ministry of Health, exclusively in the interests of the patient and with his consent, and in relation to patients under sixteen years of age and mentally ill - with the consent of their parents, guardians or trustees. Surgical operations and complex diagnostic methods are performed in the same order, except in cases where delay in establishing a diagnosis or performing a surgical operation threatens the life of the patient, and it is not possible to obtain the consent of these persons.
Failure to provide medical care without good reason by a person obligated to provide it by law is punishable by correctional labor for a term of up to one year or a fine of up to 100 rubles, public censure or influence, and in cases involving grave consequences - imprisonment for a term of up to two years and a ban on engaging in professional activities. activities for a period of up to 3 years.
The doctor is allowed to deal with individual labor activity, join cooperatives (see Medical cooperative ), engaged in diagnosis, consultation and treatment of citizens (carrying out invasive diagnostic research methods, surgical operations, incl. abortions, treatment of infectious and venereal diseases, observation and treatment of pregnant women and drug addicts are prohibited).
Persons engaged in medical practice, but not admitted to this activity in accordance with the established procedure and who do not have the title of doctor, are subject to criminal liability. Practicing healing as a professional activity by persons without medical education is punishable by imprisonment for a term of up to two years or correctional labor, or a fine of up to 300 rubles; measures of social influence are also applied. The practice of healing as a profession is understood as the systematic activity of persons for material remuneration, if it is the main or additional source of income.
The nature and type of medical care provided to the V. population are determined by its specialty, position and type of health care institution (outpatient, inpatient, ambulance,
sanatorium-resort, sanitary-preventive, forensic medical examination).Retraining, improvement and specialization are carried out through institutes and faculties for advanced training of doctors, clinics of medical and research institutes, republican, regional, regional, city hospitals, scientific and clinical centers and complexes (cardiological, oncological, cancer, ophthalmological, etc.). The frequency of advanced training is once every five years (for those working in rural areas - once every three years). Improvement of qualifications and deepening of knowledge is facilitated by the participation of doctors in the work of medical scientific societies, medical congresses, conferences, symposiums, and the publication of periodical medical journals and literature in their specialty.
Requirements for professional training of V. are determined by the qualification characteristics for the relevant specialty, approved and periodically revised by the USSR Ministry of Health and the USSR Committee on Public Education: they contain general requirements for a specialist, a list of required knowledge and skills.
To remunerate V., a monthly system is used; the work of medical consultants in health care institutions is paid daily and hourly. An increase in official salaries is provided for with the assignment of a qualification category. The first category is received by V. with at least 7 years of experience, having practical experience and good theoretical training, highest category- with at least 10 years of experience. Salaries increase if available scientific degree candidate or doctor of science, honorary title. Additional remuneration is provided to V. for combining professions, part-time work and substitution, for periods of duty in excess of monthly norm working hours, for night work, etc. V. may receive bonuses for achieving better results in work and improving the quality of medical care. V.'s labor protection is provided for in the Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and union republics on labor, on health care, in the labor codes of the union republics, the Regulations on the rights of the trade union committee of enterprises, institutions, organizations, Model rules of internal labor regulations and in other legal acts, in incl. and the USSR Ministry of Health. The working day of V. medical and preventive and sanitary institutions is 6.5 h. Doctors of outpatient clinics engaged exclusively in outpatient treatment of patients, doctors of VTEK and VKK, dentists, doctors working on medical generators (UHF) with a power of over 200 Tue, the working day is set to 5.5 h. Irregular working hours of doctors-heads of healthcare institutions and departments, their deputies, statisticians, etc. are compensated additional leave lasting up to 12 working days. Additional leave (3 days) is provided for local doctors, emergency doctors, and air ambulance doctors for continuous work over 3 years in one institution and some other categories of doctors.
Doctors who have a long history of excellent work can be awarded the “Excellence in Healthcare” badge.
One of the highest forms of recognition by the state and society of a doctor’s merits is the awarding of honorary titles: “ People's doctor USSR", "Honored Doctor of the Republic", "Honored Health Worker of the Republic" .
