Abstract on the topic:
Stylistics of the Russian language
(based on the book by I.B. Golub. Stylistics of the Russian language. – 4th ed. – M.: Iris-press, 2002. – 448 p.)
Lexical stylistics 3
Phraseological stylistics 5
Stylistics of word formation 7
Stylistics of parts of speech 8
Syntactic stylistics 10
Lexical stylistics
Lexical stylistics studies the correlative lexical means of a language, assessing the use of a word in a specific speech situation and developing recommendations for normative word usage in various functional styles.
The word is the basis for understanding the text. Wrong word choice distorts the meaning of a statement, generating not only lexical, but also logical errors in speech:
· anachronism (violation of chronological accuracy when using words associated with a certain historical era);
· alogism (comparison of incomparable concepts);
Reasons for illogicality: substitution of the concept, unjustified expansion/narrowing of the concept, unclear distinction between concrete and abstract concepts, inconsistency between premise and action.
For correct use words in speech, it is also necessary to take into account the features of lexical compatibility. There are three types of compatibility: semantic, grammatical and lexical. Violation of lexical compatibility is explained by the incorrect use of polysemantic words (for example, deep winter, autumn, but not spring Summer ; deep night, silence, but not morning, Not day, Not noise). Violation of lexical compatibility can be used as a stylistic device: to create a comic effect, to make the text more expressive, etc. But if this is not used as a stylistic device, it is a speech error. The reason for this may be contamination of seemingly similar phrases.
For oral speech such a violation is typical speech impairment. This is the accidental omission of words necessary to accurately express a thought ( The management must strive to overcome this indifference- missed get rid of). Due to speech impairment The grammatical and logical connections of words in a sentence are broken, the meaning is obscured. However, this error should be distinguished from ellipsis - a stylistic figure based on the deliberate omission of one or another member of the sentence ( I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove!)
The author's stylistic helplessness in expressing thoughts often leads to speech redundancy, which in some cases borders on absurdity ( the corpse was dead and did not hide it). Stylists call such examples lyapalisiads. Speech redundancy can also take the form of pleonasm - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( the main point, valuable treasures etc.). A type of pleonasm is tautology. However, they can also be a stylistic device, for example, to add expression to spoken language: bitter grief, all sorts of things etc. Tautology underlies many phraseological units ( Looks like we'll eat etc.), combinations with a tautological epithet allow you to draw attention to particularly important concepts, tautological repetition gives the statement an aphoristic quality, the stringing of cognate words is used in gradation - a stylistic figure based on a consistent increase/decrease in emotional-expressive significance; in a punning collision, tautology is used for creating a comic effect, etc.
Lexical synonymy is of particular importance for the stylist, representing an inexhaustible resource of expressiveness. Types of lexical synonyms:
1. Semantic
2. Stylistic
3. Semantic-stylistic
Stylistic functions of synonyms:
· Hidden (means of the most accurate expression of thoughts)
· Open (clarification, clarification, comparison, contrast, gradation).
Lexical antonymy. Stylistic functions of antonyms:
1. Lexical means of expressing antithesis
2. Increasing the emotionality of the statement
3. Showing the completeness of coverage of phenomena
4. Creating a satirical/comic effect, etc.
Polysemy and homonymy: stylistic functions: metaphorization, paradox, word game, comic effect, joke, pun, etc. There are individually authored homonyms, which are usually based on a language game.
Functions paronyms(words of the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning) in speech: expressive (increasing action), clarifying thoughts, puns, language games, etc. The phenomenon of paronomasia is an even more expressive means (these words are similar in sound, but have completely different semantics), especially for poetry.
Unjustified use of the above expressive means leads to speech errors.
Words are stylistically unequal, their functions and semantic nuances are concentrated in stylistic characteristics (V. Vinogradov). Functional style– historically established and socially conscious system speech means, used in one or another sphere of human communication. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary:
1. Common vocabulary
2. Vocabulary fixed in functional and stylistic terms
· Conversational
· Book (scientific, official business, journalistic).
Words can be emotionally and expressively colored, and therefore stand out vocabulary neutral, low and high. Mixing styles can become a stylistic mistake (the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in book styles, a passion for terms in journalistic texts, an abundance of bureaucratic language in fiction, etc.).
Vocabulary that has a limited scope(dialectisms, professionalisms), in artistic speech can perform important functions: transfer of local color, features of the characters’ speech, speech expression, etc. For expressiveness (creating an image, depicting a character’s speech, etc.) also used in literary artistic style jargon.
Stylistic functions outdated words(archaisms and historicisms) in artistic speech: recreation of the color of past times, the solemn sound of speech (Slavicisms, Old Russianisms), sometimes a parody-ironic function.
In connection with global development, in any language there appears great amount new words - neologisms. There are also author’s or individual stylistic neologisms, the invention of which is dictated by the lexical and stylistic needs of a particular text.
In the Russian language there is also a layer borrowed vocabulary. Stylistic classification:
1. vocabulary that has an unlimited scope of use (lost features foreign language origin (painting), retaining some similar features ( veil), Europeanisms, internationalisms ( terror).
2. vocabulary limited use(book words ( stagnation), archaic units of salon jargon ( rendezvous), exoticisms ( saklya), foreign language inclusions ( allegro), barbarisms ( sorry, sorry). Speech full of barbarisms is called macaronic. In literary and journalistic texts, this is a very powerful expressive tool, especially for creating character speech. The use of barbarisms in quotation marks is acceptable even in the author’s monologue.
Phraseological stylistics
Phraseological stylistics studies the use in speech of complex language units that have a stable character.
For phraseological units The following features are characteristic: reproducibility, complexity of composition, constancy of composition, impenetrability of structure, stability of grammatical structure, strictly fixed word order.
Phraseologisms are used in various functional styles and have different stylistic overtones. This is how phraseology stands out: colloquial, colloquial, bookish, scientific, journalistic, official and business.
You can also select a layer commonly used phraseology, which is used both in book styles and in colloquial speech. From an emotionally expressive point of view, phraseological units are divided into units with a bright emotional-expressive coloring and units devoid of such coloring, used in a strictly nominative function.
Phenomena synonymy and antonymy of phraseological units allows you to expand expressive capabilities in the work. This is how accuracy of statements is achieved, gradation of shades of meaning in the chain of descriptions that give expressiveness to the text, etc.
