Everyone knows well what eating spoiled food can lead to. From a couple of hours of shame to 2-3 days of suffering, dehydration, even death.
The human body is a rather fragile mechanism that is extremely easy to spoil or break. But if in the city, in case of illness, you can simply go to the doctor or call an ambulance, then on a multi-day hike you have to rely solely on your own strength and knowledge. Therefore, it is much easier and more convenient to prevent health problems.
Avoid hypothermia and injury, protect yourself from ticks and mosquitoes, do not eat suspicious roots and equally suspicious-looking sausage. But no matter how careful you are, accidents still happen. So, what to do if someone gets poisoned while hiking?
First we need to determine that we are really dealing with food poisoning. Typical symptoms are as follows: nausea and repeated vomiting, diarrhea, weakness and dizziness, possible fever, painful cramps in the stomach.
All this does not begin immediately after eating, but after some time. Minimum - half an hour. Maximum - the next day. On average - 4-6 hours. This period is usually enough to determine the cause of poisoning. This must be done immediately, as quick identification of the infectious agent will help prevent new poisonings. In addition, this will allow us to determine whether we are dealing with foodborne illness or toxic poisoning. The actions in each of these cases are different. If you can fight a toxic infection on your own, then chemical toxins hit the liver so hard that without qualified assistance the person may not be saved.
It doesn't matter how much time has passed! The first thing to do is to rinse the stomach with plenty of water. If you have salt on hand (2 tablespoons per 5 liters), soda (1 teaspoon per liter) or potassium permanganate (a weak, pale pink solution; just weak - all that was needed was to burn the mucous membrane with a high concentration) - excellent. In principle, even a weak soap solution is suitable for these purposes. You need at least 10 liters of warm water. Precisely warm, so as not to overcool the body. It would be optimal to take a break at the source clean water and organize a large-scale boiling of it - it was not enough to introduce into the weakened body an infection that can live in fresh water bodies. If you have any water filters in your inventory, even better. Significant savings of precious time.
It is necessary to rinse the stomach until the rinsing water is absolutely clean. You need to drink up to 5 glasses of water at a time, after which you induce vomiting by pressing on the root of the tongue. Okay, everything has been washed. Next comes the turn of enterosorbents. Banal activated carbon or the more modern Enterosgel will absorb the remnants of toxins and prevent their further entry into the blood. These drugs simply must be present in any traveling first aid kit. If there are no drugs, there is another way - cook a thick rice broth, it works in general the same way as Enterosgel, and is also nutritious. Well, we took the tablets (1 tablet per 10 kg of weight) or the gel (1 tablespoon), washed it down with warm water, repeated the procedure several times (in the case of a decoction, you can, of course, not drink anything). They wrapped the victim in a blanket and placed him in a comfortable place. Now they will have to deal with the consequences for at least 2 days before the victim can somehow continue their journey. The first day he should not eat anything at all - only boiled water, weak (preferably green) tea and fruit juice. Or... the same rice water, which, in general, has the same nutritional value as rice, so that, in general, if there is rice and the ability to cook it, the poisoned person will not die of hunger. You just don’t need to feed him rice itself - only liquid food is recommended. From the second day you can give broths. If your first aid kit contains any saline solutions- for example, Regidron or something similar (they are produced in the form of powders, so they weigh a little) - even better. Great way combating the loss of salts and electrolytes. Give at the rate of 10 ml per 1 kg of body weight after each loose stool. You need to drink slowly - at least an hour, preferably three. This is necessary so that salts and electrolytes are completely absorbed by the body. If you are too lazy to calculate milliliters and weight, just try diluting such a concentrate that the patient will not refuse to take because of the specific taste. According to the instructions, Regidron is diluted 1 packet per 1 liter of water. In general, Regidron helps in any situation, and in case of poisoning you can, in general, drink it instead of rice water. If you stretch out a liter of Regidron with breaks for green tea throughout the day, you won’t even want to eat.
The victim should also be provided with complete rest and given the opportunity to recuperate. Well, that's basically it. Further treatment depends on the condition of the travel first aid kit. It’s good if there are some hepatoprotectors - the same Essentiale Forte - 2 capsules 3 times a day. Any toxins hit the liver - the sooner you start fighting their effects, the better. If you have Mezim or other drugs that normalize digestion and intestinal microflora, that’s great.
Complications
In mild cases, the patient does not even need these two days of rest. Unfortunately, things can be much worse and more dangerous. If the following signs are observed: pain in the liver, kidneys, pelvic organs, heat, which does not subside for a long time
Vomiting and diarrhea lasting more than two days, then it is best to take the victim to the hospital as quickly as possible and provide him with qualified medical care.
Separately, I would like to talk about another, extremely dangerous disease, which at first is easily confused with ordinary food poisoning - botulism. The causative agent is the anaerobic bacillus Clostridium botulinum. Source: low-quality canned food. And since canned food occupies a dominant place in the diet of tourists, the risk of infection is higher. The beginning is similar - vomiting, weakness, fever, diarrhea. But as the gastrointestinal symptoms subside, a new one appears - paralytic. Visual impairment, manifested by “floaters” in front of the eyes and poor discrimination of nearby objects; complete intestinal atony, severe dryness in the mouth, partial paralysis of the facial muscles while maintaining sensitivity. The muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are also subject to paralysis. There is no need to specify what this may lead to. It is impossible to treat this in the field - systematic administration of antitoxic serum is required, intravenous administration electrolytes and artificial ventilation lungs. Therefore, it is extremely important to recognize botulism in time in the initial stages and transport the patient to the hospital as quickly as possible.
In any situation, the main thing is not to panic. Yes, food poisoning is an extremely unpleasant thing. Yes, it requires treatment. Yes, it can be life-threatening. Yes, it delays the group. But if you do everything clearly and carefully, unpleasant consequences can be avoided. Some redistribution of daily rations will be required, taking into account 2 days of downtime and a light diet for the victim. Fortunately, you can cut them off safely, because the remaining members of the group will not be subjected to physical stress. Staying near a body of water can also be used - fishing and collecting edible plants will help compensate for food losses. If you are dealing with botulism or various complications, then feel free to call the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Your situation falls exactly under the criteria of “emergency involving a threat to human life.” Remember, no matter what happens, don’t panic. Accurate, prudent and competent actions are what can save human life and health.
On any hiking trail there are difficulties and dangers. Some are associated with terrain obstacles - swamps, rapids rivers, passes, others depend on weather conditions, and others can arise at the time of contact with the flora and fauna of the region. The most numerous dangers are associated with non-compliance with the rules of safe behavior. Be that as it may, in the event of an accident or other incident that threatens health, correctly and timely first aid on a hike can save a life.
