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Hearing organs
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Everyone has hearing organs. Only they are different for everyone. Some people need to hear in order to survive.
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How are the hearing organs arranged?
Let's take a journey into our ear. Then we will understand how we hear the sounds that surround us. We will learn the mystery created by God.
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The very first thing you need to know is that we have two ears. Each ear consists of three rooms. Let's get acquainted with the first room, in which there are three objects in the interior: sink, passage, drum
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Any sound is a wave. When a sound is heard, the ear catches this wave.
This man has very large shells, and he probably picks up the quietest sounds. Have you already wanted to have ears like these?
Sometimes we put our palm down to prevent the sound wave from passing past our ear.
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When a sound wave enters the auricle, it travels through the ear canal.
Have you ever shouted into a trumpet? If yes, then you know how sound is amplified in a pipe. So, getting into ear canal, the sound wave is immediately amplified and acts like a drumstick. The ear canal is equipped with glands that secrete earwax, along with which dust and dirt are removed. The ear canal also provides constant temperature and moisture of the eardrum.
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Now imagine: loud music is playing in your headphones.
The eardrum may burst or become severely stretched. This is how deafness occurs. Try playing the drum if it is leaky or has a loose head. You will get distorted sounds.
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The second room is called the middle ear.
It received this name because it is located in the middle between two rooms. And in this room there are also three objects: a hammer, an anvil, and a stirrup.
The task of the middle ear elements is to conduct sounds received by the ear.
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There are three bones in the middle ear: the malleus, the incus and the stapes.
Look at the hammer, how tightly it is pressed against the eardrum, it is closely related to this eardrum. Everything that the membrane receives is immediately transferred to the hammer. And the hammer knocks on the anvil, increasing the strength of the sound. The anvil is firmly fused with the stirrup. And therefore the stirrup from these sound waves shakes, vibrates.
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The stirrup is a bone, and it is the smallest in the entire human body. Only the size of a grain of rice.
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Find the hammer, anvil and stirrup here.
The middle ear contains the auditory canal, or Eustachian tube. It connects to the nasopharynx. Usually this tube is closed and opens only when sucking and swallowing movements are performed. It is needed to equalize the pressure on both sides of the eardrum. It is very important that the membrane stands straight and does not bend.
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The third room is called the inner ear. It is located inside our head.
There are only two items in this room: a snail and ponytails. But there is a secret inside the snail. Let's try to understand its secret with the help of these pictures: a snail liquid dances in water inside a tube
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How a signal or impulse is transmitted
When a person dances in a couple, he conveys his mood to his partner - his impulse, his signal. The same transmission occurs in the third room: the inner ear.
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Let's imagine how a snail crawls along a leaf. Suddenly a drop dripped onto the leaf. The leaf trembled, and the snail trembled along with it. In the same way, in the inner ear, the stapes received a signal and transmitted this signal to the cochlea.
The snail gets its name from its spiral shape. The cochlea is divided into three channels. The channels resemble tubes; they are filled with liquid. Signals are transmitted very well in liquid.
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In the middle canal of the cochlea there are about 30,000 hair cells that detect fluid vibrations. Each hair cell responds to a specific sound frequency. And he begins to dance in this liquid. One hair catches the sound of thunder. Another hair catches the cat meowing.
Each hair is connected to the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve has a long axon tail. The axon is connected to the brain. This is how the brain receives the signal.
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Look how many auditory nerves there are! And they all have their own long axon tails. With the help of these nerves and tails, the sound wave is converted into an electrical impulse and sent to the brain. The brain can only read electrical impulses.
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Look how the waves different frequencies They touch some hairs and do not touch others. Those hairs that are touched by a sound wave transmit signals to the brain through their tails, and the remaining hairs are silent. This is how we recognize sounds that reach the brain.
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From the left ear the impulse enters the right hemisphere. From the right ear, the impulse enters the left hemisphere.
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Let's look again at where they are: the auricle, ear canal, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, eustachian tube, cochlea, tail axons from the auditory nerves (they go straight to the brain).
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You can go to a special doctor. He screws a thin needle into each painful point and leaves these needles for several minutes or even days. This is often enough to recover without medications or surgeries.
You can tell from the ear that a person is hurting. Each area of the ear is responsible for its own organ. For example, the earlobe reflects the functioning of the brain and eyes. If your stomach hurts, a tiny lump, the size of a poppy seed, will appear on your ear at the point of your stomach. If your back hurts, a seed grows at a point on your back.
