By July 1, 2015, Russia must adopt a new pricing methodology for VED list. Its project, developed by the Russian Ministry of Health and the Federal Tariff Service, was presented for public discussion. RG invited market experts to take part in a round table to discuss the pros and cons of the proposed methodology.
Rosa Yagudina, head of the organization department drug provision and pharmacoeconomics First Moscow State Medical University them. THEM. Sechenov:
— The proposed methodology leaves an ambivalent impression. On the one hand, it has considerable advantages. For example, a requirement was finally introduced that the price of a generic drug cannot be higher than 80% of the price of the reference drug, and for a biosimilar - no higher than 90%. After all, we have cases where the price of a generic drug is higher than that of the original drug. Many countries have such a legal requirement, and some even require that each subsequent generic product be cheaper than the previous one. This allows you to optimize the system and reduce the number of unnecessary generics. A rule has been introduced that when minor changes are made to the registration dossier, there is no need to go through the entire price registration procedure - the last registered price is retained. Another advantage is that local producers can, in some cases, register a price higher than the inflation rate if there is a serious justification. And in principle, it’s good that they didn’t radically change the methodology before the introduction of universal drug insurance - take it twice new system It would, of course, be difficult.
On the other hand, the disadvantages include the fact that we have such a large “basket” of reference countries - 23 countries. Usually there are 5-7 of them, and no more than 10. It’s bad that it includes countries where prices are very low, and this is due either to the threat of default, as in Greece, or to a completely different procurement system, as in Turkey. The process of re-registration of prices for foreign producers remains too complicated - they are allowed to increase the average import price by the level of official inflation only if it is not higher than the minimum price in the “basket” of reference countries. But in such a large “basket” you can always find a suitable country.
Larisa Popovich, director of the Institute of Health Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics:
“It is important that the “basket” selects countries that are comparable to ours in terms of GDP per capita, socio-economic development, and healthcare systems. But there is another risk here, which, unfortunately, is little taken into account. The fact is that the prices available to us in open sources often do not correspond to the internal prices at which a particular state purchases these. There are some separate agreements with manufacturers, contracts for special conditions etc. And they give completely different external prices so that companies do not dump. The use of external reference prices in our country will most likely lead to an initial increase in prices.
Internal reference pricing is always reimbursement prices. Its meaning is to compare the price with a certain standard, which is accepted as a state or departmental guarantee of reimbursement of the cost of drugs to the patient. The second axis of coordinates here is the status of the drugs - is it a generic or original drug. If Russian drugs are generics, then external reference comparison with imported analogues It’s quite suitable for them, but ours need to be made cheaper. The principle of reducing the price of subsequent products, both imported and ours, should also be applied. In many countries, the price of each subsequent generic is reduced by 5-10%. But there should be an optimal number of them - no more than 5, and not 120 or 200, as we have.
As for original drugs, the main share in their price is made up of R&D and clinical studies. The question that worries the whole world is whether these costs are real? There is evidence that they are overestimated. Therefore, setting the price for an original drug is always a subject of bargaining. Here normal mechanisms can be used that significantly reduce prices. For example, sharing risks or limiting profits, marketing expenses, etc. Being the main buyer here, the state can dictate its terms. Among other things, this encourages companies to look for cost-effective methods.
Danil Blinov, general manager Pfizer in Russia, Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors of AIPM:
— The proposed project, in fact, does not contain fundamentally new approaches. The only exception was the control of profitability, which worsens the position of domestic producers and those foreign companies that have localized their production. The pricing methodology for drugs from foreign manufacturers has remained almost unchanged, with the exception of the transition from comparing the cost of a drug package to the cost of one.
Industry proposal to switch to using the arithmetic average price as a base lower segment basket found no support.
The new methodology is designed to solve the problem of maximizing the reduction in prices for drugs from the list of vital and essential drugs, which should help increase the availability of drugs and reduce government spending. But it puts manufacturers in very strict limits; the production of a number of drugs may become unprofitable, and the risk of their withdrawal from the market will increase.
In addition, the procedure for confirming reference prices becomes more complicated and registration time increases. As a result, the interests of patients may suffer. In the medium term, the proposed methodology can provide negative influence to implement the Pharma-2020 strategy for the development of the domestic pharmaceutical industry and localization of production.