When going on a hike, it is important to always soberly assess your health and know exactly what to do if it worsens. For example, if you are prone to sudden drops in blood pressure, you should know how to raise it yourself, because your fellow hikers may not always be aware of this. At the same time, everyone should know the general rules of first aid on a hike, at least in theory, so that in case of real danger they can do everything in their power.
Providing first aid during a hike for bleeding
External bleeding can be capillary, arterial and venous. Capillary the mildest, in which blood flows out in small quantities and slowly, has a rich red color and stops with normal coagulation within a couple of minutes after applying the bandage.
At arterial bleeding blood flows out quickly and with pulsation, so you first need to clamp the vessel above the injury site, and then apply a tourniquet. Place under a tourniquet soft cloth and a note from exact time its imposition. In summer, the tourniquet is kept for no more than 1.5-2 hours, and in winter – no more than an hour. During this time, you need to take the victim to the hospital, and if that fails, you need to release the tourniquet for 15 minutes, while holding the damaged artery with your finger. If the tourniquet is applied correctly, the injured limb will not swell or turn blue, and the bleeding will gradually stop.
Venous bleeding recognized by the dark color of blood quickly flowing from the wound. Unlike a damaged artery, from which blood will flow out with a pulsation, blood flows out evenly from a damaged vein. In case of such damage, a pressure aseptic bandage is applied to the wound. If it does not stop the bleeding, then a tourniquet is applied below the wound, and the injured limb is raised. A tourniquet, as with arterial bleeding, is applied for no more than 1-2 hours, and the victim is transported to the hospital.
Providing first aid during a hike for injuries
There is a risk of encountering wounds of varying severity in Everyday life, for example, cutting yourself with a knife. During a hike, their likelihood is also high. Regardless of the type of injury, there is a certain procedure for providing first aid on a hike: you need to stop the bleeding and protect the wound from contact with the external environment, and then seek medical help if the injury is serious. In this case, assistance should only be provided with hands washed with soap and treated with an antiseptic.
For small cuts, wash the wound clean water, treated with an antiseptic (for example, hydrogen peroxide or chlorhexidine) and covered with a plaster or bandage for a short time.
Puncture wounds more serious, as they are often deep, so first of all it is important to stop the bleeding with a bandage, tampon or tourniquet. Then you need to treat the edges of the wound with an antiseptic and apply a loose sterile bandage. With this type of injury, even internal organs and large vessels are often damaged, so you should definitely seek medical help. medical assistance. If the object that caused it remains in the wound, under no circumstances should you remove it as a first aid measure during a hike, since this can only increase the bleeding.
For serious stab-cut, lacerations First aid actions on a hike will be similar - we stop the bleeding, disinfect the skin around the wound, apply a sterile bandage and do everything possible to quickly deliver the victim to the hospital.
When providing first aid when injured on a hike, it is important not to make the victim even worse, but for this you cannot perform a number of actions:
- cannot be removed from the wound foreign body causing injury or blood clots;
- Adhering clothing should be carefully cut around the wound, rather than peeling it off the skin;
- large wounds cannot be disinfected; you only need to apply a sterile bandage to prevent further infection;
- extensive wounds are not washed with antiseptics, water, or other medications, as this will only complicate the healing process; only the skin around the wound can be disinfected.
Providing first aid for bruises while hiking
Despite the fact that a bruise during a hike can be considered the mildest injury, still improper treatment it will bring a lot of inconvenience. If you are bruised, it is important to understand the severity of the injury you are dealing with before administering first aid on a hike.
Bruises may accompany a dislocation or fracture, so you need to analyze all the symptoms. So, if the pain does not go away, but intensifies with movement, numbness appears, then you must definitely take an x-ray at the nearest hospital, a fracture or crack in the bone is possible.
When a bruise occurs without complications, severe pain appears, which subsides over time. Swelling and hematoma also appear, and the function of the bruised part of the body is often impaired. To alleviate the consequences of a bruise while hiking, first of all use cold. This could be a bottle filled with cold spring water, snow and other cold objects that you can find on hand during a hike to provide first aid.
Keep the cold compress on the bruised area for no more than an hour, remember to place a layer of cloth between the cold and the skin. Repeat the cold treatment after a couple of hours, so the swelling should decrease. The iodine grid can be drawn only 24 hours after the impact, and not immediately after exposure to cold. To limit the movement of joints, if necessary, apply pressure bandage from an elastic bandage. It is important to understand that the victim needs to be provided with complete rest, which means that moving forward along the route will have to be abandoned.
Similar first aid measures for hiking and for muscle strains. With such damage, swelling also appears, so immediately after the damage it is important to apply cold for 1-2 hours; if you do this later, it will no longer be of any use. Also, to reduce swelling in case of a bruise or sprain, you can raise the injured limb above body level. Special warming ointments, gels or iodine mesh are used only on the second day.
Providing first aid during a hike for fractures and dislocations
Correctly provided first aid during a hike for a fracture can directly decide the outcome of the entire recovery process. The one who provides first aid to the victim must be extremely careful when palpating the affected area of the body. do not displace parts of the bone. The main actions should be immobilization, stopping bleeding, pain relief, assistance with fainting or painful shock, and prompt delivery of the victim to the hospital.
Before immobilizing the victim, it is necessary, especially in the case of open fracture give him an anesthetic, treat the skin around the wound with an antiseptic and apply a light sterile bandage, without touching the bone fragments or moving the damaged part of the body. When immobilizing a damaged bone, its fragments must not be allowed to move. When stopping bleeding, it is important not to use tight tourniquets to avoid tissue necrosis.
A tire for a hike can be made from scrap material.– a trekking pole, a tree branch, etc. Do not apply the splint to a naked part of the body; there must be either clothing or a bandage under it. In the case of a hip fracture, all joints of the leg are fixed; in the case of a rib fracture, chest wrapped in a circular bandage made from a piece of cloth, towel or other material. If the pelvic bones are fractured, the victim is placed on his back with his knees bent, and a cushion of clothing is placed under them. If a hand is injured, it is suspended from a scarf, handkerchief or bandage tied around the neck.
Providing first aid during a hike when a joint is dislocated is complicated by the fact that dislocation is sometimes difficult to distinguish by symptoms from closed fracture . With such damage, the victim will experience sharp pain in the joint area, the limb may look shorter compared to a healthy one, and swelling and hematoma will appear if the vessels are damaged. In this case, it is important to give the victim a painkiller, apply cold to the joint and immobilize it, while both the damaged one and the joints closest to it will need to be fixed.
Providing first aid for burns while hiking
Far from civilization, tourists prepare camp dishes and drinks over open fires of fires and burners. Naturally, due to negligence or other reasons, it is often necessary to provide first aid during a hike when thermal burns . Burns caused by exposure to heat are divided into four types according to severity - from redness (I degree) and the appearance of blisters on the skin (II degree) to deep damage, necrosis ( III degree) and even charring (IV degree) of the skin and adjacent tissues.
