Combat Sambo: history, technique and rules. Combat Sambo

In the previous post “Reflections on the “Russian style” of hand-to-hand combat” it was said: “Well, Ancient Rus' did not create combat systems equal to the schools of the East and West (at least for bladed weapons) - and there is nothing to be ashamed of! music and easel painting are also not a Russian invention, which in no way detracts from the dignity of such Russian composers as Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky, or such artists as Repin and Vrubel. It is not at all necessary to stand at the origins of any phenomenon in order to achieve the highest results in it. later time"

And yet, I would like to disagree with the author. Yes, Rus' did not create it. But they were created at a much later period. Dear forum members, I bring to your attention material about the history of the Soviet type of martial arts. I hope for an active discussion.

HISTORY OF SAMBO

Before the “Chronicle of SAMBO” takes on a coherent form, a lot of work remains to be done. Not all events and names have been recorded in the Chronicle yet, but a start has been made. Now you have the opportunity to make a small but very exciting journey through time. On this introductory journey, an attentive traveler will find a lot of interesting things from the history of the SAMBO system.
The history of the SAMBO system is, first of all, connected with the names of two people - these are Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov and Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov. These names are worth remembering.

Victor Afanasyevich SPIRIDONOV (1883-1943)

Born in Russia in 1883. From the age of 17 private Tsarist army. For his merits he was sent to the Kazan Infantry School, which he successfully graduated from.

Career officer of the Tsarist Army.
In 1905 he took part in the Russian-Japanese War in Manchuria. For services to the Fatherland he was awarded the Cross of Anna and Stanislav. He was a specialist in military applied gymnastics.

A participant in the First World War, he was shell-shocked and wounded during the fighting and was sent into retirement.

Spiridonov met the October Revolution of 1917 in Moscow. It wasn't an easy time for former officers: They were seen as potential enemies. The retired staff captain had to feel this himself. But it was then that he made a choice for the rest of his life: with whom to go.

In 1919 he worked in the Main Armor Directorate of the Red Army. Later he becomes a teacher at the Moscow district courses for sports instructors and pre-conscription training named after. Lenin. He holds the position of chief leader in the subject “defense and attack without weapons.” For the first time in the history of domestic self-defense, he classifies techniques and introduces names of techniques. Many of the introduced terms exist and are used in SAMBO and other martial arts to this day.

By 1921, he created the foundation of a new “system composed of best tricks already existing systems." At the beginning of 1923, the Dynamo sports society was created, uniting security officer athletes, border guards, and police officers. Spiridonov headed Dynamo’s work in the field of applied sports discipline “self-defense without weapons.” Dynamo becomes an all-Union center for the development and promotion of self-defense. Spiridonov constantly participated in operations to liquidate dens of thieves together with his students from the criminal investigation department. Spiridonov is actively working on training instructors. He created a method of teaching self-defense, which at that time was still absent in foreign systems.

In subsequent years, three books by Spiridonov were published with the stamp “for official use” (1927, 1928, 1933). In these books, he sets out the basic principles of the newly created system of self-defense.

Spiridonov, based on life experience, knew that a combat fight always involves pain, fear, and blood. There is no time to pose in a life-threatening situation. Guided by this, Viktor Afanasyevich meticulously selected only the most reliable and simple techniques that could be relied upon in any alteration. He consistently followed this rule throughout the twenty years of his activity.

Under the leadership of Spiridonov, self-defense sections were opened in Dynamo organizations in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), Rostov-on-Don, Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), Ukraine, Siberia, and Transcaucasia.
Spiridonov is actively working on the rules of self-defense competitions. He said: “The competition is like the highest degree of training and the last stage in a fighter’s improvement in the study of self-defense.”

In February 1929, the Dynamo Moscow self-defense championship was held. Viktor Afanasyevich acts as the main organizer of closed competitions.

Initially, Spiridonov’s system was called “self-defense”, “sam”, then “samoz”, and subsequently “SAMBO”.

During the Great Patriotic War, Spiridonov actively took part in the training of Red Army soldiers. Spiridonov Viktor Afanasyevich died during difficult war times, in 1943.

The ideas, principles expressed by Spiridonov, as well as the technique and tactics of fighting, teaching methods, which were formed with his participation and under his leadership, are fully included in modern system self-defense without weapons - “SAMBO”, being a powerful part of the monolithic foundation of this system.

Vasily Sergeevich OSCHEPKOV (1892-1937)

In December 1892, Vasily Oshchepkov was born into a family of convicts in the village of Aleksandrovsky Post on Sakhalin. At the age of 11 he was orphaned, adopted and baptized by the Metropolitan of Tokyo. On October 29, 1911, at the age of 18, he entered the Kodokan. After some time, he graduates from the Kodokan and receives a black belt in judo.

In 1914, in Vladivostok, a judo club was opened in the SPORT society. The first international judo meeting between Russian and Japanese judokas is being held within the walls of this circle. In 1917 he supported the Great October Revolution. The new government is sent to long time to Japan, China. In 1925 he returned to Russia, to Novosibirsk. In Novosibirsk, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, Oshchepkov was enlisted in the personnel service of the Red Army and appointed as a military translator in one of the departments of the headquarters of the Siberian Military District.

You are invited to work as a self-defense instructor in the Novosibirsk branch of Dynamo.

In 1929, he received an invitation to work in Moscow, at the CDKA. The CDKA organizes groups to study hand-to-hand combat among military personnel and Army House workers, as well as the country's first women's group. Subsequently, classes were organized for the senior command staff of the Red Army.

Since 1930, he has been teaching judo as one of the academic disciplines at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education. The trainers he trained begin to teach judo in Leningrad, Ukraine.

At the beginning of the 30s of the twentieth century, he took an active part in the development of the standards of the GTO (Ready for Labor and Defense) complex, the second degree in which self-defense and disarming techniques were introduced for men and women.
Oshchepkov was a man of broad views and, practicing judo, gradually began to move away from the unshakable Japanese canons. He changes the form and introduces Russian terms. Replaces the bow with a mandatory handshake before and after the fight, introduces division into weight categories. In addition, Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov is steadily enriching and improving wrestling and self-defense techniques, forming the foundations of a new type of martial arts.

Oshchepkov organizes competitive meetings with students of Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov, as well as representatives of a number of national types of wrestling, primarily with Georgian chidaoba wrestlers.

Vasily Sergeevich in his work proceeded from the fact that reliable, strong self-defense skills can only be developed on a broad and reliable sports basis.

Oshchepkov analyzed all the then existing international martial arts, Chinese wushu and a number of national types of wrestling from the point of view of the use of their techniques in combat.

Oshchepkov can rightfully be considered a person whose ideas and developments served as the basis for the sports section of the SAMBO system, a section accessible to a wide range of people, and techniques and methods of self-defense replenished the combat section of this system, arming the army, special services, and police with invisible weapons.

Some insufficiently knowledgeable people are perplexed: if Oshchepkov started with Japanese wrestling, then it turns out that sambo and judo are almost the same thing? Unlike these individuals, Japanese judo experts do not think so. When in the early sixties, on the eve of the Tokyo Olympics, the best judokas of Japan with their coaches first arrived in the USSR and became acquainted with sambo, they had no doubt that this was a completely independent and original type of wrestling. Before them appeared a system that was fundamentally new and much more advanced than judo. Wrestling, containing in its arsenal even techniques completely unfamiliar to them, with which the guests hastened to get acquainted (Lukashev M.N., 1986). At the same time, for Japanese specialists, a huge component of the SAMBO system remained behind the scenes - the combat section, or as they say - “combat SAMBO”.

Prepared based on materials from the book by M. N. Lukashev “Pedigree of SAMBO”

1936 At the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev defended his thesis, in which he collected and described all the techniques he studied under the guidance of Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov, as well as techniques from a number of literary sources. 1937 Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov dies in prison. He was charged with espionage against the USSR.

The year 1938 is both a turning point in the development of wrestling and self-defense, and a historical milestone from which the universal SAMBO system began its countdown. In June - July, the 1st All-Union Coaching Camp was held in Moscow, “which brought together coaches of various types of national wrestling - Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkmen, Kazakh, Caucasian, etc.” (“Red Sport” June 27, 1938) and a scientific and methodological conference. Anatoly Kharlampiev, a student of Vasily Sergeevich Oshchepkov, was appointed as the senior coach of the training camp.
“National types of struggle of our vast Soviet Union“,” Anatoly Kharlampiev said in his speech at the conference, “served as the basis for the creation of a large common wrestling, which now we all call Soviet freestyle wrestling.

Soviet freestyle wrestling includes all the best elements from the following national types of wrestling: Georgian, Tatar, Karachay, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc.”

Kharlampiev further says that the system includes the most original techniques from foreign types of wrestling: Finnish-French, Free-American, English wrestling of the Lancashire and Cumberland styles, Swiss, Japanese judo and sumo.

From the first moments of laying its foundation, the synthesized system assumed its openness to everything that is best and expedient, without giving priority to any one thing, and the universal rules, according to Kharlampiev, should have given the opportunity to a fighter of any nationality, using his favorite techniques from people's struggle, as well as others, to compete equally with everyone else.

It was then that the main conclusion was made: as long as the search continues only in the field of purely applied self-defense systems, limited in the number of techniques, there can be no real self-defense. This requires a foundation, and this foundation should be wrestling. (Kharlampiev A.A., SAMBO system).

On November 16, 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issued Order No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling.” “This wrestling,” the order says, “formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of wrestling of our vast Union and some of the best techniques from other types of wrestling, is an extremely valuable sport in its variety of techniques and applications.” This day is considered to be the birthday of SAMBO.