· restoration of the original meaning of the words included in them ( A snowball hit me not in the eyebrow, but in the eye)
· reduction of the composition of phraseological units ( don't be born beautiful)
· expansion of the composition of phraseological units ( granite stumbling blocks)
· replacement of dictionary components ( with every fiber of your suitcase)
· change grammatical forms (black as a black man - black than a black man)
violation of the integrity of the composition ( ...the seventh water, maybe not even jelly …)
· contamination of several PU ( walking is no friend to the hungry)
Part lexical figurative means includes:
1. metaphor (transfer of name from one object to another based on their similarity)
2. personification (endowing inanimate objects with signs and properties of a person)
3. allegory (expression of abstract concepts in concrete artistic images)
4. metonymy (transfer of name from one object to another based on their contiguity)
5. antonomasia (use of a proper name as a common noun)
Abstract on the topic:
Stylistics of the Russian language
(based on the book by I.B. Golub. Stylistics of the Russian language. – 4th ed. – M.: Iris-press, 2002. – 448 p.)
Lexical stylistics 3
Phraseological stylistics 5
Stylistics of word formation 7
Stylistics of parts of speech 8
Syntactic stylistics 10
Lexical stylistics
Lexical stylistics studies the correlative lexical means of a language, assessing the use of a word in a specific speech situation and developing recommendations for normative word usage in various functional styles.
The word is the basis for understanding the text. Wrong word choice distorts the meaning of a statement, generating not only lexical, but also logical errors in speech:
· anachronism (violation of chronological accuracy when using words associated with a certain historical era);
· alogism (comparison of incomparable concepts);
Reasons for illogicality: substitution of the concept, unjustified expansion/narrowing of the concept, unclear distinction between concrete and abstract concepts, inconsistency between premise and action.
For the correct use of words in speech, it is also necessary to take into account the features of lexical compatibility. There are three types of compatibility: semantic, grammatical and lexical. Violation of lexical compatibility is explained by the incorrect use of polysemantic words (for example, deep winter, autumn, but not spring Summer ; deep night, silence, but not morning, Not day, Not noise). Violation of lexical compatibility can be used as a stylistic device: to create a comic effect, to make the text more expressive, etc. But if this is not used as a stylistic device, it is a speech error. The reason for this may be contamination of seemingly similar phrases.
Oral speech is characterized by such a disorder as speech impairment. This is the accidental omission of words necessary to accurately express a thought ( The management must strive to overcome this indifference- missed get rid of). Due to speech insufficiency, the grammatical and logical connections of words in a sentence are disrupted and the meaning is obscured. However, this error should be distinguished from ellipsis - a stylistic figure based on the deliberate omission of one or another member of the sentence ( I'm for a candle, a candle - in the stove!)
The author's stylistic helplessness in expressing thoughts often leads to speech redundancy, which in some cases borders on absurdity ( the corpse was dead and did not hide it). Stylists call such examples lyapalisiads. Speech redundancy can also take the form of pleonasm - the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( main essence, valuable treasures etc.). A type of pleonasm is tautology. However, they can also be a stylistic device, for example, to add expression to spoken language: bitter grief, all sorts of things etc. Tautology underlies many phraseological units ( Looks like we'll eat etc.), combinations with a tautological epithet allow you to draw attention to particularly important concepts, tautological repetition gives the statement an aphoristic quality, the stringing of cognate words is used in gradation - a stylistic figure based on a consistent increase/decrease in emotional-expressive significance; in a punning collision, tautology is used for creating a comic effect, etc.
Lexical synonymy is of particular importance for the stylist, representing an inexhaustible resource of expressiveness. Types of lexical synonyms:
1. Semantic
2. Stylistic
3. Semantic-stylistic
Stylistic functions of synonyms:
· Hidden (means of the most accurate expression of thoughts)
· Open (clarification, clarification, comparison, contrast, gradation).
Lexical antonymy. Stylistic functions of antonyms:
1. Lexical means of expressing antithesis
2. Increasing the emotionality of the statement
3. Showing the completeness of coverage of phenomena
4. Creating a satirical/comic effect, etc.
Polysemy and homonymy: stylistic functions: metaphorization, paradox, verbal play, comic effect, joke, pun, etc. There are individually authored homonyms, which are usually based on a language game.
Functions paronyms(words of the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning) in speech: expressive (increasing action), clarifying thoughts, puns, language games, etc. The phenomenon of paronomasia is an even more expressive means (these words are similar in sound, but have completely different semantics), especially for poetry.
Unjustified use of the above expressive means leads to speech errors.
Words are stylistically unequal, their functions and semantic nuances are concentrated in stylistic characteristics (V. Vinogradov). Functional style- a historically established and socially conscious system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary:
1. Common vocabulary
2. Vocabulary fixed in functional and stylistic terms
· Conversational
· Book (scientific, official business, journalistic).
Words can be emotionally and expressively colored, and therefore stand out vocabulary neutral, low and high. Mixing styles can become a stylistic mistake (the use of colloquial and colloquial vocabulary in book styles, a passion for terms in journalistic texts, an abundance of bureaucratic language in fiction, etc.).
Vocabulary that has a limited scope(dialectisms, professionalisms), in artistic speech can perform important functions: conveying local color, features of the characters’ speech, speech expression, etc. For expressiveness (creating an image, depicting a character’s speech, etc.) jargon is also used in the literary artistic style.
Stylistic functions of obsolete words (archaisms and historicisms) in artistic speech: recreation of the color of past times, the solemn sound of speech (Slavicisms, Old Russianisms), sometimes a parody-ironic function.
Due to global development, a huge number of new words appear in any language - neologisms. There are also author’s or individual stylistic neologisms, the invention of which is dictated by the lexical and stylistic needs of a particular text.
In the Russian language there is also a layer borrowed vocabulary. Stylistic classification:
1. vocabulary that has an unlimited scope of use (lost the signs of foreign language origin ( painting), retaining some similar features ( veil), Europeanisms, internationalisms ( terror).
2. vocabulary of limited use (book words ( stagnation), archaic units of salon jargon ( rendezvous), exoticisms ( saklya), foreign language inclusions ( allegro), barbarisms ( sorry, sorry). Speech full of barbarisms is called macaronic. In literary and journalistic texts, this is a very powerful expressive tool, especially for creating character speech. The use of barbarisms in quotation marks is acceptable even in the author’s monologue.
Phraseological stylistics
Phraseological stylistics studies the use in speech of complex language units that have a stable character.
For phraseological units The following features are characteristic: reproducibility, complexity of composition, constancy of composition, impenetrability of structure, stability of grammatical structure, strictly fixed word order.
Phraseologisms are used in various functional styles and have different stylistic overtones. This is how phraseology stands out: colloquial, colloquial, bookish, scientific, journalistic, official and business.
You can also select a layer commonly used phraseology, which is used both in book styles and in colloquial speech. From an emotionally expressive point of view, phraseological units are divided into units with a bright emotional-expressive coloring and units devoid of such coloring, used in a strictly nominative function.