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Be careful when cleaning your ears! Don't push too far cotton buds to avoid damaging the eardrum. After all, the ear canal is only 2.5 cm long.
But you can’t do acupuncture yourself!
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You need to take care of your ears, but if your ear hurts, you can treat it at home different ways.
2) Take a cotton-gauze swab and make a hole in the middle. We drip camphor oil or a 20% alcohol solution into this hole. We put the tampon on the sore ear, cover it with oilcloth and put a scarf on top. And the ear warms up.
1) The person lies on his side on his good ear. On sore ear put a napkin and place a lit wax candle on top. When the candle burns out, you can get up. If you do three such procedures, the ear will heal.
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Take care of your ears, wear hats to keep your ears covered! This is what adults tell us all the time. We should listen...
And we respond like these monkeys: I don’t see anything, I hear nothing, I won’t tell anyone anything.
Slide 2
1. Pathology of the auricle
Macrotia - excessively large ears as a developmental anomaly Microtia - congenital underdevelopment of the auricle or its absence (anotia). Occurs in one case per 8,000 - 10,000 births. With unilateral microrotia, the right ear is more often affected. Donkey ears of King Midas Pathology of the external ear
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Examples of microtia
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Due to the fact that functional value the auricle is small, all its diseases, as well as damage and developmental anomalies, up to complete absence, do not entail significant hearing impairment and are mainly of only cosmetic importance.
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Another thing is the external auditory canal. Any processes that entail the closure of its lumen thereby lead to disruption of airborne sound transmission, which in turn is accompanied by a significant decrease in hearing.
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A) Atresia of the external auditory canal. Rarely seen. Atresia is complete fusion. Congenital atresia of the external auditory canal usually occurs simultaneously with an anomaly in the development of the auricle, most often with its underdevelopment. Causes of atresia: Chronic diffuse inflammation of the walls of the passage. This inflammation may be primary when inflammatory process occurs as a result of infection from the outside (for example, when scratching or picking in the ear with contaminated objects), or secondary, when inflammation develops as a result of prolonged irritation of the skin of the external auditory canal with pus flowing from the middle ear. A consequence of scarring of the walls of the passage after injury (blow, bruise, gunshot wound) or burn. 2. Pathology of the ear canal
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In all cases, only complete closure of the external auditory canal leads to significant and persistent hearing loss. With incomplete fusions, when there is at least a narrow gap in the ear canal, hearing usually does not suffer; dysfunction in these cases (with incomplete fusions) occurs only as a result of a simultaneously existing pathological process in the middle or inner ear. In the presence of a purulent process in the middle ear, a sharp narrowing of the external auditory canal represents great danger, since it prevents the outflow of pus from the middle ear and can contribute to the transition purulent inflammation to deeper lying sections ( inner ear, meninges).
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With atresia of the external auditory canal, hearing loss is in the nature of damage to the sound-conducting apparatus, i.e., the perception of low sounds suffers mainly; perception of high tones is preserved, bone conduction remains normal or even improves somewhat. Treatment of atresia of the external auditory canal can only consist of artificial restoration lumen through plastic surgery.
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B) Sulfur plug.
When describing diseases of the outer ear, it is necessary to dwell on one pathological process, which, although it does not lead to permanent hearing loss, often causes great concern for the patient himself and his relatives. We are talking about the so-called sulfur plug. IN normal conditions Earwax, mixing with dust particles that enter the external auditory canal from the external air, turns into tiny lumps that are imperceptibly, usually at night when lying on the side, released from the ear or accumulate at the entrance to the external auditory canal and are removed when washing. In some children, this process of self-cleaning the ears from wax is disrupted and wax accumulates in the external auditory canal.
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1) increased function of the sulfur glands (usually as a result of irritation of the skin of the ear canal); 2) narrowness and abnormal curvature of the external auditory canal, making it difficult to remove wax out; 3) Chemical properties sulfur: its increased viscosity, stickiness, which promotes the adhesion of sulfur to the walls of the ear canal. Reasons for the formation of sulfur plugs:
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Gradually accumulating, sulfur forms a plug that fills the lumen of the external auditory canal. The accumulation of sulfur occurs very slowly and is unnoticed by the patient. As long as there is at least a narrow gap between the plug and the wall of the ear canal, hearing is not impaired. However, as soon as a drop of water gets into the ear under these conditions, the wax swells and closes this gap. The complaints of patients in these cases are very typical: suddenly, in the midst of complete well-being, after swimming in the river or washing in a bathhouse, deafness occurred in one, and sometimes in both ears, noise appeared in the ear and in the head, a distorted perception of one’s own voice, which became resonate in the blocked ear and cause an unpleasant sensation.
