Description of a psycho. Tags: types of psychopathy, classification of psychopathy, schizoid psychopathy, hysterical psychopathy, asthenic psychopathy

The most controversial question in modern psychology is who is a psychopath. There is no such diagnosis in the classification of mental illnesses. This term is often used to describe a sociopath. Disputes and research on this topic are ongoing, and diametrically opposed opinions are expressed. From the complete denial of such a concept as psychopathy, to advanced tomographic studies with the establishment of typical brain activities in sociopaths. You can see what kind of brain a psychopath has. The photo below clearly demonstrates this.

Psychopath's Brain

The psychopath's brain is characterized by reduced functionality in the frontal and temporal areas. These areas are responsible for control and empathy. Empathy is defined as the ability to sense the emotions of others. Psychopaths can be figuratively defined as intraspecific predators who hunt their own kind and use their resources and energy for their own well-being.

For many people who live with psychopaths and do not know it, one understanding is that close person sick, brings relief. They understand that emotional exhaustion and neuroses are not their personal problem. A psychopath is a person who, due to an illness, can lead the entire family to nervous breakdowns.

Who is this?

Psychopath - who is this? It’s difficult to answer in a nutshell. Signs must appear acutely, cumulatively, and over a long period of time. Each person has certain inclinations and weaknesses of character, with neuroses and nervous breakdowns all people face, not necessarily sick people, especially if there are reasons that cause emotional outbursts. It is important to realize that such drastic changes in life, which are accompanied by the death of a loved one, loss of a job, betrayal of a partner and naturally imply a certain human reaction to stress, cannot be mistaken for pathology. Often these reactions can be mistaken for a personality disorder. But if all the features of deviation from the norm are present in a complex and systematically without visible external reasons, we can already draw some conclusions.

The presence of signs of psychopathy does not give us the right to label a person, especially publicly. This information should only help us personally make decisions about continuing to communicate with the person.

How to recognize a psychopath

How do you know who a psychopath is? Symptoms and signs are below:

• Talkativeness and superficial charm. These are often friendly, talkative people who use gestures and are artistic. People around them consider such people sweet and charming. If you listen to what such a person says, it turns out that all the information given is very superficial, this is conversation for the sake of conversation.
• The need for mental stimulation. These people often get bored when nothing happens, when everything is quiet and calm. They cannot occupy themselves and entertain themselves, so they definitely need to arrange something - a feast, a scandal, some kind of trip, call people home. They are adrenaline dependent, and if everything is calm, they become uncomfortable.
• Even if they work, they are looking for a job where they can do nothing. Ideally, he does nothing at all, lives at the expense of his husband, wife, children, parents, etc., a psychopath.
• This disorder involves poor behavioral control. They cannot control themselves, easily explode, and become irritated.
• Promiscuity, but not always.

Personalities of psychopaths

What kind of psychopath is this is important to know in order to protect your emotional health.

• Emotional superficiality. They do not have deep feelings, there is no deep fear, anxiety, love, affection. All emotions are formal and superficial. They never think about anything for a long time, they are indifferent to difficulties, whatever they may be - financial, social, emotional, physical, etc. The feeling of love is not characteristic of them. They may experience sexual feelings, obsessive thoughts about controlling a person or manipulating his life, and this is perceived by them as love.
• Ability to manipulate. Such people will bring loved ones to tears and force them to do what they need. Everyone in the family will walk in line. Psychopaths manipulate with screams, bad moods, feeling unwell, blackmail and threats (disinheritance).
• Deceit. Sociopaths tell all sorts of stories that never happened, pretending they are true. When they deny them, they claim that they didn’t say that.
• Lack of compassion and empathy, heartlessness. Nothing can evoke any kind of sympathetic reaction in them - not the illnesses of loved ones, not death, not poverty, not abandoned animals or homeless children.
• Incapacity for regret and repentance. Even if the guilt is obvious, these people will shift it to someone else. They are never ashamed, they will never say: “What a pity that I did this.” They feel no remorse. You won't get any words of apology from them.
• Self-centeredness.

Beware - psychopath!

A psychopath is a person who, due to his own inadequacy, is capable of humiliating others, putting them in danger, causing pain and suffering, not just once or twice, but systematically. Sociopaths are extremely deceitful, and given their effective abilities (flat effect), their lies are very difficult to detect. Even experienced verifiers and profilers often make mistakes when working with them. When identifying a lie, specialists often ask themselves at the very beginning whether the person in front of me is healthy or not.

You won’t immediately understand who a psychopath is; these people have a superficial charm and are excellent at disguising themselves, causing others to justify the actions of the person causing suffering.

Types of psychopathy

Is the interpretation of the term limited to sociopathy? What kind of psychopath can he be? The varieties are described in the book by P. B. Ganushkin. He proposes this classification.

• Cycloids - the life mode changes abruptly, intervals of complete inactivity - to hyper-efficiency. Characterized by cyclical ups and downs of mood for no reason.
• Asthenics are people who are characterized by anxiety, suspiciousness and the possibility of developing nervous obsessive states. The main worry is “what if something happens,” “whether I said something right or wrong,” “what if I get sick.” They create predictable spaces of safety around themselves and avoid unpredictable situations.
• Schizoids - they withdraw from the world, do nothing, close themselves into a shell and refuse to interact with people, limiting their circle of contacts.
• Hysterical characters do not refuse contact with the world, but on the contrary, they try to demonstrate themselves, surprise everyone, and throw hysterics.
• Paranoids are people who are hyper-suspicious for no reason and have no sense of humor. They firmly believe in their delusional speculations and ideas; there is no need to convince such a person - it won’t work.
• Epileptoids (they do not suffer from epilepsy) structure the reality around them, they know what is where, the house is always perfectly clean. Everything must lie strictly in its place, everything must happen at a strictly designated time and in a certain order. They are vindictive, everyone can remember. They can be identified by handwriting or signature. They usually have a very beautiful, complex signature that is very clear and consistent. Work that requires precision, stereotyping, and accuracy is suitable for them; they enjoy it.
• Unstable psychopaths - cannot exert themselves in terms of school, work or stressful situations, tend to live under someone's guardianship. They do not deny themselves anything, so there may be problems with alcohol, drugs, and a promiscuous sex life.
• An antisocial psychopath is a complete lack of interest in others, including family. They have no friends, they do not know how to empathize. They lie shamelessly, are prone to fraud, act impulsively and do not plan ahead. They often criticize others, but not themselves.
• Constitutionally stupid people have sweet, sociable personalities, good conversationalists. Disorderly, extremely sloppy and lazy. They feel good only thanks to a strong hand and guidance.

Personality Varieties

The following disorders may also be classified as psychopathic.

• Narcissistic Personalities - They love attention and will do anything to get it. Everything is for me and all attention is on me. And if this does not happen, the person becomes aggressive. It becomes common behavior to extract both material and emotional resources from the family for one’s own personal purposes and to maintain one’s external position in society. Half of such a person’s salary is spent on expensive suits, ties and watches, and he does not see anything unusual in this, although the family saves on feeding the children, hoping that the husband will climb the career ladder and begin to bring in more money. But the family will not get anything, even if the psychopathic narcissist gets rich. It's a disease, but that doesn't make it any easier. The absolute self-centeredness of such psychopaths seems somewhat childish and infantile. In fact, it is true: he is a big narcissistic child who plays with toys and will never stop. When deciding to establish a relationship with such a person, you need to understand that if you do not put him on a pedestal, he will behave aggressively, and in the opposite case, he will pull all the resources from his loved one. There is no word "no" for him sexual relations, he does not stop, but continues to harass. In the company of such a person there is a high risk of rape; he views the other as a thing to support his own ego.
• Emotionally unstable - they jump across all spectrums of feelings, from extremely positive to extremely negative moods. At work or in some public place they can be charming, being on an emotional high, but at home the slightest difficulty, any unpleasant information will lead them to the very bottom of the negative emotional spectrum. The family will have to get them out of there, playing the role of a rescuer. Those who associate closely with such people pay a lifelong emotional toll, becoming so tired that they are completely exhausted, making it impossible for them to lead a normal life. Sometimes such psychopaths are figuratively called energy vampires. Such people can move from one person to another, and then back, waiting until the old partner has rested, and forget emotional fatigue from their relationship and it can be used again. Such multiple connections are one of the characteristics of such psychopaths. They are extremely manipulative in their attempts to gain emotional support, and their typical threat is suicide. You need to treat it realistically; it is best to persuade the person to visit a psychotherapist. But you still need to break up; this relationship is destructive by definition. Interestingly, one of the signs of this disorder is self-harm, for example, multiple healed skin cuts. Having seen such scars, you can prepare your strength for emotional support or leave immediately.
• Paranoid. The motto of such people is: “don’t trust anyone, and they won’t hurt you.” They view the whole world through the prism of threat. The first sign is distrust in relationships, constant control, surveillance, checking your phone and email. If there is no evidence of infidelity, tension only increases. Paranoid psychopaths consider themselves very logical and are able to convince everyone that their picture of the world is correct. As soon as words are heard about a conspiracy, a world government, or simply about work colleagues who are making cunning plans for his dismissal, it’s worth thinking about, even if everything seems logical and truthful. Paranoids are consumed by irrational mistrust and fear, tend to collect threats, and if they do not see support, they write off the person as an “enemy.”