Phenomena synonymy and antonymy of phraseological units allows you to expand the expressive possibilities in the work. This is how accuracy of statements is achieved, gradation of shades of meaning in the chain of descriptions that give expressiveness to the text, etc.
· restoration of the original meaning of the words included in them ( A snowball hit me not in the eyebrow, but in the eye)
· reduction of the composition of phraseological units ( don't be born beautiful)
· expansion of the composition of phraseological units ( granite stumbling blocks)
· replacement of dictionary components ( with every fiber of your suitcase)
· change of grammatical forms ( black as a black man - black than a black man)
violation of the integrity of the composition ( ...the seventh water, maybe not even jelly …)
· contamination of several PU ( walking is no friend to the hungry)
Part lexical figurative means includes:
1. metaphor (transfer of name from one object to another based on their similarity)
2. personification (endowing inanimate objects with signs and properties of a person)
3. allegory (expression of abstract concepts in specific artistic images)
4. metonymy (transfer of name from one object to another based on their contiguity)
5. antonomasia (use of a proper name as a common noun)
6. synecdoche (a type of metonymy: replacement plural unique, the name of the part instead of the whole, the particular instead of the general and vice versa)
7. epithet (figurative definition of an object/action)
8. comparisons (comparing one object with another for the purpose of artistic description of the first)
9. hyperbole (a figurative expression consisting of exaggeration of the size, strength, beauty, meaning of what is being described)
10. litotes (a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described)
11. periphrasis (descriptive phrase used instead of any word/phrase)
Taken together, these means are called tropes (words used figuratively to create an image). They are used not only in fiction, but also in colloquial speech, and are also borrowed by functional styles.
That. The main function of phraseological units and tropes in speech is to create expression, imagery, expressiveness.
Phonics
Phonics is a branch of stylistics that studies the sound side of speech, i.e. selection and use of linguistic means of the phonetic level with a certain stylistic task.
Phonetic means of language that have stylistic meaning:
1. speech sounds (vowels and consonants: sound symbolism)
2. verbal stress (in oral speech - the correctness of stress, in literary text– aesthetics of alternating drums and unstressed syllables)
3. word length
5. rhyme (in poetry - the role of compositional and sound repetition, in prose it is often inappropriate and therefore comical)
The most general stylistic requirement for the phonetic side of speech is euphony- a combination of sounds that is easy to pronounce and pleasant to the ear. The following are dissonant: abbreviations, clusters of participles with suffixes –vsh-, -yush- etc., accumulation of vowels/consonants at the junction of words, incorrect use of variants of prepositions such as o/o/o, s/so etc., borrowed words, neologisms.
Stylistic devices enhancing the sound expressiveness of speech: sound repetitions (sound similarity, alliteration, assonance, anaphora, epiphora), exclusion of words with certain sounds from the text, emphasized use of euphony/cacophony, deviation from the average word length, which is 3 syllables.
Stylistic functions of sound writing in artistic speech: onomatopoeia to create an atmosphere (onomatopoeia: bam, bang, sound-like words: pranks, shish), expressive-depictive function, emotional-expressive, semantic, compositional, etc.
The meaning of phonics in different styles of speech is not the same. In the scientific style, the expression of thoughts is mainly designed to visual perception, and not on pronunciation, so such texts are difficult to pronounce. The minimum value of phonics and formal business style(except for some genres, for example, advertisements, where deficiencies in phonics can reduce information content). In the journalistic style, phonics plays a big role and borrows many techniques from artistic speech to enhance the sound expressiveness of a word.
Stylistics of word formation
In the Russian language, the wealth of word-formation resources with a bright stylistic coloring is due to the productivity of Russian affixes, which give words expressive shades and the functional and stylistic fixation of some word-formation models.
Creating evaluative meanings using word formation :
1. dimensional-evaluative suffixes ( house - house, little house, domina);
2. suffix formations with a humorous coloring ( book);
3. collective nouns with suffixes expressing disdain ( soldier's, sailor's);
4. abstract nouns, which, thanks to suffixes, receive a negative evaluative value ( sour);
5. doubling/tripling suffixes subjective assessment (little daughter);
6. expressive prefixation ( beauty, ultra fashion);
7. suffixes of subjective evaluation of adjectives ( tiny, tall);
8. diminutive affixation of verbs ( fairy tales);
9. formation of verbs from pronouns ( to yak, to yak), nouns and adjectives with evaluative meaning ( to be stupid, to cheat);
10. reduced verbs -string/thread (cheat, cheat);
11. colloquial type models slow down, speculate ;
12. expressive affixation of verbs ( to spend - to spend);
13. affixation of interjections and particles ( babushki, nobushki) etc.
Functionally fixed word-formation models attract the attention of writers as a means of individualizing the speech of characters. In artistic speech, a tradition has developed of the stylistic use of suffixes of subjective evaluation. This is also characteristic of the journalistic style. In a scientific style medical terms nouns with suffixes are used –om-/-it-/-in-/-ol- (fibroids, nephritis, analgin, menthol). In general, book styles are characterized by the formation of verbs based on nouns and adjectives of terminological meaning ( land, store), inclusion of Greek and Latin derivational elements ( ethnonym, anthroponym), the fixation of foreign language prefixes forming terms ( alogism, hypersonic), Russian and Old Church Slavonic prefixes, also forming terms ( interdepartmental, pro-Western), abbreviations, compound words, etc. Book styles are in many ways opposed to conversational style; there are even pairs of different word formations ( hardening - hardening), as well as dialect vocabulary, which is characterized by suffixes –an/-un/-uh-/-ush- (bro, crybaby, singer). The main model of word formation of professionalisms is disaffixation ( underfilling, fattening). Jargon is also characterized by truncation of the stem of the word, often in combination with affixation ( TV - telly, demobilized - demobilization) and so on.
Stylistics of parts of speech
With a stylistic approach to parts of speech, the study of their use in various styles and functional and semantic types of speech comes to the fore.
Noun. In artistic speech, nouns perform informative and aesthetic functions. Material, collective, abstract, concrete nouns are used in any of the functional styles. In scientific and official business styles nouns convey information without implying any expression. For the journalistic style, the role of expression is very large; there are many nouns with an evaluative meaning. For artistic and journalistic styles, the use of abstract nouns is more typical, while concrete and, in particular, proper names nouns characterize official business and scientific styles.
Adjective. The frequency of adjectives in the text is determined by the frequency of nouns. Distinctive feature their use in different functional styles is the predominance of relative adjectives in scientific and official business styles, and the abundance of qualitative adjectives in artistic style. Adjectives serving a purely informative function are not used in a figurative meaning and do not allow synonymous substitutions. This eliminates the need for aesthetics and is achieved practical purpose, which corresponds to the functional and stylistic specifics of language resources. The potential figurative and expressive capabilities of the adjective are used in artistic and journalistic speech.
