R hello welcome you to the Internet on the site budgetary institution"Lyantorskaya city Hospital»!
WITH The greatest value on Earth is human life. To help people live their lives as long as possible, relieving them of pain and suffering associated with diseases, to extend the active periods of their lives, saving them good health, is our professional responsibility. Our medical organization has been operating in Lyantor for more than 35 years! A lot has been done - a coherent health care system has been created, which has a modern material base, a developed network of primary health care and specialized medical care, provided with highly qualified personnel.
IN Among the team of more than forty-five thousand people employed in the healthcare sector of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, more than eight hundred employees of the budgetary institution “Lyantorskaya City Hospital” are successfully working.
E Every year new modern medical equipment is purchased, training and retraining of healthcare personnel is carried out. Availability of modern medical equipment allows for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases in high level. All this is done to achieve the main goal of our work - to provide residents of the city and the Surgut region with affordable and high-quality medical care. There is nothing more valuable in this life than health, and we have a huge responsibility for each patient.
Chief physician
BU "Lyantorsk City Hospital"
Larisa Alekseevna Udovichenko
A recruitment of candidates has been announced for the in-demand positions of “Local physician”, “Local pediatrician”
In accordance with subparagraph “a” of paragraph 3 of Appendix No. 8 state program Russian Federation“Development of healthcare”, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 26, 2017 No. 1640, paragraph 6.1 of Article 3.1 of the Law of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra dated June 26, 2012 No. 86-oz “On the regulation of certain issues in the field of health care” citizens in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra" and according to the order of the Department of Health of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra dated June 26, 2019 No. 763 "On approval of the list of vacant positions of medical workers in medical organizations and them structural divisions, for the replacement of which one-time compensation payments are made from the federal budget and the budget of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug-Ugra in 2019,” Lyantorskaya City Hospital notifies about the acceptance of documents of candidates for filling a vacant position, for which employment in 2019 a one-time payment is provided compensation payment based on one million rubles for one medical worker for the following positions.
Target: diagnostic.
Equipment:
Sterile wide-mouth glass jar with kraft paper lid
Referral to the laboratory.
Action algorithm:
1. Warn and explain to the patient the meaning and necessity of the upcoming study.
2. Explain that it is advisable to collect sputum before starting antibiotic therapy.
3.Teach sputum collection techniques:
Warn that sputum is collected only when coughing, and not when expectorating;
Explain that personal hygiene must be observed before and after sputum collection;
Explain that you need to brush your teeth in the evening, and in the morning, on an empty stomach, rinse your mouth and throat boiled water just before collection.
Executing the procedure
Open the lid of the jar.
Cough and collect sputum (not saliva) into a sterile jar in an amount of at least 5 ml.
Close the lid.
End of the procedure
Attach the direction and deliver to the bacteriological laboratory.
Note: To collect the material, the nurse must submit a request for sterile containers to the hospital transport department. Sterile containers are stored for no more than 3 days. You can brush your teeth two hours before collecting sputum. Make sure that the sputum does not get on the edge of the jar and do not touch the inside surface of the lid and jar. Freshly isolated sputum is examined no later than 1-1.5 hours. In a hospital setting: sputum is delivered to the bacteriological laboratory in a sealed container, and if it is necessary to transport sputum over long distances, then special transport is used.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN COLLECTING SMUTUM FOR MYCOBACTERIA TUBERCULOSIS
Target: ensure high-quality sputum collection containing sufficient quantities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, if they are isolated.
Equipment:
Pocket spittoon for collecting sputum
Glass wide-mouth temperature glass jar with lid
Referral to the laboratory.
Action algorithm:
1.Explain to the patient the purpose and technique of sputum collection.
2.Give the patient an open, labeled cuspidor.
3.Stand behind the patient and ask him to bring the spittoon to his mouth, take 3 deep breaths, at the end of the 3rd breath, cough hard and spit the sputum into it.
4. Make sure that a sufficient amount of sputum is obtained (3-5 ml.) and that it is not saliva.
5. The health worker himself closes the lid of the spittoon and places it in a special box or bag for transportation - 1st test.
6.The outside of the bix is treated with alcohol.
