Mental disorder is wide range ailments that are characterized by changes in the psyche, affecting habits, performance, behavior and position in society. In the international classification of diseases, such pathologies have several meanings. ICD 10 code – F00 - F99.
Cause the appearance of one or another psychological pathology There can be a wide range of predisposing factors, ranging from traumatic brain injuries and family history to addiction to bad habits and toxin poisoning.
There are a lot of clinical manifestations of diseases associated with personality disorder, and they are extremely diverse, which is why we can conclude that they are individual in nature.
Establishing a correct diagnosis is a rather lengthy process, which, in addition to laboratory and instrumental diagnostic measures includes the study of life history, as well as analysis of handwriting and other individual characteristics.
Treatment of a particular mental disorder can be carried out in several ways - from the work of appropriate clinicians with the patient to the use of traditional medicine recipes.
Etiology
Personality disorder means a disease of the soul and a condition mental activity, which is different from healthy. The opposite of this condition is mental health characteristic of those individuals who can quickly adapt to daily life changes, solve various everyday issues or problems, and achieve their goals and objectives. When such abilities are limited or completely lost, one can suspect that a person has some kind of mental pathology.
Diseases of this group are caused by a wide variety and multiplicity etiological factors. However, it is worth noting that absolutely all of them are predetermined by impaired functioning of the brain.
TO pathological reasons, against the background of which mental disorders may develop, it is worth including:
- the course of various infectious diseases, which can either themselves negatively affect the brain or appear in the background;
- damage to other systems, for example, leaking or previously suffered, can cause the development of psychoses and other mental pathologies. Often they lead to the appearance of one or another disease in older people;
- traumatic brain injuries;
- brain oncology;
- congenital defects and anomalies.
Among the external etiological factors it is worth highlighting:
- effect on the body chemical compounds. This includes poisoning with toxic substances or poisons, indiscriminate intake medicines or harmful food components, as well as abuse of bad habits;
- lasting influence stressful situations or nervous overstrain which can haunt a person both at work and at home;
- improper upbringing of a child or frequent conflicts between peers lead to the appearance of a mental disorder in adolescents or children.
Separately, it is worth highlighting burdened heredity - mental disorders, like no other pathologies, are closely related to the presence of similar deviations in relatives. Knowing this, you can prevent the development of a particular disease.
In addition, mental disorders in women can be caused by labor.
Classification
There is a division of personality disorders that groups all diseases of a similar nature according to the predisposing factor and clinical manifestation. This enables clinicians to quickly make a diagnosis and prescribe the most effective therapy.
Thus, the classification of mental disorders includes:
- mental changes caused by drinking alcohol or using drugs;
- organic mental disorders - caused by disruption of normal brain function;
- affective pathologies are the main clinical manifestation is a frequent change of mood;
- and schizotypal diseases - such conditions have specific symptoms, which include a sharp change in personality and lack of adequate actions;
- phobias and Signs of such disorders may arise in relation to an object, phenomenon or person;
- behavioral syndromes associated with disturbances in eating, sleeping or sexual relations;
- . This disorder refers to borderline mental disorders, since they often arise against the background of intrauterine pathologies, heredity and childbirth;
- disorders of psychological development;
- Disorders of activity and concentration are the most common mental disorders in children and adolescents. It is expressed in disobedience and hyperactivity of the child.
Varieties of such pathologies in representatives of the teenage age category:
- prolonged depression;
- and nervous character;
- drankorexia.
Types of mental disorders in children are presented:
- mental retardation;
Varieties of such deviations in elderly people:
- marasmus;
- Pick's disease.
Mental disorders with epilepsy the most common are:
- epileptic mood disorder;
- transient mental disorders;
- mental seizures.
Long-term drinking of alcohol-containing drinks leads to the development of the following psychological personality disorders:
- delirium;
- hallucinations.
Brain injury can be a factor in the development of:
- twilight state;
- delirium;
- oneiroid.
The classification of mental disorders that arise against the background of somatic illnesses includes:
- asthenic neurosis-like state;
- Korsakov's syndrome;
- dementia.
Malignant neoplasms can cause:
- various hallucinations;
- affective disorders;
- memory impairment.
Types of personality disorder formed due to vascular pathologies of the brain:
- vascular dementia;
- cerebrovascular psychosis.
Some clinicians believe that selfie is a mental disorder, which is expressed in the tendency to very often take photographs of oneself on the phone and post them on social networks. Several degrees of severity of such a violation were compiled:
- episodic - a person takes photographs more than three times a day, but does not post the resulting images to the public;
- medium-heavy – differs from the previous one in that the person posts photos on social networks;
- chronic – photographs are taken throughout the day, and the number of photographs posted on the Internet exceeds six.
Symptoms
Appearance clinical signs mental disorder is of a purely individual nature, however, all of them can be divided into disorders of mood, thinking abilities and behavioral reactions.
The most obvious manifestations of such violations are:
- causeless changes in mood or the appearance of hysterical laughter;
- difficulty concentrating, even when performing simple tasks;
- conversations when no one is around;
- hallucinations, auditory, visual or combined;
- decreased or, conversely, increased sensitivity to stimuli;
- lapses or lack of memory;
- learning disabilities;
- misunderstanding of events happening around;
- decreased performance and adaptation in society;
- depression and apathy;
- feeling of pain and discomfort in various areas of the body, which in reality may not exist;
- the emergence of unjustified beliefs;
- sudden feeling of fear, etc.;
- alternation of euphoria and dysphoria;
- acceleration or inhibition of the thought process.
Such manifestations are typical for psychological disorder in children and adults. However, several of the most specific symptoms are identified, depending on the gender of the patient.
Representatives of the fairer sex may experience:
- sleep disorders such as insomnia;
- frequent overeating or, conversely, refusal to eat;
- addiction to alcohol abuse;
- sexual dysfunction;
- irritability;
- severe headaches;
- unreasonable fears and phobias.
In men, unlike women, mental disorders are diagnosed several times more often. The most common symptoms of a particular disorder include:
- sloppy appearance;
- avoidance of hygiene procedures;
- isolation and touchiness;
- blaming everyone except yourself for your own problems;
- sudden changes in mood;
- humiliation and insult of interlocutors.
Diagnostics
Establishing a correct diagnosis is a rather lengthy process that requires integrated approach. First of all, the clinician needs to:
- study the life history and medical history of not only the patient, but also his immediate relatives - to determine borderline mental disorder;
- a detailed survey of the patient, which is aimed not only at clarifying complaints regarding the presence of certain symptoms, but also at assessing the patient’s behavior.