On November 25-26, 1939, the first USSR championship in “freestyle wrestling” was held in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). “Freestyle wrestling” was the name of SAMBO wrestling at that time.
The first champions of the country are: Kulikov N. T. (Leningrad) - 53 kg, Pitkevich V. E. (Leningrad) - 56 kg, Chumakov E. M. (Moscow) - 61 kg, Budzinsky A. A. (Moscow) - 66 kg, Nakelsky K. K. (Kharkov) - 72 kg, Ponomarenko I. D. (Kronstadt) - 79 kg, Koberidze K. E. (Moscow) - 87 kg, Ivanov G. T. (Leningrad) - +87 kg.
1940 The first manuals on “freestyle wrestling” by N. Galkovsky and R. Shkolnikov are published. In the same year, a textbook for NKVD schools was published under the authorship of Viktor Pavlovich Volkov (student of V.S. Oshchepkov and V.A. Spiridonov) - “Self-defense course without weapons “SAMBO””. In this book, Viktor Pavlovich tried to combine the legacy of his first teachers, and also sets out his concept of teaching the system of defense and attack. Thanks to Volkov V.P. the word “SAMBO” appeared.
And 31 years later, in 1971, Volkov V.P. defended his Ph.D. thesis “Research of technical-tactical and physical fitness sambo wrestlers."

1941-1945. The Great Patriotic War, which began on June 22, 1941, interrupted the holding of competitions in “freestyle wrestling” (SAMBO wrestling). But it also tested the viability of SAMBO in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches, brought up on the Soviet system of self-defense, defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army.

In 1943, Viktor Afanasyevich Spiridonov died.

1946 “Freestyle wrestling” got its due modern name- SAMBO wrestling. The concept of the SAMBO system is being formed as a system that combines SAMBO wrestling (a sports section) and self-defense without weapons “SAMBO” (a combat section designed to solve combat missions).

An All-Union Section is being created, SAMBO wrestling competitions are being resumed, and coaching camps are being held. Sambo wrestlers take an active part in the reconstruction of the country after the war.
1947 The Rules for SAMBO Wrestling Competitions are published independently. (Sambo wrestling: Competition rules. - M.: “Physical Education and Sports”, type. “Kr. Banner” - 6th type. Transzheldorizdat, 1947).

In the same year, the USSR SAMBO wrestling championships resumed. The third championship takes place on December 16-19 in Moscow. The country's championships were held regularly from this year until the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

On June 18, 1948, the All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR first approved the SAMBO Wrestling Program for sports sections physical culture groups.

1949 The first edition of Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev’s book “SAMBO Wrestling” is published. The book begins with the following words: “The techniques used in sambo wrestling are based on scientific data in their technique. In one case - the expedient use of body levers; in another - the application of the laws of motion of a chain of links human body; in the third - achieving lightning-fast movements by adding speeds, etc. - in all cases in sambo wrestling, success does not depend on the accidental discovery of a successful technique, but on the correct analysis of the movements of the human body.”

Further in the chapter devoted to tactics, Kharlampiev writes: “In such complex form In a sport like sambo wrestling, technique, physical and volitional qualities alone are not enough to achieve complete success in competitions. Tactics in all its diversity plays a huge role both in an individual fight and in the entire complex of competitions. Therefore, in sambo, the study of the most rational ways to defeat an opponent should be given an important place.”

The 50s of the 20th century for SAMBO were marked by its entry into the international arena. It all started with foreign students who studied in the Soviet Union. Having become interested in Sambo in our country, they promoted it in their homeland (Lukashev M.N., 1986).

1953 “Voenizdat” publishes “for official use” two books by Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev - “Combat SAMBO Techniques” and “Special SAMBO Techniques”.

In the same year, the first dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (Ph.D. thesis), dedicated to SAMBO, was defended. The author of the scientific work is Evgeny Mikhailovich Chumakov (Methodology for studying and improving SAMBO wrestling techniques, State Center for Physical Culture named after I.V. Stalin. - M., 1953).

1957 In November, the first official meeting of USSR sambo wrestlers took place with representatives of judo, wrestlers from Hungary. At the Dynamo Stadium in Moscow, the wrestlers of the Soviet Union won a convincing victory, with a score of 47:1, over the followers of Japanese wrestling. Our sambo wrestlers fought according to the rules of judo in this meeting.

In the same year, the first foreign sambo federation was formed - the Sambo Wrestling Federation People's Republic Bulgaria.
1958 The first Sambo wrestling championship of the People's Republic of Bulgaria is being held - this is the first tournament of this level abroad.
In Belgium, at the Brussels world exhibition “Expo-58”, a demonstration of SAMBO techniques took place. The famous sambo wrestlers G. Schultz and A. Karashchuk took part in the demonstration performances.

The book “SAMBO Wrestling Tactics” by Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev is published. In the introduction, Kharlampiev writes: “As is known, the discrepancy between means of warfare and tactical plans always threatens defeat. Therefore, in this book the tactics are presented as organically connected with the sambo technique, with the state of the athlete’s physical, moral and volitional qualities.” And further: “This book considers only the tactics of Sambo wrestling, leaving aside the tactics of using combat techniques of self-defense.” The tactics of combat techniques are developed under the heading “for official use.” This is a book in which high level the experience of the art of fighting of many sambo wrestlers was generalized.

1962 A judo section was organized in the USSR SAMBO Federation. Sambo wrestlers continue to actively prepare for the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo will make its debut.

1965 The SAMBO Federation is being created in Japan.
1966 At the FILA Congress, which was held in the American city of Toledo, SAMBO wrestling was recognized as an international sport.

In the same year, in the fall, a team of Japanese sambo wrestlers came to the Soviet Union for the first time. The guests held four match meetings: in Tbilisi, Chisinau, Kyiv and Moscow. They failed to win any of the matches, despite the fact that they were not opposed by the strongest Soviet sambo wrestlers (Lukashev M.N., 1986).

1967 The first international SAMBO friendship tournament is being held in Riga. Athletes from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Mongolia, Japan and the USSR took part in the competition. Since this year, international competitions have been regularly held in various countries around the world.

The first official international sambo competitions, held in 1967 in Riga, are described in the archival articles of the newspaper “Soviet Latvia” / 12-19.12.1967 (all articles were published in the “Mass Media” section).

September 28, 1970 David Lvovich Rudman founded the SAMBO-70 school in Moscow.

1971 SAMBO was included in the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.
1972 In the USSR, in Riga, the first European SAMBO wrestling championship is held. Athletes from Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, the USSR, Yugoslavia, Iran, Mongolia, and Japan took part in the competition. At that time, the European Championship was open, which explains the participation of wrestlers from Asia in it.

Mikhail Nikolaevich Lukashev in his book “Pedigree of SAMBO” writes about the opening of the competition: “A peculiar flute - “duduk” and a small drum “doli” started a temperamental melody, to the sounds of which Georgian warriors went into battle in the old days. Two muscular black-haired guys in belted sleeveless vests - chokhas - walked along the carpet in a short dance, which serves as a traditional warm-up in the Georgian national wrestling chidaoba. And then the wrestlers grabbed each other tightly by the jaws, and suddenly, quick, like a shot, sweeps, hooks, wraps, and grasps suddenly fell from a cornucopia...
This fight, according to all the rules of ancient Georgian wrestling, took place not in the Caucasus, but a good two thousand kilometers from Georgia - in the hall of the Riga Sports Palace "Daugava" at the grand opening of the first European Sambo Wrestling Championship in the history of sports in 1972...
And so, replacing each other, bright and colorful, one after another, many types of martial arts that exist among the peoples of the multinational Soviet Union took place. It was an impressive living illustration of those types of national wrestling that brought their best techniques to the Sambo arsenal.”

The first European champions were: V. Kyllenen (USSR) - 58 kg, A. Hosh (USSR) - 62 kg, K. Gerasimov (USSR) - 66 kg, V. Nevzorov (USSR) - 70 kg, A. Fedorov (USSR) ) - 75 kg, Ezerskas Ch. (USSR) - 80 kg, Nishinaki N (Japan) - 86 kg, Saito N. (Japan) - 93 kg, Novikov S. (USSR) - 100 kg, Kuznetsov V. (USSR) - over 100 kg.

1973 The first World Sambo Championship takes place at the Farah Stadium in Tehran. Athletes from Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, USSR, USA, Iran, Mongolia, South Korea and Japan.

The first world champions were: Georgadze G. V. (USSR) - 48 kg, Shor A. I. (USSR) - 52 kg, Yunak M. M. (USSR) - 57 kg, Garanakh Ch. (Mongolia) - 62 kg , Rudman D. L. (USSR) - 68 kg, Fedorov A. S. (USSR) - 74 kg, Ezerskas Ch. I. (USSR) - 82 kg, Tediashvili L. K. (USSR) - 90 kg, Danilov N. S. (USSR) - 100 kg, Klivodenko V. I. (USSR) - over 100 kg.
1976 The book of the legendary sambo master Evgeny Mikhailovich Chumakov “Tactics of a sambo wrestler” is published. In this book, based on the experience of experienced wrestlers and the results scientific research, Evgeniy Mikhailovich covers the issues of tactical training of sambo wrestlers, conducts an in-depth analysis of fights and techniques.

At the beginning of his book, Evgeniy Mikhailovich writes: “To successfully draw up an action plan, a wrestler needs knowledge and experience. He must be able to assess the capabilities of himself and his opponents, otherwise he will not be able to choose the right tactics and implement it. Tactics is both an art and a science. Sambo wrestling has accumulated significant experience in the use of tactical actions, which last years intensively summarized and systematized.”