7. The health worker washes his hands with soap and gloves.
8.Remove special clothing, disposable ones are destroyed, reusable ones are subjected to appropriate disinfection.
9. The patient receives a clean spittoon for collecting the morning portion of sputum the next day and delivering it to the medical facility - 2nd sample.
10. The third test is carried out on the same day under the supervision of a medical professional (see points 1,2,3,4,5 of this algorithm).
Note: sputum is collected in spittoons with hermetically screwed lids. The container is marked with your full name, year of birth, and date of collection. Three sputum samples are sent for testing from each suspected patient. Sputum collection is carried out in the absence of strangers under the guidance and control of the procedure by a nurse in the open air or in a well-ventilated room with exhaust ventilation and a quartz lamp. The health worker must wear a mask, oilcloth apron and rubber gloves.
It is prohibited to eat or smoke in the workplace. Objects contaminated with infectious material must be immediately disinfected or destroyed (immersed in a 5% chlorine solution for 4 hours). Before transportation, spittoons are wiped with a rag moistened with a 5% chlorine solution.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN COLLECTING SMUTUM FOR ATYPICAL CELLS
Target: determination of atypical cells in sputum.
Equipment:
A clean, wide-mouth jar made from clear glass with lid
Action algorithm:
1.Prepare a clean, dry jar.
3. Attach a label to the jar indicating your full name. patient, department, room number, date and signature of the nurse.
4.Prepare the patient:
before collecting sputum, you must brush your teeth and rinse your mouth with boiled water (if there is bleeding from the gums, rinse your mouth with a solution baking soda or 0.01 % potassium permanganate solution);
Cough and collect sputum in a clean jar in a volume of 3-5 ml
If there is no sputum, you need to take a deep breath and only after a cough, collect it in a container and close it with a lid.
5. Deliver the collected sputum to the laboratory along with the referral no later than 1 hour after its collection.
Note: The jar is immediately sent to the laboratory in a warm state.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN COLLECTING SMUTUM FOR SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS
Equipment:
Sterile Petri dish or sterile spittoon
Referral form for research.
Action algorithm:
1. On the eve of the study, obtain a sterile Petri dish or sterile spittoon from the bacteriological laboratory.
2. Fill out a referral for research.
3.Attach a label to the sterile spittoon.
4.Prepare the patient:
Explain that sputum is collected in the morning on an empty stomach;
Before collecting sputum, you need to brush your teeth and rinse your mouth with boiled water;
The first portion of sputum is not collected in the spittoon, but spat out;
The next portion of sputum is collected in a sterile spittoon and closed with a lid.
5. Deliver the collected sputum along with the directions to the laboratory.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN TAKING A NOSAL SWABB
Target: diagnostic.
Equipment:
Gloves
Sterile metal shaving brush in a glass tube
Action algorithm:
1.Explain the procedure to the patient and obtain consent.
2.Wash your hands thoroughly and put on gloves.
3.Sit the patient by the window (the head should be slightly thrown back).
4.Take the test tube into left hand, right hand remove the swab from the test tube.
5. With your left hand, lift the tip of the patient’s nose, with your right hand, insert the shaving brush with your lungs rotational movements into the lower nasal passage on one side, then on the other side.
6.Careful without touching outer surface test tubes, insert the swab with the material for inoculation into the test tube.
7. Fill out the direction (last name, first name, patronymic of the patient, “Nasal swab”, date and purpose of the study, name of the medical institution).
8.Send the tube with instructions to the laboratory.
9.Remove gloves, wash your hands.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN TAKING A SWAB FROM THE NOSE AND THROAT
Target: identify the causative agent of the disease.
Indications:
Determination of flora in the nasal cavity and pharynx for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes to identify bacterial carriage.
Equipment:
Sterile test tubes with cotton swabs
They are delivered from the laboratory.
Action algorithm:
1.Sit the patient facing the light source.
2. Invite him to open his mouth.
3. With your left hand using a spatula, press the root of the tongue down.
4. With your right hand, remove a sterile swab from the test tube and pass it along the arches and palatine tonsils (left and right), without touching the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue.
5.Carefully insert the sterile swab into the tube without touching its walls.
6. Label the test tube.
7.Tilt the patient’s head back slightly.