Dmitry Efimov, senior vice president of AG for Russia, CIS and South-Eastern Europe:
— The current methodology does not solve the problems of pricing for . Adjustments to the prices of drugs from the Vital and Essential Drugs List before the launch of the co-payment system are only a “tuning” of the existing economic model and do not solve the problems of affordability of drugs, and, moreover, carry high risks for all participants in the process - the regulator, business and patients.
Ekaterina Tsekhmistrova, head of the pricing and pharmacoeconomics group, Russia:
— Changes such as the possibility of an annual increase in the price of drugs by the amount of inflation, provided for by the updated pricing methodology, for imported drugs, of course, have positive character. This is a measure that international pharmaceutical manufacturers have been waiting for for several years. At the same time, a restraining mechanism has been thought out, since growth will be limited to the minimum price level in the reference countries.
At the same time, the new provisions of the document erase the differences in approaches to registering prices for imported drugs and drugs in the localization process - the upper price limit is determined by the minimum price from the reference basket. In this regard, the advantages of localization carried out in stages from a pricing point of view will not be so noticeable.
David Melik-Huseinov, director of the Center for Social Economy:
— New provisions of the methodology can be interpreted ambiguously. For the regulator itself, whose goal is to curb the rise in drug prices, perhaps some of the innovations will be positive - prices will be under greater control. However, the interests of both business and, most importantly, patients must be taken into account. Business may experience discomfort due to the government's decision to interfere with the profitability of drug production.
Such interference could provoke large-scale inspections of pharmaceutical companies by regulatory and law enforcement agencies. But a mandatory declaration of profitability is a figure that can be made in such a way that it will be beneficial to the manufacturer, including in it all conceivable and inconceivable business costs (for example, marketing costs, etc.).
This norm, in my opinion, is more of a hindrance than an incentive. And the most important question The new technique does not solve it. The patient has paid for the medications and will continue to pay. Bye to radical change We were not ready for a pricing system. To do this, you need to register the price not of the package, but of the unit (mg or daily dose) medicinal substance. In addition, it is necessary to abandon the system of markups for distributors and pharmacies and move to a tariff system.
“We hope that the state will continue the dialogue with the industry, and we will be able to find the optimal solution to fulfill the main common task - including a new pricing methodology - providing patients with high-quality, modern and affordable medicines,” summed up the discussion Danil Blinov.
Vital and Essential Medicines (VED) - a list of medicines approved by the Government Russian Federation for the purpose of state regulation of prices for medicines.
The Vital and Essential Drugs list contains a list of medicines under international non-proprietary names and covers almost all types of medical care provided to citizens of the Russian Federation within the framework of state guarantees.
Since 2012, the List of Vital and Essential Drugs has been in force, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 7, 2011 No. 2199-r.
In 2013, according to Order No. 1378-r dated July 30, 2012, the list remained unchanged.
List of Vital and Essential Drugs for 2015
The Russian Ministry of Health has compiled a list of vital and essential drugs (VED) for 2015. In the near future, the Russian government will have to approve it.
“The principled position of the Ministry of Health is that the list of vital and essential drugs is not being reduced. On the contrary, it has been replenished with a number of drugs,” said Andrei Gaiderov, head of the relevant department of the Russian Ministry of Health. “For the first time, the list of vital and essential drugs was formed according to new rules: it included only drugs with proven clinical efficiency, based on two-level examination and with the participation of a wide range of experts."
At the same time, all expert debates, and this also for the first time, took place absolutely openly: to the point that the meetings of the Ministry of Health commission were broadcast online on the Internet. The commission included not only the most authoritative medical practitioners, but also representatives of patient communities.
As a result, the government will have to approve four medicinal list. The list of vital and essential drugs is a basic document. It includes drugs whose prices are regulated by the state. It is clear that in conditions of economic instability and the jumping exchange rate of the ruble against the euro and dollar, it is the registration of maximum selling prices by drug manufacturers that can protect us from a sharp rise in their prices. This list has been seriously updated, and in the direction of expansion.
“Only two items were removed from it - activated carbon, as well as one of the hormonal contraceptives, which can hardly be classified as vital drugs,” explained Andrei Gaiderov. “At the same time, the list of vital and essential drugs includes for the first time a number of expensive drugs for the treatment of orphan diseases. and life-threatening diseases."