1977 The first World Cup is played in Spain in Oviedo.
In the same year, the first Pan-American SAMBO Championship took place (Puerto Rico)

1979 A man who completely devoted his life to SAMBO, Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev, has died.

The first book on sambo for children is published. The author of the book, David Lvovich Rudman, is a famous athlete and coach. He begins his book with the words: “Dear friend! I don’t know how old you are and whether you are familiar with sambo wrestling. But you picked up this book and started reading it.” And just below: “Don’t expect supernatural recipes and mysterious secrets from me. The most super-mysterious recipe has long been revealed. Sport is work! Do you want to become a sambist? A wonderful wish. But desire alone is not enough. You can lie on the couch, read books on sambo and dream of becoming a champion. You can talk a lot and intelligently about wrestling and know the names of all the techniques. But still not able to do anything. Therefore, you need to work hard, selflessly, and wisely. Search, make mistakes, lose and win. And believe, strongly believe in yourself, in your character, in your will.”

1981 SAMBO is included in the Bolivarian Games (South America).
Since 1982, the international sambo wrestling tournament “Memorial of Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev” has been held in Moscow. This tournament has already become traditional, and for every sambo wrestler, participation in these competitions is a great honor.

In the same year, SAMBO was included in the Cruz del Sur Games program (South America, Argentina)

In 1983, the first World Women's Sambo Championship was held in the Spanish city of Madrid. In the team competition, first place was taken by athletes from Spain, second by the USA, third by Venezuela, fourth by Norway, fifth by France and sixth place by the team from Switzerland. It is noteworthy that Soviet female sambo wrestlers did not take part in these competitions.

SAMBO is included in the Pan-American Games program.
1984 A decree on the development of SAMBO among women in the USSR was signed.
1984 At the founding Congress in the city of Bilbao (Spain), the International Amateur Sambo Federation, International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS), was created, which in 2001 at the next Congress was renamed the World Sambo Federation (WSF). The first president of FIAS was the Spaniard Fernando Compte. John Henson from the United States of America was elected first vice president.

1985 FIAS has been incorporated into GAISF (AGFIS). GAISF - World Association of International Sports Federations / General Association of International Sports Federations)

1986-1991. Perestroika is in full swing in the USSR. Everything and everyone is being rebuilt. The work is being carried out on a large scale. The people get the most. In the Union, journalists who “caught” the wave of debunking the previous regime begin to “bite” SAMBO as well, because this international system was created in the USSR, which means that “not everything is in order” here either... At this time, new states are joining FIAS , there are more and more people studying sambo all over the world. Athletes, coaches and judges continue to work, and competitions at various levels are held, from club tournaments to world championships. Youth and women's sambo is actively developing.

1986 The first Asian SAMBA Cup is held in Tokyo (Japan) ABOUT.

1987 For the first time, the World SAMBO Cup is being held in Africa, Casablanca (Morocco).

1989 First World Junior Championships New Jersey (USA)

1991-1997. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought about enormous changes throughout the world. The consequences of this event were felt most by ordinary people who lived and worked in one big country. A lot has happened in our country; historians will have to figure out what exactly it is for a long time.

There was also a split in the SAMBO world. Alternative international organizations are being created to FIAS - first one, and then a second international sambo federation. Three world championships are held simultaneously. The overall level of international competitions is falling. Squabbles and squabbles engulf the leaders of newly created organizations; everyone wants to be in charge...

As for the “ordinary” sambo wrestlers, they still remain faithful to their cause. But politics stubbornly interferes with SAMBO. Unity was broken. Journalists make a career by savoring the “dark corners” of the history of sambo, sowing doubt and mistrust in people. The ties of sambo wrestlers from the republics of the former Union are being severed, and international ties are being disrupted. Many sambo wrestlers leave the territory of the collapsed USSR, begin to live and work in other countries of the world, some continue to popularize sambo abroad.

1991 An alternative international sambo federation is being created - Federation Mondiale de Sambo (FMS), headed by the former chief secretary of FIAS, the Frenchman Etienne Labrousse.
In the same year, the first president of FIAS, Fernando Compte, resigned and was succeeded by the American J. Henson, who headed FIAS in 1992. Japanese Tomoyuki Horimai was elected chief secretary in 1993. The year of the FIAS split. It was in this year that there were two organizations in the world with the same name - FIAS. Naturally, every organization considers itself dominant. The president of one FIAS is J. Henson, the other FIAS is headed by Tomoyuki Horimai, and his deputy, i.e. Russian Mikhail Ivanovich Tikhomirov is elected first vice-president. Let us remember that at this time there was another international federation (FMS) under the leadership of Etienne Labrousse. In the world of SAMBO, a “undercover fight” begins. As a result of lack of agreement among leaders, international SAMBO as a whole loses. GAISF (AGFIS) (World Association of International Sports Federations) excludes disunited sambo wrestlers from its ranks.

1997 In Russia, the International SAMBO Academy (Kstovo) is hosting the XXI World SAMBO Championship, and the unification of FMS (Etienne Labrousse) and FIAS (Tomoyuki Horimai) took place. In the same year, Mikhail Ivanovich Tikhomirov became president of FIAS. For the first time in the history of the International Amateur SAMBO Federation, it is headed by a Russian. The unification of the two federations had a positive impact on the popularization of SAMBO in the world.

1998 The membership of FIAS/FIAS (Mikhail Tikhomirov) in GAISF (AGFIS), a world association uniting federations of all sports, has been restored. List of association members. Temporary exclusion from AGFIS occurred as a result of a split in FIAS. Now all these troubles are behind us, sambo wrestling will once again be included in the program of the World Games of non-Olympic sports. In addition, this type of wrestling will again take place in the Universiade and Police Games (K. Tinovitsky, 1998).
October 19, 2001. At the next Congress of the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS/FIAS), which was held in Russia in the city of Krasnoyarsk, it was decided to rename the International Amateur Sambo Federation, International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS/FIAS) into the World SAMBO Federation (WSF/ WSF).

It should be noted that the organization led by the American John Henson, which was called FIAS West, continues to exist to this day. Under the auspices of this federation, its world championships, world cups, and other international competitions are held. True, many athletes, including Russian sambo wrestlers, do not take part in these tournaments... Of course, the WSF management is trying to find contacts with the management of FIAS West. But while the personal interests of the “kingdom on the throne” overshadow the general interests of the popularization and development of SAMBO, the question “Who runs International SAMBO?” remains relevant.

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Self-defense without weapons (SAMBO) is one of the few types of martial arts that have exclusively Russian roots. It was developed taking into account the Russian mentality, but with the possibility of superiority over other sports: boxing, judo, jiu-jitsu, etc. Its birth and rapid development occurred in the time preceding the Great Patriotic War. Officially, the date of birth is considered to be 1938. Historians attribute quite a large number of people to the founding fathers, and they are still arguing about this topic.

The only thing that can be said with great confidence is that sambo is a symbiosis of a colossal number of martial arts studied in the countries of the Asian region. Over time, representatives of traditional schools of martial arts themselves recognized the right of sambo to take an honorable place among others with thousands of years of history.

What is sambo and what types of it exist?

During the development of freestyle wrestling, as sambo was originally called, the task was set to be able to use it in any extreme conditions: in winter on the street, in a cramped room, etc. The country's security forces, for which this type of struggle was developed, had to be able to disarm and detain a criminal without fatal outcome, using painful techniques. In 1947, freestyle wrestling acquired its modern name.

The uniqueness of sambo in general, as a form of wrestling, lies in its constant development. The baggage of techniques used numbers in the thousands, and is replenished every year, becoming more and more effective. The techniques are built into a certain system and are used based on the opponent’s attack options. The training system for athletes of this type is recognized in the world as one of the best. According to statistics, on this moment it is studied in more than seventy countries around the world.

Over time, schools for studying sambo became available to ordinary citizens. The requirement for knowledge of basic self-defense techniques was included in the standards of the Second Degree GTO. At the same time, it was divided into types:

• Sports(classical) - anyone can start practicing, international competitions are held, it is recognized as an Olympic sport, but was never included in the program of the Olympic Games;
• Combat– was originally intended exclusively for the police, border troops, KGB and other special forces. Over time, this type of self-defense became publicly available and also gained universal popularity. But certain applications are still taught only in units of law enforcement agencies.

Sports (classical) sambo

A type of martial arts that involves effective defense during an attack and is defensive. A certain set of rules has been developed. Athletes are divided by age, gender and weight categories. Victory is awarded based on points scored for performing power techniques. Thanks to a painful or choking technique, it is possible to win an early victory in a fight. It can also be awarded for an effective throw.

This is sport in its purest form, in best traditions international level struggle. Present minimal risk of injury. Suitable for those who want to learn self-defense techniques, improve physical fitness, increase strength and endurance. If you decide to send your child to play sports, this is an option, an excellent alternative to martial arts. At the same time, the set of techniques being mastered is suitable not only for self-defense, but will allow you to continue training in such an Olympic form as Japanese judo.

Designed more for offense than defense. In addition to using the wrestling arsenal from classical sambo, striking techniques are allowed. There are strict age restrictions on the use of painful and choking techniques. Strikes can be delivered with any part of the body to the entire body of the opponent, with the exception of painful points strictly specified by the rules. To minimize injuries, protective equipment is used: a helmet used in amateur boxing, a mouthguard to protect teeth, soft gloves that do not interfere with grips.

Due to the capabilities of the technology used, the fights look dynamic and do not take a long time, as they often end in knockdowns and knockouts. They have gained enormous popularity in mixed martial arts due to their versatile use in combat.

What do they have in common?