Numeral. Most effective in journalism, where it turns out the most important means not only transmitting information, but also creating expression. The informative function is performed in official business and scientific styles. Quantitative-nominal combinations are also used (mainly in artistic speech) ( two sons - two sons).
Pronoun. They are especially often used in colloquial speech. It is here that they appear as categorical units developed by language for the purpose of indication. In official business and scientific styles, pronouns are mainly used: such, such, what, other, someone etc., in artistic and journalistic styles - someone, something, some etc., in conversational style – something, any amount etc. Personal pronouns in artistic speech are used 7 times more often than in official business papers, and 3.5. times more often than in scientific literature. There are stylistic variations of pronouns: no one's - no one's and so on.
Verb. The scientific style, which is generally characterized by a nominal type of speech, is still more verbal in comparison with the official business style. The verbosity of the scientific style is 1.5 times higher compared to the official business style. Verbs of abstract semantics are typical (to appear, to have, etc.). In a journalistic style, a verb can become a defining feature of a particular text if the functional-semantic type of speech is event-oriented. In all its richness of semantics, possibilities of syntactic connections and expressiveness, the verb is used in artistic speech primarily to convey movement, dynamics of the surrounding world, and author’s descriptions.
The grammatical categories of the verb (mood, tense, voice, aspect, etc.) in interaction with its semantics contribute to unlimited possibilities in expressing thoughts, ideas, expression and their various shades. Unconjugated forms of the verb - infinitive, participle, gerund - are used as stylistic devices. The scientific infinitive, for example, reflects its abstract nature. Participles are also very typical for book styles. Participles in bookish styles are used with suffixes -a, -i, -v (breathing, knowing, saying), in colloquial (colloquial) – lice, -shi (having said, having come).
Adverb. This part of speech plays a figurative role; their stylistic capabilities are comparable to adjectives. They do not lose their functional connection with other parts of speech. Adverbs-epithets are widely used in artistic and journalistic styles, but adverbial adverbs differ sharply from them ( nearby, about, yesterday), because their purpose is informative, not aesthetic. They are usually stylistically neutral and are used in all styles. For official business and scientific styles, they are most characteristic comparative adverb.
Syntactic stylistics
Syntactic units are characterized by functional and stylistic consolidation. Functional styles characterized by selectivity in the use of simple and complex, one-part and two-part sentences.
For the scientific style, in particular, the predominance of two-part personal sentences (88.3% of all sentences) is indicative; among one-part ones, generalized and indefinite personal ones predominate (5.7%), impersonal ones are used less often (4.8%), and how with the exception of infinitives and nominatives – 1%. In such selectivity of use different offers the specificity of the scientific style is reflected: accuracy, emphasized logic, abstract and generalized nature.
Subjective-modal meanings complement the functional-style aspect. This is closely related to word order, with the help of which you can increase the expression of artistic and colloquial speech and depersonalize the text of official business papers or scientific work. When dividing an actual statement, the topic and rheme should be taken into account, because their combination constitutes the subject of the message. At in direct order words, the theme comes first, and the rheme comes second.
In scientific and official business styles, as a rule, the changed word order is not used for expressive function and therefore inversion is also not justified. In scientific speech, most sentences begin with an adverbial, complement or predicative member: Two tests were carried out in this area.
In the official business style, other constructions predominate: the subject, as a rule, is prepositive, and similar constructions are repeated in the text. Father and mother have equal rights and responsibilities regarding their children. This construction of statements not only contributes to the utmost clarity of formulations, but also serves to achieve uniformity in presentation, which leads to strict standardization of linguistic means, characteristic of such genres of official business style.
In artistic speech, in narration, description, reasoning, constructions with a subject in preposition are used to vividly convey movement, develop action, reflecting the dynamics of events. The ducks exploded noisily and “flew” from the pond...
For an epic, calm tone of speech and static pictures, a construction with a predicate in preposition is effective: It was a beautiful July day...
One of the most current problems in the field of stylistically justified syntactic norms is management. Some control options have received their functional and stylistic consolidation ( to be absent due to illness - due to illnesses- formal business style).
Stylistic usage homogeneous members offers. In journalistic speech, homogeneous terms are no less popular than in scientific or official business speech, and here an aesthetic function is also added to the semantic function.
Use complex sentences With various types writing and subordinating connection – distinguishing feature book styles. In colloquial speech they are used much less frequently.
In the official business style, conditional clauses are in second place in frequency after attributive clauses.
Complex sentences with a subordinate conditional part are used much more often in journalistic speech than in fiction. In the scientific style, temporary subordinate clauses are often complicated by an additional conditional meaning. The combination of conditional and temporary meanings in some cases leads to generalization of the expressed content. In the artistic style of speech, complex sentences with subordinate clauses are found 4 times more often than in the scientific style.