"This is a very important step, because, on the one hand, prices for everything vitally necessary medications registered and controlled by the state. On the other hand, the inclusion of a specific medicine in this list indicates that the state guarantees its purchase. That is, some expensive medicines will become more accessible for patients,” says the co-chairman of the All-Russian Union public associations patients Yuri Zhulev.
The list of drugs purchased under the “7 nosologies” program for the treatment of rare but very expensive diseases has also been expanded. It also added several new drugs, in particular one more modern medicine for the treatment of Gaucher disease.
At the same time, experts were faced with a difficult choice: no budget would be enough to purchase the entire arsenal offered by pharmaceutical companies today. IN recent years Many “new generation” medications have appeared that give patients a chance of recovery for diseases that were incurable just yesterday. But all innovative drugs are very expensive. Therefore, it was decided to further discuss the issue of additional inclusion in the list of some expensive drugs, in particular those intended for HIV-infected people, patients with hepatitis B and C, and some oncohematological diseases, closer to spring, when the financial situation becomes clearer and it will be clear whether the state will be able to guarantee purchases such drugs in the required volume. Applications from pharmaceutical companies have been accepted, the Ministry of Health emphasizes, but costs must be carefully calculated.
As for medicines for beneficiaries, this list, as before, retains more than three hundred items of all major medicinal groups. Exceptions are minimal. “Only some drugs with unproven effectiveness were removed from it, for example, valocordin. By the way, we were constantly criticized that an outdated and unsafe drug remained on the list,” explained Andrei Gaiderov.
Finally, a minimum assortment list has been prepared - this is the list of drugs that mandatory should be available in any pharmacy. This list protects us from “washing out” cheap drugs from sale. It is clear that it is more profitable for a pharmacy to sell an expensive package that costs several hundred rubles than to “mess around” with cheap drugs. Not always inexpensive medicines lie on the pharmacy shelves in plain sight, and the pharmacist, if you ask him, is more likely to recommend something expensive. Therefore, when forming minimum assortment For pharmacies, experts paid attention to the fact that it must contain accessible, familiar drugs. “The absolute majority of pharmacies follow the rule of preserving the assortment,” said the head of the Pharmacy Guild, Elena Nevolina. “Therefore, you just need to ask the pharmacist or pharmacist about the medicine you need. The pharmacy simply must have any drug included in this list, and the pharmacist must offer it to the buyer ".
UDC 338.517
Marushchak I.I.*, Olkhovskaya M.O.
M.O. Olkhovskaya
I.I. Maruschak
Pricing systems for medicines in Russia and abroad
*Marushchak Ilya Ivanovich, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Economics, Moscow State Industrial University
**Olkhovskaya Marina Olegovna, lecturer at the Department of International Economic and Financial Relations of the Russian State Academy of Intellectual Property, applicant for the Department of Economics at Moscow State Industrial University
Email: [email protected]
The authors consider the problems of pricing medicines in Russia and abroad. Currently, several pricing systems have emerged, each of which is supported by certain groups of countries. Compare various models pricing, including mechanisms for setting the price of a medicinal product operating in the Russian economy.
Keywords: pricing, medicines, generics, maximum prices, reference prices, profit control, List of vital and essential medicines.
Currently, in almost every developed country there is national system pricing of medicines or a pricing procedure for the entire region, taking into account local characteristics. On the one hand, the procedure for determining the price of medicines is the task of the state, which acts as a guarantor social support the population, on the other hand, also needs to take into account the interests of manufacturers, whose profits have a positive effect on the volume of production of new drugs. In Russia, achieving a balance of interests between the state and businesses in the pharmaceutical industry is complicated by the different goals pursued by the parties.
There is a relationship between the price of medicines and the volume of product supply on the market. In countries with low level restrictions on the volume of supply on the market, the price of a drug tends to be higher (USA, Japan) than in countries where there is more stringent regulation of the volume of supply (India, China, a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe).
In addition, it is necessary to take into account next factor: there is a group of countries with fierce competition in the market of generics2 (India), innovative drugs and analogue drugs (USA, EU member countries), which determines the development pricing policy for a particular category of drugs. The price of a drug that has patent protection is a priori higher than the price category of generic drugs, in the market of which, if the price of one drug is too high, it will be quite difficult to regain consumer loyalty. However, in order to reduce the risk of inflated prices for innovative medicines, governments of various countries may refuse to register them. These countries include Portugal, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Finland, Argentina and Turkey3.