• Designed for protection without weapons.
• They have one common history and country of creation.
• An effective remedy for physical development and increasing endurance.
• Integrated everything best techniques world martial arts;
• In meaning and spirit it is much closer to the Russian people than martial arts.
• As a result of training, a sense of balance develops, both in relation to the enemy.
• International tournaments are held.

Existing main differences

1. Combat sambo was developed for law enforcement agencies. The classic look is an adapted version for civilian self-defense.
2. In Sambo, defense is carried out “softly”, without attacking. The combat type attacks harshly, using all methods of influencing the enemy. Complete and quick neutralization of the enemy is his main task. For this reason, it is often positioned as a form of mixed martial arts.
3. You can engage in the sport of Sambo at any age. When switching to its combat version, it is advisable to have the baggage of classic sambo behind you.
4. The entertainment and dynamism of sparring matches in combat sambo increases the risk of various injuries to athletes. In the sports version, such cases are rare.

When choosing which type of sambo to practice, do not forget for what purposes each type of this original Russian martial art was invented.

If you visited our website and opened the “About SAMBO” section, it means that you are interested in it or at least curious. In any case, what you read will not leave you indifferent. SAMBO - a powerful means of self-defense, physical and spiritual education - was invented in the Soviet Union and quickly spread throughout the world. USSR Sambo wrestlers won many medals highest quality not only in SAMBO, but also in judo, freestyle and classical wrestling, and fights without rules. Having finished their sports performances and forged their character, many sambo wrestlers became prominent scientists, military and political figures. These are brave and selfless people whom the whole world knows today.

SO:

SAMBO (an abbreviation derived from the phrase “SELF-DEFENSE WITHOUT WEAPONS”)- a type of combat sports and complex system self-defense, developed in the USSR. In SAMBO, the authors (Anatoly Kharlampiev, Vasily Oshchepkov, Viktor Spiridonov) combined techniques from many national martial arts, including Georgian chidaoba, Tatar, Karachay, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Finnish-French, Free-American, English, Swiss wrestling, Japanese judo and sumo.

History of combat sports

The struggle at the dawn of mankind helped keep people alive and provide food for themselves. The accumulated experience was passed on from generation to generation, and over time, wrestling was recognized as a means of physical development and the cultivation of valuable applied skills.

Primitive fights became a sport after the rules for their conduct emerged. The first information about sports fights is about five thousand years old: they are mentioned in the Babylonian and Indian epics, Chinese chronicles, their images are on ancient Egyptian bas-reliefs.

In Ancient Greece, wrestling was part of the program of the ancient Olympic Games. In addition, it was part of the physical education system for children and youth, including sprinting, long jump, javelin and discus throwing. The first rules of wrestling competitions were developed and described by the founder of Athens, Theseus.

The traditions of ancient Greek wrestling were revived in the mid-nineteenth century in France. This sport was first called French, then classical wrestling, now it is called Greco-Roman wrestling.

Almost immediately, French wrestling came to America. Here its development takes on a new direction, which in modern sports is called freestyle wrestling.

Greco-Roman wrestling has been included from the very beginning in the program of the modern Olympic Games, revived by Pierre de Coubertin in 1886. And already in 1904, freestyle wrestling was included in the Games program.

Each nation has its own national types of wrestling. And on the territory former USSR There are almost as many of them as there are nations - including Georgian Chidaoba, Tatar Kuresh, Karachay Tutush, Russian wrestling. All of them, as well as the experience of European and Asian culture, became the basis for SAMBO.

Chronicle of Sambo

1936 At the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, Anatoly Kharlampiev defended his thesis, in which he collected and described all the techniques he studied under the guidance of Vasily Oshchepkov and collected independently.

1938 The 1st All-Union Coaching Camp is taking place in Moscow, “which brought together coaches of various types of national wrestling - Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkmen, Kazakh, Caucasian, etc.” (“Red Sport” June 27, 1938), and a scientific and methodological conference. Oshchepkov’s student Kharlampiev was appointed as the senior coach of the training camp.

“National types of struggle of our vast Soviet Union,- Kharlampiev said at the conference, - served as the basis for the creation of a large common wrestling, which now we all call Soviet freestyle wrestling. Soviet freestyle wrestling includes all the best elements from the following national types of wrestling: Georgian, Tatar, Karachay, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc.”

He adds that the system includes the most original techniques of Finnish-French, Free-American, English wrestling of the Lancashire and Cumberland styles, Swiss, Japanese judo and sumo.

From the first moments of laying its foundation, the synthesized system assumed its openness to everything that is best and expedient, without giving priority to any one thing, and the universal rules, according to Kharlampiev, should have given the opportunity to a wrestler of any nationality, using his favorite techniques from folk wrestling, and as well as others, to compete equally with everyone else.

It was then that the main conclusion was made: as long as the search continues only in the field of purely applied self-defense systems, limited in the number of techniques, there can be no real self-defense. This requires a foundation, and this foundation should be wrestling. (Kharlampiev A. A., “SAMBO System”)

November 16, 1938 The All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issued Order 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling.” "This fight- the order says - formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of wrestling of our vast Union and some of the best techniques from other types of wrestling, is an extremely valuable sport in its variety of techniques and applications.” This day is considered to be the birthday of SAMBO.

November 25-26, 1939 The first USSR championship in “freestyle wrestling” is held in Leningrad. “Freestyle wrestling” was the name of SAMBO wrestling at that time.

1940 The first manuals on “freestyle wrestling” by N. Galkovsky and R. Shkolnikov are published. A textbook for NKVD schools is being published under the authorship of Viktor Volkov (student of Oshchepkov and Spiridonov) “Self-defense course without weapons “SAMBO””. The author tried to combine the heritage of teachers and outlined his concept of teaching the system of defense and attack. Thanks to Volkov, the word SAMBO appeared.

1941-1945. The Great Patriotic War interrupted the holding of competitions in “freestyle wrestling” (SAMBO wrestling). But it also tested the viability of SAMBO in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches, brought up on the Soviet system of self-defense, defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army.

1946“Freestyle wrestling” received its modern name - SAMBO. The concept of the SAMBO system is being formed as a system that combines SAMBO wrestling (a sports section) and self-defense without weapons “SAMBO” (a combat section designed to solve combat missions).

An All-Union section is being created, competitions and coaching camps are being resumed.

1947 The Rules for SAMBO wrestling competitions have been released. (Sambo wrestling: Competition rules. - M.: “Physical Education and Sports”, type. “Kr. Banner” - 6th type. Transzheldorizdat, 1947). The USSR SAMBO championships are being resumed, which were held regularly until the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

1948 The All-Union Committee for Physical Culture and Sports under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the first time approves the SAMBO wrestling program for sports sections of physical culture groups.

1949 The first edition of Anatoly Kharlampiev’s book “SAMBO Wrestling” is published. The book begins with the following words: “The techniques used in sambo wrestling are based on scientific data in their technique. In one case - the expedient use of body levers; in another - the application of the laws of motion of the chain of links of the human body; in the third - achieving lightning-fast movements by adding speeds, etc. - in all cases in sambo wrestling, success does not depend on the accidental discovery of a successful technique, but on the correct analysis of the movements of the human body.”

Further in the chapter on tactics, Kharlampiev writes: “In such a complex sport as sambo wrestling, technique, physical and volitional qualities alone are not enough to achieve complete success in competitions. Tactics in all its diversity plays a huge role both in an individual fight and in the entire complex of competitions. Therefore, in sambo, the study of the most rational ways to defeat an opponent should be given an important place.”

50s of the XX century for SAMBO were marked by its entry into the international arena. It all started with foreign students studying in the Soviet Union.

1953 Voenizdat publishes two books by Kharlampiev for official use - “Combat SAMBO Techniques” and “Special SAMBO Techniques.”

1957 The first official meeting of USSR sambo wrestlers with Hungarian judokas. At the Dynamo stadium in Moscow, the wrestlers of the Soviet Union won a convincing victory with a score of 47:1 over the followers of Japanese wrestling. Our sambo wrestlers fought according to the rules of judo in this meeting. The first foreign sambo federation was formed - the Sambo Wrestling Federation of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.

1958 The first Sambo wrestling championship of the People's Republic of Bulgaria is taking place - this is the first tournament of this level abroad. In Belgium, at the Brussels world exhibition “Expo-58”, a demonstration of SAMBO techniques is taking place.

1962 A judo section was organized in the USSR SAMBO Federation. Sambo wrestlers continue to actively prepare for the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo will make its debut.

1965 The SAMBO Federation is being created in Japan.

1966 At the FILA Congress, which was held in the American city of Toledo, SAMBO wrestling was recognized as an international sport. A team of Japanese sambo wrestlers comes to the Soviet Union for the first time. The guests failed to win any of the four matches.

1967 The first international SAMBO friendship tournament took place in Riga. Athletes from Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Mongolia, Japan and the USSR took part in the competition. Since this year, international competitions have been regularly held in different countries of the world.

1970 David Lvovich Rudman founded the SAMBO-70 school in Moscow.

1971 SAMBO was included in the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.

1972 The first open European SAMBO wrestling championship is being held in the USSR, in Riga. Athletes from Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, the USSR, Yugoslavia, Iran, Mongolia, and Japan took part in the competition.

1973 The first World Sambo Championship takes place at the Farah Stadium in Tehran. Athletes from Bulgaria, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia, USSR, USA, Iran, Mongolia, South Korea and Japan took part in these competitions.