Predators are people in whose presence many people experience literal physical discomfort, so-called social discomfort. This applies not only to ordinary people, but also to trained specialists, psychotherapists, and polygraph examiners. It often takes several hours, or even days, to come to your senses after communicating with such a person. This does not always happen; predators often have to deceive people; for a very long time they may seem quite nice. This category includes pedophiles, rapists, violent robbers, and human traffickers. A typical situation: a mother is in love and lives with a charming predatory man who systematically intimidates and rapes her adopted daughter, but the mother turns a blind eye to this and does not believe her daughter. It is difficult for a predator to express emotions; he literally peers into the person’s facial expression and tries to understand how to react and how to adapt.

Is the disease curable?

Can a psychopath be healed? The symptoms and treatment of this disease are largely a mystery even to doctors. Such violations are difficult to correct. If a psychopath himself is aware of his own problem and wants to treat it, he has a chance to correct his behavior. Unfortunately, this awareness is available to few, and the ability to push a psychopath into treatment seems unlikely.

Before treatment, you need to get a diagnosis from a psychotherapist. To do this, a conversation is held with the person, his behavior is observed, and a tomography may be needed.

Usually no medications are prescribed; a stable condition can only be maintained with the help of antidepressants. To begin with, they are prescribed in small doses, gradually increasing, but it is extremely difficult to convince a person to take anything. They mainly try to treat the side effects of psychopathy - drug addiction, alcoholism and other types of addictions.

Also, a course of psychotherapy is conducted with such people, holding conversations and directing the patient’s behavior in the right direction, eliminating negative, painful thought patterns.

What might diagnoses sound like?

Who is a psychopath? The symptoms in women and men are almost identical. The diagnosis may include:

• Paranoia.
• Hysteria.
• Schizoid psychopathy.
• Psychoasthenia.
• Excitable psychopathy.
• Unstable psychopathy.
• Sociopathy.

So we found out who a psychopath is. The symptoms in men and women are very similar, but men are more susceptible to such diseases and are more likely to show aggression. Maybe that’s why alcoholism is more of a problem for the stronger sex.

In old age, dementia is added to personality disorders, especially if the pensioner stops social and social activities and does not actively use his brain. TV series from morning to evening, a narrow circle of friends - all this aggravates the situation.

How common are mental illnesses?

According to reports from the US National Institute of Mental Health, 26% of Americans over 18 years of age suffer from some diagnosable personality disorder. The figures may be different in Russia, but there is no reason to expect a significant reduction in this percentage.

More than 30% of the subjects felt something similar to a mental disorder throughout the year. About 50% suffered from this type of dysfunction during their adult life. A deeper analysis of the study found that mental disorders accounted for 23% of all years lost due to disability. Almost a quarter of people who lose their capacity for a year do so because of mental illness. These diseases easily rival neurological diseases and musculoskeletal injuries in terms of prevalence.

And perhaps Viktor Tsoi was right: “And I don’t know what the percentage of crazy people is at a given hour, but if you believe your eyes and ears, it’s several times higher.”

The word “psychopath” is often heard in human quarrels and it is permeated with a caustic pathological aftertaste. For the most part, a non-specialist will not be able to determine whether a person really has a congenital or acquired character pathology - psychopathy. Many people believe that only a sick person can suffer and get angry over trifles. But in obvious cases, the child also sees painful behavior and experiences.
Psychopathy is common to almost every person. Psychopathy is viewed by psychologists as a permanent predisposition rather than a sporadic disorder. The main psychopathic traits characteristic of a psychopath are: charm, persuasiveness, fearlessness, lack and lack of conscience.
A psychopath almost always gets his way in an instant. He has a mystical enchanting power - charisma. Amazing. Merciless. Impassive. Super confident. Ruthless and fearless. Many who fall under the spell of a psychopath die as individuals. The main property of psychopathy is the ability to influence others. Psychopaths are recognized as the best at creating scandals and chaos. They can instantly deprive any person of peace and serenity.
The lack of sympathy, or rather cold empathy, of a psychopath always implies calculation and benefit.
There are two types of empathy: “hot” empathy and “cold” empathy.
“Empathy is understanding the feelings of other people and the willingness to provide them with emotional support. Empathy presupposes the ability to put oneself in the place of another person, the ability to empathize, the ability to perceive the inner world of another accurately while maintaining emotional and semantic nuances.
It’s as if you become this other, but you are not completely involved in his state, but while remaining yourself as well: this is what makes it possible to maintain rationality in empathy” (http://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/empatiya_dvoe_zn__serdechnoe_ponimanie).
“Hot” empathy implies a feeling of empathy for a person in a difficult situation.
“Cold” empathy always involves calculation and personal gain and is able to impartially evaluate what another person may be thinking.

Dissocial personality disorder (psychopathy) is characterized by a disregard for social norms, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and a severely limited ability to form attachments.

Psychopaths are indifferent to the feelings of others, less emotional and more focused on their needs than ordinary people. They are unable to maintain relationships and experience guilt and benefit from life experiences, especially punishment. They tend to blame others for their troubles and give plausible explanations for antisocial behavior.
Literature:
1. Burno M.E. About the characters of people. M: Academic Project; Mir Foundation, 2008.
2. R. Carson, J. Butcher, S. Mineka. Abnormal psychology. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2004.

Dissocial personality disorder
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Dissocial personality disorder
ICD-10
F60.2
ICD-9
301.7
MedlinePlus
000921
Dissocial personality disorder (also Antisocial Personality Disorder; Sociopathy; obsolete Antisocial Psychopathy; obsolete Heboid Psychopathy′; obsolete Psychopathy) is a personality disorder characterized by disregard for social norms, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and an extremely limited ability to form attachments.
Diagnosis
ICD-10
A personality disorder, usually characterized by a gross discrepancy between behavior and prevailing social norms, characterized by the following (diagnosed, in the presence of the general diagnostic criteria for a personality disorder, by three or more criteria):
A) callous indifference to the feelings of others;
B) a rude and persistent position of irresponsibility and disregard for social rules and responsibilities;
C) inability to maintain relationships in the absence of difficulties in their formation;
D) extremely low ability to withstand frustration, as well as a low threshold for the discharge of aggression, including violence;
D) inability to feel guilty and benefit from life experiences, especially punishment;
E) a pronounced tendency to blame others or put forward plausible explanations for one’s behavior, which leads the subject to conflict with society.
As an additional symptom, constant irritability may occur. In childhood and adolescence, conduct disorder may confirm the diagnosis, although it is not necessary.
Note: For this disorder, it is recommended to consider the balance of cultural norms and regional social conditions to determine the rules and responsibilities that are ignored by the patient.
Included:
sociopathic disorder;
sociopathic personality;
immoral personality;
antisocial personality;
antisocial disorder;
antisocial personality;
psychopathic personality disorder.
Excluded:
behavioral disorders (F91.x);
emotionally unstable personality disorder (F60.3-).
DSM-IV
For diagnosis, in addition to the general criteria for a personality disorder, the presence of three or more of the following points is necessary:
1. Failure to conform social norms, respect the laws, which manifests itself in their systematic violation, leading to arrests;
2. Hypocrisy, manifested in frequent lies, use of pseudonyms, or deception of others in order to gain profit;
3. Impulsivity or inability to plan ahead;
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, manifested in frequent fights or other physical confrontations;
5. Risk taking, without taking into account the safety of oneself and others;
6. Consistent irresponsibility, manifested in repeated inability to maintain a certain work schedule, or fulfill financial obligations;
7. Lack of remorse, manifested by rationalizing or indifference to harming others, mistreating others, or stealing from others.
Antisocial behavior should not be noted only during an episode of schizophrenia or mania.
Descriptions by various authors
Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin
In the works of Pyotr Borisovich Gannushkin on constitutional psychopathy, “antisocial psychopathy” is an analogue of dissocial personality disorder.
McWilliams
In the works of Nancy McWilliams, dissocial personality disorder is described within the framework of the concept of “psychopathic personality” and its synonym “antisocial personality”. McWilliams describes this personality disorder as being based on a deep-seated inability (or severely impaired ability) to form attachments with other people, from one's own parents to one's own children. From her point of view, a sociopath does not see attachments between other people, and interprets their relationships solely as mutual manipulation. In accordance with his perception of society, a sociopath builds his relationships with people around him: on manipulation, for the sake of satisfying his own desires. Since a sociopath has no attachments, other people’s needs and desires have no value for him and he acts based only on his own. Since he doesn't expect anyone to consider his own needs, the only long-term plan he can make for safe coexistence with society is to "get everyone to listen to him." The sociopath expects the same from those around him, and, as a result, does not see the long-term benefit of observing social norms, including legally established ones - social norms and moral norms are perceived by the antisocial psychopath as a means of coercion and manipulation. Sociopaths have no qualms about lying and committing illegal acts. In most cases, they are driven by their own benefit/disadvantage, but only in the short term. They act impulsively and are not prone to planning. They take restrictions on freedom and the fulfillment of their desires seriously; they try to prevent this using methods available to them, mainly through threats or the use of physical force. Refusal to use force is perceived as weakness. They can make an extremely positive impression for some time, in order to subsequently use it for their own benefit. They do not experience remorse, or rather, do not have a conscience or have it in an extremely underdeveloped form (the development of conscience is directly related to the formation of a sense of attachment).
It is important to understand that such people fully “understand” social norms, but ignore them. They are able to interact with society according to its rules, but do not feel the need to do so, and have poor control over their own impulsiveness.
Robert D. Hare
Doctor of Philosophy in Experimental Psychology, renowned researcher in the field of criminal psychology, Robert D. Hare (English) Russian. uses the word “psychopath” in his works to refer to people with this type of personality disorder.
Related Issues
Antisocial psychopaths are impatient and irritable. It is difficult for them to voluntarily maintain attention on one thing; as a result, they have significant difficulties with learning and are not inclined to systematic work. They may often criticize others, but never themselves; prefer to attribute their mistakes to circumstances and others. Sociopaths also often are not aware of their emotions, especially negative ones, and do not seem to experience them. This is due to the fact that they have a highly developed “reaction”.
The personality traits of antisocial psychopaths often lead them to commit crimes and, as a result, end up in prison, but they never regret committing a crime, only that they got caught doing it. They can also realize themselves as leaders of sects, criminal and fraudulent groups. They often become drug addicts or abuse alcohol, but not so much because they avoid reality, but because they indulge their desires.
Etiology and pathogenesis
see etiology and pathogenesis
The reasons have not been reliably identified to date. There are diametrically opposed points of view, according to one of which sociopathy is a hereditary disease or a consequence of a genetic defect (possibly a mutation), according to the other, the reasons for the development of sociopathy in an individual lie solely in problems of upbringing and social environment. Most psychologists take an intermediate position on this issue, leaning, depending on their beliefs, in one direction or another. The presence of concomitant mental disorders (psychosis, schizophrenia, mental retardation), as well as a history of traumatic brain injuries, can have a significant impact.
Therapy
They almost never come to psychotherapists on their own and are practically unable to form a working alliance with a therapist, which is critical for many therapies (primarily psychoanalytic). However, sometimes they feel that the relationships of other people are apparently built on different principles than theirs, and as a result - a lack of something important in themselves, which in the end can lead them to a session with a psychologist.
Personality disorders according to ICD-10
(F60.0) Paranoid (F60.1) Schizoid (F60.2) Dissocial (antisocial) (F60.3) Emotionally unstable (F60.4) Hysterical (F60.5) Anancastic (F60.6) Anxious (evasive) ( F60.7) Dependent (F60.8) Eccentric (F60.8) Disinhibited (F60.8) Infantile (F60.8) Narcissistic (F60.8) Passive-aggressive (F60.8) Psychoneurotic