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Education sulfur plugs often observed in children. Treatment for earwax plugs is very simple: after preliminary softening with special drops, the plug is removed by rinsing the ear with warm water from a special syringe. Such washing can only be performed by a doctor or a specially trained paramedic. medical worker(nurse, paramedic). Any attempts to independently remove wax plugs using any kind of sticks, spoons, hairpins, etc. are unacceptable.
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B) Foreign bodies
Foreign bodies in the ear are most often found in children who, out of prank, stick various small objects into the ear: peas, cherry pits, seeds, beads, ears of cereal, etc. In adults who have the habit of scratching and picking in the ear, fragments of a pencil are often found, matches, branches and other items. Sometimes cotton balls are left in the ear and pushed deep into the ear, which some people put in to prevent a cold. In the summer, while sleeping in the open air, small insects sometimes crawl into the ear, which can, with their movements and irritation of the eardrum, cause great concern, and sometimes even severe pain. You should know that the danger is not so much the presence foreign body in the ear, how many unsuccessful attempts to remove it. Under no circumstances should you be tempted by the apparent accessibility of a foreign body and try to remove it with tweezers, a head pin or other improvised objects. All such attempts end, as a rule, in pushing the foreign body deeper and driving it into the bony part of the ear canal, from where the foreign body can only be removed through quite serious surgical intervention. There are cases when, during inept attempts to remove a foreign body, it was pushed into the middle ear with rupture of the eardrum, dislocation auditory ossicles and even the development of inflammation meninges.
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Pre-medical measures if a foreign body gets into the ear canal
It must be remembered that the presence of a foreign body in the ear, even for several days, cannot cause harm, so a child with a foreign body should be taken to a specialist doctor as soon as possible. Pre-medical measures may include the following: 1) killing living foreign bodies by injecting a few drops of some pure liquid oil (warm) into the ear; 2) for swelling foreign bodies (peas, beans, etc.) - pouring warm alcohol into the ear to cause the foreign body to shrink; 3) for non-swelling bodies (beads, pebbles, cherry pits), as well as living foreign bodies - carefully rinse the ear with warm boiled water from an ordinary rubber syringe. If there is a suspicion of a perforation of the eardrum, lavage is not performed.
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Isolated diseases, damage and anomalies in the development of the eardrum are rare. Congenital underdevelopment or absence of the eardrum usually accompanies congenital atresia of the external auditory canal. In these cases, the tympanic cavity, auditory ossicles, muscles of the middle ear, etc. are also underdeveloped. 3. Diseases of the eardrum
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Perforation is a violation of its integrity, which occurs as a result of mechanical stress, the difference in pressure inside and outside tympanic cavity, inflammatory process. Damage to the eardrum, accompanied by its perforation, is observed when picking in the ear with hairpins, matches and other objects, as well as during inept attempts to remove a foreign body from the external auditory canal. Ruptures of the eardrum often occur during rapid fluctuations in atmospheric pressure. IN war time ruptures of the eardrum most often occur during air contusion as a result of loud sounds from explosions of artillery shells, aerial bombs, mines, hand grenades, as well as shots fired near the ear.
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Violation of the integrity of the eardrum, while the remaining parts of the auditory organ are intact, has a relatively small effect on auditory function (in this case, only the transmission of low sounds suffers). The main danger with perforations and ruptures of the eardrum, it presents the possibility of infection entering the tympanic cavity with the subsequent development of purulent inflammation of the middle ear. Therefore, in case of ear injuries accompanied by a rupture of the eardrum, the ear cannot be washed; it should be covered with sterile cotton wool.
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Inflammatory diseases eardrums in isolated form are almost never observed. Most often they occur as secondary changes in inflammatory processes in the middle ear.
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Middle ear diseases
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Middle ear diseases are considered very common in all age groups, especially in childhood. With an unfavorable course, these diseases often lead to persistent hearing loss, sometimes reaching a sharp degree. Due to the anatomical and physiological connection of the middle ear with the inner ear and its topographic proximity to the meninges, inflammatory processes in the middle ear can cause severe complications as a disease inner ear, meninges and the brain itself.