1976 A book by the legendary sambo master Evgeny Mikhailovich Chumakov, “Tactics of a sambo wrestler,” is published, where the author notes: “To successfully draw up a plan of action, a wrestler needs knowledge and experience. He must be able to assess the capabilities of himself and his opponents, otherwise he will not be able to choose the right tactics and implement it. Tactics is both an art and a science. In sambo wrestling, significant experience has been accumulated in the use of tactical actions, which in recent years has been intensively summarized and systematized.”

1977 The first World Cup is played in Spain in Oviedo. The first Pan-American SAMBO Championship takes place (Puerto Rico).

1979 The first book on sambo for children is published. Author David Rudman begins it with these words: "Dear friend! I don’t know how old you are and whether you are familiar with sambo wrestling. But you picked up this book and started reading it.” And just below: “Don’t expect supernatural recipes and mysterious secrets from me. The most super-mysterious recipe has long been revealed. Sport is work! Do you want to become a sambist? A wonderful wish. But desire alone is not enough. You can lie on the couch, read books on sambo and dream of becoming a champion. You can talk a lot and intelligently about wrestling and know the names of all the techniques. But still not able to do anything. Therefore, you need to work hard, selflessly, and wisely. Search, make mistakes, lose and win. And believe, strongly believe in yourself, in your character, in your will.”

1981 SAMBO is included in the Bolivarian Games (South America).

1982 The first international sambo wrestling tournament “Memorial of Anatoly Arkadyevich Kharlampiev” is taking place in Moscow. This tournament has already become traditional. SAMBO is included in the Cruz del Sur Games program (South America, Argentina).

1983 The first World Women's Sambo Wrestling Championships took place in Madrid. SAMBO is included in the Pan-American Games program.

1984 A decree on the development of SAMBO among women in the USSR was signed. At the founding Congress in Bilbao (Spain), the International Amateur Sambo Federation, International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS), was created, which in 2001 at the next Congress was renamed the World Sambo Federation (WSF). Spaniard Fernando Compte was elected as the first president of FIAS. John Henson from the United States of America was elected first vice president.

1985 FIAS has been incorporated into GAISF (AGFIS). GAISF - World Association of International Sports Federations / General Association of International Sports Federations)

1986 The first Asian SAMBO Cup is being held in Tokyo (Japan).

1987 For the first time, the World SAMBO Cup is being held in Africa, Casablanca (Morocco).

1989 First World Junior Championships in New Jersey (USA).

1997 The XXI World SAMBO Championships are being held in Russia at the International SAMBO Academy (Kstovo). For the first time in the history of the International Amateur SAMBO Federation, it is headed by Russian Mikhail Tikhomirov.

year 2001. At the next Congress of the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS/FIAS), which was held in Russia in the city of Krasnoyarsk, it was decided to rename the International Amateur Sambo Federation, International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS/FIAS) into the World SAMBO Federation (WSF/ WSF).

Types of sambo

Although sambo initially developed as one system, currently there are three versions of sambo:

– Sports sambo is a combat sport close to judo. However, sambo wrestlers wear a jacket with “wings” and slits for a belt, shorts instead of pants, and “sambo boots” on their legs.

For a fight, a round mat is chosen instead of a square one in judo. In sambo you can do painful holds on the legs, but you cannot use choke holds, and in judo it’s the other way around. In addition, in judo and sambo there is absolutely different systems scoring.

– The art of self-defense. This form is similar to Aikijutsu, Jujitsu and Aikido. The techniques are designed to repel attacks from both armed and unarmed opponents.

– Combat Sambo is a system developed and adapted for the needs of the army and police. Combat sambo includes techniques with and without weapons.

Combat Sambo competitions resemble modern mixed martial arts (fighting without rules) matches and include extensive use of strikes, grabs and throws.

Chapter I THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF SAMBO

This chapter discusses only the most essential theoretical foundations of sambo wrestling, knowing which a sambist will be able to consciously work on further studying the technique of techniques and improve it.

The development of sambo wrestling techniques has largely proceeded and continues to proceed along the path of using the practical experience of various types of national sports wrestling of the peoples of the USSR.

In sambo wrestling, many techniques from Georgian, Azerbaijani, Turkmen and other types of wrestling are currently successfully used. Examples include “grab” and “hook from the inside”, borrowed from Georgian wrestling, “hook from the outside” - from Turkmen wrestling, “hook” - from Tatar wrestling, etc.

However, the development of rational sambo wrestling techniques and its improvement became possible only through the use of scientific data.

Based on anatomy, physiology, mechanics and other sciences, Soviet teachers and trainers improved a number of techniques and gave them the right rationale.

The classification of techniques and the development of a unified terminology on its basis played a positive role in enriching sambo technique.

For the convenience of using theoretical knowledge in order to improve Sambo technique, this chapter provides information that helps a Sambo wrestler increase his strength put into a technique, the speed of performing a technique, the amplitude of his movements, and also provides instructions on increasing the endurance of a Sambo wrestler playing important role not only in mastering the sambo technique, but also in its practical application.

How to increase the force put into a technique. The force put into a technique can be increased by:

Increasing your strength;

Using enemy strength;

Weakening enemy resistance.

Every athlete knows well that through constant exercise one can and should increase one’s strength. But exercise alone is not enough to make the technique powerful and irresistible.

First of all, the force put into the technique can be increased by lengthening the corresponding arms of the levers formed by the body parts of the sambist and his opponent. So, for example, when holding a side hold, a sambist, moving his legs and lower part of his body away from the opponent’s body, thereby increases the leverage, and with it the holding power, since the opponent, with such a ratio of leverage, can no longer throw the sambist over himself.

When performing painful techniques, the use of levers is varied. The first type lever is used when bending elbow joint arm turned outward around its long axis.

For example, when bending the elbow, grabbing the hand between the legs.

In this technique, the opponent's resistance will be primarily determined by the distance between the axis of his elbow joint and the insertion of the flexor tendons of his forearm. The force used to bend the opponent's joint depends mainly on the distance between the fulcrum and the point of your grip. The greater this distance, the greater the bending of the opponent’s joint. Sambo wrestlers take advantage of this, since increasing the leverage of this lever depends on their will and skill.

A lever of the second type is used when bending the elbow joint of the arm, turned inward around its long axis. For example, when bending the elbow with the help of the leg on top.

In this technique, the amount of force applied to bend the opponent's joint will mainly depend on the distance between the point of application of your body weight and where you grab to lift the opponent's forearm upward. A sambist can arbitrarily increase the arm of a given lever and thereby the force of bending the opponent’s joint.

A unique way of using leverage when performing so-called “knots”, i.e. twisting the shoulder joint by lifting the opponent’s elbow in different directions while simultaneously turning the shoulder part of the arm inward or outward.

When performing “knots”, to increase the power of the technique, you need to bring your forearm as close as possible to the raised elbow, and grab the opponent’s forearm as far as possible from the elbow.

When carrying out throws, the point of capture and the point of application of force of the body or legs of the sambist form a lever through which the opponent is thrown to the ground. The greater this leverage, the more force we can put into a given throw. The force put into a technique can be increased by skillfully using the weight of your body and the inertia it acquires during various movements and falls. So, for example, when throwing over the head or throwing with an arm under the shoulder, the falling body of a sambo wrestler develops significant inertia and carries the opponent along with it.

A quick forward throw also develops the inertia of the sambist’s body in the horizontal direction, sufficient to overturn the opponent with the back step or a hook from the inside.

The force put into the technique can be made greater if, when designing it, we take into account the tension of which muscles it will be performed with. To perform the techniques, it is advisable to use strong muscle groups.

The strongest muscle groups(relative to their antagonists) are:

Flexors of the hand and fingers;

Forearm supports;

Pronators of the shoulder;

Plantar flexors of the foot;

Leg extensors;

Torso extensors.

Here are a few examples of using strong muscle groups in well-known techniques.

Thus, the powerful shin extensor muscles (mainly the quadriceps femoris) and the powerful plantarflexion muscles (mainly the gastrocnemius muscle), among other muscles, are used to great effect in the following techniques: overhead throw (planting leg) , hook from the inside, hook with the foot, grab, grab, kick and hook with the shin (supporting leg), throw over the thigh and throw with an arm grab onto the shoulder (both legs).

Another example. The muscles that extend the spinal column (mainly the crucispinalis) are, among others, well used in the following techniques: throws across the chest, throws over the shoulders, bending the elbow with the help of the torso from above, separating clasped hands with deadlift.

The power of a technique can be increased by designing it in such a way that one of the opponent's limbs can be attacked with several limbs. This, of course, will create a clear advantage in strength over the enemy.

For example, when performing an elbow bend by grabbing the arm under the shoulder, an elbow bend over the forearm, a cross knot, a reverse cross knot, the sambo wrestler with both hands attacks one isolated arm of the opponent.

When bending the elbow with the help of a leg from above, the sambist attacks one of the opponent’s arms with three limbs: two arms and a leg.

Finally, when bending the elbow by grabbing the arm between the legs and bending the knee by grabbing the leg between the legs, the sambist attacks one arm or leg of the opponent with his four limbs: two arms and two legs.

Further, practical experience and experimental data have established that in order to achieve the maximum power effect, the technique should be carried out with the glottis closed, filling half of their volume with air into the lungs. Sometimes the technique can be performed during inhalation and never during exhalation.

When performing a technique, your strength can be increased by using the enemy's strength.

Rarely during a fight does the opponent stand without pressing or making jerks. More often the enemy puts his strength in some direction. If you carry out a technique in the direction where the enemy is directing his efforts, then the opponent’s strength will add up to the strength of the one performing the technique.

For example, if the opponent is pressing, then in order to use his strength, you need to throw forward: a throw over the head, a throw through the hip, a throw through the chest, etc.

If the opponent, retreating, pulls, then for the same purpose you should carry out throws back: an inside hook, a back step, “scissors”, etc.