HONORABLE TITLES of medical workers- in the USSR, one of the highest forms of recognition by the state and society of the merits of medical workers who have distinguished themselves in their medical, scientific and pedagogical activities, who have made a great contribution to the development of public health care, who have contributed to the introduction of the achievements of medical science into practice, who have shown high moral qualities and dedication and who are actively participation in public life.
The establishment and conferment of honorary titles in the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR, falls within the competence of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and the establishment and conferment of honorary titles of union and autonomous republics falls within the competence of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviets of union and autonomous republics.
Honorary titles “Hero of the Soviet Union”, “Hero Socialist Labor"Awarded to many medical workers (see Medics - Heroes of the Soviet Union, Medics - Heroes of Socialist Labor).
The honorary title “People's Doctor of the USSR” was established by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of October 25, 1977 (see Communist Party of the Soviet Union) and is awarded by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to doctors of medical districts, outpatient clinics, clinics, maternity hospitals, hospitals and other medical centers. .-prof., and san.-prof., institutions that have made a great contribution to the development of public health care, showing special professional skill, high moral qualities and dedication in their professional activities. Persons awarded the honorary title “People’s Doctor of the USSR” are awarded a diploma from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and a badge that should be worn on right side breasts above the orders of the USSR. This is P. z. as of January 1, 1982, awarded to 26 doctors (table).
The honorary title of Honored Doctor of the Republic was established in 1940 in the RSFSR, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Uzbek, Kazakh, Georgian, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Armenian, Turkmen Union Republics, in 1941 in the Lithuanian, Moldavian and Latvian, and in 1945 . in the Estonian SSR. This title is awarded to highly qualified doctors of all specialties working in clinics, clinics, hospitals, clinics, outpatient clinics, dispensaries, sanatoriums, medical centers, maternity hospitals and other medical and professional, and San.-epidemiological institutions, health authorities, as well as doctors, scientific and pedagogical health workers working in medical. schools, medical institutes and research institutes, who have worked impeccably in these institutions for at least 10-15 years (in the Georgian SSR - at least 20 years) and have particularly distinguished themselves in their medical practice in the field of public health. In all union republics as of January 1, 1977, P. z. More than 18 thousand doctors were awarded the title of Honored Doctor of the Republic. This is P. z. It was also established in all autonomous republics, except for the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Persons who have been assigned P. z. Honored Doctor of the Republic, is awarded a diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic and a badge of the established form (see color Fig. 1-17). In the Georgian and Armenian SSRs, the breastplate was not established.
The resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions of July 15, 1964 established an increase in the official salaries of doctors, including managers and their deputies, the Crimea was assigned P. z. Honored Doctor of the Republic (Union or Autonomous). The legislation of the Union republics provides for the right to use additional living space for persons awarded PZ.
P. z. Honored Scientist in various republics was established in the period from 1928 to 1941 (in the Uzbek SSR - in 1964) and is awarded to scientists, including medical scientists, for particularly valuable works in the field of science, for discoveries and inventions that are especially important for socialist construction or for outstanding scientific, practical and scientific popularization activities.
P. z. Honored Health Worker of the Republic was established in all union republics (except for the RSFSR, Kazakh and Tajik SSR) in the period from 1964 to 1979 and is awarded to highly qualified medical, pharmaceutical and other employees of healthcare institutions and bodies, workers social security related to medical care, for great services in the development of public health care.
P. z. the honored pharmacist of the republic existed in the Georgian SSR from 1962 to 1978, in the Turkmen SSR from 1968 to 1973 and was awarded to highly qualified pharmacists who had worked in their specialty for at least 20 years and were especially distinguished in practical activities in the field of public health; canceled due to the establishment of P. z. in these republics. Honored Health Worker of the Republic.
P. z. Honored Pharmacist of the Republic was established in 1965 in the Kazakh SSR and in 1968 in the Tajik SSR. It is assigned to highly qualified employees of pharmacies, pharmaceutical and analytical laboratories, pharmaceuticals. factories, pharmacy warehouses, pharmacy departments and other pharmacy institutions who have a pharmaceutical education and have worked in these institutions for at least 10-15 years, as well as scientific and teaching pharmaceutical workers who have particularly distinguished themselves in their practical or scientific-pedagogical activities. In the Uzbek SSR this is P. z. existed from 1968 to 1976, before the establishment of the title of Honored Health Worker of the Republic.