How to properly provide first aid for a thermal burn while hiking:
- free the affected area from clothing; if it is stuck, do not try to tear it off, but rather cut it around;
- cool the skin with cold water for 10 to 30 minutes, and if there are burst blisters on the skin, you can no longer use water for cooling (in camping conditions it is unlikely to be sterile, and if the skin is damaged, there is a possibility of infection with the water);
- after using water, carefully dry the damaged area and apply special anti-burn products (foams, ointments, gels, etc.), but in no case sunflower oil and other “folk” remedies that form a film on the skin and slow down the “cooling” process affected area;
- if necessary, apply a light sterile bandage to the affected skin;
- the next day, use products that accelerate healing ( sea buckthorn oil, propolis, etc.).
In case of deep burns, the victim must drink a lot of water; in such cases, a sterile dry bandage is applied to the affected area and taken to the nearest hospital as quickly as possible.
The article describes how to provide first aid for wounds, burns, sprains, insect bites and other possible troubles for a person on a hike.
Wounds
1. Stop bleeding.
Minor bleeding is stopped with a tight bandage. When the bandage turns red, it cannot be removed. A new dressing should be applied directly over this one.
At heavy bleeding(blood flows in a stream or does not stop under the bandage), a tourniquet should be applied:
- - 6-8 cm above the wound
- - Tighten until the bleeding stops
- — Tuck the piece of paper behind the bandage or the tourniquet itself when applying the tourniquet
- — Every 30 minutes, loosen it for a quarter of an hour
- — The tourniquet should be on the limb for no longer than 2 hours in summer, and a maximum of an hour in winter.
2. Disinfection of the wound: with alcohol, brilliant green, iodine or any available antiseptic. It is acceptable to use strong alcoholic drinks for this purpose.
3. If there is no bleeding or it has stopped, apply a bandage. Carefully press the wound with a sterile gauze pad from the first aid kit, carefully wrap a bandage on top, and tie the ends.
4. If the weather is cold, wrap the victim up.
5. Give tea, water, juice or other non-alcoholic drink. Alcohol is contraindicated because dilates blood vessels and provokes bleeding.
Fractures
Closed fracture - the skin is intact.
Even if the limb is deformed, it is impossible to reduce the fracture without medical education: if a nearby vessel is damaged by a bone fragment, bleeding will begin.
Apply a splint. A strong straight stick, a ski or a ski pole, or a hiking tool are the most convenient tires for hiking conditions. The limb must be tied to a splint with a bandage or improvised materials so that the joints on both sides of the fracture are also fixed. It is best to place the injured limb between two splints, also covering both joints.
Open fracture - bones are visible in the wound.
Stop the bleeding (see above), apply a bandage, and then a splint. Do not reduce the fracture!
Bruises
A strong blow to the stomach can lead to ruptures of the intestines, liver and internal bleeding. In this case, there is practically nothing to help “in the field.” The person must be taken to hospital.
Sprains and ligament tears
In hiking conditions, not every person can distinguish a sprain from a rupture. Therefore, you should first give the victim a painkiller from the first aid kit, and if you have a can of chlorethyl, spray it on the joint until frost appears. After this, it is necessary to apply a tight bandage with all possible care, not too pinching the limb. It is possible, but not necessary, to apply a splint.
Due to severe pain and the danger of further injury to the ligaments, it is advisable to avoid stress on the joint and any movements in it.
Dislocations
If there is a doctor, paramedic or anyone nearby who knows how to reduce dislocations, then he should do this as soon as possible, and then apply a fixing bandage.
If no one knows how to set fractures, then all that remains is to give the person painkillers from the first aid kit and, if possible, fix the dislocated joint with a tight bandage. To reduce the dislocation, you must contact a paramedic or doctor as soon as possible: than longer joint is in an unnatural position, the more difficult it will be to straighten it later.
Bee and wasp stings
Carefully examine the bite and use a clean needle (sewing needle, syringe or pin) to remove the sting, if you can find one. Find an aspirin tablet in the first aid kit, crush it and moisten it with water. Apply the wet paste to the bite and attach cotton wool, a piece of gauze, or at least a sponge on top with a band-aid. If you are allergic to bee or wasp venom and/or have multiple stings, transport the person to a hospital, clinic or, in extreme cases, a pharmacy as quickly as possible.
Any medical institution is required to provide free medical care to a patient with an emergency pathology.
Snake bites
Suck the poison out of the wound along with the blood until it works. Then apply a bandage to the bite and a tourniquet according to the rules indicated above. See a doctor as quickly as possible.
Spider bites
Almost all spiders are poisonous, but in temperate latitudes very few of them are able to bite through human skin and are therefore not dangerous. It is rare that anyone is able to distinguish a poisonous spider from a non-poisonous one, so any spider bite is considered to be poisonous.
The wound is disinfected, then a bandage is applied with wet aspirin powder or cold is applied. See a doctor as soon as possible, if possible showing him a jar with a spider that has bitten a person.
Many poisons kill a person in a matter of hours, so it's better to hurry!
Drowning
An experienced swimmer is tasked with bringing a person to the shore, trying to keep his face above the water. On the shore, the victim’s body is thrown over a bent knee so that top part her stomach lay on him. You should vigorously tap your back so that at least some of the water drains out of your lungs. Then they turn him over on his back, use his fingers to clear his mouth of foreign objects (dentures, mud) and artificial respiration. At this time, someone should call an ambulance.
When the person regains consciousness, you need to help him get on all fours or at least put him on his side. This will allow him to clear his throat better. It is necessary to change the victim into dry clothes, warm him up in cold weather, or take him to the shade in hot weather.
General hypothermia
If possible, the victim is taken or carried to a tent, placed in a sleeping bag, or at least wrapped in a blanket. Only after this can a person who has not lost consciousness be given a sip of an alcoholic drink, a mug of hot broth, or simply a hot drink or food. If you give alcoholic drink a person before this, hypothermia will only get worse.
Alcohol dilates blood vessels and prevents cold damage to the skin, fingers, hands and feet.
Frostbite
Due to cold, blood vessels narrow and the body tissues are poorly supplied with blood. Because of this, they can partially die, which leads to gangrene and amputations.
Help for frostbite depends on the stage. If the skin is just pale, then it will be enough to gently rub it with a scarf to warm it up and turn pink. This cannot be done with snow due to macro-traumatization of the skin.
If blisters appear or the skin turns blue or becomes covered with dark spots, apply a bandage with a large amount of cotton wool for warmth, trying not to squeeze the limb. The victim must be taken to the hospital.