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There are two main forms of inflammatory processes in the middle ear - catarrhal and purulent.
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Inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx that occur with a runny nose, flu, sore throat and other diseases can spread to the auditory tube and cause closure of its lumen due to inflammatory swelling of the mucous membrane. Closing the lumen auditory tube can also occur with adenoid growths in the nasopharynx. Blockage of the auditory tube leads to the cessation of air flow into the tympanic cavity. The air in the middle ear is partially absorbed by the mucous membrane (due to the absorption of oxygen by capillary vessels), so that the pressure in the tympanic cavity decreases, and the eardrum, due to the predominance of external pressure, is drawn inward. Rarefaction of the air in the tympanic cavity leads, in addition, to the sweating of blood plasma from the vessels of the mucous membrane and to the accumulation of this fluid in the tympanic cavity (secretory otitis media). This fluid sometimes becomes viscous due to the formation of a large amount of protein in it, or becomes hemorrhagic in nature. Therefore, chronic catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear is described under the names mucosal otitis, “sticky” ear, “blue” ear.
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Between eardrum and the walls of the tympanic cavity sometimes form connective tissue bridges. As a result of impaired mobility of the eardrum, hearing loss occurs and noise in the ear appears. Acute middle ear catarrh in the absence of timely and proper treatment can go to chronic form. Chronic catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear can develop without a previous acute one, namely with chronic inflammatory processes in the nasopharynx and adenoids. In these cases, the process in the middle ear develops slowly, gradually and becomes noticeable to the patient and others only when the hearing loss reaches a significant degree. Sometimes patients note some improvement in hearing, usually in dry weather, and, conversely, worsening hearing in damp weather and during a runny nose.
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Catarrhal inflammation of the middle ear is especially often observed in preschool and younger children. school age as one of the main causes of persistent hearing impairment occurring at this age. The main role in its occurrence in children is played by adenoid growths in the nasopharynx.
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Treatment is reduced to restoring the patency of the auditory tube. To do this, first of all, it is necessary to eliminate the reasons that caused its closure. The nose and nasopharynx are treated; if adenoid growths are present, they are removed. In some cases, these measures already lead to improved patency of the Eustachian tube and to the restoration or improvement of hearing; but often, especially with prolonged catarrh, it is necessary to resort to special treatment of the ear - blowing, massage, physiotherapeutic procedures. Blowing out the ear is done using a special rubber balloon. Air is blown into the auditory tube through the corresponding half of the nasal cavity. Blowing helps restore the patency of the auditory tube and leads to equalization of pressure in the middle ear.
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Sometimes parents and educators are afraid that their child’s hearing will deteriorate as a result of blowing out the ears. This fear is unfounded, since blowing the ear, carried out in the presence of appropriate indications, not only does not worsen hearing, but, on the contrary, leads to improvement or restoration of hearing, although sometimes not immediately after the first blow, but only after several such procedures. In some cases (in the presence of persistent retraction of the eardrum), in addition to blowing, a pneumatic massage of the eardrum is performed: using a special device, a rarefaction and condensation of air is caused in the external auditory canal, as a result of which the mobility of the eardrum is restored. Pneumatic massage of the right eardrum with a pneumatic funnel Siegle APMU - “Compressor”. Apparatus for pneumomassage of the eardrum
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To accelerate the resorption of inflammatory swelling of the mucous membrane of the auditory tube, various physiotherapeutic procedures are used. In cases of persistent process, in the absence of effect conservative treatment, and also if the function of the auditory tube is not restored after adenoma, operations are currently performed. The eardrum is cut and a shunt is inserted into the hole. There is a possibility of outflow from the tympanic cavity and impact on its mucous membrane by administering drugs. In 2-3 months. The shunt is removed and the hole closes on its own.
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Acute purulent inflammation of the middle ear (acute purulent otitis media).
Acute inflammation of the middle ear occurs mainly due to the transfer of infection from the nose and nasopharynx through the auditory tube into the tympanic cavity. Most often, acute otitis media develops in acute infectious diseases - influenza, sore throat, measles, scarlet fever, etc. More rare ways of introducing infection into the middle ear are the penetration of microbes from the outer ear through a damaged eardrum and the introduction of pathogens from other organs through the blood vessels.