Petition for assignment of P. z. initiated before a higher body or organization by the administration together with the party, trade union and Komsomol organizations of the enterprise, association, institution where the represented person works.
Assignment of P. z. (union or republican) is carried out on the proposal of the union or republican Ministry of Health, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic. Deprivation of P. z. can only be carried out by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR or a union republic.
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Full Name |
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Berezina Lidiya Ivanovna |
Local pediatrician at Slantsevskaya central district hospital, Leningrad region. |
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Vasilenko Viktor Nikolaevich |
Chief physician Dnepropetrovsk Regional Oncology Center |
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Jumanova Nazira Yusupovna |
Ophthalmologist at Uychi Central District Hospital, Namangan region. |
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Evstratova Lyudmila Vasilievna |
Local physician-therapist at polyclinic No. 132, Moscow |
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Zhuravleva Henrietta Andreevna |
Local pediatrician at children's clinic No. 32, Leningrad |
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Ibragimova Galina Kamilovna |
Head therapeutic department Al-Metyevsk Central District Hospital, Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Ilyin Viktor Mikhailovich |
Head therapeutic department of the Ulch Central District Hospital, Khabarovsk Territory |
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Irgashev Ilyas |
Head of the medical and sanitary unit of the Tashkent Aviation Production Association named after. V. P. Chkalova |
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Kalnin Dzidra Yanovna |
Head Dzerbenskaya rural outpatient clinic, Cesis district of the Latvian SSR |
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Korepanov Vitaly Stepanovich |
Head therapeutic department of the Mozhginsk central district hospital, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Korotun Maria Stepanovna |
Chief physician of the Central Clinical Hospital-Polyclinic civil aviation |
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Krupin Vladimir Pavlovich |
Head surgical department City Clinical Hospital No. 5, Kazan |
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Kulishova Polina Vasilievna |
Deputy chief physician of the children's hospital, Yoshkar-Ola, Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Lanina Zinaida Georgievna |
Pediatrician, children's clinic, Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Lukashevich Elena Ustinovna |
Local pediatrician at the children's clinic JSfc 14, Minsk |
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Magomaeva Zainab Shakhrudinovna |
Chief physician of the Botlikh Central District Hospital, Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Madieva Zagipa Madievna |
Obstetrician-gynecologist at Jalanash district hospital No. 2, Kegen district, Alma-Ata region. |
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Mikhailova Lyudmila Nikolaevna |
Local physician-therapist of medical unit No. 6, Omsk. |
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Moshnyaga Timofey Vasilievich |
Chief physician of the Republican Clinical Hospital, Chisinau |
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Osipov Evgeniy Petrovich |
Chief physician of the Altai Regional Clinical Hospital |
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Porosenkov Vladimir Sergeevich |
Chief physician of the Romodanovskaya central district hospital, Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Rekumene Maria Leonardovna |
Local physician-therapist of polyclinic No. 1, Klaipeda, Lithuanian SSR |
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Usyagina Ksenia Petrovna |
Doctor at Ust-Tsilma Central District Hospital, Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Khachatryan Kima Virabovna |
Chief physician of the Garni rural district hospital, Abovyan district, Armenian SSR |
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Kholmatova Bima-lika |
Local pediatrician at hospital No. 2, Leninabad, Tajik SSR |
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Tserodze Korneliy Grigorievich |
Emergency Hospital Doctor, Tbilisi |
PEOPLE'S DOCTORS OF THE USSR (honorary titles awarded in 1982-1985)
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surname |
Position and place of work when conferring an honorary title |
Date of conferment of the honorary title |
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Astafieva Tamara Arkadyevna |
District pediatrician at Asinovskaya central city hospital, Tomsk region | |
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Ivanovna |
Head Neurological Department of the Yakut Republican Clinical Hospital, Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | |
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Vasilevich |
Chief physician of the Republican Clinical Hospital No. 1, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | |
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Bagirov Mehdi Abbas ogly |
Chief Surgeon of the Ministry of Health of the Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR | |
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Bogdanovna |