Besides, great importance in diagnosis has a person’s ability to tell or describe his illness.
To identify pathologies of other organs and systems, it is recommended to carry out laboratory research blood, urine, feces and cerebrospinal fluid.
TO instrumental methods worth mentioning:
Psychological diagnostics are necessary to identify the nature of changes in individual processes of mental activity.
In cases of death, a pathological diagnostic examination is carried out. This is necessary to confirm the diagnosis, identify the causes of the disease and death of a person.
Treatment
Treatment tactics for mental disorders will be drawn up individually for each patient.
Drug therapy in most cases involves the use of:
- sedatives;
- tranquilizers - to relieve anxiety and restlessness;
- neuroleptics - to suppress acute psychosis;
- antidepressants - to combat depression;
- mood stabilizers - to stabilize mood;
- nootropics.
In addition, it is widely used:
- auto-training;
- hypnosis;
- suggestion;
- neurolinguistic programming.
All procedures are carried out by a psychiatrist. Good results can be achieved with the help of traditional medicine, but only if they are approved by the attending physician. The list of the most effective substances is:
- poplar bark and gentian root;
- burdock and centaury;
- lemon balm and valerian root;
- St. John's wort and kava-kava;
- cardamom and ginseng;
- mint and sage;
- cloves and licorice root;
Such treatment of mental disorders should be part of complex therapy.
Prevention
In addition, it is necessary to follow several simple rules for the prevention of mental disorders:
- completely give up bad habits;
- take medications only as prescribed by the clinician and strictly adhere to the dosage;
- If possible, avoid stress and nervous tension;
- follow all safety rules when working with toxic substances;
- undergo a full examination several times a year medical examination, especially for those people whose relatives have mental disorders.
Only by following all the above recommendations can a favorable prognosis be achieved.
Each of us is familiar with the state of anxiety, each of us has experienced difficulty sleeping, each of us has experienced periods of depressed mood. Many are familiar with such phenomena as childhood fears; many were “attached” to some obsessive melody, which for some time it was impossible to get rid of. All of the above conditions occur both normally and in pathology. However, normally they appear sporadically, not for long and, in general, do not interfere with life.
If the condition has been prolonged (the formal criterion is a period of more than 2 weeks), if it has begun to impair performance or simply interferes with leading a normal lifestyle, it is better to consult a doctor so as not to miss the onset of a possibly severe disease: it does not necessarily begin with severe mental disorders. Most people, for example, think that schizophrenia is necessarily a severe psychosis.
In fact, almost always schizophrenia (even its most severe forms) begins gradually, with subtle changes in mood, character, and interests. Thus, a previously lively, sociable and affectionate teenager becomes withdrawn, alienated and hostile towards his family. Or a young man who was previously mainly interested in football begins to spend almost days reading books, thinking about the essence of the universe. Or the girl begins to be upset about her appearance, claiming that she is too fat or that she has ugly legs. Such disorders can last for several months or even several years, and only then a more severe condition develops.
Of course, any of the changes described do not necessarily indicate schizophrenia or any mental illness at all. Character changes in adolescence everyone, and this causes parents all known difficulties. Almost all teenagers are upset about their appearance, and many begin to have “philosophical” questions.
In the vast majority of cases, all these changes have nothing to do with schizophrenia. But it happens that they do. It is useful to remember that this may be the case. If the phenomena of “adolescence” are very pronounced, if they create much more difficulties than in other families, it makes sense to consult a psychiatrist. And this is absolutely necessary if the matter is not limited to character changes, but they are joined by other, more distinct painful phenomena, for example, depression or obsessions.
Not all conditions for which it would be reasonable to seek help in a timely manner are listed here. These are just guidelines that can help you suspect something is wrong and make the right decision.
Is this really a disease?!
Any illness, be it physical or mental, invades our lives unexpectedly, brings suffering, disrupts plans, and disrupts the usual way of life. However, a mental disorder burdens both the patient and his loved ones with additional problems. If it is customary to share about a physical (somatic) illness with friends and relatives and seek advice on how best to proceed, then in the case of a mental disorder, both the patient and his family members try not to tell anyone anything.
If at physical illness people strive to understand what is happening as quickly as possible and quickly seek help, then when mental disorders occur, the family does not realize for a long time that it is a disease: the most ridiculous, sometimes mystical assumptions are made, and the visit to a specialist is postponed for months or even years.
A mental disorder manifests itself in changes in the perception of the outside world (or perception of oneself in this world), as well as in changes in behavior.
Why is this happening?
Symptoms of physical (somatic) diseases are most often very specific (pain, fever, cough, nausea or vomiting, upset bowel movements or urination, etc.) In such a situation, everyone understands that they need to go to the doctor. And the patient may not have the usual complaints of pain, weakness, malaise, or “usual” symptoms like elevated temperature body or lack of appetite. Therefore, the thought of illness does not immediately occur to the patient himself or to his loved ones.
The symptoms of mental illness, especially at the very beginning, are either quite vague or very unclear. In young people they are often similar to character difficulties (“whims”, “whims”, age crisis), and in depression - to fatigue, laziness, lack of will.
Therefore, for a very long time, people around them think that a teenager, for example, was poorly brought up or came under bad influence; that he was overworked or “overtrained”; that a person is “playing the fool” or mocking his family, and first of all the family tries to apply “educational measures” (moral teaching, punishment, demands to “pull yourself together”).
In the event of a gross violation of the patient’s behavior, his relatives have the most incredible assumptions: they have “jinxed” him, “zombified” him, drugged him, etc. Often family members guess that we are talking about a mental disorder, but explain it by overwork, a quarrel with a loved one, fear, etc. They try in every possible way to delay the time of seeking help, waiting for it to “go away on its own.”
But even when it becomes clear to everyone that the matter is much more serious, when the thought of “spoilage” or “evil eye” is behind us, when there is no longer any doubt that a person is sick, there is still a pressing prejudice that mental illness is not at all what that disease, for example heart or stomach. Often this wait lasts from 3 to 5 years. This affects both the course of the disease and the results of treatment; it is known that the earlier treatment is started, the better.
Most people are firmly convinced that diseases of the body (they are also called somatic diseases, because “soma” in Greek means “body”) are an ordinary phenomenon, and mental disorders, diseases of the soul (“psyche” in Greek - soul), - this is something mysterious, mystical and very scary.
