The person belongs to biological species, therefore, it obeys the same laws as other representatives of the animal kingdom. This is true not only of the processes occurring in our cells, tissues and organs, but also of our behavior - both individual and social. It is studied not only by biologists and doctors, but also by sociologists, psychologists, and representatives of other humanities disciplines. Using extensive material, supporting it with examples from medicine, history, literature and painting, the author analyzes issues at the intersection of biology, endocrinology and psychology, and shows that human behavior is based on biological mechanisms, including hormonal ones. The book covers topics such as stress, depression, rhythms of life, psychological types and sex differences, hormones and sense of smell in social behavior, nutrition and psyche, homosexuality, types of parental behavior, etc. Thanks to the rich illustrative material, the author’s ability to simply talk about complex things and his humor, the book is read with unflagging interest.
The book “Wait, who’s leading? Biology of human and other animal behavior” was awarded the “Enlightener” prize in the “Natural and Exact Sciences” category.
Book:
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Differences between nervous and humoral regulation
The two systems - nervous and humoral - differ in the following properties.
Firstly, neural regulation purposeful. The signal along the nerve fiber comes to a strictly defined place, to a specific muscle, or to another nerve center, or to the gland. The humoral signal travels through the bloodstream throughout the body. Whether or not tissues and organs will respond to this signal depends on the presence in the cells of these tissues of a perceptive apparatus - molecular receptors (see Chapter 3).
Secondly, the nerve signal is fast, it moves to another organ, i.e. to another nerve cell, muscle cell or a gland cell at a speed of 7 to 140 m/s, delaying switching in synapses for only one millisecond. Thanks to neural regulation, we can do something “in the blink of an eye.” The content of most hormones in the blood increases only a few minutes after stimulation, and can reach a maximum only after tens of minutes. As a result, the greatest effect of the hormone can be observed several hours after a single exposure to the body. Thus, the humoral signal is slow.
Third, the nerve signal is brief. Typically, the burst of impulses caused by a stimulus lasts no more than a fraction of a second. This is the so-called switch-on reaction. A similar flash electrical activity V nerve nodes noted when the stimulus ceases - shutdown reaction.
The main differences between nervous regulation and humoral regulation are as follows: the nerve signal is purposeful; the nerve signal is fast; short nerve signal
The humoral system carries out slow tonic regulation, i.e. constant exposure on organs, maintaining their function in a certain state. The hormone level may remain elevated throughout the duration of the stimulus, and in some conditions - up to several months. Similar permanent change the level of activity of the nervous system is characteristic, as a rule, of an organism with impaired functions.
Another difference, or rather a group of differences, between the two systems of regulation of functions is due to the fact that the study of the neural regulation of behavior is more attractive when conducting research on humans. The most popular method of recording electrical fields is recording an electroencephalogram (EEG), i.e., the electrical fields of the brain. Its use does not cause pain, whereas taking a blood test to study humoral factors is associated with painful sensations. The fear that many people feel while waiting for a shot can and does affect some test results. When inserting a needle into the body, there is a risk of infection, and when EEG procedures she is insignificant. Finally, EEG recording is more cost-effective. If the determination of biochemical parameters requires constant financial costs for the purchase of chemical reagents, then to conduct long-term and large-scale EEG studies, a single financial investment, albeit large, is sufficient - to purchase an electroencephalograph.
As a result of all the above circumstances, the study of the humoral regulation of human behavior is carried out mainly in clinics, i.e. by-product therapeutic measures. Therefore, experimental data on the participation of humoral factors in the organization of holistic behavior healthy person incomparably less than experimental data on nervous mechanisms. When studying psychophysiological data, it should be borne in mind that the physiological mechanisms underlying psychological reactions are not limited to EEG changes. In a number of cases, these changes only reflect mechanisms based on diverse, including humoral, processes. For example, interhemispheric asymmetry - differences in EEG recording on the left and right half of the head - is formed as a result of the organizing influence of sex hormones.
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Questions about the person
Why is it recommended to drink salted water to quench thirst in hot shops?
In hot shops, a person’s water-salt balance is disturbed due to the loss of water and mineral salts along with sweat;
salted water restores the normal water-salt balance between tissues and the internal environment of the body
How the body covers protect a person from overheating
Sweat glands form sweat, which cools the human body when evaporated
Expanding the lumen of skin capillaries increases heat transfer
The hair on your head creates an air barrier that prevents overheating.
What stages of early human embryogenesis (zygote, blastula, gastrula) confirm the evolution of the animal world?
The zygote stage corresponds to a single-celled organism
The blastula stage corresponds to colonial forms
3. The gastrula stage corresponds to the coelenterates
What will happen to the cells epithelial tissue if they are placed in water? :
the concentration of substances in the cell is higher than in the surrounding water;
water enters the cell, the volume of which increases;
under water pressure the plasma membrane ruptures, the cell dies
Explain why people of different races are classified as the same species.
people of different races contain the same set of chromosomes in their cells;
interracial marriages will produce children who, upon reaching puberty, are capable of reproducing;
people of different races are similar in structure, life processes, development of thinking
What is the neurohumoral regulation of the heart in the body?
human, what is its significance in the life of the body?