8.Take the test tube in your left hand, and remove the swab with your right hand.
9. Using light translational and rotational movements, insert the tampon into the lower nasal passage from one side and then from the other (different tampons into each nasal passage).
10.Carefully insert the swab into the tube without touching the outer walls.
11. Label the test tube.
12.Fill out the direction in which you indicate: the purpose of the research; FULL NAME. patient, age; department, room number; Enter the date of the analysis and signature.
13.Immediately deliver the test tubes to the bacteriological laboratory.
14. Remove gloves, wash your hands.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN PREPARING THE PATIENT AND COLLECTING URINE FOR GENERAL ANALYSIS
Target: diagnostic.
Equipment:
A clean, dry jar with a capacity of 200-250 ml.
Patient preparation :
Explain to the patient the purpose and rules of the study.
The day before, the patient must refrain from eating large quantities of carrots and beets, and from taking diuretics and sulfonamides.
Can't change drinking regime one day before the study.
Before collecting urine, toilet the external genitalia.
Action algorithm :
1. On the eve of the study, prepare a wide-neck glass dish (wash and dry it).
2. Prepare a direction in which you indicate: general urinalysis, full name. patient, age, department, room number; put the date and signature.
3.Collect morning urine - 100-150 ml.
4.Send the collected urine to the laboratory no later than 9.00.
Note: Dishes should not be washed with soda solution (urine quickly becomes alkaline). Do not use dishes made from milk or synthetic detergents.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN PREPARING A PATIENT AND COLLECTING URINE ACCORDING TO NECHIPORENKO
Target: quantitative determination of cellular elements in urine.
Equipment:
Clean dry container
Referral for research.
Action algorithm:
1. On the eve of the study, prepare a clean, dry container.
2. Label the dishes and give them to the patient.
3. Prepare a direction in which you indicate: urine test according to Nechiporenko, full name. patient, age; department, chamber number, date and signature.
4. Explain to the patient that for the study it is necessary to collect a medium portion of urine, after toileting the external genitalia.
5. Deliver the collected urine to the laboratory.
ALGORITHM OF ACTIONS WHEN PREPARING A PATIENT AND COLLECTING URINE ACCORDING TO ZIMNITSKY
Target: diagnostic.
Equipment:
Clean labeled dry containers (10)
Direction.
Patient preparation:
Before the study, stop diuretics.
Limit fluid intake to 1.5 liters per day to avoid an increase in diuresis and a decrease in relative density.
Action algorithm:
1. Wash and dry 8 200 ml bottles and 2-3 additional ones.
2. Place a label on each bottle, indicating: urine analysis according to Zimnitsky, portion No. 1, 9.00, full name. patient, age; department, room number; put the date and signature.
3. Explain to the patient that on the day of the study he must empty bladder into the toilet at 6.00, then collect subsequent portions of urine in a prepared separate container every three hours.
4. At night, at the appointed time for urine collection, wake up the patient.
5. In the morning, no later than 8.00, send all urine samples to the clinical laboratory.
Note: if the urine does not fit, then it is collected in an additional container; the label says: “Additional urine for portion No...”. If there is no urine in the prescribed time, the container is sent to the laboratory empty.
– a pathological derivative of the bronchopulmonary system, produced during inflammatory infectious diseases. Sputum analysis makes it possible to determine the pathogen, the nature of the disease, the stage inflammatory process and forecast.
The clinic most often conducts sputum culture to confirm tuberculosis, microscopy to determine bronchial asthma and tumor tissue decay.
In contact with
General microscopic analysis
Examination of sputum under a microscope is carried out to differentiate between allergic and infectious nature. The analysis begins with an assessment appearance, quantity, presence of inclusions (blood, pus), smell and color. Next, the preparation is prepared for further examination using a microscope. Only after microscopy of a smear can conclusions be drawn about a particular disease. Most often you can see in sputum: 
- unchanged red blood cells;
- leukocytes and its types (eosinophils, lymphocytes);
- epithelial cells of the bronchi and trachea;
- atypical cells;
- various fibers;
- mushroom mycelium;
- bacterial agents.
Microscopic analysis of sputum is a qualitative method for diagnosing diseases of the pulmonary system. But the result largely depends on the professionalism of the laboratory assistant and his skills.