Material from http://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/psihopat
Psychopath is an everyday concept, not to be confused with Psychopathy.
A psychopath is a person with violent, inappropriate and unpredictable behavior that makes everyone around him feel bad. A person with a very difficult, bad character. A wild man without culture. As a rule, we are talking about obvious accentuations of character.
Unlike a neurotic who always feels bad, a psychopath may not feel bad about himself. It’s bad for those around him.
Unlike a bully, who causes trouble for others but can control himself, a psychopath does not control himself - he cannot.
Unlike an ill-mannered person who causes trouble for others, but can be trained and educated, a psychopath cannot be trained and educated.
The accentuation of character goes very little beyond the norm. A psychopath is seriously beyond the bounds, but this is not yet a mental illness. The next step is psychopathy (personality disorder), already the field of psychiatry.

V.B. Shapar. Newest Psychological Dictionary.
Psychopathy (psycho...Greek pathos - suffering) is the characterological characteristics of a personality (the formation of which occurs from the beginning of its formation), expressed in a violation of the relationship of its volitional and sensory properties with the relative preservation of intelligence. This disorder prevents those suffering from psychopathy from adapting to the external environment.
Psychopathy occurs as a result of:
1. diseases - brain injuries, infections, intoxication, mental trauma, etc.
2. congenital inferiority nervous system caused by hereditary factors, harmful effects on the fetus, birth trauma, etc.
Based on the predominance of certain personality traits, various clinical types of psychopaths are distinguished, including: asthenic, psychasthenic, excitable, paranoid, hysterical, etc.
The degree of severity of psychopathy in adulthood depends on the conditions of upbringing and environmental influences. Their manifestations are varied. Despite the rarity of pure types and the predominance of mixed forms, it is customary to distinguish such classic types psychopathy (P.B. Gannushkin):
1) cyloids, the basis of which is a constant change of mood with cycle fluctuations from hours to months;
2) schizoids, who are characterized by avoidance of contacts, isolation, secrecy, slight vulnerability, lack of empathy, angular movements;
3) epileptoids, whose main symptom is extreme irritability with attacks of melancholy, fear, anger, impatience, stubbornness, and touchiness. cruelty. tendency to scandals;
4) asthenics, who are characterized by increased impressionability, mental excitability, combined with rapid attendance, irritability, indecisiveness;
5) psychoasthenics - anxious, unsure of themselves, prone to constant thoughts and pathological doubts;
6) paranoid psychopaths - prone to the formation of overvalued ideas, stubborn, selfish, characterized by a lack of doubt, self-confidence and inflated self-esteem;
7) hysterical psychopaths - characterized by attracting the attention of others, and their assessment of real events is always distorted in a direction favorable to them;
8) unstable psychopaths - main signs: weak character, lack of deep interests, pliability to the influence of others;
9) organic psychopaths - they are distinguished by congenital mental limitations, they can study well, but are helpless when it is necessary to apply knowledge or take initiative; they know how to “conduct themselves in society,” but are banal in their judgments [pp. 506-508].
Literature:
1. Shapar V.B. Latest Psychological Dictionary

Psychopathic personality
In Psychological Encyclopedia, ed. R. Cosini and A. Auerbach wrote: “The moral and active principles of the mind are greatly perverted or corrupted, self-control is lost or limited and the individual is unable to speak and reason about any subject proposed to him, as well as to behave with decency and propriety in affairs of life." This is how the English psychiatrist J. Pritchard defined the concept of “moral insanity.” The same idea is implied in the description of manie sans delire given by the father of French psychiatry, Philippe Pinel. The first American psychiatrist, Benjamin Rush, wrote about individuals possessed by "innate, unnatural moral depravity." Emil Kraepelin used the term "psychopathic personality."
Family of disorders
The problem is understanding why a rational and rational person might engage in antisocial behavior despite the risk of punishment, which would suppress most such impulses in a normal individual. Defined broadly, psychopathic personality can be viewed as a family of disorders that includes the dissocial psychopath - consisting of individuals who "do not demonstrate any significant personality deviations, except those due to adherence to the value orientations or codes of their own predatory, criminal or other social group."
The second type, neurotic character, in whose owners antisocial behavior is a response to a neurotic conflict or a manifestation of an unconscious need for punishment.
The third genus includes types of organic dysfunction or abnormality (defect). Some pathologically impulsive individuals have a specific impulse control defect. Some children with hyperactive disorder grow up to become impulsive psychopaths. Other individuals have tyrannical sexual hunger, or explosive uncontrollable outbursts of rage, or episodes of gratification of aggressive and sexual instincts of the “short circuit” type.
Primary psychopath
The psychopath, according to Harney Cleckley, "while not being deeply malicious, easily carries disaster in each hand." These individuals may have a high level of intelligence, they often give the impression of being charming, which, undoubtedly, is greatly facilitated by the absence of nervousness and other neurotic manifestations. But they are fundamentally unreliable, truth means nothing to them, and they are incapable of true love and emotional attachment. This antisocial behavior often appears to be inappropriately motivated; such individuals often resort to unjustified risk, demonstrate low ability to reason and indifference to punishment, based on the inability to learn from negative experience. They do not experience true remorse or shame, and often resort to rationalization when assessing their behavior or project guilt onto others. They have a “specific loss of insight,” that is, an inability to judge how they make others feel or to anticipate their reactions to their outrageous behavior. In those four cases, the persons were male.
Cleckley was convinced that this syndrome was the result of some deep, and probably constitutional defect, resulting in an inability to experience the normal, effective accompaniment of life experience. A psychopath may simply be unable to experience normal feeling guilt, remorse, fearful anticipation of possible danger or warm affection. This type of psychopath differs from others only low anxiety IQ. All mammals can experience fear and can learn to associate anxiety with impulses, being punished or other stimuli signaling danger. People with a high ability to form a noreflex fear reaction compared to others have a high anxiety IQ. Fear and its allies (shame, guilt and confusion) are largely responsible for preventing most of us from occasionally engaging in some of the unacceptable behavior that characterizes the antisocial behavior of a psychopath.
Literature:
Psychological encyclopedia.

Psychopathy: causes and diagnosis
Material http://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/psihopatiya_dvoe_zn__prichiny_i_diagnoz
Causes of psychopathy
Psychopathy is the result of a violation of the process of personality formation, improper upbringing and increased accentuation. It should be borne in mind that behavior in psychopathy can cause a number of damaging factors and diseases, ranging from prenatal brain damage to schizophrenia. Such states are usually called psychopathic-like. Any damaging factor acting on the central nervous system can, in one percentage or another, lead to psychopathic behavior. There is a concept (not generally accepted) as pathological development personality, which means that character changes under the influence of social factors. It should be noted that, while nuclear psychopathy does not have dynamics, psychopathic behavior can have dynamics: from neurosis to neurotic and pathological development. The formed pathological development of personality is essentially no different from the forms of nuclear psychopathy.
It should also be noted that the term “psychopathy” itself is outdated. In psychiatry, as in pathopsychology, the term “personality disorder” is used, which is more consistent mental state in question
Diagnosis
The disease is a dynamic process that has an occurrence, course and outcome, while psychopathy is a hereditarily determined trait of a person that does not have dynamics throughout life. Another radical difference between psychopathy and a disease is the criterion for making this diagnosis. Unlike a disease, in determining which the main criterion is biological, the main criterion (sign) of psychopathy is a social phenomenon (an altered character leads to maladaptive behavior in a given society).
Psychopathy differs from psychosis in the absence of hallucinations, special disorders of consciousness, delusions, and psychopathy is not characteristic of the course of the disease.
Degrees of severity of psychopathy
Moderate - compensatory mechanisms are quite pronounced and can be long-lasting, breakdowns can be proportional to mental trauma, decompensation, sharpening of psychopathic character traits and behavior.
Expressed - compensatory possibilities instability, decompensation - from minor reasons, mental trauma, difficult life situations, incomplete and unstable social adaptation.
Severe - compensatory mechanisms are weakly expressed, short-lived, high decompensation, can reach the level of psychosis.