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Symptoms of acute inflammation of the middle ear are pain in the ear, decreased hearing; usually elevated temperature. Ear pain can be very sharp and sometimes becomes unbearable. It is explained by the accumulation of inflammatory fluid in the tympanic cavity and its pressure on the eardrum, which has a very high sensitivity. The inflammatory process usually also involves the eardrum, its tissues loosen, and under the influence of pus pressure, the eardrum perforates. After a breakthrough, the fluid accumulated in the tympanic cavity receives a free outflow, and in connection with this, pain in the ear usually immediately subsides, and the temperature drops.
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Sometimes, when mild degree inflammation, recovery occurs even without perforation of the eardrum. In these cases, the inflammatory fluid is partially absorbed by the mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity, and partially poured through the auditory tube into the nasopharynx. If spontaneous perforation of the eardrum does not occur, and the patient’s condition does not improve, the pain in the ear does not subside or even increases, the temperature does not decrease, then the doctor makes an incision of the eardrum (paracentesis), after which discharge from the ear usually immediately appears and the patient’s condition quickly is improving.
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Discharge from the ear is initially liquid, sanguineous, then becomes mucous, stretches out in the form of threads when rubbing the ear, then acquires a purulent character and becomes thick, sometimes creamy. Pus in acute otitis media has no odor. At modern methods Treatment most often acute inflammation of the middle ear is cured. The duration of the disease usually does not exceed three to four weeks. The amount of discharge gradually decreases, then the suppuration stops, the hole in the eardrum closes with a gentle scar, and hearing is restored.
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Spicy otitis media in children it is observed much more often than in adults, since it quite often complicates all children’s infectious diseases(measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, mumps, rubella, etc.). Middle ear disease in infants is facilitated by constant lying on the back, which facilitates the flow of mucus and pus from the nose into the nasopharynx, as well as the presence of a short and wide auditory tube. IN infancy Otitis occurs most often with influenza, while other infections are complicated by otitis, usually in preschool and early school age. In preschoolers and junior schoolchildren The development of inflammation of the middle ear is often facilitated by adenoid growths in the nasopharynx.
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In infants, acute otitis may go unnoticed by others until a leak appears from the sore ear. However, if you carefully observe the child's behavior, you will notice some characteristic features diseases: the child becomes restless, sleeps poorly, cries out during sleep, turns his head, sometimes grabs his sore ear with his hands. Due to increased pain in the ear when swallowing and sucking, the child stops sucking or refuses the breast and pacifier. It is sometimes noted that the child is more willing to suckle on the breast that corresponds to his healthy ear (for example, with right-sided otitis - the left breast): apparently, when lying on the side of the diseased ear, sucking and swallowing are less painful.
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Fever in children, especially early age, often very high - reaches 40° and above. Often, children with acute otitis media experience symptoms of irritation of the meninges - vomiting, convulsions, tilting of the head. After perforation of the eardrum or paracentesis, these phenomena usually disappear. Acute inflammation of the middle ear - otitis media (from the Greek otos - ear) is a very serious illness, therefore, at the very first symptoms, you must contact an ear specialist and strictly follow the doctor’s instructions about the regimen and treatment.
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Chronic purulent inflammation of the middle ear (chronic otitis media). Acute inflammation of the middle ear in most cases ends, as already mentioned, within 3-4 weeks with recovery. However, often under unfavorable conditions, acute otitis media takes a protracted course and becomes chronic: the perforation of the eardrum remains persistent, the inflammatory process in the middle ear does not end, suppuration from the ear sometimes continues continuously for many years or periodically renews, hearing remains reduced and even gradually getting worse. Transition acute otitis the severity of the infection and weakened general state body. Diseases of the nose and nasopharynx play a major role in maintaining the inflammatory process in the middle ear: chronic runny nose, polyps, adenoid growths, etc.
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There are two forms of chronic suppurative otitis media. In the first form (mesotympanitis), the inflammatory process is limited only to the mucous membrane of the middle ear, without spreading to the bone walls of the tympanic cavity. This form is characterized by a benign course and, as a rule, does not cause complications. Pus in benign otitis usually has no odor, and if a foul odor appears, it is only due to poor care, when the pus lingers in the ear and mixes with rejected elements skin and undergoes putrefactive decomposition. In the second form (epitympanitis), the inflammatory process spreads to the bone walls of the tympanic cavity, causing the so-called caries, i.e. necrosis (death) bone tissue, proliferation of granulation and polyps and is accompanied by the release of pus with a pungent putrefactive odor.