We repeat, that this is just a prejudice and that its causes are complexity and "unusuality" of psychopathological symptoms. In other respects, mental and physical illnesses are no different from each other."
Signs that may suggest mental illness:
- Noticeable personality change.
- Inability to cope with problems and daily activities.
- Strange or big ideas.
- Excessive anxiety.
- Long-term decreased mood or apathy.
- Noticeable changes in your usual eating and sleeping patterns.
- Thoughts and conversations about suicide.
- Extreme ups and downs of mood.
- Alcohol or drug abuse.
- Excessive anger, hostility, or inappropriate behavior.
Behavioral disorders- symptoms of the disease, and the patient is as little to blame for them as a patient with the flu is to blame for having a fever. This is a very difficult problem for relatives - to understand and accustom themselves to the fact that the incorrect behavior of a sick person is not a manifestation of malice, bad upbringing or character, that these violations cannot be eliminated or normalized (educational or punitive) measures, that they are eliminated as the condition improves sick.
For relatives, information about the initial manifestations of psychosis or symptoms of the advanced stage of the disease may be useful. All the more useful may be recommendations on some rules of behavior and communication with a person in a painful condition. IN real life It is often difficult to immediately understand what is happening with your loved one, especially if he is afraid, suspicious, distrustful and does not directly express any complaints. In such cases, only indirect manifestations of mental disorders can be noticed.
Psychosis can have a complex structure and combine hallucinatory, delusional and emotional disorders (mood disorders) in various proportions.
The following symptoms may appear during the disease, all without exception, or individually.
Manifestations of auditory and visual hallucinations:
- Conversations with oneself that resemble a conversation or remarks in response to someone else's questions (excluding comments out loud like “Where did I put my glasses?”).
- Laughter for no apparent reason.
- Sudden silence, as if a person is listening to something.
- Alarmed, preoccupied look; inability to concentrate on the topic of conversation or a specific task
- The impression that your relative sees or hears something that you cannot perceive.
The appearance of delirium can be recognized by the following signs:
- Changed behavior towards relatives and friends, the appearance of unreasonable hostility or secrecy.
- Direct statements of implausible or dubious content (for example, about persecution, about one’s own greatness, about one’s irredeemable guilt.)
- Protective actions in the form of curtaining windows, locking doors, obvious manifestations of fear, anxiety, panic.
- Expressing, without obvious grounds, fears for one’s life and well-being, or for the life and health of loved ones.
- Individual, meaningful statements that are incomprehensible to others, adding mystery and special significance ordinary topics.
- Refusal to eat or careful checking of food contents.
- Active litigious activity (for example, letters to the police, various organizations with complaints about neighbors, co-workers, etc.). How to respond to the behavior of a person suffering from delusions:
- Do not ask questions that clarify the details of delusional statements and statements.
- Do not argue with the patient, do not try to prove to your relative that his beliefs are wrong. Not only does this not work, but it can also worsen existing disorders.
- If the patient is relatively calm, inclined to communicate and help, listen carefully, reassure him and try to persuade him to see a doctor.
Suicide Prevention
Almost everyone depressive states thoughts may arise about not wanting to live. But depression accompanied by delusions (for example, guilt, impoverishment, incurable somatic illness) is especially dangerous. At the height of the severity of the condition, these patients almost always have thoughts of suicide and suicidal readiness.
The following signs warn of the possibility of suicide:
- The patient’s statements about his uselessness, sinfulness, and guilt.
- Hopelessness and pessimism about the future, reluctance to make any plans.
- The presence of voices advising or ordering suicide.
- The patient's conviction that he has a fatal, incurable disease.
- Sudden calming of the patient after a long period of sadness and anxiety. Others may have the false impression that the patient's condition has improved. He puts his affairs in order, for example, writes a will or meets with old friends whom he has not seen for a long time.
Preventive action:
- Take any conversation about suicide seriously, even if it seems unlikely to you that the patient might try to commit suicide.
- If you get the impression that the patient is already preparing for suicide, do not hesitate to immediately seek professional help.
- Hide dangerous items(razors, knives, pills, ropes, weapons), carefully close the windows and balcony doors.
If you or someone close to you experiences one or more of these warning signs, you should immediately consult a psychiatrist.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who has received a higher medical education and completed a course of specialization in the field of psychiatry, has a license to practice and is constantly improving his professional level.
Questions from relatives about the manifestation of the disease.
I have an adult son - 26 years old. Something has been happening to him lately. I see his strange behavior: he stopped going outside, is not interested in anything, doesn’t even watch his favorite videos, refuses to get up in the morning and hardly cares about personal hygiene. This had never happened to him before. I can't find the reason for the changes. Maybe it's a mental illness?
Relatives often ask this question, especially in the most initial stages diseases. Behavior loved one causes anxiety, but it is impossible to accurately determine the reason for the change in behavior. In this situation, significant tension may arise between you and the person close to you.
Watch your loved one. If the resulting behavior disorders are persistent enough and do not disappear when circumstances change, it is likely that their cause may be a mental disorder. If you feel uneasy, try consulting a psychiatrist.
Try not to get into conflict with the person you care about. Instead, try to find productive ways to resolve the situation. Sometimes it can be helpful to start by learning as much as you can about mental illness.
How to convince a patient to seek psychiatric help if he says: “I’m fine, I’m not sick”?
Unfortunately, this situation is not uncommon. We understand that it is extremely painful for relatives to see a family member suffering from an illness, and it is equally difficult to see that he refuses to seek help from a doctor or even from his loved ones to improve his condition.
Try to express your concerns to him in a way that does not seem like criticism, accusations or unnecessary pressure on your part. Sharing your fears and concerns with a trusted friend or doctor first can help you talk calmly with the patient.
Ask your loved one if they are concerned about their condition, and try to discuss with them possible ways solutions to the problem that has arisen. Your main principle should be to involve the patient as much as possible in discussing problems and making appropriate decisions. If it is impossible to discuss anything with the person you care about, try to find support in resolving difficult situation from other family members, friends or doctors.
Sometimes the patient's mental state deteriorates sharply. You need to know when mental health services provide treatment against the wishes of the patient (involuntary hospitalization, etc.), and in which they don’t do this.
The main purpose of involuntary (forced) hospitalization is to ensure the safety of the patient himself, who is in acute condition, and the people around him.
Remember that there is no substitute for a trusting relationship with your doctor. You can and should talk to him about the problems facing you first. Do not forget that these problems can be no less difficult for the specialists themselves.
Please explain whether the system provides psychiatric care Is there any mechanism for providing it if the patient needs help, but refuses it?