Character accentuation and psychopathy
Criteria (called the Gannushkin-Kerbikov Criteria for Psychopathy), which allow you to assess the degree of character expression and decide whether this is still the norm or already a pathology:
1. Character can be considered pathological, that is, regarded as psychopathy, if it is relatively stable over time, that is, it changes little throughout life. “This first sign, according to A.E. Lichko, is well illustrated by the saying: “As in the cradle, so goes to the grave.”
2. The second sign is the totality of character manifestations: with psychopathy, the same character traits are found everywhere: at home, at work, on vacation, among friends and among strangers, in short, in any circumstances. If a person, let’s say, is alone at home, and another “in public”, accentuations do not always appear and not everywhere, then this is not pathology, not psychopathy.
3. Finally, the third and, perhaps, the most important sign psychopathy is social maladjustment. The latter lies in the fact that a person constantly faces difficulties in life, and these difficulties are experienced either by himself, or by the people around him, or by both. If character traits do not interfere with satisfactory social adaptation, especially if they even contribute to adaptation, this is accentuation, not psychopathy
In the case of character accentuations, there may be none of the above signs of psychopathy; at least, all three signs are never present at once. The absence of the first sign is expressed in the fact that the accentuated character does not run as a “red thread” throughout life. It usually worsens during adolescence, and smoothes out with age. The second sign - totality - is also not obligatory: the traits of accentuated characters do not appear in any situation, but only in special conditions. Finally, social maladaptation with accentuations either does not occur at all or is short-lived. At the same time, the reason for temporary discord with oneself and with the environment is not any difficult conditions. (as in psychopathy), but conditions that create a load on the place of least character resistance.
If a character trait is so extreme that it constantly interferes with the lives of both you and others, this is psychopathy, or a personality disorder. This is the field of psychiatry.
Less pronounced cases are called character accentuation. Here the character trait may not be as pronounced as in psychopathy; it interferes more with the life of the person himself than with those around him, but it still catches the eye and is regarded by people as a peculiarity or even as an oddity. Obvious accentuation in everyday life is called a Psychopath (not to be confused with Psychopathy as a personality disorder).
This distinction is imprecise, approximately, there are no clear boundaries. And yet, if a person is ready to step “on the throat of his own song” in order to achieve his cherished goal and become a leader in a city or country or a celebrity on the stage, then we will say that this is a paranoid personality pattern. And if someone steps on the throat of his friends, children, wife, forcing them to work for him to become a leader, then this is already a paranoid accentuation. And when someone is already following the destinies of many people, turning them into a means, into the “dough” of a ferocious story, there is obvious paranoid psychopathy. But once again: all this is very approximate, and you can easily make a mistake. The edges are movable. A personality pattern is a normal psychotype, a psychopath is a psychopathic psychotype. Accentuation is in the middle.

Correctional training and education of children with psychopathic forms of behavior
The author is educational psychologist V.S. Gambarov.
If in before school age do not take corrective and educational measures to overcome behavioral deficiencies, then such children, as a rule, find themselves unprepared for schooling. They do not know how to obey school requirements, do not complete school assignments, enter into conflicts with friends and teachers, violate discipline, and sometimes run away from school and home. Under unfavorable conditions, they may become influenced by delinquents.
Despite the fact that the intelligence of children with organic psychopathy is not impaired, their productivity in learning is often not high enough, since they begin to complete a task without preliminary thinking, are not focused on it, do not retain individual elements of the task in memory, and do not know how to overcome obstacles.
All these components, i.e., the preservation of intelligence in the event of a violation of intellectual activity; the preservation of elementary emotional formations with underdevelopment of more complex forms of the emotional-volitional sphere and determine the originality of the structure of the defect in the development of a child with organic psychopathy, where all the features of his behavior stem from a violation of the core of his personality. The severity of the defect varies, but its structure always remains the same.
In correctional pedagogical work with such children, it is necessary to pay attention to Special attention on proper organization the initial learning process. These children do not have difficulty mastering reading, writing and counting, but they are poorly involved in activities, do not complete the work they start, and do it carelessly and sloppily. Therefore, the most important thing when teaching children with organic psychopathy is to persistently teach them to carefully complete tasks. At first, you can give children easier tasks, and then the tasks need to be gradually made more difficult.
In the course of correctional pedagogical work, it is very important to prevent the possibility of gaps in knowledge, since pedagogical neglect will significantly complicate further work with such children. Correctional educational activities with children of this group should include types of work that would be aimed at developing skills analyze and correctly evaluate your actions. Considering that these children do not have enough control over their behavior, show instability, are suggestible and easily fall under Negative influence, the teacher must constantly put them in conditions of a strictly organized regime and not let them out of sight. When working with such children, it is very important to maintain a calm, even tone, since they are easily excitable, often get irritated and reach an emotional outburst over the most insignificant reason. At the same time, the teacher must remember that during the period of passion it is better to switch the child to some other activity than to persuade, and even more so to punish him, since punishment can only increase excitement.
In the course of correctional pedagogical work with psychopathic children, it is very important for the teacher to maintain close contact with the parents of schoolchildren in order to ensure a unified approach to their education and upbringing. In addition, parents can provide significant assistance to the teacher in his work.
Contact with a neuropsychiatrist is also important for use if therapeutic measures are necessary.
There is also a group of children with so-called constitutional psychopathy. Etiological factor This psychopathy is pathological heredity. Thus, in families where there are cases of epilepsy, there are psychopathic individuals with epileptoid character traits. The main features of this group are the viscosity and rigidity of emotional manifestations. Epileptoids are characterized by being stuck on emotions, gloominess, suspicion, dissatisfaction, a tendency to sharp affective outbursts, vindictiveness, malice, stinginess and greed. Of course, these symptoms do not always occur immediately in one person, and the severity of these manifestations may vary. People with epileptoid psychopathy have many positive traits: good performance, thoroughness in completing tasks, focus, ability to concentrate on work and overcome difficulties.
The development of children with epileptoid psychopathy has its own patterns. Already in early childhood they develop increased irritability, and it can be long and difficult to switch. In preschool age, such children experience increased affective tension, which is expressed in “getting stuck” on their experiences and actions. At school age, from the combination of these features, a number of secondary characterological traits, both positive and negative, are formed. On the one hand, these children are purposeful in their activities, careful and pedantic when completing tasks, productive in their work, and active. On the other hand, they are vindictive, vindictive, stingy, and prone to affective outbursts. In adolescence, this is compounded by unstable mood, isolation, suspicion, and distrust of others.
Pathological character traits in these children develop gradually and arise only at certain stages of development. Timely correctional and pedagogical intervention can significantly soften the character traits of children with epileptoid psychopathy. And the sooner correctional and educational work begins, the greater the effect can be achieved. The main thing in this correctional and educational work should be the desire to overcome the tendency that these children have to “get stuck” on their experiences. To do this you need to include them in different kinds activities and provide the necessary assistance in the process of its implementation. If stubbornness, negativism, or anger are shown, the teacher should not influence the child in an authoritarian manner. It is best to switch him to some activity that he is good at. Since such children have some slowness of thinking, it is advisable in the process additional classes go through the educational material with your child in advance. They should be involved in socially useful circle work. Labor has a particularly beneficial effect on the upbringing of these children, so it is very important to include them in various types of work activities. In case of affective agitation, which can manifest itself in unfavorable conditions, it is best to isolate the child, that is, place him in a calm environment, and give him the necessary medications as prescribed by the doctor. medicinal products, reducing arousal.
The distrust and irritability and increased sensitivity of these children often lead to a hostile attitude not only towards their friends, but also towards the teacher. Therefore, it is very important to establish good contact with the child and convince him that the teacher is trying to help him. An individual approach to these children, taking into account the characteristics of their character, usually gives positive results.
For children with hysterical psychopathy, egocentrism is most characteristic. They are prone to boasting and embellishment of their qualities, and strive to put their personality to the fore. These qualities are usually combined with increased suggestibility, instability of emotional manifestations, and mood instability. Already at preschool age, children with hysterical traits conflict with peers, are capricious, they are irritable, not always obedient, prone to hysterical reactions - they throw themselves on the floor, cry, knock their feet, trying in every possible way to insist on their own. At school age, manifestations of egocentrism in these children are accompanied by restlessness at work and the inability to complete the work started.
Correctional and educational work with children who have hysterical character traits must begin from the moment these traits are noticed. Often, hysterical character traits in a child are formed in a family where parents often not only do not counteract the child’s manifestations of egocentrism, but, on the contrary, yield to him in everything and indulge his whims. This approach is very harmful for these children.
For hysterical children, being in a children's group is very useful, since while playing with peers they have to suppress their egoistic tendencies.
Correctional and educational work must be built taking into account their full intelligence and the positive personality traits of these children. First of all, it is necessary to identify his inclinations and abilities, support them and, on this basis, build work to re-educate the child’s personality. It is necessary to help such a child, relying on his positive traits, to take a certain position in the children's team, to form a positive attitude towards him on the part of his comrades.
In order to help children with behavioral difficulties, it is necessary to observe the unity of requirements in work and communication with children both in kindergarten and at home, since the child spends most of his time in the family.
The basic requirements for parents are:
- do not pamper the child;
- do not fight with the child;
- do not capitulate to the child.
Parents should create conditions in the family for the child to be calm and restrained. It is advisable for parents to learn to see themselves and their behavior as if from the outside. Children can be allowed to watch only children's cartoons on TV, no more than 30 minutes a day.