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With careful care and careful treatment, chronic purulent otitis media can result in recovery. However, only in a very limited number of cases is it possible to achieve real recovery, that is, healing of the eardrum and restoration of hearing. In most cases, recovery is relative: suppuration stops, but the perforation of the eardrum remains. Scars often form in the tympanic cavity, which limit the mobility of the auditory ossicles. In this case, hearing not only does not improve, but sometimes even worsens. Despite the relativity of such recovery, it is still favorable outcome chronic purulent otitis, since the elimination of a purulent focus in the ear protects the patient from dangerous complications.
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It is necessary, however, to remember that the presence of a perforation of the eardrum poses a constant threat of a new outbreak of inflammation due to the possibility of new penetration of infection through the external auditory canal. A particular danger is when contaminated water gets into the middle ear; Therefore, all patients with a perforated eardrum should be warned about the need to plug their ears with cotton wool, lubricated or soaked in some kind of fat (vaseline, petroleum jelly or other liquid oil) when washing their hair and when bathing. Earplugs
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Inner ear diseases
Isolated diseases of the labyrinthine fluid or the main membrane almost never occur, and are usually accompanied by disruption of the functions of the organ of Corti; therefore, almost all diseases of the inner ear can be attributed to damage to the sound-receiving apparatus. Wardenburg syndrome The most common are a wide protruding bridge of the nose (75%), fused eyebrows (50%), heterochromia of the irises (45%), sensorineural deafness due to hypoplasia of the organ of Corti (20%), white strands of hair above the forehead (17-45%), areas of depigmentation on the skin and fundus.
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Defects and damage to the inner ear.
Birth defects include developmental abnormalities of the inner ear, e.g. complete absence labyrinth or underdevelopment of its individual parts. In most congenital defects of the inner ear, underdevelopment of the organ of Corti is noted, and it is the specific terminal apparatus of the auditory nerve - the hair cells - that is undeveloped. In these cases, in place of the organ of Corti, a tubercle is formed, consisting of nonspecific epithelial cells, and sometimes this tubercle does not exist and the main membrane turns out to be completely smooth. In some cases, underdevelopment of hair cells is observed only in certain areas of the organ of Corti, and throughout the rest of the area it suffers relatively little. In such cases, the auditory function in the form of hearing islands may be partially preserved. Usher syndrome - congenital sensorineural deafness and retinitis pigmentosa - a combination of congenital sensorineural hearing loss, slowly progressive pigmentary degeneration retina (beginning in the first or second decade of life) and vestibular disorders. Additional signs: glaucoma, cataracts, nystagmus, macular degeneration, mental retardation, psychoses.
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Causes of congenital pathologies
In the occurrence of congenital defects in the development of the auditory organ, all kinds of factors that disrupt the normal course of development of the embryo are important. These factors include pathological effects on the fetus from the mother’s body (intoxication, infection, injury to the fetus). Hereditary predisposition may also play a role.
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Inner ear damage
occur during labor, for example, as a result of compression of the fetal head by narrow birth canal or a consequence of the application of obstetric forceps during pathological childbirth. sometimes observed in young children with head injuries (fall from height); in this case, hemorrhages into the labyrinth and displacement of individual sections of its contents are observed. Sometimes in these cases, both the middle ear and the auditory nerve can be damaged at the same time. The degree of impairment of hearing function due to injuries of the inner ear depends on the extent of the damage and can vary from partial hearing loss in one ear to complete bilateral deafness.
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Inflammation of the inner ear (labyrinthitis)
occurs in three ways: due to the transition of the inflammatory process from the middle ear; due to the spread of inflammation from the meninges due to the introduction of infection through the bloodstream (in general infectious diseases).
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1 reason
With purulent inflammation of the middle ear, the infection can enter the inner ear through the round or oval window as a result of damage to their membranous formations (secondary tympanic membrane or annular ligament). For chronic purulent otitis the infection can spread to the inner ear through the bone wall destroyed by the inflammatory process, separating the tympanic cavity from the labyrinth.
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Reason 2
From the side of the meninges, the infection enters the labyrinth usually through the internal auditory canal along the auditory nerve sheaths. This kind of labyrinthitis is called meningogenic and is most often observed in early childhood with epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (purulent inflammation of the meninges). It is necessary to distinguish cerebrospinal meningitis from meningitis of ear origin, or so-called otogenic meningitis. The first one is spicy infectious disease and gives frequent complications in the form of damage to the inner ear, and the second itself is a complication of purulent inflammation of the middle or inner ear.