Moscow State University of Printing Arts
GOLUB I.B. STYLISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
Textbook allowance
Preface
1. LEXICAL STYLISTICS
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Semantic accuracy speech. Word choice
1.2.1. The word is the basis for understanding the text
1.2.2. Finding the right word
1.2.3. Speech errors caused by incorrect word choice
1.2.4. Lexical compatibility
1.2.5. Violation of lexical compatibility as a stylistic device
1.2.6. Violation of lexical compatibility as a speech error
1.2.7. Speech failure
1.2.8. Speech redundancy
1.3. Stylistic use of synonyms in speech
1.3.1. Lexical synonymy
1.3.2. Types of lexical synonyms
1.3.3. Stylistic functions of synonyms
1.3.4. Stylistically unjustified use of synonyms
1.4. Stylistic use of antonyms in speech
1.4.1. Lexical antonymy
1.4.2. Stylistic functions of antonyms
1.4.3. Stylistically unjustified use of antonyms
1.5. Stylistic use of polysemantic words and homonyms in speech
1.5.1. Polysemy
1.5.2. Homonymy and related phenomena
1.5.3. Stylistic functions of polysemantic words and homonyms
1.5.5. Stylistically unjustified use of polysemantic words and words with homonyms
1.6. Paronymy and paronomasia
1.6.1. Paronyms
1.6.2. The relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms
1.6.3. Paronomasia
1.6.4. Stylistic functions of paronyms and similar-sounding words of different roots
1.6.5. Lexical errors caused by mixing paronyms
1.7. Stylistic coloring of words
1.7.1. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary
1.7.2. Emotionally expressive coloring of words
1.7.3. Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech
1.7.4. Unjustified use of words with different stylistic connotations. Mixing styles
1.7.5. Stationery and speech cliches
1.8. Vocabulary that has a limited scope
1.8.1. Dialectal vocabulary. Penetration of dialect vocabulary into literary language
1.8.2. Dialectisms in artistic speech
1.8.3. Stylistically unjustified use of dialectisms
1.8.4. Professional vocabulary
1.8.5. Using professional vocabulary in literary language
1.8.6. Stylistically unjustified use of professionalisms
1.8.7. Slang vocabulary
1.8.8. The use of slang vocabulary in literary language
1.8.9. Stylistically unjustified use of jargon
1.9. Outdated words
1.9.1. The process of archaization of vocabulary
1.9.2. Composition of obsolete words
1.9.3. Stylistic functions of obsolete words in artistic speech
1.9.4. Errors caused by the use of outdated words
1.10. New words
1.10.1. Replenishing vocabulary with new words
1.10.2. Types of neologisms
1.10.3. Individual stylistic neologisms in artistic and journalistic speech
1.10.4. Errors caused by the use of neologisms
1.11. Stylistic assessment of borrowed words
1.11.1. The influx of foreign language vocabulary into the Russian language in the 80-90s
1.11.2. Stylistic classification of borrowed words
1.11.3. Borrowed words in artistic and journalistic speech
1.11.4. Stylistically unjustified use of borrowed words
2. Phraseological stylistics
2.1. [The concept of phraseological stylistics]
2.1.1. Features of the use of phraseological units in speech
2.1.2. Stylistic coloring of phraseological units
2.1.3. Synonymy of phraseological units
2.1.4. Antonymy of phraseological units
2.1.5. Polysemy of phraseological units
2.1.6. Homonymy of phraseological units
2.1.7. Stylistic use of phraseological units in journalistic and artistic speech
2.1.8. Phraseological innovation of writers
2.1.8.1. Destruction of the figurative meaning of phraseological units
2.1.8.2. Changing the number of components of a phraseological unit
2.1.8.3. Transformation of the composition of phraseological units
2.1.9. Speech errors associated with the use of phraseological units
2.1.10. Stylistically unjustified change in the composition of phraseological units
2.1.11. Distortion of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit
2.1.12. Contamination of various phraseological units
2.2. Lexical figurative means
2.2.1. The concept of imagery of speech
2.2.2. Definition of trope
2.2.3. Boundaries of the use of tropes in speech
2.2.4. Characteristics of the main tropes
2.2.4.1. Metaphor
2.2.4.2. Personification
2.2.4.3. Allegory
2.2.4.4. Metonymy
2.2.4.5. Antonomasia
2.2.4.6. Synecdoche
2.2.4.7. Epithet
2.2.4.8. Comparison
2.2.4.9. Hyperbole and litotes
2.2.4.10. Periphrase
2.2.5. Stylistically unjustified use of tropes
3. PHONICS
3.1. Phonics concept
3.1.1. The importance of sound organization of speech
3.1.2. Phonetic means of language that have stylistic meaning
3.2. Euphony of speech
3.2.1. The concept of euphony
3.2.2. Combination of sounds in Russian
3.2.3. Aesthetic assessment of the sounds of the Russian language
3.2.4. Frequency of repetition of sounds in speech
3.2.5. Word length
3.2.6. The meaning of euphony
3.2.7. Violation of euphony when creating abbreviations
3.2.8. Elimination of cacophony of speech when stylistically editing text
3.3. Sound recording in artistic speech
3.3.1. Stylistic techniques for enhancing the sound expressiveness of speech
3.3.1.1. Audio repeats
3.3.1.2. Excluding words of a certain sound from the text
3.3.1.3. Use of cacophony of speech
3.3.1.4. Deviation from the average word length
3.3.2. Stylistic functions of sound writing in artistic speech
3.3.2.1. Onomatopoeia
3.3.2.2. Expressive and visual function of sound recording
3.3.2.3. Emotionally expressive function of sound recording
3.3.2.4. The semantic function of sound recording
3.3.2.5. Compositional function of sound recording
3.3.2.6. The concept of sound image
3.3.3. Working on phonics during auto-editing
3.4. Stylistic shortcomings in the sound organization of prose speech
3.4.1. The role of phonics in various speaking styles
3.4.2. Random sound repetitions in prose text
3.4.3. Elimination of random sound repetitions when stylistically editing text
3.4.4. Inappropriate rhyme. Unjustified rhythm of prose
4. STYLISTICS OF WORD FORMATION
4.1. Creating evaluative meanings using word formation
4.1.1. Expressive word formation in artistic and journalistic speech
4.1.2. Stylistic rethinking of the forms of subjective assessment in modern Russian language
4.1.3. Functional and stylistic consolidation of word-formation means of the Russian language
4.1.4. Stylistic use of book and colloquial word-formation devices by writers
4.2. Derivative archaisms
4.2.1. Occasional word formation
4.2.2. Elimination of shortcomings and errors in word formation when stylistically editing the text
5. STYLISTICS OF PARTS OF SPEECH
5.1. Stylistics of a noun
5.1.1. Place of a noun in different styles of speech
5.1.2. Stylistic use of nouns in literary speech
5.1.3. Stylistic usage grammatical categories noun
5.1.3.1. Stylistic characteristics of the gender category
5.1.3.2. Stylistic characteristics of the number category
5.1.3.3. Stylistic characteristics of variants of case forms
5.1.4. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using nouns
5.2. Stylistics of the adjective
5.2.1. Place of the adjective in different styles of speech
5.2.2. Stylistic use of adjectives in literary speech
5.2.3. Stylistic assessment of the categories of adjectives
5.2.4. Stylistic use of grammatical forms of adjectives
5.2.5. Stylistic assessment of short adjectives
5.2.6. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of adjectives
5.2.7. Synonymy of adjectives and nouns in indirect cases
5.2.8. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using adjectives
5.3. Stylistics of the numeral name
5.3.1. Place of the numeral in different styles of speech
5.3.2. Stylistic use of numerals in artistic speech
5.3.3. Synonymy of quantitative-nominal combinations
5.3.4. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of the numeral name
5.3.5. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using numerals
5.4. Stylistics of the pronoun
5.4.1. The use of pronouns in different styles of speech
5.4.2. Stylistic assessment of obsolete pronouns
5.4.3. Stylistic use of pronouns in literary speech
5.4.4. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of pronouns
5.4.5. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using pronouns
5.5. Verb stylistics
5.5.1. Place of the verb in different styles speeches
5.5.2. Stylistic use of verbs in literary speech
5.5.3. Stylistic use of grammatical verb categories
5.5.3.1. Stylistic characteristics of the category of time
5.5.3.2. Stylistic characteristics of the type category
5.5.3.3. Stylistic characteristics of the mood category
5.5.3.4. Stylistic characteristics of the categories of person and number