Yes, in accordance with such a mechanism, such a mechanism is provided. A patient may be admitted and held involuntarily in a mental health facility if the psychiatrist believes that the person has a mental illness and is likely to cause serious physical harm to himself or others if left untreated.
To persuade the patient to voluntary treatment, the following can be advised:
- Choose the right moment to talk to your coachee and try to honestly express your concerns to him.
- Let him know that first of all you are concerned about him and his well-being.
- Consult your relatives and your doctor about what is best for you to do.
Psychiatry has traditionally dealt with the recognition and treatment of mental illnesses and disorders. We study those disorders of human mental activity that manifest themselves in thoughts, feelings, emotions, actions, and behavior in general. These violations may be obvious, strongly expressed, or may not be so obvious as to speak of “abnormality.” Unbalanced people are not always mentally ill.
The line where pathology begins behind the norm is quite blurry and has not yet been clearly defined either in psychiatry or psychology. Therefore, mental illnesses are difficult to unambiguously interpret and evaluate. If signs of mental disorder are observed in women, they may be the same in men. Obvious gender differences in the nature of the manifestation of mental illness are sometimes difficult to notice. In any case, with obvious mental disorders. But the prevalence rate by gender may vary. Signs of mental disorders in men appear with no less force, although they are not without their originality.
If a person believes, for example, that he is Napoleon or has superpowers, or he has observed sudden changes mood, or melancholy begins or he falls into despair because of the most trivial everyday problems, then we can assume that he is showing signs of mental illness. There may also be perverted attractions or his actions will be clearly different from normal. Manifestations of painful mental states are very different. But what will be common is that, first of all, a person’s personality and his perception of the world will undergo change.
Personality is the totality of a person’s mental and spiritual properties, his way of thinking, responding to changes in the environment, and his character. Personality traits different people have the same differences as bodily, physical - the shape of the nose, lips, eye color, height, etc. That is, the individuality of a person has the same meaning as physical individuality.
By the manifestations of personality traits, we can recognize a person. Personality traits do not exist separately from each other. They are closely interconnected, both in their functions and in the nature of their manifestation. That is, they are organized into a kind of integral system, just as all our organs, tissues, muscles, bones form the bodily shell, the body.
Just as the body undergoes changes with age or under the influence of external factors, personality does not remain unchanged, it develops and changes. Personality changes can be physiological, normal (especially with age) and pathological. Personality changes (normal) with age, under the influence of external and internal factors, occur gradually. The mental appearance of a person gradually also changes. At the same time, personality properties change so that the harmony and integrity of the personality are not violated.
What happens when there is a sharp change in personality traits?
But sometimes, personality can change dramatically (or at least it will seem so to others). People I know suddenly turn from modest to boastful, too harsh in their judgments; they were calm and balanced, but they became aggressive and hot-tempered. They turn from being thorough into frivolous and superficial. Such changes are hard to miss. Personal harmony has already been disrupted. Such changes are already obvious pathological, are mental disorders. It is obvious that mental illness can cause such changes. Both doctors and psychologists talk about this. After all, mentally ill people often behave inappropriately to the situation. And this becomes obvious to others over time.
Factors provoking the emergence and development of mental illness:
- Traumatic injuries to the head and brain. At the same time, mental activity changes dramatically, clearly not in better side. Sometimes it stops altogether when a person falls into an unconscious state.
- Organic diseases congenital pathologies brain. In this case, both individual mental properties and the entire activity of the human psyche as a whole may be disrupted or “drop out.”
- General infectious diseases (typhoid, septecemia or blood poisoning, meningitis, encephalitis, etc.). They can cause irreversible changes in the psyche.
- Intoxication of the body under the influence of alcohol, narcotic drugs, gases, medicines, household chemicals (such as glue), poisonous plants. These substances can cause profound changes in the psyche and disruption of the central nervous system (CNS).
- Stress, psychological trauma. In this case, signs of mental abnormalities may be temporary.
- Burdened heredity. If a person has a history of close relatives with chronic mental illnesses, then the likelihood of manifestation of such a disease among subsequent generations increases (although this point is sometimes disputed).
There may be other reasons among the above factors. There may be many of them, but not all of them are known to medicine and science. Usually, a clearly mentally unbalanced person is immediately noticeable, even to ordinary people. And yet, the human psyche is perhaps the least studied system human body. That is why its changes are so difficult to analyze clearly and unambiguously.
Each case of pathological changes in the psyche must be studied individually. Mental disorder or illness may be acquired or congenital. If they are acquired, it means that a certain moment has come in a person’s life when pathological personality traits came to the fore. Unfortunately, it is impossible to trace the moment of transition from normal to pathology, and it is difficult to know when the first signs appeared. As well as preventing this transition.
Where and when does the “abnormality” begin?
Where is the line beyond which mental illness immediately begins? If there was no obvious interference from the outside in the psyche (head injury, intoxication, illness, etc.), in any case, there was no, in the opinion of both the sick person himself and his environment, then why did he get sick or did mental disorders arise? even if not psychogenic? What went wrong, at what point? Doctors have not yet answered these questions. One can only make assumptions, carefully study the anamnesis, try to find at least something that could provoke the changes.
Talking about congenital, it is assumed that human spiritual properties have never been in harmony. A person was born with a damaged personality. Mental disorders in children and their symptoms represent a separate area for study. Children have their own mental characteristics that differ from adults. And it should be borne in mind that signs of a mental disorder can be obvious and obvious, or they can appear as if gradually and by chance, occasionally. Moreover, anatomical changes (most often this means changes in the brain, first of all) in diseases and mental disorders can be visible and obvious, but sometimes it is impossible to trace them. Or their changes are so subtle that they cannot be traced at this level of medical development. That is, from a purely physiological point of view, there are no violations, but the person is mentally ill and needs treatment.
The pathophysiological basis of mental illness should be considered, first of all, disorders of the central nervous system - a violation of the basic processes of higher nervous activity(according to I.P. Pavlov).
If we talk directly about the signs of mental disorders, then we should take into account the peculiarities of the classification of mental illnesses. In each historical period of development of psychiatry, classifications have undergone various changes. Over time, it became obvious that there is a need for consistent diagnosis of the same patients by different psychiatrists, regardless of their theoretical orientation and practical experience. Although even now this can be difficult to achieve, due to conceptual disagreements in understanding the essence of mental disorders and diseases.
Another difficulty is that there are different national taxonomies of diseases. They may differ from each other in various criteria. At the moment, from the point of view of the significance of reproducibility, the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD 10) and the American DSM-IV are used.