In some cases, a sambist can weaken the resistance of his opponent and thereby become relatively stronger.

A sambist can weaken his opponent's resistance by isolating those limbs that could help the opponent resist the painful hold.

So, for example, when carrying a knot across the right hand, pinning the opponent’s left hand with the legs greatly weakens his resistance.

Or when bending the elbow with a grip right hand The sambist presses the opponent's chest under the shoulder to the mat in such a way that it is impossible for the opponent to reach his right hand with his left hand and help it free itself from the powerful grip. This isolation of the opponent's left hand greatly weakens his defense.

If you attack the enemy in the direction of action of his strong muscle groups, then he will be able to resist your attack only with the antagonists of these muscle groups, i.e., weak muscle groups, and it will not be difficult for you to overcome their opposition.

So, for example, when performing the technique of bending the elbow by grabbing the arm under the shoulder, we act in the direction of turning the shoulder part of the opponent’s arm inward, i.e. in the direction of the pronators of the shoulder - a large and strong muscle group. The opponent can resist shoulder pronation by supinating it. This defensive movement can be carried out only by a few and relatively weak muscles.

The table shows that when the opponent's shoulder part of the arm turns inward, he is able to provide only weak resistance.

When taut, the Achilles tendon is far from tibia and it is very difficult to press him to it, but as soon as you strongly bend the enemy’s foot towards the sole, the Achilles tendon will be close to the tibia, and in this position the technique can be carried out with less effort and with greater success. This expedient movement is not difficult to carry out, since only weak extensors of the foot (dorsal flexors of the foot) will resist it.

In order to correctly choose the direction of attack on the enemy, you need to know which muscle groups are strong and which are weak. The strong muscle groups have been listed previously.

Weak muscle groups include:

Extensors of the hands and fingers;

Pronators of the forearm;

Shoulder supports;

Shoulder abductors;

Foot extensors (dorsal flexors of the foot);

Shin flexors;

Torso flexors.

The direction of the sambist’s movements should be coordinated with the nature of the opponent’s grips, which are easily overcome in one direction and irresistible in the other.

So, for example, it is easy to pull out a hand grabbed by an opponent by the wrist, acting in the direction of his thumb. Or you can easily separate the opponent’s hands clasped in a “lock” with a counter jerk of both hands towards the back of his hands.

In addition, you should attack the enemy at those moments when he is weakened. For example, when the opponent is in a position that he has poorly trained; when his attention is distracted by something; when he is tired; when he exhales.

How to increase the speed of performing your technique. You can increase the speed of performing your technique by:

Increasing the speed of your movements;

Using the speed of the enemy's movements;

Reducing the speed of enemy movements.

With constant training you can increase the speed of your movements. In addition, you can use a number of actions to increase the speed of performing the intended technique. Sambo wrestlers achieve this increase in speed primarily by combining different movements of the same direction into one complexly coordinated movement. Thus, the speed of movement of any part of a sambist’s body can consist of the sum of speeds various parts his body. This allows in some cases to increase the speed of the technique by 2-3 times.

So, for example, when grabbing an opponent’s leg, a sambist can combine four different movements directed in one direction into one, rather complex, but very fast movement. In this movement, extending the arm in the direction of the grip is combined with a simultaneous tilt of the torso, a step forward and a squat on the legs. Another example. The jerk with the left hand behind the opponent’s right sleeve while performing a front sweep with the left leg is coordinated by sambo wrestlers from: flexion of the forearm, extension of the shoulder (moving the arm back) and turning the body in the direction of the jerk.

A sambist can also increase the speed of performing a technique by combining movements in different directions. However, in these cases the increase in speed of movement will not be absolute, but relative.

So, for example, when performing a side sweep, the sambist’s left leg moves to the right and up, and his arms move to the left and down. In this case, the movement of the leg in relation to the movement of the arms will have a speed equal to the sum of the speeds of movement of the arms and legs. The practical value of this relative increase in speed is that the general center of gravity of the enemy's body is moved beyond his support area in one direction, while the fulcrum is knocked out from under his center of gravity in the opposite direction. Consequently, the enemy will fall twice as fast.

Another example. When performing a pick-up, the sambist kicks the opponent’s legs out from under his body in one direction and at the same time with this jerk pulls his body in the opposite direction. This counter movement also speeds up the opponent's fall.

The beginning of each technique is inhibited by the tension of muscles not directly involved in this movement. By making his stance free from unnecessary tension, the sambist will much speed up the start of any technique. This is also facilitated by an appropriate starting position before the start of each technique.

It should also be taken into account that the movements of a sambist are inhibited by weight and grips.

To increase the speed of an attack with a leg, a sambist must first release this leg from the weight of his body. To increase the speed of an attack with an arm or body, you need to either completely free them from the enemy’s grips, or choose a direction of attack in which the grip will least slow down the movement.

By combining the speed of the opponent’s counter movements with his own movements, the sambist gets the opportunity to speed up the start of the technique. Thus, making a front sweep at the moment the opponent steps forward, the sambist combines the speed of movement of his cutting leg with the speed of the opponent’s leg walking towards him, thereby speeding up his sweep by almost half.

Or, by grabbing the opponent’s leg during his step forward, the sambo wrestler also speeds up his attack by adding the speeds of oncoming movements - his own and the opponent’s.

If you artificially slow down the opponent’s movements, the sambist’s movements will become faster relative to the movements of his opponent. Therefore, he will gain a speed advantage.

When fighting while standing, lengthening the distance and moving back the leg to be attacked, we achieve an increase in the time required for the opponent to make contact with the attacked leg.

By loading the opponent's leg with which he is going to attack with part of his weight and the opponent's weight, and also by holding the part of his body with which he is going to attack, the sambist will slow down the opponent's attack.

If you move in the same direction as the opponent’s attack, then his movement will be slowed down, since the speed with which the sambist removes his attacked limb will be subtracted from the speed of the opponent’s movement.

When fighting while lying down, you can also slow down the opponent's movements.

It is known that parts of human limbs, summing up their movements with the movement of the torso, have greater mobility the closer they are to the nail phalanges. Consequently, if we, for example, need to attack the enemy’s forearm, then first we need to shackle his torso, then the shoulder part of his arm, and only after that proceed to attack the forearm, which in this state will have not only slow, but also extremely limited movements.

When wrestling while lying on top, a sambo wrestler can press down his opponent with his weight, and his movements will slow down. Being lying under the opponent during the fight, the sambist can, continuously throwing the opponent off balance, force him to spend significant efforts to restore balance, this will slow down his movements.

How to increase the amplitude of your movements. To overcome the attack or resistance of the enemy, the scope, or the so-called amplitude of a particular movement, plays an important role. You can increase the amplitude of your movements by: developing the quality of flexibility; eliminating mechanical obstacles; correct placement of body parts united by two- and multi-joint muscles.

The quality of flexibility is developed through constant special exercises. But in some cases, no matter how elastic the sambist’s muscles are, his movements may have a limited range of motion due to purely mechanical obstacles. By removing these obstacles, we greatly increase the range of our movements.

So, for example, during a side sweep, the thigh of the supporting leg limits the movement of the thigh of the attacking leg to the side. But it is enough to turn the toe of the supporting leg outward (supinate the leg), and the movement of the attacking leg, without encountering an obstacle, greatly increases its scope.

For the same reasons, when tackling, the toe of the supporting leg is placed exactly in the direction of the subsequent movement of the attacking leg, and when performing a hook with the foot, the heel of the supporting leg moves forward.

Significant abduction of the hip is prevented by the greater trochanter of the femur, which rests on the upper edge of the articular surface. If you supinate the hip (turn the leg with the toe outward), then when abducting the hip, the greater trochanter will no longer interfere and the amplitude of movement will increase sharply.

The upper shoulder girdle, with a fixed pelvic girdle, can only rotate up to an angle of 45°. To increase the rotation of the shoulder girdle, it is necessary to rotate the pelvic girdle, which is easily accomplished by strongly turning the toe of the supporting leg in the direction in which the torso needs to be turned. So, when using the back step, catching and catching, we turn the toe of the supporting leg outward in advance and thereby ensure the desired rotation of the body.

Muscles, which pass through several joints with their tendons, severely limit their amplitude in many improperly organized movements. By correctly placing the parts of his body, the sambist achieves the desired increase in the amplitude of a particular movement.

So, with all swings of the leg to carry out grabs, grabs, rear and front steps, if the leg is kept straight, its movements are inhibited by the tension of the shin flexors. By bending the leg at the knee, we release tension distal end flexors of the lower leg and thereby gain the opportunity to more freely bend the hip to carry out the swing.

However, endurance largely depends on other reasons.

Strict adherence to a sports regimen plays a huge role in maintaining and developing endurance.

In this mode you need:

Sleep in hygienic conditions for at least 8 and no more than 9 hours;

Start training after eating no earlier than 2-2 1/2 hours, end training no later than 2 hours before bedtime;

Do not smoke or drink alcohol;

Do not carry excess weight and do not lose more than 1/25 of your own weight before competitions;

Take meals 3 times a day at the same time, but not earlier than 30 minutes later. after training. The total weight of the daily diet should not exceed 2.5-3 kg. Eat little meat, often replacing it with fish. Increase the amount of fruits, vegetables and dairy products in your food. Introduce foods that contain iron necessary for red blood cells (blood sausages, egg yolk, lentils and oatmeal). Daily: take 2.5-3 mg of vitamin B 1 (averin) and to neutralize acidic foods disintegration drink 1 glass of Borjom on an empty stomach.