What does it show?
Studying the qualitative composition of pulmonary discharge is the main reason why a sputum test is taken for examination through a microscope. Seeing the laboratory technician’s conclusion, the doctor can correlate these data with the clinic and accurately make a diagnosis. For each disease there are diagnostic criteria, including laboratory ones. Microscopic examination helps to more accurately determine the stage of the process, which facilitates the selection of the correct treatment regimen.
For microscopic examination, the sample is stained or viewed in an unstained state. The sputum is placed on a glass slide, covered with a coverslip and a finished preparation is formed. Smear microscopy shows specific shaped elements or inflammatory agents, sometimes pathogen particles, which makes it possible to clarify the diagnosis.
For bronchitis
In adults, it is of mixed origin; the cause can be both viruses and bacteria. Hence the characteristics of sputum are different. Often the disease is caused by mixed flora, so the sputum is a mucopurulent, copious discharge. Under a microscope, an increased number of leukocytes, columnar and squamous epithelial cells are revealed.
For the purpose of diagnosis of bronchitis, sputum analysis is rarely used, but it helps to differentiate the erased forms of pneumonia or asthma in the initial stages.
For bronchial asthma
gives pronounced changes in sputum, unique to it. Here the doctor will find a large number of leukocytes and eosinophils, as indicators of allergic inflammation.
In addition to them, Leiden-Charcot crystals and spirals are always present in the smear. These are specific breakdown products of inflammatory cells, formed only during muscle spasms.
The sputum itself is expectorated in a meager volume, mucous in nature, colorless, and of a dense consistency. This type of sputum is called “vitreous.” Some patients may cough up small, dense pieces of mucus that block the bronchi.
Decoding of indicators and norms
Sputum healthy person Normally it does not stand out. There is only a slimy secret bronchial tree, which is swallowed. Sputum is produced in increased volume during inflammation of the mucous membrane. The table below shows these standards, permissible deviations in general sputum analysis (for adults), as well as a more detailed explanation.
| Indicators | Norm | Decoding |
|---|---|---|
| Quantity | Up to 10 ml per day | 15-100 ml (for abscesses and bronchiectasis reaches 2 liters) per day |
| Color | colorless | Yellowish or green tint, the appearance of streaks of scarlet blood, brown or brownish color |
| Smell | - | Putrid, unpleasant |
| Consistency | mucous membrane | Dense, viscous |
| Red blood cells | - | Whole or broken |
| Leukocytes | - | Increased |
| Eosinophils | - | From single to many |
| Columnar epithelial cells | - | Present in tracheitis, asthma |
| Lymphocytes | - | Increased |
| Atypical cells | - | Available for neoplasms |
| Fibers | - | Found in tuberculosis or tumors |
| Crystals, spirals | - | Specific marker of bronchial asthma |
| Mushroom mycelium | - | Indicates mycosis of the lung |
The color and smell of sputum may indicate an acute or chronic phase of inflammation. If the sputum has a greenish tint, this indicates a bacterial infection.
The shade of red delineates the level of damage and age. If the sputum has red streaks, these are fresh red blood cells, possibly from damaged vessels in the upper respiratory tract. Brown color speaks of stagnation and breakdown of red blood cells. Normally, sputum is usually odorless, so the statement putrid smell when conducting a general analysis, it immediately signals a purulent process.
The nature of the sputum depends on the causative agent of the disease. If it is a virus, the sputum will be mucous or serous. The addition of bacteria gives a purulent character and an increase in its number. Such sputum will occur in case of lung abscess, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive disease.
How to submit it correctly?
Before donating sputum, no preparation is required; sample collection for general analysis is carried out in the morning, immediately after waking up, in accordance with the following algorithm:
- Brush your teeth.
- Rinse your mouth and throat.
- Cough up the mucus and spit it into a container.
If there is too little sputum, the doctor will prescribe plenty of fluids and expectorants the day before. To prevent excess microorganisms from getting into the sputum, it is better to purchase a collection container at a pharmacy. It is placed in a sterile package and has a tight-fitting lid.