A hot drink, a couple of sips of alcohol (warm mulled wine is especially useful), and some warm food will be beneficial for the victim.
Sun or heatstroke
You need to put the person in the shade, undress and wrap him in a wet cloth, wet his hair. If there is no wind and it’s stuffy, you should fan his face with an improvised fan. Place a towel moistened with water on your forehead, turn it over often and moisten it with water again. You can restore fluid loss with special solutions (powders for their preparation can be in the medicine cabinet), as well as with juice, fruit drink, and strong sweet tea. If the victim vomits, you need to lay him on his side so that he does not choke. At the end of vomiting, he should rinse his mouth with water and continue to drink liquid, even in small sips, but often.
It is enough to cool the victim to 38.5°, then the body will cope on its own.
Thermal burns
If the burn surface area is small, the lesion is usually not life-threatening. The exceptions are children and the elderly.
To relieve pain, cool water is good: you can immerse a limb in it or at least pour it over the burned skin. If bubbles appear, they should not be opened or injured.
For a more severe burn, when an area of skin dies and clothing sticks to it, in order to avoid painful shock, it is necessary to carefully cut it in a circle and not tear it off. The victim should be given NSAIDs and plenty of fluids and taken to the hospital without applying a bandage.
Sunburn
Take the person to the shade, place a dampened sheet or towel on the damaged skin to relieve pain, and give the victim any NSAID: aspirin, diclofenac, nimesulide, etc. If you have a moisturizer, carefully apply it to the skin. If the temperature rises, give the NSAID tablet again and at least half a liter of liquid.
Poisoning
If the food intake that caused the poisoning occurred no more than 3 hours ago, then first of all induce vomiting. You should press on the root of the tongue with your fingers or a spoon. Repeat vomiting several times, then drink at least half a liter of water with a small amount of salt and soda and induce vomiting again.
In case poor-quality food has managed to pass further than the stomach, it is better to take several crushed tablets of activated carbon (1 piece per 10 kg of weight). If it is not available, give the person at least 100 g of black bread crackers.
If the meal occurred more than 3 hours ago, you need to take any laxative from the first aid kit, for example, purgen. Be sure to drink plenty of fluids better tea, coffee, fruit juice, but not water.
If the temperature rises, give NSAIDs: paracetamol, ibuclin, aspirin, etc.
Everyone who ate the same food should at least take the same dose of activated charcoal, even if their health has not worsened.
Principles of completing a medical first aid kit and
provision of first (pre-medical) aid in field conditions.
Issues covered in class.
1. The principles of completing a traveling first aid kit with medicines and the order of their packaging.
2. Providing first aid to victims in field conditions.
Of course, relatively healthy people (at least without chronic diseases incompatible with hiking physical activity) participate in sports tourism trips. However, during the hike, no one is immune from accidental injuries, diseases, and ailments. Therefore, a first aid kit is an obligatory component of group hiking equipment. A medical instructor selected from among the participants in the hike, even one who does not have a special medical education, must competently equip the first aid kit and know the procedure for using the means and tools included in it (and it is better that all participants know and can do this). All participants in the hike must be able to provide first aid first aid the victim and properly transport him to the place of provision of qualified medical care.
1. Principles of stocking a traveling first aid kit with medicines and the order of their packaging.
What are the basic principles of packing a first aid kit? An important feature of a traveling first aid kit is that it is equipped mainly with medications designed to treat acute diseases and traumatic injuries (rather than chronic diseases). The exception is the means of creating “comfort” in camping conditions (warming ointments, vitamin complexes). In fact, a first aid kit is a first aid kit Ambulance. But even taking this into account, you must understand that universal There is no traveling first aid kit (like a first aid kit for drivers of motor vehicles). First aid kit will be qualitatively and quantitatively vary depending on a number of factors.
First of all, the completion of a first aid kit is determined by the following: 1) the most likely injuries and diseases that participants in a hike of this type may encounter according to the method of movement and this category of difficulty; 2) the duration of the route and the degree of its autonomy; 3) climatic features of the hiking area and the hiking season; 4) the number of participants in the hike 5) the medical qualifications of the medical instructor. Of course, all of these factors are closely interrelated with each other and are considered together when completing a first aid kit. However, we will explain with examples a number of the most significant of them. Tourist doctor Yu.A. Stürmer (1983), based on an analysis of a significant amount of relevant information, indicates that the most typical injuries for tourists are minor injuries to the extremities: bruises, abrasions, abrasions, small cuts, bruises. As a rule, legs are especially susceptible to injuries - they account for up to 3/4 of all hiking injuries. Light burns and local frostbite are also typical. Sprains and other ligament injuries are possible various joints, dislocations and fractures, wounds from sharp (axe) and blunt (stone) objects. The most common diseases are food poisoning and colds. Therefore, the first aid kit for any hike (for any type of tourism, of any complexity) includes, for example, dressings, external antiseptics (iodine solution, brilliant green, etc.), means for normalizing cardiac activity (validol, nitroglycerin), drugs to eliminate the consequences food poisoning (activated carbon, imodium, etc.). In this we can find a certain element of versatility of tourist first aid kits.
At the same time, the above factors (a specific type of tourism, the season of the hike, the nature of the declared natural obstacles) undoubtedly influence the completion of the first aid kit and determine its specificity. For example, in skiing tourism is characterized by damage to the ligamentous apparatus of the ankle and knee joints; injuries to the anterior ligaments and ankles of the ankle when falling forward, meniscus and lateral ligaments knee joint when falling backwards. Frostbite of the fingers and heels of the feet, fingers and wrists, noses, ears, and cheeks is common (Stürmer, 1983). Accordingly, on ski trips, the first aid kit must contain specific medications and means to combat the effects of frostbite and hypothermia.
IN mountain-pedestrian In tourism, the following types of injuries are common: abrasions of the skin, burns of the palms (sometimes the back and buttocks) due to friction due to improper handling of the rope, bruised wounds. In some cases, possible concussions, injuries internal organs, limb fractures. On difficult hikes in the mountains, where the likelihood of accidents and injuries increases, the first-aid kit includes a fairly large number of painkillers, anti-shock, hemostatic agents (some of them in the form of injections), which are not comparable in qualitative and quantitative composition with those in the case of hikes of the initial category of difficulty. For example, along with tableted painkillers (analgin, baralgin, etc.), the pharmacy should include strong injectable analgesics - baralgin, tromal, ketanov, etc.