The stamina of a sambist during a fight can be preserved by saving his energy. A sambist should not make unnecessary movements; its stance should be free, and the muscles that are not directly involved in the movements should be in a relaxed state; tired parts of the body should be temporarily turned off from the load, allowing them to recover, for example, if the finger flexors begin to get tired, then you should move to a distance outside the grip for a while and make deceptive movements with relaxed hands, allowing the tired muscles to rest.

During a fight, it is permissible to hold your breath only at the moment of performing a technique or defense against an enemy attack, but the rest of the time you need to breathe as deeply as possible, paying special attention to exhaling completely.

Self-hypnosis should not be neglected. The confidence instilled in yourself that you can finish the fight at the same pace or even by increasing the pace is a powerful support for the sambo wrestler.

If you can tire out your opponent by “hanging” on him and continuous jerking, forcing him to keep his body tense all the time, then it will become much easier for you to fight. Fighting a tired opponent requires less energy.

How to increase your resilience. A sambist can increase his stability by correctly placing his body in relation to the mat and the opponent.

It is well known that the larger the support area a body has, the more stable it is. The sambist increases the area of ​​his support by placing his feet in the sagittal and frontal directions, as well as by the appropriate direction of the feet themselves. But the wide placement of the feet, reaching a certain limit, reduces the mobility of the sambist, which is just as, and often even more necessary for maintaining stability. Therefore, a sambist’s support area is rarely wider than his shoulders. In some cases, fulfilling the requirement regarding the location of the projection of the general center of gravity, a sambist can bring the projection of individual parts of his body to the boundaries of the support area or even beyond these boundaries, for example, with a bent stance. In these cases, stability will decrease; therefore, to achieve stability, it is necessary to place not only the projection of the general center of gravity of the body, but also the projection of the center of gravity, possibly more parts of your body as close as possible to the center of your support area. This is done by using a straight stand.

While moving, the sambist finds himself standing on one leg for a moment. At this moment, the sambist not only has a small area of ​​support: the projection of his general center of gravity is often located outside it. Maintaining balance in these cases depends on the short duration of stay in this position and the exercise of special vigilance.

When throwing throws, the sambist to some extent puts his weight into the technique, and his body acquires inertia, which makes him fall. This fall can be prevented by strongly turning the body towards the supporting leg or by lunging in the appropriate direction with the leg freed from the attack. So, for example, when carrying out the rear steps, a rotation of the body is made, and when carrying out a side sweep, a lunge is made.

If sambo wrestlers push against each other or pull each other in their own direction, then maintaining their balance depends on their mutual efforts. In the first case, the projection of the common center of gravity of each of them is in front of the support area or close to it, and in the second case it is behind. Consequently, in both of the above cases, the stability of each sambo wrestler depends on the “help” provided to him by the opponent. Therefore, it is very important that the sambist’s stance be as independent as possible from this “help”.

When the opponent pushes and jerks, in order to maintain the independence of his balance, the sambist can make movements in the direction of the opponent’s efforts.

In all cases, when a sambist lifts his opponent, it is necessary to tilt the body in the opposite direction so that the center of gravity of the sambist and the opponent he lifts is above the support area. This is especially difficult to achieve when lifting the opponent while standing on one leg (pickup, shin hook, etc.).

When completing throws in a standing position, the enemy's falling body develops a certain speed. In order not to be carried away by a strong jerk in the direction of the opponent’s fall, the sambist must correspondingly tilt his body, and sometimes throw his freed arm in the opposite direction.

How to reduce the impact force of a falling body. Each of the throws being practiced ends in a fall.

Naturally, a sambist must be able to soften his fall on the mat, otherwise it will be painful for him. Therefore, Sambo has introduced a kind of self-insurance during falls, based on the decomposition of the blow. The impact of a falling body in some cases can be turned into a somersault and likened to a rolling (“without impact”) ball.

In other cases, the blow is laid out by successively touching the carpet with different parts of the body.

Carrying out techniques taking into account the opponent’s physique. When performing techniques, along with taking into account other features, one should also take into account the opponent’s physique features in order to change the technique accordingly. For example, if the opponent is taller than the attacker and keeps at a long distance, then when performing a front sweep, it is difficult for the attacker to reach his foot with his foot; it's much easier to reach the top of his shin. Therefore, in this case it is more convenient to carry out a front sweep to the knee.

Or another example: a throw over the head of a taller opponent will not work when grabbing clothes on his sleeves, but it works well when grabbing the opponent's shoulders. Sometimes it is necessary to prepare in advance for the corresponding opponent throws suitable for his physique. So, for example, a throw with an arm grab on the shoulder, a throw over the shoulders, with a grab of the legs and similar throws are good to carry out on a taller opponent.

A throw with an arm under the shoulder, hooks, and an inside grab are good for opponents of shorter stature.

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Theoretical foundations of Qigong The basis of Chinese philosophy since ancient times has been the doctrine of two opposite and inseparable principles, Yin and Yang. They denote not only material phenomena, but the qualities and properties inherent in one object, as well as the forces that generate

The official date of birth of sambo is considered to be November 16, 1938, when the USSR Sports Committee included sambo among the sports cultivated in the USSR.

Sambo is relatively young, but quite popular and intense developing species combat sports. The basis of the technical arsenal of Sambo is a complex of the most effective techniques of defense and attack, selected from various types of martial arts and national struggles of many peoples of the world. The number of techniques in the Sambo arsenal is continuously increasing as this type of combat sport develops.

The philosophy of Sambo is not only a type of combat sport and a system of countering the enemy without the use of weapons, but also an educational system that promotes the development of moral and volitional qualities, patriotism and citizenship. Sambo classes build strong character, stamina and endurance, contribute to the development of self-discipline and the development of qualities necessary to achieve life goals. Sambo creates people who are able to stand up for themselves, for their family, for their Motherland.

Sambo includes the most effective techniques and tactics of various types of combat sports, martial arts and folk species wrestling: Azerbaijani (gyulesh), Uzbek (uzbekcha kurash), Georgian (chidaoba), Kazakh (Kazaksha kures), Tatar (kөrәsh), Bashkir (Bashkortsa kөrәsh), Buryat wrestling (Buhe Barildaan); Moldavian (trynta), Finnish-French, free-American, Swiss, English wrestling of the Lancashire and Cumberland styles, Japanese judo and sumo and other types of martial arts.

Such a system, aimed at searching for everything that is advanced and expedient, formed the basis of the philosophy of sambo - philosophy continuous development, renewal, openness to everything better. Along with wrestling techniques, sambo also absorbed the moral principles of the peoples who passed on part of their culture to sambo. These values ​​gave Sambo the strength to go through the harsh tests of time, to survive and become stronger in them. According to enthusiasts of this sport, children even today, when practicing sambo, not only learn to defend themselves, but also supposedly gain experience in worthy behavior based on the values ​​of patriotism [ ] and citizenship. At the same time, unlike the philosophy of aikido, where the connection of this type of martial arts with loyalty to the Japanese Empire is deduced for a specific particular case and is associated with the personality of a single sensei, the cause-and-effect relationship of sambo with Russian patriotism is not explained.

The history of sambo is closely connected with the history of the country, the history of its victories. Sambo is a powerful means of implementing the idea of ​​generational continuity.

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History of Sambo

The emergence of sambo occurred in the 1920-1930s, when the young Soviet state was in dire need of a social institution that would provide its protection, educate active members of society, and also be capable of becoming an effective tool for the socialization of a huge number of homeless and neglected children and adolescents.

From the very beginning, sambo developed in two directions: as a mass sport and as effective remedy training personnel for law enforcement agencies. Since 1923, at the Moscow Dynamo Sports Society, V. A. Spiridonov has been cultivating a specific applied discipline - self-defense (abbr. samoz). At the Dynamo base, various martial arts were studied, including national types of wrestling of the peoples of the world, boxing and other striking techniques. This direction was closed and intended exclusively for the training of special forces.

During the same period, sports sambo was actively developing on the basis of judo, and after the arrest and death of Oshchepkov, it was known as “freestyle wrestling without weapons.” A graduate of the Kodokan Judo Institute, second dan holder V. S. Oshchepkov begins teaching judo as academic discipline at the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, but is gradually moving away from the canons of judo in search of the most effective techniques, is engaged in enriching and improving self-defense techniques, forming the foundations of a new type of martial arts. The combat direction of this martial art, similar to jiu-jitsu in judo, is taught by him at the military department of the Moscow Institute of Physical Education, created in 1932. Over time, Spiridonov’s self-defense system merged with Oshchepkov’s system. A huge contribution to the formation, development and spread of the system of self-defense without weapons was made by A. A. Kharlampiev (one of V. S. Oshchepkov’s students), who independently studied the national types of wrestling of different peoples. An invaluable contribution to the development of sambo was made by E. M. Chumakov (student of A. A. Kharlampiev). Nowadays, sambo wrestling is represented in two directions: sports and combat.

Since its founding, sambo has been considered as an effective means of moral-volitional and all-round physical development, increasing agility, strength, endurance, nurturing tactical thinking, and developing civic-patriotic qualities. Already in the 1930s, sambo was included in the standards of the GTO complex, developed with the active participation of V. S. Oshchepkov. Millions of Soviet citizens with early age learned the basics of self-defense without weapons, improved health, and developed character.