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According to the degree of prevalence of the inflammatory process, diffuse (spread) and limited labyrinthitis are distinguished. As a result of diffuse purulent labyrinthicorti organ, the organ dies and the cochlea is filled with fibrous tissue. connective tissue. With limited labyrinthitis, the purulent process does not involve the entire cochlea, but only part of it, sometimes only one curl or even part of a curl. Diffuse purulent labyrinthitis leads to complete deafness; The result of limited labyrinthitis is partial hearing loss for certain tones, depending on the location of the lesion in the cochlea. Since the dead nerve cells Corti's organs are not restored, deafness, complete or partial, that arose after purulent labyrinthitis turns out to be persistent.
Slide 48
In cases where the vestibular part of the inner ear is also involved in the inflammatory process during labyrinthitis, in addition to impaired hearing function, symptoms of damage are also noted vestibular apparatus: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of balance. These phenomena gradually subside. For serous labyrinthitis vestibular function to one degree or another, it is restored, and in case of purulence, as a result of the death of receptor cells, the function of the vestibular analyzer completely disappears, and therefore the patient is left with uncertainty in walking for a long time or forever, and a slight imbalance.
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Diseases of the auditory nerve, pathways and auditory centers in the brain
Defeats conductor department auditory analyzer can occur on any segment of it. The most common are diseases of the first neuron, united in a group called auditory neuritis. This name is somewhat conditional, since in this group includes not only diseases of the auditory nerve trunk, but also damage to the nerve cells that make up the spiral ganglion, as well as some pathological processes in the cells of the organ of Corti
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Bipolar nerve cells of the spiral ganglion are very sensitive to all kinds of harmful influences. They are easily subject to degeneration (degeneration) when exposed to chemical poisons, in particular when intoxicated with certain medicinal substances, household and industrial poisons (quinine, streptomycin, salicylic drugs, arsenic, lead, mercury, nicotine, alcohol, carbon monoxide, etc.). Some of these substances (quinine and arsenic) have a special affinity for the nerve elements of the auditory organ and act selectively on these elements, just as, for example, methyl alcohol (wood alcohol) acts selectively on the nerve endings in the eye and causes blindness due to ensuing optic nerve atrophy. Intoxication of cells and the spiral nerve ganglion occurs not only when poisoned by chemical poisons, but also by exposure to bacterial poisons (toxins) circulating in the blood during many diseases, such as meningitis, scarlet fever, influenza, typhoid, mumps, etc. As a result of intoxication with both chemical poisons, and bacterial ones, the death of all or part of the cells of the spiral ganglion occurs, followed by complete or partial loss of auditory function.
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The nature of the hearing impairment depends on the location of the lesion. In cases where the process develops in one half of the brain and involves the auditory pathways up to their intersection, hearing in the corresponding ear is impaired; if all the auditory fibers die, then a complete loss of hearing occurs in this ear; if the auditory pathways are partially destroyed, a greater or lesser decrease in hearing occurs, but again only in the corresponding ear. With unilateral lesions of the pathways above the intersection, bilateral hearing loss occurs, more pronounced on the side opposite to the lesion; Complete hearing loss, even in one ear, does not occur in these cases, since impulses from both receptors will be conducted to the central end of the analyzer along the preserved pathways of the opposite side.
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Diseases of the auditory cortex
Causes: hemorrhages, tumors, encephalitis. Unilateral lesions lead to decreased hearing in both ears, more so in the opposite ear. Bilateral lesions of the pathways and the central end of the auditory analyzer are rare. And if they do occur, it is usually only with extensive brain damage and is accompanied by such deep violations other brain functions, that the hearing loss itself is relegated to the background in the overall picture of the lesion.
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Hysterical deafness
developing in people with weak nervous system under the influence of strong stimuli (fear, fear). Cases of hysterical deafness are sometimes observed in children. surdomutism – occurs after a concussion, accompanied by speech impairment.
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Classification of permanent hearing impairment
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Medical and pedagogical classification of hearing loss (B.S. Preobrazhensky)
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Conclusion
In the matter of prevention and correctness, timely treatment ear diseases For children, the role of teacher and educator is great. Teachers and educators must have the necessary knowledge about the manifestations major diseases ear and the possibilities that medicine has for their treatment. The teacher needs this knowledge to promptly refer the child to a specialist; to promote the dissemination of correct views on the treatment of deafness and hearing loss; assist a medical specialist in carrying out therapeutic and preventive measures.