Currently, four main approaches to pricing and determining the reimbursable cost of medicines have been formed:
Limit prices;
Reference prices;
Profit control;
1 Bennett N. Pharmaceutical Pricing Strategies 2000: Entering the New Millennium. Washington: Reuters Business Insight. 2000. 221 p.
Generic is a medicine sold under the international generic name or under a proprietary name that differs from the trade name of the drug developer.
3 Melik-Guseinov D.V. Information from government authorities. Federal antimonopoly service RF: Analytical note on the development of options for reference pricing approaches for medicines included in the group of vital and essential [Electronic resource]. 10/21/2011. Access mode: http://farm.lobbying.ru/gosinfo.php?id=110 (access date: 07.17.2011)
Approach based on the benefits of drugs (pricing based on the advantages of a particular drug relative to others)1.
Marginal (maximum) prices for medicines are set by many countries with the exception of Germany, Great Britain, and the USA (Table 1).
Table 1
Countries that use registration of maximum (maximum) prices for drugs that are (In-patent) and not (Off-patent) under patent protection2
Taking into account prices abroad Countries Limit prices
In-patent Off-patent
v Brazil V v
v Canada V -
v China V v
v France V -
Germany - -
v Italy V -
v Holland V v
v Spain V -
UK - -
Significant disadvantage this method is that the manufacturer in this case may not be sufficiently motivated to create new molecules for the production of drugs). Consequently, society will be exposed to the threat of not receiving the necessary medicine on the market of countries with an existing mechanism. And, indeed, predominantly the latest medical developments come from the USA, Great Britain and Germany.
Let's consider the second approach to drug pricing - reference pricing.
Most EU countries have switched to reference pricing.
Reference pricing is an element of the state reimbursement system for medicines, designed, firstly, to optimize these costs by determining an economically feasible level of reimbursement for each group of medicines included in the list of reimbursable drugs (from reimbursement - reimbursement of the cost of medicines). And, secondly, to increase the number of citizens, primarily low-income and socially vulnerable, receiving adequate medical care.3
Comparative data on the reference pricing mechanism in the EU countries are presented in Table 2.
Germany, Denmark, Great Britain, Sweden do not use this mechanism. In these countries, there is free pricing, which involves finding a balance between supply and demand. However, it cannot be argued that for these countries free pricing is the main mechanism for setting prices. Since the pharmaceutical industry is predominantly socially oriented, state control should also occur for certain categories of drugs. Thus, in countries with predominantly free pricing, there are necessarily areas (for example, wholesale and retail trade in Germany, revenues of companies producing patented drugs in the UK) or drug supply programs ( federal programs in the USA), where price regulation is carried out. In turn, in countries with strict control, free pricing applies to drugs the cost of which is not subject to reimbursement from public funds (for example, France, Sweden, Japan, Spain, etc.)4.
Thus, the state does not interfere in the procedure for setting prices by the company itself, but does regulate prices.
The essence of the method is that pricing set by producers is considered free as long as producers do not exceed the maximum profit ratio. Thus, prices are regulated indirectly - through an agreement on the amount of profits received. In this case, the company's profit level is measured based on the return on invested capital. For companies that do not have any significant capital investment in the UK, the valuation is based on sales revenue5.
On the one hand, companies are better than other entities in determining the level of cost recovery for scientific research in the field of creating new drugs, including costs in the price, but if
Polyakova D. Reference pricing: side effects[Electronic resource] // Online pharmacies 03/24/2008. Access mode: http://www.apteka.ua/article/6385 (date of access: 04/27/2011)
3 About reference pricing on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market first-hand: Interview with A. Solovyov and V. Bortnitsky [Electronic resource] // Apteka.online.ua. 04/09/2012. No. 835 (14). Access mode: http://www.apteka.ua/article/136717 (date of access: 07/20/2011).
4 Telnova E.A. Pricing: foreign experience// Pharmacoeconomics. 2009. T. 2. No. 4. P. 24.
5 Melik-Guseinov D.V. Decree. op.
Looking at it from the other side, the state, acting as a regulator, is faced with the problem of determining the rate of return for individual enterprises. In addition, all enterprises have their own product portfolio, and the margin that can be set for one company will be insufficient for another.