Bacteriological research
Bacteriological research is carried out to determine the exact causative agent of a particular disease. Most often, this is pneumonia or. The resulting sputum sample is added to nutrient media and created optimal conditions for growth. Pathogenic organisms begin to divide and grow actively. A few days later, a laboratory assistant examines the result, identifies the pathogen and gives a conclusion. The attending physician, based on these data, can either prescribe treatment or refer for additional methods diagnostics Typically found in sputum:
- staphylococci and streptococci;
- Koch's stick;
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella;
- various types of mushrooms;
- chlamydia and other protozoa.
Because the bacteriological examination is quite complex and time-consuming to implement; it is prescribed only when the results are unclear instrumental studies lungs. However, in some cases it is necessary to identify the causative agent of pneumonia, especially with an atypical course of the disease.
Why do they take it?
Bacteriological examination of sputum is a high-quality analysis, with a diagnosis accuracy of 100%. This is why they take sputum and grow bacteria on nutrient media:
- for testing for species specificity;
- to determine class membership;
- to detect sensitivity to antibiotics.
If a doctor is caring for a seriously ill patient in whom minimal examinations do not reveal the cause of lung disease, sputum helps verify the diagnosis. An important point is competent collection of sputum. The quality of the analysis and the correct result of the entire procedure depend on this.
For tuberculosis
If a doctor suspects a tuberculosis process, the primary step is to analyze sputum for. They can be determined in several ways, including bacteriological (cultural). Before culture, a sputum sample is treated with special solutions to stop the growth of opportunistic bacteria. The growth of flora occurs quite long time– from 14 to 90 days. An experienced laboratory technician will be able to differentiate a colony of Koch bacilli within 2-3 weeks. It has a gray-silver color and crumbles easily when touched. The growth rate depends on the number of bacteria in the sputum. The more there are, the faster the growth rate.
For pneumonia
When bacteriological examination of sputum is carried out quite rarely, a general analysis is usually indicated. The most common causative agent of the disease is Streptococcus pneumoniae. It causes up to 80% of community-acquired pneumonia, so treatment is based on the use of antibiotics wide range actions.
In some cases, the pathogen may be of a different nature, for example, fungal. Then the sputum must be examined by culture on a nutrient medium.
Fungi, chlamydia, listeria, coli, Staphylococcus viridans and many others can cause atypical form pneumonia, with the development of complications (abscess,).
Collection algorithm
You can collect sputum for analysis either at home or in the clinic. In order to correctly submit sputum for analysis, it is recommended to follow a simple algorithm of actions:
- The procedure is carried out on an empty stomach, after brushing your teeth, rinsing your mouth and throat (to remove food debris and excess saliva).
- Wait for a good coughing attack.
- Keep the container as close to your lips as possible.
- With a deep cough, cough up the contents of the bronchi, avoiding strong expectoration.
- Close the container with a tight lid and transport to the laboratory within 2 hours.
More accurate results will be obtained if the collection is carried out directly in the clinic. For this purpose, there are sputum collection rooms with trained staff. Nurses will help you correctly collect a sample for testing and as soon as possible will be delivered to the laboratory.
How much phlegm should you cough up?
The nurse will always tell you how much sputum is needed for bacteriological or microscopic examination in a particular case.
Usually it is enough to cough up 3-5 ml, which corresponds to completely filling the funnel at the bottom of the container. If the discharge of secretions is difficult, you should increase the amount of fluid consumed the day before collection and take expectorants. If the volume is too large (for example, with bronchiectasis), it is recommended to cough up the first portion into a container and spit out the rest.
How long does the research take?
Sputum culture takes long term, since bacteria need time to grow. After a few weeks, you can accurately determine their identity and sensitivity to the drugs. Thus, how long the analysis is done depends on the purpose and method of the study: the procedure takes from 1.5 to 3 months.
Sputum microscopy - more quick analysis. The speed of research depends on the order of the queue and the number of samples. On average, waiting for results takes from 1 to 2 days.
Causes of productive cough
Cough as a symptom occurs in almost all diseases of the lungs and bronchi. Abundant Department sputum accompanies bacterial bronchitis, abscesses with a breakthrough into the bronchus, bronchiectasis, pneumonia. During the period of resolution of the disease, the sputum becomes more liquid and comes off easily. Even after recovering for a week, she may still occasionally cough up small amounts.