Strategies of psychopaths(Wikipedia material)
According to Robert Hare and Paul Babiak, psychopaths are always looking for victims to scam or deceive. The psychopathic approach includes three phases:
1. Evaluation phase
Some psychopaths are unscrupulous, aggressive predators who will deceive almost anyone they meet. At the same time, others are more patient, waiting for the perfect, naive victim to cross their path. Some psychopaths like to solve any problem, while others only prey on those who are vulnerable. In each case, the psychopath continually evaluates the person's potential suitability as a source of money, power, sex, or influence. During the assessment phase, the psychopath is able to determine weak spots potential victim and will use them to carry out his plan.
2. Manipulation phase
Once the psychopath has identified his victim, the manipulation phase begins. During the manipulation phase, the psychopath may create a mask specifically designed to "work" to achieve the manipulator's goal. A psychopath will lie to gain the trust of his victim. A lack of empathy and guilt allows a psychopath to lie with impunity; he does not see the importance of telling the truth if it does not help achieve the desired goal.
As the relationship with the victim develops, the psychopath carefully evaluates her personality. The victim's personality gives the psychopath a picture of the traits and characteristics being assessed. An astute observer may discover insecurities or vulnerabilities that the victim would like to minimize or hide from prying eyes. As an expert in human behavior, the psychopath begins to carefully test the victim's inner resilience and needs, and ultimately builds a personal relationship with the victim.
The psychopath's mask - the "personality" that interacts with the victim - is made of lies, carefully woven to lure the victim. This mask, one of many, is designed to meet the individual psychological needs and expectations of the victim. Stalking a prey is inherently predatory; it often results in serious financial, physical or emotional harm to the person. Healthy, real relationships are built on mutual respect and trust, on shared honest thoughts and feelings. The victim's mistaken belief that the psychopathic connection has any of these characteristics is the reason for the success of the manipulation.
3. Breakup phase
The separation phase begins when the psychopath decides that the victim is no longer useful. The psychopath leaves her and moves on to the next victim. In the case of romantic relationships, the psychopath will usually secure a relationship with his next target before leaving his current victim. Sometimes a psychopath has three people with whom he is dealing at the same time - the first one was recently abandoned and is saved only in case of failure with the other two; the second is currently a victim and is scheduled to leave soon; and the third, who is courted by the psychopath, in anticipation of separation from the current victim.

Psychopath: an uncontrollable person with a very difficult character
Material http://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/psihopat_dvoe_zn__neupravlyaemyy_chelovek_s_ochen_trudnym_harakterom
Author N.I. Kozlov
In everyday life, a psychopath is a person with violent, inappropriate and unpredictable behavior, which makes everyone around him feel bad. This is a person with a very difficult, bad character, one might say - a wild person without culture, a poorly educated person who cannot be re-educated.
As a rule, in the case of a psychopath we are talking about obvious, gross accentuations of character. If a person’s behavior goes very little beyond the norm, they speak of character accentuation. A psychopath is seriously going beyond the limits, here we can talk about gross accentuations, but this is not yet a mental illness. The next step beyond the psychopath is psychopathy (personality disorder), this is already the field of psychiatry.
Once again, psychopath is an everyday concept and should not be confused with psychopathy: a psychiatric term for a specific personality disorder.
Unlike a neurotic who always feels bad, a psychopath may not feel bad about himself. It’s bad for those around him.
Unlike a bully, who causes trouble for others but can control himself, a psychopath does not control himself - he cannot.
Unlike an ill-mannered person who causes trouble for others, but can be trained and educated, a psychopath cannot be trained and educated. At the same time, the hypothesis always remains that this is still the result of poor upbringing.
Analogy: There are two stages in puppy training. First, general stage training makes the puppy susceptible to serious specialized training, and if the first stage is missed in a puppy in childhood, the puppy will not be trained later. It seems that the psychopath missed the stage of primary education in childhood.
How can you calm a psychopath, who can influence him? - The best influence on a psychopath is a team of orderlies from a psychiatric department or a police officer on duty. For everyone else, the recommendation is that if possible, it is better not to get involved with psychopaths, and look for an opportunity to live away from them. Even if they are relatives.

Terminology notes
IN Lately There has been a tendency to call a psychopath a sociopath. It must be admitted that “sociopath” more accurately reflects the situation of ignoring social norms and at the same time sounds more accurate and politically correct. It appears that a sociopath is a psychopath in a calm state, and a psychopath is a sociopath in a violent stage. Nevertheless, in a situation where the concept of “psychopath” has in fact become a household insult, the use of the wording “sociopath” to describe the syndrome of psychopathic (in the previous scope of the concept) behavior seems quite successful.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder that is characterized by non-acceptance of social norms, increased aggressiveness, impulsiveness, and inability to form one’s attachments.

Psychopathy manifests itself as inadequacy emotional experiences person, he often has a tendency to obsessive and depressive states.

Diagnosis of psychopathy

Psychopathy, or personality disorder, draws attention to itself in the discrepancy between a person’s behavior and the social norms existing in society.

Psychopathy is diagnosed if the patient has three or more points from the following criteria:

• Indifference, often callous to the feelings of other people.
• Irresponsibility, disregard for social norms, rules and responsibilities.
• Inability to build and maintain relationships with people.
• Lack of ability to withstand failures that arise, increased struggle to fulfill one's needs and desires, possibly with signs of aggression, even including violence.
• Lack of guilt, inability to analyze one’s life experience and benefit from it, especially from the punishments received.
• Constant conflict with society, which arises due to a pronounced tendency to blame others for everything, plausibly justifying one’s behavior.

When diagnosing, in addition to general criteria, symptoms of psychopathy can be manifested by the following points in a person’s behavior:

Disrespect for laws, their violation, leading to arrests;

Frequent lies, hypocrisy, deception of others for personal gain;

Inability to plan, impulsiveness;

Severe irritability, aggressiveness, manifested in frequent fights;

Lack of a sense of security for yourself and those around you, excessive risk-taking;

Irresponsibility, inability to withstand the intense pace of work, to fulfill financial obligations;

Causing moral or physical harm to other people without feeling guilty afterwards, theft, etc.

Types of psychopathy

In practice, the following types of psychopathy are distinguished:

1.Asthenic type, when there is increased irritability and rapid exhaustion.

2. Excitable type, when there are outbursts of anger, inappropriate emotional reactions.

3.Hysterical type, when a person is characterized by impressionability, egocentrism and suggestibility.

4. Paranoid - with the manifestation of suspicion, high self-esteem, and a tendency to impose overly valuable ideas.

The types of psychopathy for each person are determined individually, based on their behavior.

Psychopathy: causes

Psychopathy occurs when the volitional and emotional character traits of a person develop incorrectly. There is an opinion that psychopathy is not a disease, but is caused by a certain character pathology caused by:

Congenital inferiority of the nervous system;

Birth injuries, head trauma;

Hereditary factors, parental alcoholism;

Serious illnesses in early childhood;

Encephalitis.

Personal psychopathy can be caused by trauma, moral and living conditions and unfavorable environmental conditions in general.

Personality psychopathy develops due to improper upbringing of children. This type of education is divided into four options:

1. Overprotection, when parents pay increased attention to their child, constantly impose their opinion on him, and do not allow him to show independence.

2. Hypocustody, when parents, on the contrary, show insufficient attention to their child and do not educate him.

3. “Idol of the family,” when the family praises the child, fulfills all his whims, constantly protects him, and does not teach him to work.

4. “Cinderella”, when a child does not receive affection from his parents, he is beaten, mocked, and pitted against other children.

Psychopathy does not always require treatment.

In its prevention, the main importance is given to measures of social influence: education in the family, at school, social adaptation, proper employment, which must correspond to the level of intelligence and mental makeup of the individual.

Diagnosed personality psychopathy requires treatment that uses psychotherapeutic methods: explanatory psychotherapy, hypnosis, autogenic training, family psychotherapy.

At drug treatment For psychopathy, psychotropic drugs are prescribed, but very individually and taking into account personal characteristics and psychopathological reactions.

Individuals with symptoms of psychopathy, emotional instability, are prescribed antidepressants, hysterical reactions - small doses of neuroleptics (triftazine, aminazine), states of anger, aggressiveness - neuroleptics (haloperidol, tizercin), with pronounced deviations in behavior, sonapax and neuleptil work well.

Psychopathy with severe asthenic reactions requires the prescription of stimulants (Sidnocarb) or natural drugs such as ginseng, zamanika, Chinese lemongrass, Eleutherococcus, Leuzea, etc.

It should be understood that psychopathy is not a reason for self-medication! The selection of any drugs, doses and methods of their use should only be carried out by a psychiatrist!

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character pathology is the inadequate development of his emotional and volitional traits, in which the subject experiences an almost irreversible expression of properties that prevent his adequate adaptation in the social environment. A group of mental illnesses manifested in a disharmonious character, temperament and behavior, causing both the individual and those around him to suffer. Psychopaths are distinguished primarily by inadequacy of emotional experiences and a tendency to depressive and obsessive states.