Table 2
Application of reference prices in various countries1
Country Availability of SR Scope of application Basis for calculating the reference price Method of calculating the reference price and reference countries
Austria + Reimbursable2 medicines Manufacturer prices (for individual countries - wholesale prices) The reference price is calculated as the average price in all EU member countries, with the exception of Romania and Bulgaria
Belgium + All medicines Manufacturer prices Comparison is carried out with all EU member countries
Bulgaria + Prescription drugs Manufacturer prices Since 2010, the reference price is calculated as the average of the 3 lowest prices in the following countries: Romania, Russia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Austria
Hungary + Reimbursable medicines Manufacturer prices When calculating the reference price, the lowest price in the reference countries is taken into account (France, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, Belgium, Austria and one additional country)
Spain + Innovative medicines Manufacturer prices The reference price is calculated as the lowest price among the following countries: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Sweden
Italy + Reimbursable medicines Manufacturer prices Reference price is calculated as average price in reference countries (not defined), SR is used as additional information during negotiations on the cost of the drug with the manufacturer
Latvia + Reimbursable medicines Manufacturer prices Reference price is calculated as the third lowest price in the EU countries
Poland + Reimbursable drugs Manufacturer prices The reference price is calculated as the lowest in the reference countries (Belgium, Great Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, Lithuania)
Portugal + Prescription and reimbursable over-the-counter (excluding generics) medicines Manufacturer prices, final consumer prices Reference price is calculated as the average of prices in the following countries: Greece, Spain, France, Italy
France + Innovative medicines Manufacturer prices Comparison is carried out with the prices of the manufacturing company in the following countries: Germany, Spain, Italy and Great Britain
Let's consider the main mechanisms for determining the price of medicines in other regions. In our opinion, it is advisable to turn to the experience of such developed countries in terms of pharmaceutical products as India, China, Brazil (BRIC partner countries of the Russian Federation).
The Indian Government has proposed introducing a new approach to regulating the cost of medicines, in particular limiting the cost of drugs under patent protection to the level determined using an external reference pricing system adjusted for GDP from
How does the reference pricing system work? [Electronic resource] // Pharmacy.opNpe.ia 2012. February 27, No. 8 (829). Access mode: http://www.apteka.ua/article/126957 (date of access: 04/30/2012).
Reimbursement is a system of reimbursement of funds spent by the population on outpatient consumption of medicines.
per capita calculation. In this case, the UK, Canada, France, Australia and New Zealand were chosen as reference countries. It is proposed to calculate the maximum retail cost of a drug as follows: for example, in India, the cost of a drug under patent protection is 35.5 thousand rupees (636 US dollars), and the same drug in Australia and France is approximately 2170 dollars. Moreover, the per capita GDP in these countries is more than 10 times higher than in India. Thus, the maximum cost of this drug in India, according to the government’s proposal, should be the same number of times lower than in Australia and France, and be approximately 1011 thousand rupees ($185-209), which is almost 3 times less compared to its current value.
Brazil has a strict drug price regulation system: with state registration The price of the drug is officially registered with the Ministry of Health. Evaluation process medical technologies is becoming increasingly strict (at the end of 2008, of the proposed prices for drugs, only 15% were approved, the rest were proposed to be reduced). Moreover, internal committees for assessing medical technologies, using federal legislation on NTA as a model, are also being created in private insurance systems. The national list of expensive drugs in Brazil includes 106 drugs for the treatment of 87 nosologies1.
Strict price controls in China are only applied to drugs reimbursed by public funds. The list of such drugs includes from 1500 to 2000 items. On average, 500-1000 of them are traditional Chinese medicine, and 1000 pharmaceutical products of two categories: A (cheap generics) and B (innovative drugs). 15% of category B drugs (75 items) are paid for by regional budgets. Medicines not included in this list are subject to free pricing. Paradoxically, China's economic achievements are not helping to improve the healthcare situation; it is even getting worse. The proportion of insured patients is decreasing year by year (from 90% in 1981 to 60% in 2008). At the same time, the government sets a goal to increase this figure to 100% by 2010, which is highly unlikely. At the same time, there has been a gigantic increase in healthcare costs (for 15 years they have increased annually by 10-15%). Payments are charged not only for services, but also for visiting a doctor; the share of expenses out of the patient’s pocket reaches 60%. A characteristic shortcoming of Chinese healthcare is the inequality between urban and rural populations.