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Structure of the hearing organ
Subject. Structure and functions of the auditory analyzer. Hearing hygiene. AUDINALE AUDITORY CAST
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Heart, lungs vision hearing intestines kidneys Skeletal parts Bladder
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Structure of the hearing organ
Subject. Structure and functions of the auditory analyzer. Hearing hygiene. EAR CONCHANA AUDITORY CALL TYMPANUM EARDRUMMAL MALLUS INCULOUS EUSTACHIAN TUBE Named in honor of B. Eustachio-Italian physician and anatomist
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EXPERIENCE No. 1
The method for measuring hearing acuity is called audiometry. Conclusion: Noise with an intensity of 50-80 dB causes fatigue of the hearing organ and reduces sensitivity. The longer noise affects the organ of hearing, the greater the damage that occurs in it. Noise above 85 dB (street noise 80) causes irreversible changes in the auditory receptors.
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Structure of the hearing organ
Subject. Structure and functions of the auditory analyzer. Hearing hygiene. EAR CONCHANA AUDITORY CHANNEL EARDRURM Hammer, incus, stirrup EUSTACHIAN TUBE COCHALE, ORGAN OF CORTI AUDITORY NERVE Discovered by Italian histologist A. Corti
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harp
Sensitive hairs (magnified by 250,000 times) Short - high sound, long - low sound
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In addition to the described, so-called air conduction sound vibrations, their transmission through the bones of the skull is also possible - bone conduction
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HEARING ORGAN
air TRAPPING, CONDUCTION OF SOUND WAVES MIDDLE SECTION 1. tympanic membrane 2. malleus 3. invil 4. stirrup, 5. eustachian tube
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LIQUID VIBRATIONS TURN INTO NERVE IMPULSES
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Let the fireworks follow your health!!!
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EXPERIENCE No. 2
Conclusion: in addition to the described so-called air conduction of sound vibrations, their transmission through the bones of the skull is also possible - bone conduction
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Instruction card “Experimental task”.
1. Apply to the right ear of the subject, who is sitting with his eyes closed. wrist watch. The distance at which he heard the ticking of the clock is recorded. 2. Carry out a similar experiment with the left ear. (A distance of 10-15 cm is considered normal.) 3. Listen to loud music for 1 minute, and then repeat the experiment. (All students listen to music together.) 4. Compare the results of the work and explain them. Draw a conclusion.
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Choose the correct answers
1. How many sections make up the organ of hearing: 1) 52) 23) 34) 4 2. The outer ear is formed by: 1) eardrum and auditory canal2) auditory ossicles3) labyrinth and cochlea4) auricle and auditory canal 3. The middle ear connects to nasopharynx: 1) eustachian tube2) round window membrane3) external auditory canal4) auditory ossicles
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4. The inner ear includes: 1) oval window2) semicircular canals3) cochlea4) semicircular canals 5. Receptors of the auditory analyzer are located: 1) in the inner ear2) in the middle ear3) on the eardrum4) in auricle
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Middle ear (separated from the outer ear by the eardrum formed by connective tissue. The eardrum serves outer wall(there are six walls in total) of a narrow vertical chamber - the tympanic cavity. This cavity is the main part of the human middle ear; it contains a chain of three miniature auditory ossicles, movably connected to each other by joints. The chain is held in a state of some tension by two very small muscles. Middle ear (separated from the outer eardrum by a connective tissue. The eardrum serves as the outer wall (there are six walls in total) of a narrow vertical chamber - the tympanic cavity. This cavity is the main part of the human middle ear; it contains a chain of three miniature auditory ossicles, movably connected to each other by joints. The chain is supported in a state of some tension by two very small muscles. The first of the three bones - the malleus - is fused with the eardrum. Vibrations of the membrane arising under the influence of sound waves are transmitted to the malleus, from it to the second bone - the incus, and then the third is the stirrup. The base of the stirrup is movably inserted into an oval-shaped window, “cut" on the inner wall of the tympanic cavity. This wall (called labyrinthine) separates the tympanic cavity from the inner ear. In addition to the window covered by the base of the stapes, there is another round hole in the wall - the window of the cochlea, closed by a thin membrane. The facial nerve passes through the labyrinthine wall. The auditory, or Eustachian, tube also belongs to the middle ear. connecting the tympanic cavity and the nasopharynx. Through this pipe, 3.5 - 4.5 centimeters long, the air pressure in the tympanic cavity is balanced with atmospheric pressure.
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