Types of mental pathology (according to the domestic classification) depending on the main causes that cause them:
- Endogenous (under the influence of external factors) mental illness, but with the participation of exogenous factors. These include schizophrenia, epilepsy, affective disorders and etc.
- Exogenous (under the influence of internal factors) mental illnesses, but with the participation endogenous factors. These include somatogenic, infectious, traumatic diseases, etc.
- Diseases caused by developmental disorders, as well as due to dysfunctions or disruptions in the functioning of mature body systems. These types of diseases include various personality disorders, etc.
- Psychogenics. These are diseases with signs of psychosis, neuroses.
It is worth considering that all classifications not perfect and are open to criticism and improvement.
What is a mental disorder and how can it be diagnosed?
Patients with mental disorders may visit doctors frequently. They may be in the hospital many times and undergo numerous examinations. Although, first of all, mentally ill people more often complain about their physical condition.
The World Health Organization has identified the main signs of a mental disorder or illness:
- Clearly expressed psychological discomfort.
- Impaired ability to perform normal work or school responsibilities.
- Increased risk of death. Suicidal thoughts, attempts to commit suicide. General disturbance of mental activity.
You should be wary if, even after a thorough examination, no somatic disorders are identified (and complaints do not stop), the patient has been “treated” for a long time and unsuccessfully different doctors, but his condition does not improve. Mental illnesses or mental illnesses can be expressed not only by signs of mental disorders, but in the clinical picture of the disease there may also be somatic disorders.
Somatization symptoms caused by anxiety
Anxiety disorders occur 2 times more often in women than in men. At anxiety disorders patients more often present somatic complaints than complaints about changes in general mental state. Often somatic disorders are observed when various types depression. It is also a very common mental disorder among women.
Somatization symptoms caused by depression
Anxiety and depressive disorders often occur together. ICD 10 even has a separate category for anxiety-depressive disorder.
Currently, in the practice of a psychiatrist, a comprehensive psychological examination is actively used, which includes a whole group of tests (but their results are not a sufficient basis for making a diagnosis, but only play a clarifying role).
When diagnosing a mental disorder, a comprehensive personality examination is carried out and various factors are taken into account:
- The level of development of higher mental functions (or their changes) - perception, memory, thinking, speech, imagination. What is the level of his thinking, how adequate are his judgments and conclusions? Are there any memory impairments, is attention depleted? How well do thoughts correspond to mood and behavior? For example, some people can tell sad stories and still laugh. They evaluate the pace of speech - whether it is slow or, on the contrary, the person speaks quickly and incoherently.
- They evaluate the general background of the mood (depressed or unreasonably high, for example). How adequate are his emotions to the surrounding environment, to changes in the world around him?
- They monitor his level of contact and willingness to discuss his condition.
- Assess the level of social and professional productivity.
- The nature of sleep, its duration,
- Eating behavior. Does a person suffer from overeating or, on the contrary, does he eat too little, rarely, unsystematically?
- The ability to experience pleasure and joy is assessed.
- Can the patient plan his activities, control his actions, behavior, are there any violations of volitional activity.
- The degree of adequacy of orientation in themselves, other people, in time, place - do patients know their name, do they recognize themselves as who they are (or consider themselves a superman, for example), do they recognize relatives, friends, can build a chronology of events in their lives and lives of loved ones.
- The presence or absence of interests, desires, inclinations.
- Level of sexual activity.
- The most important thing is how critical a person is of his condition.
These are only the most general criteria, the list is far from complete. In each specific case, age, social status, health status, individual characteristics personality. In fact, signs of mental disorders can be ordinary behavioral reactions, but in an exaggerated or distorted form. Of particular interest to many researchers is the creativity of mentally ill people and its influence on the course of the disease. Mental illness- not such a rare companion even for great people.
It is believed that “Mental illnesses have the ability to sometimes suddenly open up the springs of the creative process, the results of which are ahead of ordinary life, sometimes for a very long time.” Creativity can serve as a means of calm and have a beneficial effect on the patient. (P.I. Karpov, “Creativity of the mentally ill and its influence on the development of art, science and technology,” 1926). They also help the doctor penetrate deeper into the patient’s soul and understand him better. It is also believed that creators in the fields of science, technology and art often suffer from nervous imbalance. According to these views, the creativity of mentally ill people often has no less value than the creativity of healthy people. Then what should mentally healthy people be like? This is also an ambiguous wording and the signs are approximate.
Signs of mental health:
- Adequate to external and internal changes behavior, actions.
- Healthy self-esteem not only of yourself, but also of your capabilities.
- Normal orientation in one's personality, time, space.
- Ability to work normally (physically, mentally).
- Ability to think critically.
A mentally healthy person is a person who wants to live, develop, knows how to be happy or sad (shows a large number of emotions), does not threaten himself and others with his behavior, is generally balanced, in any case, this is how he should be assessed by the people around him. These characteristics are not exhaustive.
Mental disorders most common in women:
- Anxiety disorders
- Depressive disorders
- Anxiety and depressive disorders
- Panic disorders
- Disorders eating behavior
- Phobias
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Adjustment disorder
- Histrionic personality disorder
- Dependent personality disorder
- Pain disorder, etc.
Often, signs of a mental disorder are observed in women after the birth of a child. Especially, signs of neuroses and depression of varying nature and severity may be observed.
In any case, the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders should be carried out by doctors. The success of treatment strongly depends on the timeliness of therapy. The support of loved ones and family is very important. In the treatment of mental disorders, combined methods of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are usually used.
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We often attribute extravagant actions to a person’s character. What if there is something more behind this? Outstanding American psychotherapists Aaron Beck and Arthur Freeman in their book “Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders” revealed the secrets of human temperament.
Editorial website I carefully studied the work of these scientists and prepared for you a guide to 10 character traits that can bring their owners a lot of problems if they are not kept under control.
1. Negligence
Anyone who wants to relax more and work less can safely be included in this category. Of course, this is an ordinary human desire, but some of us often go too far. For example, if a company employee filed several sick leaves over the course of a year, took a couple of vacations and countless days off, and at the same time managed to be late, the psychologist would give him antisocial personality disorder. True, for this it is necessary that the following symptoms also be observed:
- frequent lies that are not motivated by anything;
- the desire to live at someone else's expense;
- frequent dismissal without further employment plans, that is, “going nowhere”;
- waste of money for other purposes (I was going to buy groceries, but bought a new toy for the console).