A separate block is the analysis of pricing for innovative medicines, which shows that prices for fundamentally new drugs subject to reimbursement in most countries studied are determined in accordance with international trade prices. At the same time, in France their effectiveness is also taken into account, in Sweden - social prospects, in Belgium - the prices of drugs in the EEC countries, in Japan - the level of production costs and the origin of drugs, in China - whether a drug is a patented drug or not. In countries such as Germany and the USA, innovative drugs are subject to free pricing. In the UK, free pricing also applies, but within the limits of the firm’s established income2.
The above approaches to pricing innovative drugs are determined by the fact that the costs of their development, as well as the level of risks various kinds quite high. In addition, often a fundamentally new drug cannot be compared in price with another drug, since analogues will not exist for a certain period of time. Of course, this gives rise to speculation on medicines on the part of manufacturers, who initially set inflated prices that are difficult to verify, but, on the other hand, the quantity dangerous pathologies is growing every year, and the life of citizens may depend on the timing of the drug’s introduction to the market.
Currently, our country uses the List of vital and essential medicines, approved by Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 30, 2009 No. 2135-r (hereinafter referred to as List No. 2135-r), the pricing for which can be openly viewed.
For all drugs that are listed in List No. 2135-r, the price is regulated by the state, while prices for medicines of both domestic and imported origin are subject to state registration. The medicine, the price for which is registered, is entered into the State Register of Registered Maximum Selling Prices.
The price is calculated as follows3.
Acts of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation establish maximum wholesale and retail markups for medicines:
To the actual selling price of the drug manufacturer. At the same time, the actual selling price of a Russian manufacturer is understood as the price at which the manufacturer actually sells the medicinal product and which is indicated in the sales contract and accompanying documentation for the goods (in invoices, etc.), and of a foreign manufacturer - the contract price for the medicinal product, not exceeding the registered maximum selling price, in rubles at the exchange rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the date of registration of the cargo customs declaration;
1 Here: classification and nomenclature of diseases (in modern medical literature the concept of “nosological approach” is usually used, i.e. the desire of clinicians and representatives of theoretical medicine to identify a nosological form, which is characterized by a specific cause, unambiguous pathogenesis, typical external manifestations and specific structural disorders in organs and tissues).
2 Telnova E.A. Decree. op.
3 Order No. 442-a dated December 11. 09 “On approval of the methodology for determining the maximum wholesale and maximum retail markups to the actual ones by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation selling prices manufacturers for vital and essential medicines" [Electronic resource] // GARANT. Information and legal portal. 2009. December 22. Access mode: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/12071699/ (date of access: 05/09/2013).
To the selling price of a wholesale trade organization that purchases medicines at its own expense directly from manufacturers.
The Federal Tariff Service of the Russian Federation, in Order No. 73-a dated March 11, 2010, approved a form for presenting data on the amount of maximum wholesale and retail markups established in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on prices for vital and essential medicines, which presents the size of the maximum surcharges in expanded form for the following price groups:
Up to 50 rub. inclusive;
From 50 to 500 rub. inclusive;
Over 500 rub.
Table 3
Maximum wholesale and maximum retail markups to the actual selling price (excluding VAT)1
Surcharges Actual selling price of the manufacturer Maximum markup, %
Maximum wholesale markup to the actual selling price of the manufacturer Up to 50 rubles. inclusive 20
Over 50 rub. up to 500 rub. inclusive 15
Over 500 rub. 10
Maximum retail markup to the actual selling price of the manufacturer Up to 50 rubles. inclusive 32
Over 50 rub. up to 500 rub. inclusive 28
Over 500 rub. 15
The actual selling price of the manufacturer means the price (excluding value added tax) indicated Russian manufacturer medicine in the accompanying documentation for the goods (in waybills, etc.), and by the foreign manufacturer of the medicine - in the accompanying documentation for the goods (in invoice, etc.), on the basis of which a cargo customs declaration is drawn up, taking into account the costs associated with customs clearance of cargo (customs duties and fees for customs clearance), not exceeding the registered maximum selling price of the manufacturer.
Let us give examples of the calculation of wholesale and retail markups using the example of Moscow; in many constituent entities of the Russian Federation a similar procedure applies2.
A wholesale organization received Corvalol drops from another organization at a price of 10.5 rubles. for packaging, taking into account a trade markup of 5%. The price from the manufacturer is 10.2 rubles.