Pediatrician, Hadrut Central District Hospital of Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous region, Azerbaijan SSR | |
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Bakirova Amina Gai-fullovna |
Local pediatrician at the children's clinic "Ns 1, Ufa, Bashkir ASSR | |
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Stepanovna |
Local physician-therapist at polyclinic No. 5 0, Krasnoselsky district, Leningrad | |
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Anatoly Mikhailovich |
Head surgical department of the Gorno-Altaisk regional hospital, Gorno-Altai Autonomous Region | |
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Derevianko Ivan Fomich |
Head surgical department of Sumy regional hospital | |
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Kanunnikov Alexander Ivanovich |
Head surgical department of the republican hospital, Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | |
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Vasilevich |
Head of the medical and sanitary department of the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, Vologda Region | |
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Korotkov Georgievich |
Chief physician of the Frolovsk Central District Hospital, Volgograd Region | |
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Kochetkova Ivanovna |
Head gynecological department Chita Regional Clinical Hospital named after. V. I. Lenina | |
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Valentina Mikhailovna |
Local pediatrician at the children's clinic of the city clinical hospital No. 10, Kyiv | |
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Alexander Vasilevich |
Head Orthopedic Department of Berezniki City Hospital, Perm Region | |
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Unread Vladimir Stepanovich |
Obstetrician-gynecologist maternity hospital No. 2, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Territory | |
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Alexandro |
Chief physician of the regional clinical hospital named after. N. A. Semashko, Gorky | |
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Alexander Ivanovich |
Head surgical department of the regional hospital, Cherkassy | |
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Vladimir Petrovich |
Head Maxillofacial Department of the Adygea Regional Hospital, Maykop, Krasnodar Territory | |
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Teplyashin Gennady Nikolaevich |
Head surgical department of the Selenga city hospital, Kabansky district of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic | |
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Chasovskikh Makarovich |
Head surgical department of the Kalinin regional clinical hospital | |
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Chkhobadze Mitrofanovich |
Chief physician of the medical and sanitary unit of the Kutaisi Automobile Plant | |
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Yadykina Lyudmila Vasilievna |
Chief physician of the Voronezh Regional Clinical Hospital |
V. N. Varakin, E. M. Blokhina.
TitlesWhen the regular army was created under Charles II in the 1660s, as already mentioned, the medical system for the next two-plus centuries. One surgeon relied on a regiment, and in the Horse Guards - on a squadron.
Remains of the army, Jalalabad, January 13, 1842. thin E. Thompson, Lady Butler, 1879
Since 1673, the position of “comrade doctor” (Chirurgeon’s Mate) was introduced. It is clear that mate is translated as an assistant, but to convey the archaism, I will translate it as “comrade.” What was the position in Russian Empire- Comrade Minister. Chirurgeon also delivers instead of surgeon. Looks like this obsolete word, from French). A comrade-assistant was considered a warrant, and not an officer, like a regimental doctor. It quickly became clear that a regimental system alone would not suffice, and therefore doctors in garrisons and doctors-generals appeared. This is how the medical staff staff appeared. The first “Surgeon-General of all forces in England and Wales” in 1664 was “Surgeon-Sergeant” (this is also an interesting archaic title!) John Knight. Even earlier, in 1662. in documents there is “Surgeon General of Hospitals” in Dunkirk, in 1661 in Ireland - Surgeon General, etc.
The doctors were divided into regimental doctors and the “general” staff. In the 18th century, there were, for example, the following ranks of the medical service: Physician-General, Surgeon-General, Apothecary-General, Physician, Master Surgeon , Surgeon, Purveyor, Master Apothecary, and Apothecary.
“Comrades” of the surgeon and doctor, as well as hospital “comrades”-assistants were no longer considered officers. In regiments they were appointed by order of the regimental commander, in non-regimental hospitals - by the surgeon general. Their training and knowledge could be different - some were at the level of a student of a doctor or pharmacist, others attended a course of lectures on medicine.
We are specifically interested in regimental ranks.
The title of Assistant (Assistant) Surgeon replaced the “Comrade Surgeon” in 1796. It was equated to a subaltern, a junior officer, that is, his status increased. Since 1803 regiments over 500 people were entitled to a second Assistant Surgeon. Since 1826 all regiments in India were also entitled to an additional junior doctor. Assistants could be promoted to Surgeons after 5 years of service and passing an exam.