Time management and rewards will help fight antisociality. It is enough to write down what kind of gift you can give yourself for this or that achievement (for example, living according to a plan for a couple of days), and stick to the schedule for at least a month so that the habit has time to develop. Even with such violations, psychologists recommend the exercise “Review of Choices”: the problem is stated in writing, possible ways out of it and the advantages / disadvantages of each are determined. This will help you make decisions rationally.
2. Shyness
Encouraged shyness can over time develop into total alienation and reluctance to establish connections with the outside world. People who are on the verge of a mental disorder stop feeling strong emotions and try to limit themselves in any contacts, and therefore often choose remote work or other activities that have nothing to do with communication.
Hypertrophied introversion leads to schizoid personality disorder, which has the following characteristics:
- indifference to criticism and praise;
- lack of close friends or having only one friend;
- tendency to dream frequently and unrealistically;
- excessive sensitivity that is impossible or scary to express to others.
There are many ways to prevent the development of the disease. One of the most effective is group activities. Any class will do: drawing, learning a foreign language, yoga or Pilates.
To combat growing misanthropy, you should use a simple life hack: instead of the phrase “I don’t like people,” say “I don’t like this thing” (character trait, clothing, appearance, habit, or something else). This approach will allow us to form a new attitude: in addition to the bad, there is also something good in people.
3. Procrastination
Rebels who do not want to obey the rules in society fall into this category. Everything is expressed in postponing necessary actions until someday. Neglected procrastination may well lead to passive-aggressive personality disorder which often leads to chronic depression.
A little rebellion at school or university is a completely natural phenomenon, and there is no need to look for the origins of the disease in it. The following symptoms may indicate that procrastination is moving into a new phase of development:
- irritability in response to requests to do something not particularly pleasant, but common for most people (for example, wash the dishes, clean up after the cat, or take out the trash);
- very slow pace of work and poor quality;
- resentment towards useful tips others about how to do the job faster and better;
- unfounded, malicious criticism of people in positions of power.
The difficulty of prevention lies in the fact that a person usually believes that he is not to blame for anything. The “Election Review” exercise we have already described is perfect here. Also recommended social game, in which you need to put yourself in other people's shoes to understand their feelings. Such therapy will stop the progress of procrastination and make a person more sensitive to others.
4. Impulsiveness and temper
A person who does not try to control his anger runs the risk of borderline disorder personalities. One of the typical manifestations of an approaching illness is a sudden and unmotivated change of opinions to radically opposite ones. Let's say today you think that fried eggs have a terrible effect on your stomach, and you hate it, and the day after tomorrow you enthusiastically cook it for breakfast.
Of course, simply being impulsive does not threaten anything. Although it’s worth thinking about if you find the following symptoms along with your temper:
- unstable friendships and romantic relationships;
- frequent thoughtless spending of money (we got together for a coffee maker, but bought a second TV);
- careless, near-accident driving;
- mood changes for no apparent reason and a feeling of chronic boredom.
Excellent prevention is anger management courses and various self-identity trainings. Self-control with encouragement will be useful. For example, if you are going to buy an ill-fated coffee maker, buy it (without taking half the store with you), and as a reward, buy something you have long dreamed of.
5. Self-flagellation
People prone to self-flagellation can easily be called ostriches: at every opportunity they bury their heads in the sand, trying to hide from problems. In psychology this is called avoidant personality disorder. In advanced cases appear panic attacks, depression and sleep disorders.
Self-criticism in small doses is useful because it pushes us to develop, but in large doses it is downright dangerous for the mental state. You can sound the alarm if the following occurs:
- intense and immediate resentment at criticism or disapproval;
- avoidance of new contacts, reaching the point of absurdity (for example, refusing a promotion if it requires communication with new people);
- exaggeration of potential difficulties, physical dangers or risks of ordinary activities;
- holding back from communicating with people for fear of saying something wrong.
An effective exercise in this case is to refute false predictions. You need to write down your assumptions about some action that needs to be performed. For example: “If I go to an unfamiliar store late at night, I will definitely be robbed,” and then perform this action and write down the result. Subsequently, when doubts and negative premonitions arise, you just need to open a notebook with notes to make sure that nothing bad will happen.
6. Suspiciousness
Each of us is a little paranoid, and that's normal. But some people, in their suspicions, cross all imaginable boundaries: they hack pages on social networks, listen telephone conversations and even hire a private detective. A person whose doubts drive him to such desperate actions may be suffering paranoid disorder personalities. This violation is accompanied by the following symptoms:
- unreasonable distrust of a partner;
- search hidden meanings in ordinary actions of people (for example, a neighbor deliberately slams the door to annoy you);
- the tendency to consider everyone but oneself to blame;
- lack of a sense of humor, inability to see the funny in everyday situations.
A great way to combat chronic mistrust is to keep a list of people you know and put plus marks next to their name every time they meet expectations in some way (for example, you were afraid that the guy at the corporate party would forget about your existence, but he paid attention to you all evening ). The next time any suspicion arises, it will be enough to look at the number of pluses, and the mistrust will disappear.
7. Helpfulness
Dependence on loved ones is a hallmark of all mammals and, of course, humans. Relying on others is completely normal, but excessive attachment is defined in medicine as dependent personality disorder. The trait behind which lies a real mental disorder is considered to be great difficulty or inability to make decisions without the approval of an authoritative person. In addition, the disease is accompanied by the following symptoms:
- agreement with others, even if they are wrong;
- a feeling of discomfort in loneliness and the desire to do anything just not to be alone;
- performing unpleasant or humiliating acts in order to please;
- baseless obsessive thoughts that all the people around are traitors.
The best way to fight is to collect evidence of your competence, for example: “I drive a car well”, “I prepared an excellent report at work”, etc. Whenever you want to ask for approval from someone, you need to look at the list - this will add confidence.
8. Emotionality
Excessive emotionality and sensitivity may be a symptom histrionic personality disorder, which in the world is simply called hysteria. The desire to attract attention is natural for a person until it turns into outbursts of anger and fits. A distinctive feature is a very emotional speech and at the same time the absence of details in it. For example, to the question “What does your mother look like?” the answer will be something like: “She was very good.”
Other signs of the disorder:
- constant search for support, approval and praise from an authoritative person;
- inability to concentrate on one thing for a long time;
- superficial, quickly changing emotions;
- intolerance to procrastination with a constant desire to do something.