Useful video
Useful information about sputum collection can be found in the following video:
conclusions
- Sputum analysis is an informative method for studying diseases of the lungs and bronchial tree.
- The secretion of the bronchopulmonary system directly reflects the state of all its departments.
- By conducting a bacteriological or microscopic examination, you can find out preliminary diagnosis and understand the forecast.
- Also, the results of sputum analysis help in selecting the correct treatment and prevention regimen.
Modern medicine for setting accurate diagnosis uses different human analyses. This may include blood, urine, etc. This also includes general and bacteriological collection of sputum. To prepare such an analysis, you need to know the rules for collecting sputum, what utensils may be needed and in what room the process needs to be carried out.
Why is sputum analysis needed?
Not all people had the opportunity to go for a sputum test. Require this analysis at serious illnesses respiratory system. Doctors mainly use this method to test the body for tuberculosis. If an illness is detected, the patient is assigned a mucus donation schedule.
Submission of sputum for general analysis
In the presence of a disease associated with the lungs, the composition of sputum changes. The mucus may contain pus, blood, etc.
General analysis needed to identify the disease, its stage and where in the respiratory system the disease develops. Also this study used by medicine to determine cancer.
Sputum donation for bacteriological analysis
The bacteriological method is intended for the precise study of the disease and methods of its treatment.
If you have problems with respiratory system bacteriological analysis will reveal which microorganism may be the source of the disease. Taking into account the identified data, doctors prescribe medications to destroy the virus.
To take the test, you first need sputum, not saliva.
Sputum collection schedule
Taking the first sputum sample (1 day)
The first sample is collected under the supervision of a nurse at medical institution. The process takes place in a special room without people in it.
Before expectorating, rinse your mouth with boiled water to cleanse oral cavity from food particles and bacteria.
The patient should collect the mucus in a disposable container.
After collecting the discharge, the nurse warns about collecting it three times and the day the patient should come again.
Be sure to wash your hands with soap after collecting sputum.
Collection of the second sputum sample (day 2)
The mucus should be collected a second time in the morning on an empty stomach. Before the process, you need to thoroughly brush your teeth, rinsing the inner walls of your cheeks and tongue. Before expectorating, rinse your mouth with boiled water to remove bacteria.
To collect sputum, take a few deep breaths and cough well.
A special disposable container made of plastic material must be used to store biomaterial. You can buy this container at your nearest pharmacy.
The process itself must take place before open window without strangers in the room. The door must be closed. If the required premises are not available, then the procedure should be carried out outdoors.
It is worth taking the biomaterial to a hospital as quickly as possible. There are only two hours for this. After this period of time has expired, the material will be unusable. But you can store sputum in the refrigerator for up to 7 days, separate from food.
Collection of the third sputum sample (day 2)
The third time occurs after the patient brings it to the hospital. institution second sample analysis. Biomaterial is collected under the supervision of a nurse.
Submitting sputum for antibiotic sensitivity testing
Before going to bed, the patient should be warned about taking biomaterial in the morning. Medical representative will come in the morning with special dishes for donating mucus. Before the procedure, it is prohibited to eat, brush your teeth, smoke or take medications. The patient needs to prepare a container of boiled water.
The patient is visited before breakfast and asked to rinse his mouth well and cough several times.
When liquid accumulates, the patient spits it into a prepared container without touching its edges with his lips or tongue.
The nurse must immediately close the container with secretions and quickly send it to the laboratory.
When the result is received, it is entered into the medical history.
Sputum testing for tuberculosis
The patient is warned about collecting biomaterial in a special container during the day. That is, all accumulated mucus needs to be spat into a jar. It should be placed in a cool place, tightly closed after each expectoration.
If too little of the required material is released, the accumulation period can be increased to three days. Store sputum in a refrigerated place.
All accumulated mucus is sent for examination. After the final results arrive, everything is recorded in honey. map.
Conclusion
Collecting a sputum sample does not require much effort. If it comes with pus or blood when you cough, it is recommended to consult a doctor and have the mucus examined for a general examination.
The first study of biomaterial is trial and does not contain accurate facts, so if questionable results arise, you will have to go back three times to establish a diagnosis.
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