Surgeon according to the rules of 1796 was equivalent to a captain, and could be promoted after 10 years of service (of which at least 2 years in this rank). Since 1858 after 20 years of service, these doctors were promoted to the newly introduced rank of surgeon major.
September 27, 1860 it was established that the relative rank of surgeon major was equal to lieutenant colonel, surgeon to major, assistant surgeon to lieutenant, and captain after 6 years of service.
All these “relative ranks” were important when choosing an apartment, appointing orderlies, assigning awards, calculating various payments, prize money, disability pension (or the widow of the deceased “For Queen and Country”). But, I repeat once again, until 1898, strictly speaking, doctors were not army officers, but were considered civilians assigned to military structures.
Since 1873 The ranks of army doctors looked like this. Assistants were canceled (yes, yes). All “full” surgeons serving at the time of signing the decree were promoted to surgeon major (equal to major, after 20 years of service - lieutenant colonel), and surgical assistants. The title of surgeon was now given immediately upon appointment of a doctor. It was equal to a lieutenant, and after 6 years of service - to a captain.
The highest ranks were deputy surgeon general and surgeon general. The deputy was equal to a lieutenant colonel, and after 5 years of service, to a colonel. “General of Medicine” was considered a brigadier, but for merit or after 3 years he could be considered a major general.
In 1876 changes occurred again. Surgeon generals were immediately equated to major generals, and deputies to colonels. Surgeon majors promoted for distinction became lieutenant colonels before 20 years of service. The service life was set at 10 years. After which it was necessary to go through the commission again. Those who did not pass it or did not want to continue serving themselves received a lump sum of 1000 pounds instead of a pension.
November 27, 1879 Another rank was introduced - Brigade Surgeon. It was between a senior surgeon major and a deputy surgeon general and was equal to a lieutenant colonel. Given to honored doctors who served at least 8 years abroad (but excluding years in the rank of assistant surgeon). Deputies were selected from among these “foremen”, and they had to serve 10 years abroad, including 3 years in India. “Full” generals were appointed from among the deputies, taking into account experience and merit.
From August 7, 1891 (yes, Watson has not served for a long time, but still we need to bring the matter to its logical conclusion) the titles of doctors began to sound a little more military-like, but still without real power. Surgeon-lieutenant (up to 3 years of service), surgeon-captain (from 3 to 12 years) and then surgeon-major (12-20), surgeon-lieutenant colonel (over 20 years). Brigade surgeon-lieutenant colonel, surgeon-colonel, surgeon-major general were appointed on merit. One could reach the rank of lieutenant colonel in at least 26 years at the age of approximately 49-50 years. A medical colonel was usually no younger than 55 years old.
When discussing this reform, which is typical, it was especially discussed that it was inappropriate to give them full military ranks: “We believe that there is no serious justification for granting clean military ranks to medical personnel, and this would be unpleasant for a large number of army medical personnel and for the general feelings of those (doctors) who are in the Navy. We also believe that it is important to the dignity of the Army Medical Service that they are clearly shown to be members of their distinguished profession. Therefore, a general title from surgeon-lieutenant to surgeon-general is recommended..." Only in 1898, as already mentioned, doctors achieved their goal and received “clean” and “full” army ranks, becoming lieutenants, captains, majors, etc. RAMC.
We will not dwell on the ranks and system of general hospitals, headquarters doctors, as well as artillery doctors, because Dr. Watson served in linear army regiments, and he also did not manage to rise to the rank of “medical general.” Probably your brain is already boiling or your cheekbones are aching from yawning... Unless, as an example, let’s briefly go over the guards ranks.
In the Foot Guards, three senior surgeons were considered captains within their regiment, and when interacting with other regiments, they were considered lieutenant colonels. That is, guards privileges extended even to such pariahs as doctors. There were other names, the main thing is to be different! The battalion surgeon (equal to the captain) and his 3 assistants (ensigns) were subordinate to the senior doctor. Since 1804 The senior doctor of the regiment bore the title of surgeon-major, long before the appearance of this rank in the Army. Since 1858 as in the army, a medic who served 20 years received the rank of surgeon major, equivalent to lieutenant colonel. In the Guard, this meant that according to the army lists you became a surgeon major (lieutenant colonel), but in your regimental list you could continue to be listed as a battalion doctor. According to the decree of 1873, which seriously changed the rules, all surgeons who served 20 years became surgeon majors (major, that is, a demotion compared to the old rules), and all assistants were promoted to full surgeons. In 1880 the title of battalion surgeon was abolished.