The set (mass) of a first aid kit, of course, cannot be “immense”, but it also cannot be too “poor” (unfortunately, you can’t get by with just iodine and adhesive plaster). When stocking a first aid kit, the principle of reasonable sufficiency should be observed. Criterias of choice quality We have already discussed the set (assortment) of medicines in some detail and came to the conclusion that the first aid kit of a multi-day hike includes a certain universal “core” and specific emergency medications dictated by the conditions of this particular hike. Quantity The amount of medicines taken on a hike is largely determined by the duration, autonomy of the route and the number of participants in the hike. To determine the amount of most drugs, you should look at their dosage and include them in the first aid kit, assuming that most likely no more than 2 participants will be affected by one or another disease during the trip (acute respiratory infections, food poisoning). In the case of providing assistance for serious injuries, the following principle can be recommended: as a rule, medications intended for providing first aid to victims (painkillers, anti-shock, antibiotics, etc.), whose condition requires transportation, are taken based on two probable victims and the duration of transportation to the place of provision of qualified assistance from the most remote part of the route (Orlov, 1999).
What medications, materials and tools does a camping first aid kit include? Table 1 presents typical medications and materials that are included in tourist first aid kits for trips of varying complexity in various types of tourism. The purpose and dosage of these drugs and materials are also indicated there. We compiled this list based on literature data (recommendations of doctors-athletes who had significant medical practice in the conditions of hiking trips, mountaineering expeditions and mountain rescuers who have completed appropriate courses (M. Orlov, 1999; E. Avdey, 2000; A. Dolinin, 2000, etc.). In addition to the group first aid kit, each participant in a multi-day hike is recommended to have a small individual first aid kit. It usually includes the following medications and materials: an individual dressing bag or sterile bandage (1 pc.); non-sterile bandage (1 pc.); bactericidal patch (various sizes); iodine (brilliant) (1 fl.); painkillers (analgesic and citramon in tablets, 5-10 pcs.), lipstick; skin care cream; sunscreen(eg SunBlock 30).
Also, an individual first aid kit may include medications that this particular participant is likely to need based on his state of health (to treat his own chronic “illnesses”).
Table 1.
Typical medications and instruments included in a camping first aid kit (the specific list of medications and their quantity are determined depending on the conditions of a particular hike).
| Name | Purpose * | Dosage |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Dressings and hemostatic materials | ||
| Wide sterile bandage | Material for dressings. | Consumption as needed. |
| Medium sterile bandage | Material for dressings. | – ## – |
| The bandage is narrow, sterile. | Material for dressings. | – ## – |
| The middle bandage is not sterile. | Material for dressings. | – ## – |
| Bandage stocking N1 N2 N3 | Material for fixing dressings. | – ## – |
| Dressing package. | Sterile material for dressing wounds. | |
| Adhesive plaster (coil) | For sealing abrasions (prevention of abrasions). | – ## – |
| Bactericidal adhesive plaster. | For sealing minor abrasions, abrasions. | – ## – |
| Cotton wool. | Supporting material. | – ## – |
| Hemostatic sponge | Has a hemostatic and antiseptic effect. Stimulates tissue regeneration. Used topically for capillary parenchymal bleeding from small vessels. | – ## – |
| The bandage is elastic. | Dressing material for sprains. | |
| Rubber tourniquet. | To stop bleeding. | |
| Antiseptic agents for external use | ||
| Chlorhexidine (100ml bottle) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. Used to treat minor injuries to the skin, to treat purulent wounds. | Consumption as needed. |
| Alcohol iodine solution, 5% (10 ml bottle) | As an antiseptic, it is used to treat minor skin lesions (scratches, minor abrasions, calluses, etc.) and wound edges. Do not treat large areas of damaged skin, do not pour into deep wounds! | For myositis, apply in the form of a grid to painful areas. |
| Brilliant green solution 1% (10 ml bottle) | Used as an antiseptic to treat wounded surfaces, minor abrasions, and abrasions. | Consumption as needed. |
| Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) (pack 10g) | A strong oxidizing agent, which determines its antiseptic properties. Apply aqueous solutions for washing wounds, rinsing the mouth, throat, mucous, burn and ulcer surfaces; used for gastric lavage in case of poisoning; used to treat calluses, abrasions, and diaper rash. | 0.1-0.5% solutions for washing wounds, lubricating burn and ulcer surfaces, washing the stomach (the color of the solution is from light pink to pink). For the treatment of calluses, abrasions, diaper rash - a solution of rich crimson color. |
| Hydrogen peroxide 3% (100ml bottle) (or hydroperite, 1.5g tablets) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. Used to wash wounds, abrasions, and to treat purulent wounds. Can be used as a rinse for sore throats and stomatitis. | To gargle and rinse the mouth, 1 tablet of hydroperite is diluted in a glass boiled water, which corresponds to a 0.25% solution. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, wine alcohol) |
Used to relieve pain, as an external antiseptic and irritant. When used inhalation, it has an antiseptic and anti-edematous effect. It is a high-energy substance. Used for hypothermia (provided that the factor that caused hypothermia is no longer in effect). | Used as inhalation 40% solution for pulmonary edema, infections respiratory tract. A 95% solution is used as an external agent. For compresses - use a 40% solution. |
| Streptocide (powder 5g) | Has a disinfectant and antiseptic effect. | Sprinkle on the wound surface, areas of abrasions, and diaper rash. You can put a bandage over it. |
| Panthenol (spray can or ointment). | Has an anti-inflammatory effect, promotes wound healing. Indications: wounds, burns, including sunburn, skin cracks (in the absence of suppuration). |
Application: shake the can and spray the drug from a distance of about 10 cm. Bandages can be applied over the resulting foam. |
| Livian (olazol). Aerosol in cylinders with a capacity of 30 g. | Combined drug for local application for thermal burns of the 1st - 2nd degree. | Treat the affected surface from a distance of 10-15 cm and leave until dry or soak the dressing in the preparation. |
| Cardiovascular, sedatives. Antishock drugs. | ||
| Corvalol (20ml bottle, drops) (valocardine) | It has a calming, vasodilating and antispasmodic effect. Indications: mild chest pain, palpitations, hysteria, motion sickness, insomnia. | Dosage: 15-40 drops with a small amount of liquid or sugar before meals. |
| Validol (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Soothing, vasodilator. Indicated for chest pain, motion sickness, nausea. | 1-2 tables under the tongue until completely dissolved. |
| Nitroglycerin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | An antispasmodic drug that has a vasodilating effect. Indications: for severe pain in the chest area, possibly radiating to left hand and under the left shoulder blade in the neck, occurring during significant physical exertion, including at high altitude. |