One of great ways resisting hysteria is a job on a timer. You need to set a timer for half an hour or an hour and spend all this time doing only one thing. Despite the apparent ease of the exercise, it will not be so easy to perform it: unnecessarily emotional people very difficult to sit still. It’s also difficult for them to set goals, because they usually dream about something wonderful, but uncertain, so a great solution would be to set specific goals: achieve a promotion in 2 months, learn how to cook risotto for the New Year, etc.
Perfectionists should be concerned when they discover the following trends:
- reluctance to spend time on yourself for fear of becoming unproductive;
- refusal to throw away unnecessary things with the thought “it will be useful for something”;
- pathological fear to make a mistake;
- the desire to do work for others because of the idea that no one else can do it as well.
Perfectionists find it difficult to sit still because their being requires immediate activity, and therefore psychologists recommend everyday meditation. Any form will do - from massage to listening to music with your eyes closed. To consolidate success, it is useful to write down how many things were accomplished on days without relaxation and on days when there was relaxation. This will convince the perfectionist that rest is not a hindrance to productivity.
10. Inflated self-esteem - hidden or overt anger in response to any criticism;
- using people to achieve one's own goals;
- expectation of special treatment (for example, in a queue everyone should let such a person pass, but he himself does not know why);
- intense envy and constant dreams of unimaginable wealth.
The main problem of a narcissist is the discrepancy between expectations and reality, and hence the side problems: a feeling of worthlessness, frequent mood swings, fear of getting into an awkward position. One of the exercises to combat the disorder is to lower the bar of desires to something realistically achievable. For example, instead of buying a luxury car, you can buy shoes at the nearest shoe store.
Tell me, have you ever encountered a situation where some character trait prevented you or someone you know from living a normal life?
The article provides an overview of the symptoms and syndromes of mental disorders, including the features of their manifestation in children, adolescents, the elderly, men and women. Some methods and means used in traditional and alternative medicine for the treatment of such diseases.
Syndromes and signs
Asthenic syndrome
The painful condition, also called asthenia, neuropsychic weakness or chronic fatigue syndrome, is manifested by increased fatigue and exhaustion. Patients experience a weakening or complete loss of the ability to perform any prolonged physical and mental stress.
Towards development asthenic syndrome may lead to:
Asthenic syndrome can be observed both at the initial stage of disease development internal organs, and occur after an acute illness.
Asthenia often accompanies chronic illness, being one of its manifestations.
Chronic fatigue syndrome occurs more often in people with unbalanced or weak type higher nervous activity.
The presence of asthenia is indicated by the following signs:
- irritable weakness;
- prevalence of low mood;
- sleep disorders;
- intolerance to bright light, noise and strong odors;
- headache;
- weather dependent.
Manifestations of neuropsychic weakness are determined by the underlying disease. For example, with atherosclerosis, severe memory impairment is observed, with hypertension - painful sensations in the heart area and headaches.
Obsessiveness
The term “obsession” (obsessive state, compulsion) is used to refer to a set of symptoms associated with periodically occurring intrusive unwanted thoughts, ideas, and ideas. 
An individual who fixates on such thoughts, which usually cause negative emotions or a stressful state, finds it difficult to get rid of them. This syndrome can manifest itself in the form of obsessive fears, thoughts and images, the desire to get rid of which often leads to the performance of special “rituals” - copulsions.
Psychiatrists have identified several distinctive features obsessive states:
- Obsessive thoughts are reproduced by the consciousness arbitrarily (against the will of the person), while the consciousness remains clear. The patient tries to fight obsession.
- Obsessions are alien to thinking, visible connection obsessive thoughts and the content of thinking is absent.
- Obsession is closely related to emotions, often depressive in nature, and anxiety.
- Obsessions do not affect intellectual abilities.
- The patient realizes the unnaturalness of obsessive thoughts and maintains a critical attitude towards them.
Affective syndrome
Affective syndromes are symptom complexes of mental disorders that are closely related to mood disorders. 
There are two groups of affective syndromes:
- With a predominance of manic (elevated) mood
- With a predominance of depressive (low) mood.
IN clinical picture In affective syndromes, the leading role belongs to disturbances in the emotional sphere - from small mood swings to quite pronounced mood disorders (affects).
By nature, all affects are divided into sthenic, which occur with a predominance of excitement (delight, joy), and asthenic, which occur with a predominance of inhibition (melancholy, fear, sadness, despair).
Affective syndromes are observed in many diseases: with circular psychosis and schizophrenia they are the only manifestations of the disease, with progressive paralysis, syphilis, brain tumors, vascular psychoses - its initial manifestations.
Affective syndromes are disorders such as depression, dysphoria, euphoria, mania. 
Depression is a fairly common mental disorder that requires special attention, since 50% of people who attempt suicide show signs of this mental disorder.
Characteristic features of depression:
- low mood;
- pessimistic attitude to reality, negative judgments;
- motor and volitional inhibition;
- inhibition of instinctive activity (loss of appetite or, conversely, a tendency to overeat, decreased sexual desire);
- focus on painful experiences and difficulties in concentrating;
- decreased self-esteem.
Dysphoria, or mood disorders, which are characterized by an angry-sad, intense affect with irritability leading to outbursts of anger and aggressiveness, are characteristic of psychopaths excitable type and alcoholics.
Dysphoria often occurs in epilepsy and organic diseases of the central nervous system.
Euphoria, or high spirits with a hint of carelessness and contentment, not accompanied by acceleration of associative processes, is found in the clinic of atherosclerosis, progressive paralysis, and brain injury.
Mania
Psychopathological syndrome, which is characterized by a triad of symptoms:
- unmotivated high mood,
- acceleration of thinking and speech,
- motor excitement.
There are signs that do not appear in all cases of manic syndrome:
- increased instinctive activity (increased appetite, sexual desire, self-protective tendencies),
- instability of attention and overestimation of oneself as an individual, sometimes reaching delusional ideas of greatness.
A similar condition can occur with schizophrenia, intoxication, infections, injuries, brain damage and other diseases.
Senesthopathy
The term “senesthopathy” defines a suddenly appearing painful, extremely unpleasant bodily sensation.
This sensation, devoid of objectivity, occurs at the site of localization, although there is no objective pathological process in it.
Senestopathies are common symptoms of mental disorders, as well as structural components of depressive syndrome, hypochondriacal delirium, and mental automatism syndrome.
Hypochondriacal syndrome
Hypochondria (hypochondriacal disorder) is a condition characterized by constant anxiety about the possibility of getting sick, complaints, concern for one’s well-being, the perception of ordinary sensations as abnormal, assumptions about the presence, in addition to the main disease, of some additional disease. 