Even after the official abolition of the regimental system, the Horse and Foot Guards won the right for appointment to their regiments to be from among the doctors who had already served in the Guard, or on the recommendation of colonels. Later they began to take both from the Army and newly admitted doctors, but again on recommendations and after passing additional exams. Surprisingly, even after the introduction of the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) with full officer ranks of doctors, regimental doctors of the Guard continued to exist separately.
Promotions could be for length of service or for distinction. After 25 years of service, one could resign on half pay, while an honorary title of a higher rank was given, but only for honor and beauty - without changing the salary. You received a pension according to your real rank... Since 1881. – the period of service to an honorary “additional” rank upon retirement was reduced to 20 years. True, honorary titles were not given automatically; a recommendation from the head of the Department was needed. And 6 of the most honored doctors upon retirement received the title of Honorary Surgeon and 6 - Honorary Doctor of the Queen.
In search of Dr. Watson.
You've probably already noticed Conan Doyle's mistake. “After finishing classes, I was appointed as an assistant surgeon...” (“I was duly attached ... as Assistant Surgeon”). In 1878 this title no longer existed. Perhaps, by tradition or habit, in common parlance, junior doctors could be called that to distinguish them from senior ones, but this should not have been included in the documents for sure. And a person would not call himself canceled, and, moreover, with a lower rank. The abbreviation AS appears in lists of doctors last time March 30, 1872 Moreover, opposite the name of Henry Stokes there is a clear indication - he is the last one to receive the title of Assistant. The following is an entry dated September 30, 1873. - James Langridge was the first to receive the title of surgeon immediately. And then the first abbreviation in everyone’s biography is S-surgeon.
It was this title that our hero should have received - Surgeon, with relative equality to Lieutenant. In 1878 48 were admitted, according to other sources 42 people. In the list of doctors they are numbered 6643-6685. The appointments took place on February 3 and August 4, 1878. Watson should have been most likely in the August stream.
Of these, 4 people actually visited Afghanistan - James McNeice (was in Kandahar), John William Henry Flanagan (Kandahar), Patrick Joseph Dempsey (Southern Afghanistan), James Pedlow (led in different time medical service in the 8th Hussars and field hospitals in Pesh Bolak and Basawala).
There were also real Doctor Watsons in Afghanistan - even 2 of them. Brigade surgeon D.A. Watson and surgeon George Watson. The former led the medical service of the 19th Bengal Lancers, and later was the chief medic in General Hughes' detachment in the Kandahar region. 
The second was a doctor of the 13th Bengal Lancers and died of fever on July 25, 1880. in Peywar Kotal (Kurram).
Why did Conan Doyle make this mistake? Perhaps he subconsciously (or perhaps consciously) remembered Lady Butler’s rather famous painting “The Remnants of the Army,” dedicated to the 1st Anglo-Afghan War. It depicts assistant surgeon William Brydon. It is possible that young Conan Doyle's friends and colleagues included former military doctors who served before the abolition of the title of Assistant, and he uncritically transferred their stories to Watson's fictional biography. After all, Conan Doyle himself did not serve. Even Kipling for a long time who lived in India and had close contact with the military, is sometimes not free from inaccuracies and errors.
PS. We’ll talk about salaries, expenses and additional examples of the hard life of military doctors in one of the following posts. As well as about training, exams, uniforms, everyday life... But later. Since the topic is complex, I will allow myself to write notes not in order (university, Netley, exams, Northumberlanders, Afghan, Berkshires, Maiwand, Orontes, resignation), but randomly, according to my mood. Sorry…
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A military doctor is a person with a higher medical education who has a military rank.
Military doctors have a special neutral position, which was assigned to them in 1864 by the Geneva Convention. According to the convention, military doctors are obliged to perform only medical duties and provide assistance to victims of hostilities or armed conflicts without exception.
In the army, military doctors are considered the most important figures. Without this category of military, the army could not exist. The doctor monitors the health of the soldiers and provides them with the necessary medical care if necessary.