Dosage: 1 - 2 tablets. under the tongue, take lying down! The effect of the tablet begins, as a rule, after 30 seconds - 1 minute. and lasts about 20 minutes. |
| Adrenaline (ampoules for injection, 0.1% solution, 1ml) | Constricts arterioles and venules in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, which causes an increase in blood pressure. It has a bronchodilator effect, increases the frequency and strength of heart contractions. Increases blood glucose levels. Used when a healthy heart stops, to stimulate cardiac activity ( only when carrying out resuscitation measures! ); anaphylactic shock. External (local) use is possible to reduce bleeding. | Recommended forms and dosage: adrenaline hydrochloride - injections of 0.1%, 1 ml solution subcutaneously - single dose; daily - up to 5 ml of 0.1% solution. |
| Cordiamine (ampoules for injection, 1 ml 25% solution) | Respiratory analeptic. Stimulates the respiratory and vasomotor centers. One of the safest analeptics. Used for asphyxia, including against the background of poisoning. Do not use in the treatment of traumatic shock! Do not use in case of traumatic brain injury! Use to stimulate breathing in hypothermic unconscious a person rescued from an avalanche or frozen to death in bad weather. | Dosage: IM subcutaneously 1-2 ml 1-3 times a day. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Poliglyukin (Macrodex). Plastic containers of 500 ml of 6-10% solution for intravenous infusion. | Volume replacement solutions. Administered intravenously for severe blood loss, burns and the shock state caused by them (Plasma-substituting anti-shock drugs; retained in the bloodstream for a long time; 1 g binds 25 ml of water. Rapidly increases arterial pressure and holds it for a long time). | Use only intravenously; administer up to 2000 ml of solution per day using a dropper, a single dose of up to 1200 ml of solution. |
| Prednisolone (ampoules for injection) | Has the ability to maintain vascular tone; the ability to reduce secondary damage resulting from swelling during brain and spinal cord injury. Has a strong anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic effect ( has an immunosuppressive effect!). Indicated for: severe traumatic brain injury with loss or depression of consciousness; spinal injury with severe neurological disorders - paralysis and anesthesia of a part of the body; long-term transportation of a shock patient with progressive circulatory failure. |
Methylprednisolone for traumatic brain injury, administer 120 mg (4 ampoules) every 6 hours. The preferred route of administration is intravenous. If spinal injury is suspected, the entire available supply of prednisone should be administered immediately. |
| Relanium (ampoules for injection, 0.5% solution for intramuscular use, 1 ml) | Calming drug, relieves tension, reduces feelings of fear and anxiety. Has an anticonvulsant effect. Enhances the effect of sleeping pills, analgesics, neuroleptic drugs, and alcohol. In case of shock, it is used together with painkillers. | |
| Diazepam (ampoules for injection, 0.5% solution for intramuscular use, 1ml) | A sedative; relieves tension, reduces feelings of fear and anxiety. In case of shock, it is used together with painkillers. | Single intramuscular injection of 10 mg (2 ml, 2 ampoules). |
| Painkillers and antipyretics. Antispasmodics. | ||
| Baralgin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) Tablets, 0.5 g. | Non-steroidal (non-narcotic) anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic. Indications: gastric, intestinal, renal, etc. colic, headache and toothache, traumatic pain. | Dosage: 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. |
| Baralgin (ampoules for injection, 5ml) | Non-steroidal (non-narcotic) anti-inflammatory antipyretic and analgesic agent. Indications: gastric, intestinal, renal, etc. colic, headache and toothache, traumatic pain. | 1 ampoule intramuscularly; again after 6-8 hours. |
| Tromal. Ampoules for injections of 1 ml (0.05 g) and 2 ml (0.1 g). | A drug with strong analgesic (painkiller) activity; gives a quick and long-lasting effect. In the form of solutions, the effect occurs after 5 minutes. and lasts up to 5 hours. Used for severe acute pain. For mild pain, it is not recommended to use the drug! Contraindications: alcohol intoxication! A strong painkiller (classified as a narcotic). | Recommended dosages: 100-400 mg per day (1-4 ampoules; 1-6 capsules or 1-3 suppositories per day). |
| No-shpa (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Antispasmodic, analgesic. Relieves spasm of smooth muscles of the intestines, stomach, urinary and biliary tract, uterus, blood vessels. Indicated for spasmodic pain in the stomach (gastritis), intestines (colic), painful menstruation. | 1-2 tablets 2-3 times a day. Contraindicated for bleeding. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Novocaine (ampoules for injection, 3 ml.) | Strong local anesthetic. Used for irrigation of wounds, burns, abrasions. Injected intramuscularly into the area of injury. | For external use, dilute the ampoule in 6 ml of boiled water. At intramuscular use(trauma) inject 10-20 ml or more. |
| Lidocoine hydrochloride. Aerosol 10% solution, or ampoules for injection, 3 ml. | Strong local anesthetic. Compared to novocaine, it acts faster, stronger and longer. Used for irrigation of wounds, burns, abrasions. Injected intramuscularly into the area of injury. Beware of anaphylactic shock! | For superficial anesthesia, use a 10% solution in an aerosol package. Dosage from 1 to 20 sprays. For intramuscular use (trauma), administer 10-20 ml or more. |
| Citramon, tablets 0.5 g. | Relieves headaches. | Dosage: 1 / 2 - 1 table. |
| Gastrointestinal drugs (including anti-infectives). | ||
| Festal (tablets (dragees), pack of 10 pcs.) | An enzyme preparation that improves digestion. Indications: to improve digestion when eating large or fatty foods. | |
| Mezim forte (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | An enzyme preparation that improves digestion. It is somewhat less active than Festal in terms of digesting fats, but does not give a laxative effect. Indications: to improve digestion when eating large or fatty foods. | 1-3 tablets during or immediately after meals. |
| Smecta (packets, powder, 3g) | Use for intestinal poisoning. By absorbing toxins, smecta helps reduce damage to the intestinal wall and speeds up recovery. Stops diarrhea (diarrhea). | Dissolve the powder packet in half a glass of boiled water. Drink as a suspension. |
| Activated carbon (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Indicated for gastrointestinal poisoning, absorbs toxins. For diarrhea, it is used in conjunction with drugs that stop it (see below). | Tablets with a total weight of at least 10 g (the weight of one tablet is indicated on the package, for example, 0.5 g) are crushed into powder, mixed with water (about a glass), and drunk as a suspension. Smaller doses are less effective! Before taking activated carbon in case of food poisoning, it is necessary to rinse the stomach. |
| Polypefan (powder, adsorbent). | Indicated for gastrointestinal poisoning, absorbs toxins. For diarrhea, it is used in conjunction with drugs that stop it (see below). A more effective toxin adsorbent compared to activated carbon. | A package (sachet) of powder is dissolved in half a glass of water. Drink as a suspension. |