We will calculate the maximum wholesale price.
Since Corvalol is included in List No. 2135-r, the maximum trade markup in in this case will be: 15% (20% - 5%), where 20% - size limit; 5% is the already applied trade margin. The maximum wholesale price will be equal to: 12.03 rubles. (10.5 rubles + 10.2 rubles x 15%).
The LLC Zdorovye pharmacy, located in Moscow, received three percent hydrogen peroxide from a wholesale organization at a price of 5 rubles. Let's calculate the maximum retail price for a pharmacy for this medicine.
The maximum retail price for a pharmacy will be: 6.6 rubles. (5 rubles + 5 rubles x 0.32), where 0.32 is the coefficient for calculating the amount of the maximum retail price at a rate of 32%. These drugs are included in List No. 2135.
Together with the invoices, the pharmacy was given protocols for agreeing prices for medicines. According to these protocols, the price for state registration of one package of Corvalol drops is 15 rubles, one package of the drug Retinol is 9 rubles.
As a result of the calculation, the retail price of medicines will be:
- “Corvalol” - 23.75 rubles. (20 rubles + 15 rubles x 25%);
- “Retinol” - 15.15 rubles. (12 rubles + 9 rubles x 35%).
Order No. 442-a of December 11, 2009 “On approval of the methodology for determining by executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation maximum wholesale and maximum retail markups to the actual selling prices of manufacturers for vital and essential medicines” provides clear instructions on pricing for each of pharmaceutical market participants. However, in practice, the consumer still did not experience an effective reduction in drug prices.
A number of experts believe that the list is vital important medicines It is not initially perfect, since specialists cannot afford to add expensive drugs to it - the state is simply not able to afford it. Therefore, the list primarily includes domestic and cheap imported drugs3.
It is for this reason that doctors often prescribe the wrong effective medicine, and the cheapest, from the list of vital and essential medicines (VED), since only on
2 Medical goods and services. Pricing for medicines, taking into account latest changes, 07.22.2010 [Electronic resource]. Access mode:: http://www.referent.ru/50/179984 (date of access: 01/09/2013).
3 Patents, medicines and healthcare (based on the report of the Panos Institute (London) “Patents, medicines and healthcare”, December 2002) [Electronic resource] // RMS-Expo: medical exhibitions and conferences. Access mode: http://expo.rusmedserv.com/articli.html (access date: 11/10/2012)..
They are subject to state control over pricing in the Russian Federation.
Summing up comparative analysis Russian pricing system for medicines, the following can be noted: the pricing procedure is strictly fixed only for one category of drugs - vital and essential drugs; local prices are not compared with prices abroad, which can lead to inflated prices for medicines; state control over prices for categories of medicines is not Vital and Essential Drugs are weak due to the lack of a pricing mechanism for them.
According to the authors, it is necessary for all market entities to transition to pricing based on reference prices. This may make it possible to reduce prices for a number of goods that have analogues abroad, and to control prices at all levels from the manufacturing company to the retailer. However, in order to most accurately establish the price of a drug according to reference pricing, it is advisable to follow the Indian experience: compare prices for drugs abroad and set an adjustment taking into account the GDP per capita.
Among the countries on the basis of whose market prices a comparison should be made, it is advisable to consider India (as the largest producer of generics), the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany (as the main producers of analogue drugs and innovative drugs).
In Russia, there is currently no clear pricing strategy for developed drugs (except for vital and essential drugs), which leads to manufacturers and distributors independently setting prices for drugs;
LITERATURE
1. Order No. 442-a dated December 11, 2009 “On approval of the methodology for determining the subjects of
Russian Federation of maximum wholesale and maximum retail markups to the actual selling prices of manufacturers for vital and essential medicines" [Electronic resource] // GARANT. Information and legal portal. 2009. December 22. Access mode: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/12071699/ (date of access: 05/09/2013).
2. How does the reference pricing system work? [Electronic resource] // Pharmacy.opNpe.ia 2012. February 27. No. 8
(829). Access mode: http://www.apteka.ua/article/126957 (date of access: 04/30/2012).
3. Medical goods and services. Pricing for medicines, taking into account recent changes // Law
vaya system "Referent". 07/22/2010 [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://www.referent.ru/48/215984 (date of access: 01/09/2013).
4. Melik-Guseinov D.V. Information from government authorities. Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation:
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