The psychiatric literature describes true or nuclear psychopathy, in the origin of which heredity plays a decisive role. In such cases, it is possible to establish the same type of character in parents, siblings and collateral relatives; The early manifestation of character anomalies and their relative constancy throughout life are also noted. Finally, it has been established that psychopathy can arise even under the most favorable upbringing conditions.

But the exact opposite cases are known: exceptionally difficult social conditions can lead to the formation of psychopathy with a completely normal initial background. Biologically, they may play the same role. harmful effects environment, especially in the prenatal, natal and early postnatal periods.

The middle position is occupied by cases - and they are the majority - when, due to a genetic predisposition, a child finds himself in conditions of unfavorable upbringing, which leads to the sharpening of certain character traits.

So, psychopathy arises as a consequence of:

1) diseases - brain injuries, infections, intoxication, mental trauma, etc.;

2) congenital inferiority of the nervous system, caused by hereditary factors, harm affecting the fetus, birth trauma, etc. - constitutional or true psychopathy; they manifest themselves already in childhood in the form of disturbances in the emotional-volitional sphere, and intelligence can be relatively intact.

Psychopaths are distinguished primarily by inadequacy of emotional experiences, a tendency to depression and obsessive states. Based on the predominance of certain personality traits, various clinical types of psychopaths are distinguished, including: asthenic, psychasthenic, excitable, paranoid, hysterical, etc.

The degree of severity of psychopathy in adulthood depends on the conditions of upbringing and environmental influences. Their manifestations are varied.

Despite the rarity of pure types and the predominance of mixed forms, it is customary to distinguish the following classical types of psychopaths (P. B. Gannushkin):

1) cycloids, the main symptom of which is a constant change in mood with cycle fluctuations from hours to months;

2) schizoids, who are characterized by avoidance of contacts, isolation, secrecy, slight vulnerability, lack of empathy, angular movements;

3) epileptoids, the main symptom of which is extreme irritability with attacks of melancholy, fear, anger, impatience, stubbornness, touchiness, cruelty, and a tendency to scandals;

4) asthenics, who are characterized by increased impressionability, mental excitability, combined with rapid exhaustion, irritability, indecisiveness;

5) psychasthenics - anxious, insecure, prone to constant thoughts and pathological doubts;

6) paranoid psychopaths - prone to the formation of overvalued ideas, stubborn, suspicious, selfish; characterized by a lack of doubt, self-confidence and high self-esteem;

7) hysterical psychopaths - impressionable, suggestible, self-centered; characterized by the desire to certainly attract the attention of others, and their assessment of real events is always distorted in a direction favorable to them; mannered and theatrical in communication;

8) unstable psychopaths - main signs: weak character, lack of deep interests, pliability to the influence of others;

9) organic psychopaths - they are distinguished by congenital mental limitations, can study well, but are sterile when it comes to applying knowledge or taking initiative; They know how to “keep themselves in society”, but are banal in their judgments.

There is no clear boundary between psychopathy and variants of normal characters. The indicated types of psychopaths normally correspond to natures with a similar characterological make-up, but without pathological (psychopathic) expression (-> character: accentuation). Under the influence of mental illness or trauma, psychopaths may experience acute and prolonged reactive and neurotic states (-> psychogenia), as well as depression.

In the prevention of psychopathy, adequate education, psychotherapeutic (-> psychotherapy) and psychopharmacological (-> psychopharmacology) treatment are of great importance.

PSYCHOPATHY

A personality anomaly, characterized by disharmony of its mental make-up. The main criteria for identifying P.: 1. The severity of pathological personality traits to the extent of adaptation disorder; 2. The totality of psychopathic characteristics that determine the entire mental appearance of the individual; 3. Their relative stability, low reversibility [Gannushkin P.B., 1933; Kerbikov O.V., 1961]. Along with congenital, nuclear, P. are distinguished acquired, acquired (see Kerbikov-Felinskaya genetic taxonomy of psychopathy). Studying P. not only in statics, but also in dynamics, P.B. Gannushkin, along with constitutional development within the framework of P., identified situational ones that arise as a result of mental trauma, occurring in shifts, with the appearance of qualitative changes in the personality; at the same time, the constitutional factors of the patient are involved in the development process not totally, but selectively, according to the nature and content of the situation.

P. AGGRESSIVE-PARANOID. A variant of paranoid P., characterized by the presence of aggressive tendencies.

P. ANANCASTIC. See Anankastia.

P. ASTHENIC. It is detected already in childhood. It is characterized by increased mental and physical fatigue, timidity, excessive sensitivity and impressionability, low self-esteem, cowardice, and weak character.

Syn.: P. group of inhibited.

P. AFFECTIVE. Characterized predominantly affective manifestations personality anomaly. To P.a. include psychopathic personalities of the cycloid circle, and also, depending on the predominance of one or another affective pole, hypothymic and hyperthymic.

P. INFENSIVE. It is characterized by a pronounced anetic component (emotional coldness, lack of conscientiousness, unceremoniousness, lack of empathy, compassion for others, egocentrism, ease of causing harm to neighbors, etc.). See Prichard's moral insanity.

P. HYPERTHYMIC. Option P. affective. Elevated mood, desire for activity, greater activity, self-confidence, increased self-esteem, hedonic tendencies, and excessive optimism prevail. There are also insufficiently balanced, excited hyperthymics and selfish, domineering and, at the same time, superficial expansive hyperthymics.

P. HYPOTHYMIC. Option P. affective. According to P.B. Gannushkina are “born pessimists.” Characterized by constantly low mood and a tendency to depressive reactions. At work, these individuals are valued as good, thoughtful performers and conscientious workers.

Syn.: P. dysthymic.

P. DISTHYMIC. See P. hypothymic.

P. HYSTERICAL. See Hysteria.

P. CIRCLE OF MOSAIC. Mixed, according to P.B. Gannushkin, type P. A certain mosaic is inherent in the stage of structuring the majority of P., however, this is a temporary stage in the formation of P., which is later replaced by the formation of a certain personality-abnormal structure [Guryeva V.A., Gindikin V.Ya., 1980]. Mosaic remains on final stage only in a group of mosaic personalities. Combination of several personal properties for the most part leads to their mutual strengthening, for example, a combination of features of epileptoid and hysteroid P.; their neutralization was observed by K. Leonhard with a combination of anancastic and hysterical features of personality accentuation. Various combinations of psychopathic traits are described - hysterical and epileptoid; schizoid and cycloid; excitable and unstable; asthenic and hysterical and others. The presence of persistent axial (obligate) psychopathic syndrome during the formation of P.k.m. cannot be established [Guryeva V.A., Gindikin V.Ya., 1980].

P. CIRCLE OF UNSTABLE. It is characterized by features of mental instability, causing difficulties in behavior, expressed dependence on the characteristics of the microenvironment. Manifestations of instability (increased suggestibility, susceptibility to outside influence) are especially evident in unfavorable environment. Affective outbursts and protest reactions are often observed. Despite the lack of a stable behavioral stereotype and the difficulties of developing positive attitudes [Korotenko A.I., 1971], in a significant number of cases in the dynamics of P.K.N. nevertheless, the establishment of good social adaptation in prosperous living conditions can be traced.

P. ORGANIC. The form of P. is acquired, developing on residual organic soil. We are talking about the impact of exogenous-organic factors under the age of 3 years, subject to complete attenuation of the organic process and the absence of intellectual-mnestic decline [Gurevich M.O., 1924, Sukhareva G.E., 1959]. The most characteristic phenomena are psychomotor disinhibition, drive disorders, explosiveness, and a tendency to hysterical reactions.

P. PARANOIC. Characterized by distrust, lack of frankness, suspicion, rigidity of affect, narrowness of interests, indisputable judgments, and persistence. There is a tendency to reasoning, flaws in thinking in the form of a tendency to one-sided and paralogical conclusions [Sukhanov S.A., 1912]. In an unfavorable situation, overvalued ideas easily arise, becoming a source of paranoid development. This is facilitated by the phenomena of egocentrism, the tendency to oppose oneself to others, a feeling of internal dissatisfaction, and a position of intolerance towards any manifestations of injustice.

Within the framework of P.p. There are two polar options. The expansive variant is with delusions of jealousy, litigiousness, and a tendency toward conflict and reformism. It also includes a group of fanatics who exclusively passionately devote themselves to one cause, one idea, captivating those around them. The sensitive variant is characterized by a combination of contrasting personality traits - asthenic, sensitive with sthenicity. Persons of a sensitive nature are prone to persistent expressed psychogenic reactions regarding various kinds of ethical conflicts, they experience sensitive delusions within the framework of paranoid development.

P. POIKILOTYMICHESKA (Greek poikilos - motley, different, thymos - mood). See P. reactive labile, Poikilothymia.

P. PSYCHASTENIC. It occupies an uncertain position and closes at one pole with the group of schizoids, and at the other with conditions that, in their clinical structure, go beyond the limits of psychopathy and belong rather to the group neurotic conditions[Smulevich A.B., 1983]. See Psychasthenia. N. Petrilowitsch attributed psychasthenia to anankastic P. (see).

P. REACTIVE-LABILE. P. with frequent mood swings and heightened emotional reactions. See Poikilothymia.

P. SEXY. P., occurring with sexual disorders. However, perversions can be observed in many mental illness, as well as in mentally healthy people. Therefore, one factor of detecting sexual disorders is not yet enough to diagnose psychopathy.

P. SENSITIVE. Variant of P. paranoid (see) [Lichko A.E., 1977].

P. LITIGATIONAL. Option P. paranoid (see).

Syn.: P. querulyantskaya.