5.5.3.5. Stylistic characteristics of the category of collateral
5.5.4. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of the verb
5.5.5. Stylistic use of non-conjugated verb forms
5.5.5.1. Infinitive
5.5.5.2. Participle
5.5.5.3. Participle
5.5.6. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using a verb
5.6. Stylistics of the adverb
5.6.1. Stylistic aspect in the study of adverbs
5.6.2. Stylistic assessment of adverb categories
5.6.3. Stylistic use of adverbs in artistic speech
5.6.4. Stylistic assessment of degrees of comparison and degrees of quality of adverbs
5.6.5. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using adverbs
6. Syntactic stylistics
6.1. Stylistic uses of different types of simple sentence
6.2. Stylistic use of word order
6.3. Eliminating speech errors in the structure of a simple sentence
6.4. Stylistic assessment of the main members of the sentence
6.4.1. Expressing subject and predicate
6.4.2. Options for grammatical coordination of subject and predicate forms
6.5. Eliminating errors in grammatical coordination of the main parts of a sentence
6.6. Stylistic assessment of options for harmonizing definitions and applications
6.7. Troubleshooting Definition and Application Reconciliation Errors
6.8. Stylistic assessment of management options
6.9. Eliminating errors in choosing control forms
6.10. Stylistic use of homogeneous sentence members
6.11. Elimination of speech errors when using homogeneous members of a sentence
6.12. Stylistic use of addresses
6.13. Stylistic use of introductory and insertion structures
6.14. Stylistic assessment different ways transmitting someone else's speech
6.14.1. Stylistic use of different types of complex sentence
6.15. Elimination of stylistic shortcomings and speech errors when using complex sentences
6.16. Stylistic assessment of parallel syntactic constructions
6.17. Eliminating speech errors using parallel syntactic structures
6.18. Syntactic means expressive speech
List of abbreviations
Preface
The book was written in accordance with the program of the course “Practical stylistics of the Russian language”, studied at universities, pedagogical institutes, as well as at the Moscow State University of Printing Arts. The presentation of theoretical material is subordinated to the goal of teaching future journalists and editors, linguists, bachelors of philological sciences a stylistic approach to the use of speech means; to develop in beginning philologists a linguistic sense, a love for good, correct Russian speech and intolerance for deterioration of the language, addiction to cliches, false pathos, and unjustified reduction in style.
The book shows vivid examples skillful use of linguistic means by writers, publicists and speech errors arising from the author's negligence or ignorance of literary norms. Analysis of examples of auto-editing by classic writers, as well as stylistic editing of manuscripts by experienced editors, allows us to penetrate into the creative laboratory of masters of words, from whom we should learn, mastering the basics of literary editing.
The author of the book consistently solves the problem posed in it - to give a typology of speech errors in the study of lexical, morphological, syntactic stylistics, as well as phonics; teach future editors and journalists stylistic analysis of the language of manuscripts; clearly show how language resources are used in literary editing of works; to instill the skills of stylistic text editing, based on a clear definition of the nature of speech errors and skillful elimination of them; develop professional intolerance to stylistic shortcomings in word usage, sound organization of the text, word formation, form formation, use of parts of speech and syntactic structures.
This “Stylistics of the Modern Russian Language” presents the materials of textbooks published in different years in the publishing house "Higher School" (Stylists of the modern Russian language. Lexicon. Phonics. M., 1976; Opinion. 2nd ed., revised and supplemented. M., 1986; Grammatical stylistics of the modern Russian language. M., 1989), as well as textbooks published in the Moscow State Academy of Arts (Stylistical editing of the manuscript. M., 1988; Problems of the syntax of a simple sentence when editing a manuscript. M., 1990).
The theoretical course in stylistics was created and supplemented by the author in the process of many years of work with students of the Moscow State Academy of Arts and students of advanced training courses for editors at the Moscow Printing Institute.
The author takes the opportunity to express gratitude to his listeners and colleagues who showed a keen interest in the problems of stylistics and collected funny examples of speech errors and stylistic editing of texts.
LEXICAL STYLISTICS
Introduction
In the system of linguistic means, the word plays a vital role. Russian writers, admiring the beauty, strength, and richness of the Russian language, first of all noted the diversity of its vocabulary, which contains inexhaustible possibilities for conveying a wide variety of meanings. S.Ya. Marshak wrote: “Man found words for everything that he discovered in the universe. But this is not enough. He named every action and state. He defined in words the properties and qualities of everything that surrounded him.
The dictionary reflects all the changes taking place in the world. He captured the experience and wisdom of centuries and, keeping pace, accompanies life, the development of technology, science, and art. He can name any thing and has the means to express the most abstract and generalizing ideas and concepts.”
The leading role of a word in the system of linguistic means determines its place in the stylistics of a language: the word is the main stylistic unit. Lexical stylistics studies the correlative lexical means of a language, assessing the use of a word in a specific speech situation and developing recommendations for normative word usage in various functional styles.
Using the achievements of modern semasiology, lexical stylistics studies the word in all the variety of systemic connections that exist in the language. This approach brings to the fore the study of synonyms, antonyms, ambiguous words, paronyms, which serve as a means of the most accurate transmission of information. At the same time, stylistics pays attention to such phenomena as homonymy and paronomasia, which sometimes interfere with the correct perception of speech. The focus of lexical stylistics is the stylistic stratification of vocabulary, the assessment of archaisms and neologisms, words of limited use, and the analysis of patterns of use of stylistically significant lexical means in various spheres of communication.
The stylistic aspect of vocabulary learning requires a thoughtful assessment of the word from the point of view of its motivation in the context. Stylistics opposes both the use of unnecessary words and the unjustified omission of words, considering various manifestations of speech redundancy and speech insufficiency.
The word is studied in stylistics not only in its nominative, but also in its aesthetic function. The subject of special interest of lexical stylistics is lexical figurative means of language - tropes.
Problems of lexical stylistics are closely related to problems of speech culture. By characterizing the use of certain lexical means of language in speech, stylistics guards the correct use of words. The normative-stylistic approach to the study of vocabulary involves the analysis of frequently made speech errors: the use of a word without taking into account its semantics; violations of lexical compatibility; incorrect choice of synonyms; incorrect use of antonyms, polysemantic words, homonyms; mixing paronyms; unmotivated combination of stylistically incompatible lexical means, etc. Eliminating lexico-stylistic errors in speech and choosing the optimal way to express thoughts become of utmost importance in literary editing of texts.
Semantic accuracy of speech. Word choice
The word is the basis for understanding the text
Working on the style of a work means, first of all, working on its vocabulary, since the word is the basis for understanding speech. Lack of clarity of speech is an invariable sign of confusion of thought, argued L.N. Tolstoy; Jokingly, the writer remarked: “If I were a king, I would make a law that a writer who uses a word whose meaning he cannot explain will be deprived of the right to write and receive 100 blows of the rod.”