On November 16, 1938, the All-Union Committee on Physical Culture and Sports issued Order No. 633 “On the development of freestyle wrestling (sambo)”:

Freestyle wrestling in the USSR, formed from the most valuable elements of the national types of wrestling of our vast Union (Georgian, Tajik, Kazakh, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Karachay) and some of the best techniques from other types of wrestling, is extremely valuable in its variety of techniques and sport of military importance. For the first time, freestyle wrestling began to be cultivated in Moscow and Leningrad. This sport received the most widespread development in the societies “Wings of the Soviets” (Moscow) and “Vodnik” (Leningrad), in which these sections, thanks to planned systematic work, achieved major sporting successes. Freestyle wrestling, thanks to the successful experience of Moscow and Leningrad, began to penetrate other cities of the USSR (Kharkov, Saratov, Kyiv and Baku). To direct and guide this work, the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports created an All-Union Section in November 1937, which made it possible to combine the experience of individual cities and direct this work along a single sports channel. Held during 1938, the All-Union gathering of coaches in Moscow, the All-Ukrainian gathering in Kyiv, match meetings - Moscow-Leningrad, edition official rules etc. ensure the further development of this valuable sport in defense terms. However, freestyle wrestling has not yet become the property of the broad masses of Soviet athletes. Such societies as “Spartak”, “Lokomotiv”, “Zenith”, “Stroitel” and others, despite the existing conditions, do not pay absolutely any attention to this sport, thereby ignoring the task of the comprehensive development of defense sports. Based on the above, the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ORDERS: Organize freestyle wrestling sections at all republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports. In republics, territories and regions in which national types of wrestling are popular among the local population, organize and strengthen sports work in these types of wrestling. a) organize systematic classes and training on national species fight, create everything for this the necessary conditions(instruction, inventory and equipment); b) develop competition rules that reflect national characteristics struggle; c) include in the sports calendar events in national wrestling, as well as freestyle wrestling, taking into account local characteristics. In order to strengthen the material base, republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports should include in their estimates the costs associated with the development of freestyle wrestling, and in national regions - national wrestling. Instruct the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions and all Central Councils of voluntary sports societies to develop work on freestyle wrestling, obliging them to allocate the necessary funds for this matter. In order to provide the new sport with qualified personnel, the Main Sports Inspectorate will organize 3-month training courses for juniors. trainers for the periphery during 1939. To oblige the republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports, which sent their representatives to participate in the 1st All-Union freestyle wrestling training camp, to use them for their intended purpose for organizing local work in freestyle wrestling and for creating personnel By this species sports Oblige the All-Union Freestyle Wrestling Section to develop a standard training program for the grassroots section and a freestyle wrestling textbook. Release taxonomy tables and photo albums on freestyle wrestling to help coaches. Include the match of 6 cities and the All-Union Championship in the calendar of sports events for 1939 and oblige the republican, regional, regional and city committees for physical education and sports to include freestyle wrestling competitions in the sports calendar of 1939. Taking into account the defensive significance of freestyle wrestling, include in the complex of standards of the GTO stage II, as one of the qualifying standards, for men sports wrestling, for women a self-defense complex based on freestyle wrestling. Head of the Sports Equipment Department of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports, Comrade. MASS to ensure the production of the required amount of sports equipment: a) sports robes b) boots c) wrestling mats Chairman of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports Under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

A decision was made to organize a sambo training system in all republics of the USSR, and the All-Union Freestyle Wrestling (Sambo) Section was created, which later became the Sambo Federation. The following year, the first national championship in the new sport was held.

The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War interrupted the holding of the USSR championships. But the war became a tough test of the viability of sambo in combat conditions. Athletes and coaches trained in Sambo defended their Motherland with honor, participated in the training of fighters and commanders, and fought in the ranks of the active army. Sambo wrestlers were awarded military orders and medals, many of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union.

In the 1950s, sambo entered the international arena and repeatedly proved its effectiveness. In 1957, fighting against Hungarian judokas, Soviet sambo wrestlers won a convincing victory in two friendly matches with a total score of 47:1. Two years later, the sambo wrestlers repeated their success, already in meetings with judokas of the GDR. On the eve of the Olympic Games in Tokyo, Soviet sambo wrestlers, fighting according to the rules of judo, defeated the Czechoslovakian team, and then defeated the European judo champions, the French team. In 1964, Soviet sambo wrestlers represented the country at the Olympic Games in Tokyo, where judo made its debut. As a result of the triumphant performance of the USSR national team, which took second place in the team competition, Japan’s own sambo federation was created the following year. An exchange of coaches and athletes is organized, and methodological literature on sambo is translated into Japanese. The process of actively using methods of training sambo wrestlers and methods of conducting a fight in sambo to improve judo begins.

In 1966, at the congress of the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA), sambo was officially recognized as an international sport. The popularity of sambo began to grow steadily around the world. The very next year, the first international sambo tournament took place in Riga, in which athletes from Yugoslavia, Japan, Mongolia, Bulgaria and the USSR took part. In 1972, the first European Open Championship took place, and in 1973, the first World Championship, in which athletes from 11 countries took part. In subsequent years, European and world championships and international tournaments are regularly held. Sambo federations are being created in Spain, Greece, Israel, the USA, Canada, France and other countries. In 1977, sambists competed at the Pan American Games for the first time; In the same year, the World Sambo Cup was played for the first time. In 1979, the first World Youth Championship was held, and two years later the first World Women's Championship. Also in 1981, sambo entered the Bolivarian Games of South America.

Despite all the active development and growth of international popularity in the 1970-1980s, sambo was not included in the program of the Olympic Games. However, at this time, continuing the traditions of mass development, sambo was widely spread in the country's universities. A large number of students passed through the sambo sections of universities and institutes of the Soviet Union, the sports society "Burevestnik", who now, having become successful statesmen, athletes, military men, scientists, form an active part of the all-Russian sambo community. At the same time, active work was carried out to develop sambo at the place of residence and in institutions of additional sports education, and to train highly qualified athletes.

In 1985, the USSR State Committee for Physical Culture and Sports adopted a resolution “On the state and measures for the development of sambo wrestling”, which contributed to a significant increase in the number of sports schools cultivating sambo, an increase in the total number of students, and improved training of highly qualified athletes. Under the auspices of the USSR State Sports Committee, sambo competitions were held among military-patriotic clubs for prizes of the USSR National Olympic Committee. Sambo wrestling has become the only non-Olympic sport that has received broad government support.

The 1990s were a difficult period for sambo. Under the conditions of perestroika, various types of martial arts became especially popular, which was greatly facilitated by foreign cinema, with its promotion of outwardly spectacular techniques of karate, aikido, wushu, etc. Previously banned by the state, these martial arts became especially attractive to young people. But already in the late 1990s - early 2000s, a new discipline was emerging - combat sambo. This was largely due to the growing popularity of mixed martial arts, where students of the Sambo school proved its effectiveness.

The formation and development of combat sambo made it possible to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of sambo against the background of various types and styles of martial arts, and became a powerful incentive for improving sambo. In 2001, the first Russian Combat Sambo Championship took place. In 2002, the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture and Sports issued a decree approving the new discipline of combat sambo.

The 2000s became a time of active development of sambo, primarily due to the strengthening of regional sambo federations, increasing the level of government support, growing funding, improving the level of training of athletes, and developing a system of sports events.

Sambo disciplines

Traditionally, Sambo technique consists of two groups of techniques:

1. Techniques for disarming and arresting with the help of painful locks in a standing position (historical “combat section”);
2. Techniques of sports disciplines.

The latter include technical actions of sambo wrestling and sports combat sambo.

In sports combat sambo, sambo wrestling techniques are allowed to be used, as well as actions permitted by the competition rules of all existing martial arts (all types of punches, kicks, elbows, knees; choking techniques).

Sambo rules

There are seven age groups in sambo competitions, presented in the table.

Sambo is divided into weight categories depending on age and gender. In sports sambo it is allowed to use throws, holds and painful techniques on the arms and legs. In sambo, throws can be carried out using the arms, legs and torso. In sambo, points are awarded for throws and holds. A throw is a technique with which a sambist throws an opponent off balance and throws him onto the mat on some part of the body or on his knees. When holding, the sambist presses his head or chest against his opponent and holds him in this position for 20 seconds. A sambist can win ahead of schedule if he throws his opponent onto his back, while remaining in a standing position, performs a painful hold, and scores 8 (since 2015, before that it was 12 points. Source - sambo-fias.org) points more than the opponent.

• 8 points are awarded for throwing an opponent onto his back without the attacker falling.

4 points are awarded:

• for throwing an opponent onto his back with the attacker falling;
• for throwing an opponent on his side without the attacker falling;
• for holding for 20 seconds.

2 points are awarded:

• for throwing an opponent on his side with the attacker falling;
• for a throw on the chest, shoulder, stomach, pelvis without the attacker falling;
• for holding for more than 10 but less than 20 seconds.

1 point is awarded:

• for throwing the opponent onto the chest, shoulder, stomach, pelvis with the attacker falling.

A painful hold is a technical action in prone wrestling that forces the opponent to give up. In sambo it is allowed to use levers, knots, pinching joints and muscles on the opponent’s arms and legs. Contraction time is 3-5 minutes of pure time.

Currently, there are six competition systems in Sambo:

• Olympic with repechage matches from semi-finalists;
• Olympic with repechage matches from the finalists;
• Olympic without repechage matches;
• up to six penalty points;
• up to two defeats;
• circular, divided into subgroups.

Dress

Modern rules provide for the following participant costume: special red or blue colors(samboo boots), belt and short shorts, as well as special shoes (wrestling shoes). In addition, participants are provided with a protective groin bandage (swimming trunks or non-metal shell) and a bra and one-piece swimsuit are provided for participants.

Sambo jackets and belts are made from cotton fabric. The sleeve of the jacket is wrist-length, and has a width that leaves at least 10 cm of clearance to the arm. The jacket's tails are short, 15 cm below the waist.