| Immodium (loperamide) Tablets, pack of 10 pcs. | Imodium slows intestinal motility through selective action on opiate (morphine) receptors gastrointestinal tract. Used for acute intestinal disorders (stops diarrhea). AND Modium does not eliminate the cause that caused the diarrhea, so at the same time as taking it, it is necessary to find out the cause of the disease and fight it. | The dose of immodium (loperamide) per dose is two tablets or capsules, 2 mg at once. Reception (one capsule) can be repeated after 2-3 hours, maximum daily dose– 16 mg, but this is usually not necessary. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Rehydron, dosed powder. | Salt pack combined with glucose to reduce dehydration. Contains sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine salts, soda, citrate and glucose in physiological concentrations. Indications: significant fluid loss (with infectious diseases, injuries, poisoning, blood loss, burns, heat stroke, heavy physical activity; prolonged diarrhea, vomiting), especially in children. It is also used to prevent salt imbalance, when long-term use melt water. |
Dissolve the contents of the package in 1 liter of warm drinking water. Drink the solution. Can be reused if necessary. Usually 2-6 liters of solution per day in the form of a drink, through a tube, drip into the rectum. |
| Cerucal (Raglan, metoclopramide) | Antiemetic. Indications: vomiting, nausea, hiccups of various origins, flatulence. It is not effective for seasickness and motion sickness. |
1 tablet 3 times a day before meals. In case of severe vomiting, crush the tablet into powder and dissolve in a small amount of warm water. |
| Gastal (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Used against heartburn. | Dosage – 1 tablet (effect – 4-6 hours). |
| Furazolidone | Antimicrobial drug. Indications: acute intestinal infections with diarrhea, urinary tract infections. Do not use for ordinary food poisoning caused by bacterial toxins, and not by living, pathogenic microflora! |
After gastric lavage (in case of intestinal infections), 2 tablets 4 times a day for 2 days, then 2 tablets 3 times a day for a week. Drink plenty of liquid. The highest single dose is 4 tablets. The highest daily dose is 16 tablets. |
| Levomycetin (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Previously used for intestinal infections. Antibiotic. It has now been established that this is a most harmful medicine with severe and frequent side effects, the indications for use of which are currently limited to small diagnosed bacterial infections. | Prescribing this drug without specified indications, especially to children and adolescents, borders on a crime! |
| Ciprofloxacin (Tsifran, Tsiprolet, Tsiprobay). | Antibiotic wide range actions. Indications: including acute intestinal infections with diarrhea. Do not use for ordinary food poisoning caused by bacterial toxins, and not by living, pathogenic microflora! | Dose - 500 mg 2 times/day. The duration of antibiotic therapy according to WHO recommendations for uncomplicated disease (i.e., when treatment has an effect) is 3 days. |
| Anti-infectives. | ||
| Biseptol 480 (Bactrim, Septrin), tablets. | A combined drug containing 0.4 g of sulfomethoxazole, 0.08 g of trimethoprim. The combination of these two drugs, each of which has a bacteriostatic effect, provides high antibacterial activity against many bacteria. The drug is rapidly absorbed when taken orally, the effect of the drug develops 1-3 hours after administration and lasts up to 7 hours. High concentrations are created in the lungs and kidneys. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial drug. Indications: infections of the respiratory system, kidneys and urinary tract, intestines, infected wounds. The drug is not compatible with alcohol! |
Dosage: 2 tablets 2 times a day. This implies the use of tablets containing exactly 480 mg active ingredients. If you use Biseptol 240 or 120 tablets, the number of tablets increases accordingly. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Ceprova (tablets, pack of 3) | Broad spectrum antibiotic. | 1 capsule per day. |
| Claforan (ampoules) | Broad spectrum antibiotic. Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). | 1 ampoule (intramuscular) per day. |
| Augmentin (amoxiclav) | Broad-spectrum antibiotic (“first line”). Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). As a reserve antibiotic (when evacuating an extremely critical patient), it is recommended to have ciprofloxacin (Tsiprobay, Tsifran, Tsiprolet) in the pharmacy - see above. | 500 mg 3 times a day. |
| Sumamed (Zithromax) | Broad-spectrum antibiotic (“first line”). Indicated for microbial (bacterial) infectious diseases (in particular pneumonia). | 500 mg 1 time per day. |
| Antipyretics, anti-cold medications. | ||
| Paracetamol (panadol, panodil, alvedon, acamol, acetaminophen, etc.). | Febrifuge. In the choice of antipyretics, the main role is played, taking into account generally accepted indications, the type of allergy and individual preference. At the same time, paracetamol is an international standard. | 1-2 tablets at night. |
| Aspirin | Febrifuge. Aspirin is contraindicated in persons with gastritis or peptic ulcers | One tablet at night. |
| Bromhexine (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Indications: Wet cough, has an expectorant effect. | 1 table each 4 times a day. The effect usually occurs about a day after the start of treatment. |
| Acetylcysteine (ACC) is usually in the form of soluble tablets. | Mucus thinner. Use for diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pneumonia (in combination with other drugs). | 200 mg 3 times / day or 600 mg ACC-long, prolonged form, 1 time / day. |
| “Coldrex”, “Teraflu”, etc. (pack of 5g) | Remedies against acute respiratory infections (symptomatic). Decongestants. Combinations antihistamine(usually suprastin or tavegil), a vasoconstrictor and, in some cases, an antipyretic agent. They are all approximately the same in composition and effectiveness. Individual components can also be used. They do not cure, but “relieve” unwanted symptoms of a cold. | The dosage is indicated on the packaging. |
| Vitamin C ( ascorbic acid) (2.5g packages) | Anti-cold remedy. | Used at the first sign of a cold. One sachet per day (loading dose). |
| Septolette, Septifril (tablets, lozenges, pack of 10 pcs.) | Against sore throat. | Dissolve one lozenge several times a day. |
| Faringosept. Pills. | Indications: prevention and treatment of acute infections of the oral cavity and pharynx (sore throat, stomatitis). | 1 tablet 3-5 times a day, dissolve the tablet in the mouth, then do not eat or drink for three hours. Take within 3-4 days. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Furacillin | Gargling for sore throat. In general, what you gargle with is not decisive. The main factor in removing infected material is mechanical. Available alternatives are a solution of table salt, so that it is salty but not completely disgusting. | The tablets are dissolved with warm water in a weight ratio of 1:5000, i.e. 5 tablets of 0.02 g or 1 of 0.1 g per half liter. |
| Cameton. Aerosol | Indications: inflammation of the nose, pharynx, larynx. | Application: spray in the mouth and nose 3-4 times a day for 1-2 seconds. |
| Naphthyzin, Nazol, Galazolin, etc. 10 ml bottles. | Drops in the ears and nose. Vasoconstrictor nasal drops. Used for a runny nose. | Place a few drops at a time. |
| Other drugs. | ||