P. CYCLOID. A variety of P. affective. Psychopathic personalities of the cycloid circle are distinguished by their syntony, sociability, friendliness, good nature, and forbearance. They are sociable, realistic, and not prone to fantasizing. Their main feature is autochthonous mood swings such as affective phases - hypomanic and subdepressive. There is a point of view regarding the illegality of identifying P.c. with cyclothymia - phase fluctuations with the first still do not always reach a pathological level, and endogenous depression and affective psychoses are observed no more often in cycloid psychopaths than in schizoids and psychasthenics.

P. SCHIZOID. Includes a wide variety of personality manifestations, common to which is autism. First manifestations at 3-4 years of age (see Asperger syndrome). The main symptoms are isolation from the outside world, unsociability, disharmony, paradoxical appearance and behavior, emotional manifestations, originality, originality of hobbies. The presence of a schizoid hyperesthetic proportion determines a significant range of abnormal personality manifestations. Its extreme poles are represented by sensitive and expansive variants. Sensitive schizoids are hypersensitive, experience resentment and rudeness within themselves for a long time, feel subtly and deeply, are prone to sophisticated introspection to the point of self-torment, and are dreamy; easily become asthenic and, at the same time, painfully proud. They are prone to schizoid-type reactions in response to a psychogenic-traumatic situation - depression, lethargy, increased isolation from the surrounding reality, distrust, loss of appetite, poor sleep, possible ideas of relationship. Schizoid reactions disappear after the unfavorable situation has passed.

Expansive schizoids are decisive, not prone to hesitation, cold towards others, indifferent to their grief. They are prone to explosive reactions, and at the same time are easily vulnerable, unsure of themselves, and dissatisfied with their fate. They also exhibit paranoid reactions.

P. EPILEPTIOID. It is characterized by strong emotional excitability, attacks of anger, rage that arise for minor reasons, often occurring with a narrowed consciousness and sharp motor agitation. This symptomatology is inherent in the explosive pole of P.e. At the other, defensive, pole there is the viscosity of affect, its stickiness, slow-moving inert thinking with a tendency to detail. See Glishroidia, Anechetic constitution.

Syn.: P. excitable circle.

PSYCHOPATHY

constitutionally-genetically determined personality disharmony, leading to the disharmonious formation of a person’s mental makeup. In psychopathy, a disorder of the personality structure is observed, which disrupts adaptation to the social sphere and causes suffering both to those around and to the patient himself. Psychopathic individuals are usually emotionally unstable, inconsistent in their judgments, and not always adequate in their actions. But at the same time they do not reveal intellectual deficiency. The pathological qualities inherent in them are permanent, innate personality properties, which, although they can intensify or develop in a certain direction during life, are nevertheless not subject to any drastic changes. Psychopathy represents the area between mental illness and health, i.e. they are borderline states. Psychopaths are characterized by inferiority (insufficiency) of the emotional-volitional sphere and thinking, but without resulting in dementia.

The basis of psychopathy is a congenital inferiority of the nervous system, which can arise under the influence of hereditary factors, as a result of intrauterine exposure to harmful factors on the fetus, as a result of birth injuries and severe diseases of early childhood. Incorrect upbringing and mental trauma are of great importance in the formation of psychopathy. In cases where the leading role in the formation of a pathological character belongs to external factors, they speak of pathocharacterological development of the personality. However, true psychopathy is constitutional (innate).

The predominant features of a disharmonious character determine the type of psychopathic personality: asthenic, psychasthenic, paranoid, hysterical, schizoid, etc.

Asthenic psychopaths are people who are highly impressionable, proud, sensitive, vulnerable and irritable, and are characterized by increased fatigue. When doing work that requires effort, they quickly become distracted and lose concentration. They are shy, indecisive, impressionable, get lost in unfamiliar surroundings and new conditions, while experiencing a feeling of inferiority. Often these people cannot stand the sight of blood, sudden changes in temperature, and react painfully to rudeness and tactlessness, but their reaction of dissatisfaction can be expressed in silent resentment or grumbling. Various autonomic disorders are common: headaches, discomfort in the heart area, gastrointestinal tract dysfunction, sweating, poor sleep. They are quickly exhausted and like to focus on their well-being.

Psychasthenic psychopaths are prone to doubts, are distinguished by an anxious and suspicious character, and are impressionable. These people are thorough, conscientious, pedantic, and any deviation from the once and for all established order infuriates them and causes an angry reaction, especially towards family members or subordinates. They are characterized by a desire for constant introspection and self-control, a tendency to abstract, divorced from real life logical constructions, obsessive doubts, fears. For psychasthenics, any changes in life, disruption of the usual way of life (change of job, place of residence, etc.) are difficult; this causes them increased uncertainty and anxious fears. The need to make independent decisions and take initiative is extremely difficult for them. At the same time, they are efficient, disciplined, and often pedantic and annoying.

Paranoid psychopaths are capricious, unfrank, distrustful people, prone to forming overly valuable ideas. Depending on the topic of the latter, they distinguish between reformers, religious fanatics, litigators, jealous people, etc. Highly valuable ideas, unlike delusional ones, are based on real facts and events, are specific in content, but judgments are based on subjective logic, a superficial and one-sided assessment of reality , corresponding to confirmation of one’s own point of view. The content of highly valuable ideas can be invention and reform. Failure to recognize the merits and merits of a paranoid person leads to clashes with others, conflicts, which, in turn, can become a real basis for litigious behavior. The “struggle for justice” in such cases consists of endless complaints, letters to various authorities, and legal proceedings. The patient’s activity and perseverance in this struggle cannot be broken by requests, convictions, or even threats.

Ideas of jealousy and hypochondriacal ideas (fixation on one’s own health with constant walking around) can also be of great value for such individuals. medical institutions with requirements additional consultations, examinations, the latest methods treatments that have no real justification). The constant desire for self-affirmation, categorical judgments and actions, selfishness and extreme self-confidence create the ground for conflicts with others. With age personal characteristics usually intensify.

Hysterical psychopaths are characterized by a constant desire to attract attention and a lack of ability to objectively evaluate the actions of others and their own. They always try to show their originality and talent. They resort to any means to be in the center of attention and for this they can pretend to have a heart attack, faint, threaten suicide, talk about extraordinary adventures, inhuman suffering. Sometimes patients, in order to attract attention to themselves, do not stop at lies and self-incrimination, for example, attributing to themselves crimes that they did not commit. These are called pathological liars (Munchausen syndrome). Their feelings are superficial and unstable. Their judgments are extremely contradictory and often have no basis in reality. Instead of logical comprehension and sober assessment of facts, their thinking is based on immediate impressions and their own inventions and fantasies. Hysterical psychopaths rarely achieve success in creative activity or scientific work, since they are hampered by an unbridled desire to be in the center of attention, mental immaturity, and egocentrism. They feel best in an atmosphere of scandals, gossip and squabbles.

Unstable (weak-willed) type. People of this type are characterized by increased subordination to external conditions. These are weak-willed, easily suggestible, “spineless” individuals, easily influenced by other people. Their lives, as a rule, are determined by random circumstances. They often fall into bad company, drink too much, become drug addicts, and scammers. At work, such people are unnecessary and undisciplined. They constantly need control and authoritative leadership. Under favorable conditions, they can work well and lead a healthy lifestyle.

For excitable type characteristic features are extreme irritability and excitability, explosiveness, leading to attacks of anger, rage, and the reaction usually does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus, arising for the most insignificant reasons. After an outburst of anger or aggressive behavior, patients quickly calm down, regret what happened, but soon do the same again. They are always dissatisfied with everything, look for reasons to find fault, enter into arguments on any issue, showing excessive vehemence and trying to outshout their interlocutors. Lack of flexibility, stubbornness, conviction that they are right and the constant struggle for justice, which ultimately boils down to the struggle for their rights and personal selfish interests, lead to their lack of harmony in the team and frequent conflicts in the family and at work. In some cases, disturbances of impulses come to the fore in the form of alcohol abuse, drug abuse (to relieve tension), and the desire to wander. Among psychopaths of this type there are gamblers and binge drinkers, sexual perverts and murderers.

Schizoid psychopaths are characterized by emotional coldness, selfishness, restraint, prudence, unceremoniousness, cruelty, and isolation. Usually their attention is directed only to satisfying their own interests; they like to express abstract, rational (essentially empty) concepts that are difficult to understand for those around them. Hobbies are often unusual, original, and non-standard. Among them there are many people involved in art, music, and theoretical sciences. In life they are usually called eccentrics, originals. Their judgments about people are categorical, unexpected and even unpredictable. At work, they are often uncontrollable, as they work based on their own ideas about values ​​in life. However, in certain areas where artistic extravagance and talent, unconventional thinking, and symbolism are required, they can achieve a lot.

They usually do not have permanent attachments, but they are ready to sacrifice themselves for the sake of some abstract concepts, imaginary ideas. Such a person may be completely indifferent to his sick mother, but at the same time he will call for assistance to the starving on the other side of the world. Passivity and inactivity in solving everyday problems are combined in schizoid individuals with ingenuity, enterprise and perseverance in achieving goals that are especially significant to them (for example, scientific work, collecting).

When recognizing psychopathy, one must take into account that character traits are manifested not so much in the patient’s statements as in his actions and behavior. Psychopathic individuals quite often come into conflict with others. As a result, a psychopathic reaction develops, manifested by an exacerbation of abnormal personality traits. Psychopathic reactions arise for any minor reason and are accompanied by the severity of psychopathic traits, protest, indignation, and opposition. The most important diagnostic feature when establishing a diagnosis of psychopathy is the absence of progression of the disease. This is important for distinguishing psychopathy from psychopath-like states that can occur at the onset of diseases (schizophrenia), with a progressive course, or as a result of mental changes under the influence of infections and intoxications.