Responsibilities of a military doctor
A military doctor must have command skills and be able to organize a medical service; the ability to solve the problems of providing medical care, both in peacetime and in armed conflicts or hostilities, is also important.
The doctor must monitor the health of the military and, if necessary, provide medical assistance or refer them to a specialist.
The doctor is obliged to provide assistance to everyone without exception.
Military doctor surgeon
A military doctor and surgeon provides treatment and is responsible for transporting the wounded from the sites of military conflicts.
Modern weapons are capable of causing a large percentage of severe injuries to humans, which leads to some difficulties in the treatment and transportation of victims during military operations.
A military surgeon differs from a civilian in treatment methods in military conflicts. The doctor provides multidisciplinary care, therefore, must understand all areas of surgery.
Modern equipment that military field hospitals are equipped with, new surgical technologies make it possible to provide qualified assistance victims and save lives.
More and more new types of weapons are appearing in the world, in scientific laboratories of military surgery they are studying the damaging effects of modern weapons and developing new surgical devices that can be used in military field conditions with minimal risk to the life of the victim.
Military doctor dentist
A military dentist organizes medical care and treatment for wounded people with injuries to the maxillofacial area.
During the training process, cadets study dental diseases and injuries by observing the condition of patients in the clinic. However, future military dentists do not encounter combat injuries, which makes it difficult to carry out practical classes and mastery of program issues.
Military sanitary doctor
A military sanitary doctor supervises the sanitary condition of the troops, preserves their health, eliminates external unfavorable factors, and also controls the quality of food, which allows increasing the professional capacity of the country's army.
Military veterinarian
A military veterinarian doctor protects the health of animals in the troops, restores their fitness for service, and ensures control over the supply of meat and livestock products.
How to become a military doctor?
A military doctor is not an easy profession; to become a specialist in this field you must, first of all, have endurance, military discipline, and extraordinary knowledge. Many military doctors are accustomed to military life from a young age; most graduate from military lyceums before entering university.
After receiving a certificate of secondary education, a person planning to become a military doctor must enter the medical University.
It takes time to train a qualified specialist - six years of training, and one to two years of internship. In addition, any doctor must regularly improve his qualifications, since medical science does not stand still, one should be aware of new treatment methods.
The first four years of study can take place at any medical institute, but in the fifth year you should transfer to the military medical faculty (for example, to the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy).
Military doctors study in more depth subjects important to the military (surgery, radiology, toxicology, military field therapy), but the diploma is practically no different from a civilian doctor.
The practice of cadets of military medical universities takes place at the place of service; often young doctors have to undergo an internship in conditions of military operations, in remote garrisons.
Where do you study to become a military doctor?
A military doctor can take the first four courses of training at any medical university. In the fifth year, you must submit an application for transfer to an institute that has a faculty for training military doctors. The most famous are the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy named after. Kirov, State Belarusian Medical University, National Medical University named after. Bogomolets in Kyiv.
Training of military doctors
Future military doctors are trained at the Faculty of Military Medicine. In the fifth year, cadets study in more depth the subjects necessary in the work of military medical personnel. Young specialists learn to act and provide the necessary medical care in case of gunshot wounds, poisoning with toxic substances, radiation exposure, etc.
After studying the theory, the young military doctor is sent to practice in military units, where he spends several years under the guidance of scientific supervisor will learn to apply the knowledge acquired at the institute in practice, in the conditions of real military service.
Ranks of military doctors
After graduating from the Military Medical Academy or University, a military doctor receives the rank of lieutenant of the medical service.
Military Doctor's Day
A military doctor celebrates his professional holiday together with other medical workers. Health Worker's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June.
Conscription of doctors for military service
After graduating from the medical academy, a military doctor is sent to serve under a contract. After the end of the contract, you can either extend your service period or leave the armed forces.
Benefits for military doctors
After 10 years of service, a military doctor has the right to sign up for free housing.
Benefits are not provided if the doctor left service after the end of the first contract, however, if the dismissal was due to layoffs or illness, benefits are retained.
Benefits are earned by military doctors throughout their service. After 20 years of service, the doctor has the right to salary after leaving the armed forces, medical care (including family members), etc.