| Tavegil (tablets, pack of 10 pcs.) | Antihistamine (against allergic reactions). Indications: allergic diseases skin, nose, eyes, etc. It is not recommended to take during the active part of the route. | 1 table 2 times a day (morning and evening). The maximum daily dose is 4 tablets. |
| Suprastin. Pills. | Antihistamine (against allergic reactions). Indications: allergic diseases of the skin, nose, eyes, etc. | 1 tablet with meals 3 times a day. The maximum daily dose is 6 tablets. |
| Fenkarol. Tablets 0.025 g. | Antiallergic drug without hypnotic effect. Indications: the same. |
1 tablet 3 times a day after meals. |
| Eufillin. Recommended form: 2.4% solution in 1 ml ampoules. | Has an antispasmodic and vasodilator effect and relaxes the muscles of the bronchi, enhances the contractile function of the myocardium, expands peripheral vessels kidneys and brain, has a moderate diuretic and anticoagulant effect. Used for pulmonary and cerebral edema, anaphylactic shock. The cheapest and easiest way to expand the airways (for pneumonia). | A single intramuscular dose is 0.5-1 ml of a 2.4% solution; daily intramuscular injection - 4 ml of 2.4% solution. In tablet form – 240 mg 3 times a day. |
| Sofradex (drops, 2ml). | Ocular and ear drops. The drug has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiallergic effects. Indications: inflammatory diseases, eye and ear injuries. |
For eye diseases, 1-2 drops every 2-3 hours for 2-3 days. |
| Albucid (sulfacyl sodium). Eye drops 20% solution in dropper tubes. | Used for inflammatory processes or eye injury (irritation from foreign material). | 2 - 3 drops 4 - 5 times a day. |
| Hydrocortisone (eye ointment) | Used for inflammation, in particular in the case of sunburn eye (snow blindness). | Place the ointment behind the lower eyelid (at night). |
| Multivitamins (type Centrum, Unicap Etc.) Cheaper domestic analogues - Revit, Undevit, Triovit etc., however, unlike foreign vitamin complexes, they do not contain trace elements. | Prevent possible hypovitaminosis, which can develop if not good nutrition in hiking conditions. | Dosage: Usually indicated on the package insert. |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Ointments for various purposes. | ||
| Fastum gel (ointment, tube 50g) | External remedy, used for pain in the joints, lower back, etc. | Directions for use are indicated on the packaging. |
| Nicoflex (Viprosal, Apizartron, Menovasin) | Local warming agent. Indications: for warming up muscles and ligaments after sprains, overexertion, frostbite. |
Apply a small amount of ointment to a palm-sized area of skin and rub in lightly for 3-4 minutes. Avoid contact with eyes, mouth and nose. Apply only to intact skin! After rubbing in the ointment, wash your hands with warm water and soap. |
| Finalgon (The use of Finalgon ointment is limited due to sharp sensations of pain and burning at the site of rubbing and other side effects). | Warming (irritating) ointment. External remedy, used for pain in the joints, lower back, etc. | Also. |
| Indovazin (troxevasin). Gel. | Indications: bruises, bruises. | Apply to the painful area, rub in lightly. Repeat several times throughout the day. |
| Flucinar (ointment or gel) | Glucocorticosteroid for local use. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-edematous and antipruritic effects. Indications: psoriasis, lichen, insect bites, eczema, allergic manifestations on the skin. | The ointment is applied in a small amount 2-3 times a day and rubbed in. Possible saturation of dressings. |
| Tools. | ||
| Small scissors | ||
| Opener for ampoules. | ||
| Hemostatic clamps, surgical needles and threads (if there is a specialist in the group). | ||
| Catheter (into the bladder). | ||
| Surgical tweezers (medium) | ||
| Thermometer | ||
| Disposable sterile syringes (2.5, 10, 20 ml) with needles. | ||
| Pipette | ||
| Tonometer | Blood pressure meter. | |
| Sterile plastic systems for intravenous administration. | ||
* -- Indications for use and dosage of many medications indicated in the table are recommended by mountaineer doctor A. Dolinin, 2000; taken from the literature on first aid and from descriptions of specific medications.
How to prepare for emergency situations while hiking. How to provide first aid. Tourist first aid kit. (10+)
First aid and actions in emergency situations while hiking
When going on a hike, never rely on “maybe”, because there is always the possibility that an unexpected situation may occur. The easiest way to cope with an emergency situation is if you are well prepared for it. When planning a trip, be sure to think about how you will act in this or that case. If your hike is planned in populated areas, where you can quickly find people, go to the village, contact by mobile phone and call for help, then you must ensure the availability of the most necessary equipment and serviceability mobile phone(presence of a charged battery). If you are going to go into the wilderness, where it is months away from housing, then you will need a professional doctor specially trained to provide medical care, and medical instruments. It is possible that you will have to remove your appendix or perform an even more complex operation.
The worst thing in an emergency situation is panic. Initially, you should “pull yourself together,” calm down, think and analyze what happened. In general, everything depends, of course, on the situation itself.
Probably everyone has already paid attention to the fact that almost everyone wants to give good advice. But we have tried here to collect all the most relevant information, which can even be printed, in order to know what to do in almost any emergency situation.
Tourist first aid kit
Any hike cannot do without bruises, contusions, and abrasions. That is why you should never forget your travel first aid kit when traveling. The number and list of medications is influenced by the number of participants, the duration and area of the trip, as well as other important factors. Every time, going on vacation, any person wants to provide for absolutely everything. But as one law says, “You will be struck by the very disease for which you did not take protection.” Keep in mind that you won’t be able to take everything, which is why you should only take what you need. So, what should be included in any first aid kit?
- sterile, non-sterile bandage;
- adhesive plaster coil and bactericidal plaster;
- sterile cotton wool;
- tourniquet;
- elastic bandage;
- scissors;
- safety pin;
- hydrogen peroxide;
- potassium permanganate;
- nimesil;
- ibuprofen;
- dexalgin;
- paracetamol (you can add Fervex and Coldrex) - antipyretic;
- naphthyzin (galazolin, tizin, nazivin) - nasal drops;
- panthenol - cream for burns;
- activated carbon and loperamide - for intestinal disorders;
- cerucal - antiemetic;
- desloratadine (Erius) and clarotadine (Claritin) - antihistamines;
- papaverine and drotaverine (no-shpa) - antispasmodics;
- Vadidol, nitroglycerin, valocordin or corvalol - heart medications;
- fastum gel - cream with an analgesic effect.
Also, do not forget about broad-spectrum antibiotics and ammonia. But hygienic lipstick and sunscreen on hot days (or too sunny) will help protect your lips and skin.
It's worth knowing that injectable drugs You should take it on a hike only when you have a doctor or a person with you on the hike who is able to give an injection. This is useful for some hikers to learn. So, let's look at the most common emergency situations: fractures, sprains, dislocations, fainting.
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