Specificity. Psychopaths are primarily distinguished by inadequacy of emotional experiences, in particular a tendency to depressive and obsessive states.

Conditioning. In a large number of cases, it is determined by congenital inferiority of the nervous system (encephalitis, head injury).

Kinds. By modern classification stand out:

Anankastny personality, which is characterized by uncertainty, constant doubts, pedantry, over-caution;

An asthenic personality, which is characterized by increased irritability and rapid exhaustion, adapting to the opinions of other people, passivity, and unpreparedness for everyday difficulties;

An excitable personality, characterized by inappropriate emotional reactions with violent outbursts of anger, lack of control, conflicts, uninhibited anger;

A hysterical personality, which is characterized by impressionability, suggestibility, egocentrism, lability of affect, dependence on other people, the need for attention and recognition;

A paranoid personality characterized by suspicion, high self-esteem, a penchant for overvalued ideas, hypersensitivity to failure, perception of the actions of others as hostile, querulant behavior, fanaticism;

Cycloid personality characterized by mood swings;

A schizoid personality characterized by poor contacts, a tendency to fantasize, an inability to express feelings, coldness and detachment.

In society there are always people with unconventional thinking, impulsive, perky character - public favorites, playing a specific role hidden behind a mask of fictitious feelings. Emotional openness or psychopathy - a deliberate plan of action in achieving goals? It is possible to determine the subtle play of nature, you just have to wait for the right moment.

What is psychopathy?

The word psychopathy consists of two parts: “psyche” in Greek - soul and “pathos” - suffering. Psychopathy is a congenital or acquired in early childhood deviation in the functioning of the nervous system. Deformed development of strong-willed character traits, which expresses the individual in society. Signs of psychopathy appear in early childhood; such behavior does not occur in psychologically healthy people in adulthood:

• high vulnerability of feelings, developing into an uncontrolled surge of negative emotions - one of the main signs of psychopathy;
• unrestrained character, difficult to adapt personality in social terms - quarrels with relatives and colleagues based on the personal self-hypnosis of a psychopath, a tendency to embellish circumstances;
• indifference to the feelings and problems of other people, disregard for the norms of social behavior, manifestation of violence and aggression to achieve personal needs;
• Psychopaths do not have a sense of guilt; making mistakes that lead to punishment is not subject to analysis - to learning from experience.

Psychopathy in psychology

A psychopath is initially an egoist; it is important for him to be the center of attention, and it does not matter for what reason. The individual’s desire to become a leader and attract the attention of others is the norm for him. Emotionally unbalanced individuals suffering from psychopathy can easily betray, they are cowardly. A psychopath easily turns an important task assigned but not completed into a scandal.

Psychologists give a non-affirmative answer to the question whether psychopathy is a disease or a character - this is the line between a healthy and pathological state of the psyche. Such individuals do not suffer from dementia or low intelligence, and are often successfully implemented in creative professions that require expression of an emotional state.

Psychopaths are excellent at manipulating the feelings of others by pretending to be the victim or expressing “sincere” sympathy. Symptoms of psychopathy are often confused with manifestations of neuroses.

Sociopath and psychopath - difference

The distinguishing feature that distinguishes a psychopath from a sociopath is remorse. A psychopath does not have these at all, but a sociopath has hesitations about bad deeds. A sociopath, unlike a psychopath, has a hard time pretending in society to achieve gain; when communicating with others, he openly demonstrates personal interests and often makes rash, spontaneous actions. A psychopath, on the contrary, never publicly acknowledges personal interest, and it is easy to pretend to achieve what he wants, sometimes developing behavioral tactics.

Psychopathy - causes

Psychopathy occurs on the basis of birth injuries to the head, previous encephalitis, genetic predisposition and, as a consequence of improper upbringing of the child, parental alcoholism. If life circumstances that cause psychopathic syndromes in a person are minimized, then the manifestation of symptoms decreases. The first signs of psychopathy appear in early childhood and become more pronounced over the years - an exacerbation of symptoms that form an individual’s antisocial behavior.

Signs of psychopathy

There are a number of behavioral signs to recognize a psychopath. Ignoring general norms of behavior for a person suffering from psychopathy is standard. A psychopath lacks the skills to establish connections in society and does not have long-term friendships. To be defined as psychopathy, a person must have several essential characteristic features, innate or acquired qualities over the years:

• short sleep duration;
• lack of gratitude;
• high resentment;
• inconsistency and a bunch of unfinished tasks started;
• frequent changes of work and thinking stereotypes;
• constant lies;
• own moral laws, far from legal norms;
• instantaneous states of rage;
• accusing the opponent of lies and shortcomings at the slightest conflict;
• frequent changes of character masks, convincing play on the feelings of other people;
• lack of long-term love relationships;
• extreme hobbies;
• sexual perversion;
• groundless jealousy;
• lack of danger reflex;
• possessing attractiveness and charm, the presence of high intellectual inclinations;
• non-standard points of thinking.

Psychopathy - signs in men

Thoughtful tactics of behavior in society, an excellent disguise of real facts, are inherent in psychopathic men. It is difficult to recognize a man as a psychopath after a short acquaintance. High success at work and business, attractive demeanor and high activity - well-thought-out behavior in society. A woman caught in the network of a psychopath sees the real face of her chosen one late - domestic violence is a norm for him that cannot be eradicated.

Psychopathy - signs in women

Psychopathy in women is manifested by signs of hot temper and emotional imbalance, frequent depression. Callousness of soul and disregard for the feelings of loved ones are common to her. A psychopathic woman is of interest to most men, her cold calculation is based on personal interests, she lacks a feeling of love, but has developed selfishness, which manifests itself in adolescence.

What are psychopaths afraid of?

You can determine the type of behavior of a psychopath by applying rules of conduct; they will help to establish communication in a team and smooth out the sharp edges of relationships between relatives. The best way out- avoid manipulation of feelings, in the interests of the psychopath. The disease psychopathy is usually divided into groups, with the main symptom characterizing a separate type of personality disorder:

Paranoid psychopathy - individuals with such a disorder suspect everyone of bad intentions, are extremely observant, meticulous and curious about other people's lives, the manifestation of emotions in others, who are prescribed insidious plans.

Schizoid psychopathy - such people do not like to express emotions and communicate; when choosing a profession, they prefer work with minimal human contact.

Hysterical psychopathy - individuals with such a disorder are afraid of being left without attention to their person, creative abilities, and react sharply to criticism.

Excitable psychopathy - such psychopaths are characterized by groundless attacks of anger, jealousy, high requirements to the rest, frequent dysphoria. Excitable psychopaths are rude and boorish, aggressive and easily cause beatings, and are prone to committing crimes.

Psychasthenic psychopathy - cowardice and uncertainty, these individuals are far from reality - dreamy, prone to unfounded self-criticism.

Affective psychopathy - characterized by constant mood swings, expressed dissatisfaction with life, and the search for artificial stimulants of pleasure - drugs, alcohol.

Unstable psychopathy - lack of willpower, high degree of suggestibility and obedience from others. Having completely agreed with the opponent, such a person does not fulfill his promises.

Psychopath in a relationship with a woman

Playing on the feelings of a partner is a psychopath’s favorite thing. It’s not easy to leave a psychopath, he asks for forgiveness like an actor, with tears in his eyes, makes a promise not to repeat it or resorts to threats - a close look at the frightened victim gives him pleasure. In moments of aggravation of relations, there is no need to cry and justify your behavior, insult in response to comments, or make promises.

The wife, children and immediate family suffer emotionally from a psychopathic husband. The decision to leave a psychopathic tyrant should be final. Returning back to the psychopath, the woman will receive increased pressure during the next scandals, will be attacked by the tyrant with particular bitterness, and will receive psychological trauma that increases the self-esteem of the psychopath's aggressor.

How to deal with a psychopath?

How to communicate with a psychopath if circumstances require contact? You need to know that he is not interested in someone else’s point of view; the psychopath skillfully disguises his own interests behind affirmative agreement, followed by a surge of emotions. It is useless to enter into arguments with such individuals; if possible, you need to listen to the arguments in the affirmative, redirect the conversation to a neutral zone, where the opponent is an ally.

Psychopathy - treatment

A doctor's diagnosis of personality psychopathy requires treatment. The initial stage will be explanatory conversations, family psychotherapeutic consultation, and hypnosis techniques may be used. If after such methods of influence there is no improvement in the condition, then prescribe drug therapy. A strict selection of psychotropic drugs is carried out by a psychiatrist.

Famous psychopaths

Giftedness or madness of an individual that influenced the course of history and the development of sciences - there is no clear division of the outstanding abilities of a talented person. However, a significant contribution to history was made by people with completely faulty characters, and those who had an intolerable character and a reprehensible reputation. Famous psychopaths who have made contributions to the culture and history of mankind.

Vincent Van Gogh, a brilliant artist with signs of psychopathy, possessed the technique of quick drawing and writing letters, cut off his ear during the period of exacerbation of psychopathy.

Ludwig Van Beethoven, a famous composer, fell into depression bordering on psychopathy and was inclined to treat himself with opium and alcohol.

Isaac Newton - physicist and mathematician suffered sudden changes mood, communicating with him was problematic due to psychopathy.

Abraham Lincoln, the President of the United States, was an interesting personality; he was prone to prolonged melancholy, developing into a prolonged depression.