Most often, concerns arise about the heart, gastrointestinal tract, genitals and brain. Pathological attention can lead to certain malfunctions in the functioning of the body.
Certain personality traits contribute to the development of hypochondria: suspiciousness, anxiety, depression.
Illusion
Illusions are distorted perceptions in which a really existing object or phenomenon is not recognized, but another image is perceived instead.
There are the following types of illusions:
- Physical, including optical, acoustic
- Physiological;
- Affective;
- Verbal, etc.
Metamorphopsia (organic), physical and physiological illusions can occur in people whose mental health is not in doubt. A patient with optical illusions may perceive a raincoat hanging on a hanger as a lurking killer, stains on bed linen seem to be beetles, a belt on the back of a chair seems like a snake. 
With acoustic illusions, the patient distinguishes threats addressed to himself in an overheard conversation, and perceives the remarks of passers-by as accusations and insults addressed to him.
Most often, illusions are observed in infectious and intoxicating diseases, but can occur in other painful conditions.
Fear, fatigue, anxiety, exhaustion, as well as distortion of perception due to poor lighting, noise, decreased hearing and visual acuity predispose to the occurrence of illusions.
Hallucination
An image that appears in consciousness without a stimulus is called a hallucination. In other words, this is an error, an error in the perception of the senses, when a person sees, hears, feels something that does not really exist.
Conditions under which hallucinations occur:
There are true, functional and other types of hallucinations. True hallucinations It is customary to classify by analyzers: visual, acoustic, tactile, gustatory, olfactory, somatic, motor, vestibular, complex.
Delusional disorders
Delusional disorder is a condition characterized by the presence of delusions - a disorder of thinking, accompanied by the emergence of reasoning, ideas and conclusions that are far from reality.
There are three groups of delusional states, united by a common content:
Catatonic syndromes
Catatonic syndrome belongs to a group of psychopathological syndromes, the main clinical manifestation of which is movement disorders.
The structure of this syndrome is:
- Catatonic excitement (pathetic, impulsive, silent).
- Catatonic stupor (cataleptic, negativistic, stupor with numbness).
Depending on the form of excitation, the patient may experience moderate or pronounced motor and speech activity.
Extreme degree of excitement - chaotic, senseless actions of an aggressive nature, causing severe damage to oneself and others.
The state of catatonic stupor is characterized by motor retardation and silence. The patient may be in a constrained state for a long time - up to several months.
Diseases in which manifestations of catatonic syndromes are possible: schizophrenia, infectious, organic and other psychoses.
Blackout
Twilight disorder (stupefaction) is one of the types of disturbance of consciousness that occurs suddenly and is manifested by the patient’s inability to navigate the world around him.
At the same time, the ability to perform habitual actions remains unchanged, speech and motor excitation, affects of fear, anger and melancholy are observed.
Acute delusions of persecution and predominantly visual hallucinations of a frightening nature may occur. Delusional ideas persecution and grandeur become determining factors for the behavior of the patient, who can commit destructive, aggressive actions.
For twilight darkness consciousness is characterized by amnesia - complete forgetting of the period of the disorder. This condition is observed in epilepsy and organic lesions of the cerebral hemispheres. Less common in traumatic brain injury and hysteria.
Dementia
The term “dementia” is used to denote an irreversible impoverishment of mental activity with a loss or decrease in the knowledge and skills acquired before the onset of this state and the inability to acquire new ones. Dementia occurs as a result of past illnesses. 
According to the degree of severity, they are distinguished:
- Complete (total), which arose with progressive paralysis, Pick's disease.
- Partial dementia(at vascular diseases central nervous system, consequences of traumatic brain injury, chronic alcoholism).
With complete dementia There are profound impairments in criticism, memory, judgment, unproductive thinking, the disappearance of individual character traits previously inherent in the patient, as well as a carefree mood.
With partial dementia There is a moderate decrease in criticism, memory, and judgment. Low mood with irritability, tearfulness, and fatigue predominates.
Video: Growth of mental illnesses in Russia
Symptoms of mental disorder
Among women. There is an increased risk of developing mental disorders in the premenstrual period, during and after pregnancy, during middle age and aging. Eating disorders, affective disorders, including postpartum, depression.
In men. Mental disorders occur more often than in women. Traumatic and alcoholic psychoses.
In children. One of the most common disorders is attention deficit disorder. Symptoms include problems with long-term concentration, hyperactivity, and poor impulse control.
In teenagers. Eating disorders are common. School phobias, hyperactivity syndrome, and anxiety disorders are observed.
In the elderly. Mental illness are detected more often than in young and middle-aged people. Symptoms of dementia, depression, psychogenic-neurotic disorders.
Video: Panic attacks
Treatment and prevention
In the treatment of asthenic syndrome The main efforts are directed towards eliminating the cause that led to the disease. General strengthening therapy is carried out, including taking vitamins and glucose, proper organization of work and rest, restoring sleep, good nutrition, dosed physical exercise, medications are prescribed: nootropics, antidepressants, sedatives, anabolic steroids.
Treatment of obsessive disorders is carried out by eliminating the causes that injure the patient, as well as by influencing the pathophysiological links in the brain.
Therapy affective states begins with establishing supervision and referring the patient to a specialist. Depressed patients who are capable of making a suicide attempt are subject to hospitalization.
When prescribing drug therapy, the characteristics of the patient's condition are taken into account. For example, for depression, which is a phase of circular psychosis, psychotropic drugs are used, and in the presence of anxiety, they are prescribed combination treatment antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs.
Acute mental disorder in the shape of manic state is an indication for hospitalization, which is necessary to protect others from the inappropriate actions of a sick person. Antipsychotics are used to treat such patients.
Since delirium is a symptom of brain damage, it is treated with pharmacotherapy and biological methods impact.
For the treatment of hypochondria It is recommended to use psychotherapeutic techniques. In cases where psychotherapy is ineffective, measures are taken to reduce the significance of hypochondriacal fears. For most cases of hypochondria drug therapy excluded.
Folk remedies
List of tools used traditional healers for the treatment of depression, includes:
- pollen,
- bananas,
- carrot,
- tinctures of ginseng roots and Manchurian aralia,
- infusions of angelica and bird knotweed,
- peppermint leaf decoction,
- baths with infusion of poplar leaves.
In the arsenal of traditional medicine there are many tips and recipes that help get rid of sleep disorders and a number of other symptoms of mental disorders.