The stylistic approach to the study of vocabulary puts forward the most important problem of choosing a word for the most accurate expression of thought. The correct use of words by the author is not only a virtue of style, but also a necessary condition for the informative value of the work and the effectiveness of its content. The wrong choice of word distorts the meaning of the statement, generating not only lexical, but also logical errors in speech.
Words should be used in strict accordance with their semantics, i.e. meaning. Each significant word has a lexical meaning, naming phenomena and objects of reality to which certain concepts correspond in our minds. With a clear presentation of thoughts, the words used by the authors fully correspond to their subject-logical meaning. V.G. Belinsky wrote: “Each word in a poetic work must so exhaust the entire meaning required by the thought of the whole work, so that it can be seen that there is no other word in the language that could replace it.”
Finding the right word
The classic textbook by Irina Borisovna Golub covers all sections of the course “Stylistics of the Russian Language”: lexical stylistics, phonics, stylistics of word formation, stylistics of parts of speech, syntactic stylistics. The presentation of theoretical material is supplemented by examples of stylistic editing of texts and detailed analysis speech errors at all levels of language. The purpose of the textbook is to teach a stylistic approach to the use of speech means, to develop in students a linguistic sense, a love for good, correct Russian speech and intolerance for language deterioration, addiction to cliches, false pathos, and unjustified reduction in style. The book shows vivid examples of the skillful use of linguistic means by writers, publicists and speech errors that arise due to the author's negligence or ignorance of literary norms.
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The manual is written in accordance with the stylistics program and covers all sections of the course "Russian Language Stylistics": Lexical stylistics; Phonics; Stylistics of word formation; Stylistics of parts of speech; Syntactic stylistics. The presentation of theoretical material is supplemented by examples of stylistic editing of texts and a detailed analysis of speech errors at all levels of language.
The textbook is intended for higher education students educational institutions students majoring in Journalism, as well as for general philologists, teachers of Russian language and literature, and for press workers.
Lexical compatibility.
To use words correctly in speech, it is not enough to know them exact value, it is also necessary to take into account the peculiarities of lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Thus, “similar” adjectives long, long, long, long-term, long are “attracted” to nouns in different ways: a long period, long period (but not long, long, long-term period); long way, long way; long fees, long-term loan. Often words with the same meaning can have different lexical compatibility (cf.: a true friend - a genuine document).
The doctrine of lexical compatibility is based on the position of Acad. V.V. Vinogradov about phraseologically related meanings of words that have a single compatibility (bosom friend) or limited opportunities compatibility (stale bread, loaf; callous person, but one cannot say “stale candy” (chocolate), “callous comrade” (father, son).
To develop a theory of lexical compatibility great importance Vinogradov identified phraseological combinations and established the main types of lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Phraseological combinations are the subject of phraseology; the subject of lexical stylistics is the study of the combination in speech of words that have free meanings, and the determination of the restrictions that language imposes on their lexical compatibility.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
1. LEXICAL STYLISTICS
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Semantic accuracy of speech. Word choice
1.2.1. The word is the basis for understanding the text
1.2.2. Finding the right word
1.2.3. Speech errors caused by incorrect word choice
1.2.4. Lexical compatibility
1.2.5. Violation of lexical compatibility as a stylistic device
1.2.6. Violation of lexical compatibility as a speech error
1.2.7. Speech failure
1.2.8. Speech redundancy
1.2.9. Repeating words
1.3. Stylistic use of synonyms in speech
1.3.1. Lexical synonymy
1.3.2. Types of lexical synonyms
1.3.3. Stylistic functions of synonyms
1.3.4. Stylistically unjustified use of synonyms
1.4. Stylistic use of antonyms in speech
1.4.1. Lexical antonymy
1.4.2. Stylistic functions of antonyms
1.4.3. Stylistically unjustified use of antonyms
1.5. Stylistic use of polysemantic words and homonyms in speech
1.5.1. Polysemy
1.5.2. Homonymy and related phenomena
1.5.3. Stylistic functions of polysemantic words and homonyms
1.5.4. Individual author's homonymy
1.5.5. Stylistically unjustified use of polysemantic words and words with homonyms
1.6. Paronymy and paronomasia
1.6.1. Paronyms
1.6.2. The relationship of paronyms to homonyms, synonyms, antonyms
1.6.3. Paronomasia
1.6.4. Stylistic functions of paronyms and similar-sounding words of different roots
1.6.5. Lexical errors caused by mixing paronyms
1.7. Stylistic coloring of words
1.7.1. Functional-style stratification of vocabulary
1.7.2. Emotionally expressive coloring of words
1.7.3. Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech
1.7.4. Unjustified use of words with different stylistic connotations. Mixing styles
1.7.5. Stationery and speech cliches
1.8. Vocabulary that has a limited scope
1.8.1. Dialectal vocabulary. Penetration of dialect vocabulary into literary language
1.8.2. Dialectisms in artistic speech
1.8.3. Stylistically unjustified use of dialectisms
1.8.4. Professional vocabulary
1.8.5. Using professional vocabulary in literary language
1.8.6. Stylistically unjustified use of professionalisms
1.8.7. Slang vocabulary
1.8.8. The use of slang vocabulary in literary language
1.8.9. Stylistically unjustified use of jargon
1.9. Outdated words
1.9.1. The process of archaization of vocabulary
1.9.2. Composition of obsolete words
1.9.3. Stylistic functions of obsolete words in artistic speech
1.9.4. Errors caused by the use of outdated words
1.10. New words
1.10.1. Replenishing vocabulary with new words
1.10.2. Types of neologisms
1.10.3. Individual stylistic neologisms in artistic and journalistic speech
1.10.4. Errors caused by the use of neologisms
1.11. Stylistic assessment of borrowed words
1.11.1. The influx of foreign language vocabulary into the Russian language in the 80-90s
1.11.2. Stylistic classification of borrowed words
1.11.3. Borrowed words in artistic and journalistic speech
1.11.4. Stylistically unjustified use of borrowed words
2. Phraseological stylistics
2.1. [The concept of phraseological stylistics]
2.1.1. Features of the use of phraseological units in speech
2.1.2. Stylistic coloring of phraseological units
2.1.3. Synonymy of phraseological units
2.1.4. Antonymy of phraseological units
2.1.5. Polysemy of phraseological units
2.1.6. Homonymy of phraseological units
2.1.7. Stylistic use of phraseological units in journalistic and artistic speech
2.1.8. Phraseological innovation of writers
2.1.8.1. Destruction of the figurative meaning of phraseological units
2.1.8.2. Changing the number of components of a phraseological unit
2.1.8.3. Transformation of the composition of phraseological units
2.1.9. Speech errors associated with the use of phraseological units
2.1.10. Stylistically unjustified change in the composition of phraseological units
2.1.11. Distortion of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit
2.1.12. Contamination of various phraseological units
2.2. Lexical figurative means
2.2.1. The concept of imagery of speech
2.2.2. Definition of trope
2.2.3. Boundaries of the use of tropes in speech
2.2.4. Characteristics of the main tropes
2.2.4.1. Metaphor
2.2.4.2. Personification
2.2.4.3. Allegory
2.2.4.4. Metonymy
2.2.4.5. Antonomasia
2.2.4.6. Synecdoche
2.2.4.7. Epithet
2.2.4.8. Comparison
2.2.4.9. Hyperbole and litotes
2.2.4.10. Periphrase
2.2.5. Stylistically unjustified use of tropes
3. PHONICS
3.1. Phonics concept
3.1.1. The importance of sound organization of speech
3.1.2. Phonetic means of language that have stylistic meaning
3.2. Euphony of speech
3.2.1. The concept of euphony
3.2.2. Combination of sounds in Russian
3.2.3. Aesthetic assessment of the sounds of the Russian language
3.2.4. Frequency of repetition of sounds in speech
3.2.5. Word length
3.2.6. The meaning of euphony
3.2.7. Violation of euphony when creating abbreviations
3.2.8. Elimination of cacophony of speech when stylistically editing text
3.3. Sound recording in artistic speech
3.3.1. Stylistic techniques for enhancing the sound expressiveness of speech
3.3.1.1. Audio repeats
3.3.1.2. Excluding words of a certain sound from the text
3.3.1.3. Use of cacophony of speech
3.3.1.4. Deviation from the average word length
3.3.2. Stylistic functions of sound writing in artistic speech
3.3.2.1. Onomatopoeia
3.3.2.2. Expressive and visual function of sound recording
3.3.2.3. Emotionally expressive function of sound recording
3.3.2.4. The semantic function of sound recording
3.3.2.5. Compositional function of sound recording
3.3.2.6. The concept of sound image
3.3.3. Working on phonics during auto-editing
3.4. Stylistic shortcomings in the sound organization of prose speech
3.4.1. The role of phonics in various speaking styles
3.4.2. Random sound repetitions in prose text
3.4.3. Elimination of random sound repetitions when stylistically editing text
3.4.4. Inappropriate rhyme. Unjustified rhythm of prose
4. STYLISTICS OF WORD FORMATION
4.1. Creating evaluative meanings using word formation
4.1.1. Expressive word formation in artistic and journalistic speech
4.1.2. Stylistic rethinking of the forms of subjective assessment in modern Russian language
4.1.3. Functional and stylistic consolidation of word-formation means of the Russian language
4.1.4. Stylistic use of book and colloquial word-formation devices by writers
4.2. Derivative archaisms
4.2.1. Occasional word formation
4.2.2. Elimination of shortcomings and errors in word formation when stylistically editing the text
5. STYLISTICS OF PARTS OF SPEECH
5.1. Stylistics of a noun
5.1.1. Place of a noun in different styles of speech
5.1.2. Stylistic use of nouns in literary speech
5.1.3. Stylistic use of grammatical categories of a noun
5.1.3.1. Stylistic characteristics of the gender category
5.1.3.2. Stylistic characteristics of the number category
5.1.3.3. Stylistic characteristics of variants of case forms
5.1.4. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using nouns
5.2. Stylistics of the adjective
5.2.1. Place of the adjective in different styles of speech
5.2.2. Stylistic use of adjectives in literary speech
5.2.3. Stylistic assessment of the categories of adjectives
5.2.4. Stylistic use of grammatical forms of adjectives
5.2.5. Stylistic assessment of short adjectives
5.2.6. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of adjectives
5.2.7. Synonymy of adjectives and nouns in indirect cases
5.2.8. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using adjectives
5.3. Stylistics of the numeral name
5.3.1. Place of the numeral in different styles of speech
5.3.2. Stylistic use of numerals in artistic speech
5.3.3. Synonymy of quantitative-nominal combinations
5.3.4. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of the numeral name
5.3.5. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using numerals
5.4. Stylistics of the pronoun
5.4.1. The use of pronouns in different styles of speech
5.4.2. Stylistic assessment of obsolete pronouns
5.4.3. Stylistic use of pronouns in literary speech
5.4.4. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of pronouns
5.4.5. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using pronouns
5.5. Verb stylistics
5.5.1. Place of the verb in different styles of speech
5.5.2. Stylistic use of verbs in literary speech
5.5.3. Stylistic use of grammatical verb categories
5.5.3.1. Stylistic characteristics of the category of time
5.5.3.2. Stylistic characteristics of the type category
5.5.3.3. Stylistic characteristics of the mood category
5.5.3.4. Stylistic characteristics of the categories of person and number
5.5.3.5. Stylistic characteristics of the category of collateral
5.5.4. Stylistic characteristics of variant forms of the verb
5.5.5. Stylistic use of non-conjugated verb forms
5.5.5.1. Infinitive
5.5.5.2. Participle
5.5.5.3. Participle
5.5.6. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using a verb
5.6. Stylistics of the adverb
5.6.1. Stylistic aspect in the study of adverbs
5.6.2. Stylistic assessment of adverb categories
5.6.3. Stylistic use of adverbs in artistic speech
5.6.4. Stylistic assessment of degrees of comparison and degrees of quality of adverbs
5.6.5. Elimination of morphological and stylistic errors when using adverbs
6. Syntactic stylistics
6.1. Stylistic usage various types simple sentence
6.2. Stylistic use of word order
6.3. Eliminating speech errors in the structure of a simple sentence
6.4. Stylistic assessment of the main members of the sentence
6.4.1. Expressing subject and predicate
6.4.2. Options for grammatical coordination of subject and predicate forms
6.5. Eliminating errors in grammatical coordination of the main parts of a sentence
6.6. Stylistic assessment of options for harmonizing definitions and applications
6.7. Troubleshooting Definition and Application Reconciliation Errors
6.8. Stylistic assessment of management options
6.9. Eliminating errors in choosing control forms
6.10. Stylistic use of homogeneous sentence members
6.11. Elimination of speech errors when using homogeneous members of a sentence
6.12. Stylistic use of addresses
6.13. Stylistic use of introductory and insertion structures
6.14. Stylistic assessment of different ways of transmitting someone else's speech
6.14.1. Stylistic use of different types of complex sentence
6.15. Elimination of stylistic shortcomings and speech errors when using complex sentences
6.16. Stylistic assessment of parallel syntactic constructions
6.17. Eliminating speech errors using parallel syntactic structures
6.18. Syntactic means of expressive speech.