1) nervous regulation is carried out due to the autonomic nervous
systems (the parasympathetic system slows down and weakens
contraction of the heart, and the sympathetic strengthens and accelerates
contraction of the heart);
2) humoral regulation is carried out through the blood: adrenaline, calcium salts strengthen and increase heart rate, and
potassium salts have the opposite effect;
3) the nervous and endocrine systems provide self-regulation
all physiological processes in the body
Why are red blood cells destroyed when placed in distilled water? Justify your answer.
the concentration of substances in red blood cells is higher than in water;
due to the difference in concentration, water enters the red blood cells;
The volume of red blood cells increases, as a result of which they are destroyed
Why can treating a person with antibiotics cause intestinal dysfunction?
1) antibiotics kill beneficial bacteria that live in the human intestines;
2) as a result, the processes of breakdown of fats, fiber, water absorption and others are disrupted
What is the importance of blood in human life?
performs a transport function: delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and cells, removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic products;
performs protective function due to the activity of leukocytes and antibodies;
3.participates in the humoral regulation of the body.
What proves that humans belong to the class of mammals?
1) similarity in the structure of organ systems;
2) the presence of hair;
3) development of the embryo in the uterus;
4) feeding the offspring with milk, caring for the offspring.
1) in summer a person loses a lot of water through sweat;
2) mineral salts are removed from the body along with sweat;
3) salted water restores the normal water-salt balance between tissues and the internal environment of the body
What are the functions of the human digestive system?
1) in the organs of the digestive system, mechanical processing of food occurs with the help of teeth and muscles of the digestive tract;
2) chemical processing of food is carried out with the help of enzymes;
4) during the absorption process, soluble digested organic substances, mineral salts, vitamins and water enter the blood and lymph.
Why do some people develop atavisms?
1) signs of ancient ancestors (atavisms) are embedded in the human genome;
2) in the process of evolution, some ancient characteristics lose their significance and the genes that control them do not appear in the phenotype;
3) in rare cases, these genes begin to function and the individual development of the organism is disrupted, and signs of ancient ancestors appear.
What substances are removed from the human body by various organs?fulfilling the excretory function?
1) carbon dioxide and vapors are removed from the human body through the lungs
2) water, a small amount of urea, and salt are removed through the sweat glands;
3) liquid end products of metabolism (urea, salts, water) are removed through the kidneys.
The introduction of large doses of drugs into a vein is accompanied by their
dilution with physiological solution (0.9% NaCl solution). Explain
1) administration of large doses of drugs without dilution can
cause a sharp change in blood composition and irreversible
2) concentration of saline solution (0.9% NaCl solution)
corresponds to the concentration of salts in the blood plasma and does not
causes the death of blood cells.
Physical inactivity leads to:
1) decreased metabolic rate, increased adipose tissue,
overweight;
2) weakening of skeletal and cardiac muscles, increased load
on the heart and decreased endurance of the body;
3) stagnation of venous blood in the lower extremities, expansion
blood vessels, circulatory disorders.
Why you shouldn't drink unboiled water
Why you shouldn’t eat raw, undercooked or undercooked meat and fish
What is the importance of bees in nature and human life?
A person receives honey, wax, propolis and other products used in medicine from bees.
2.Bees are active pollinators of flowering plants
3. In the absence of bees, there will be no harvest for insect-pollinated crops.
Why is it necessary to control house flies?
The housefly is a carrier of pathogens typhoid fever, dysentery and other infectious diseases.
The fly lands on sewage and then transfers roundworm eggs onto food on its legs
Why does rhythmic music work better?
Some life processes are rhythmic in nature (heartbeat, breathing, etc.)
A properly selected rhythm stimulates performance. Reduces nervous system fatigue
Why when sudden change heights block the ears, and if you swallow saliva, the hearing returns to normal
1. A rapid change in atmospheric pressure with a sharp change in altitude leads to a difference in pressure on the eardrum, since in the middle ear the initial pressure remains longer.
2. Swallowing movements improve air access to eustachian tube through which the pressure in the middle ear cavity is equalized with the pressure in the environment
How the body covers protect a person from overheating
1 Sweat glands produce sweat, which, when evaporated, cools the human body
2. Dilation of skin capillaries increases heat transfer
3. Hair on the head creates an air barrier that prevents overheating
What's it like biological significance tanning
1.Under the influence sun rays Vitamin D is produced in the skin
2. Under the influence of sunlight, melanin pigment accumulates in the skin. Protects the body from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays
What is the role chest during breathing
1.The human lungs are located in the chest. Contraction of the intercostal muscles leads to an increase in the volume of the chest and pleural cavity. Negative pressure is created in it, resulting in inhalation. Relaxation of the intercostal muscles helps to reduce the volume of the chest and pleural cavity and pushes air out of the lungs, resulting in exhalation
Explain why blood pressure decreases during sleep.
Level blood pressure associated with heart function and metabolic rate. During sleep, metabolism slows down. Which leads to a decrease in the frequency and strength of heart contractions. As a result, blood pressure decreases
What is the role of enzymes and why do they lose their activity when radiation increases?
Most enzymes are proteins
Under the influence of radiation, denaturation occurs, the structure of the protein-enzyme changes
Why is it prohibited for a person to drive while intoxicated?
Alcohol affects the cerebellum, which leads to impaired coordination of movements.
Under the influence of alcohol, the normal activity of neurons is disrupted, the connection between sensitive and executive neurons is disrupted, and a person’s reaction to environmental stimuli slows down.
IN ancient india the suspect in the crime was offered to swallow a handful of dry rice. If he failed, his guilt was considered proven.
Swallowing is a complex reflex act, which is accompanied by salivation and irritation of the root of the tongue.
With strong excitement, salivation is sharply inhibited, the mouth becomes dry and the swallowing reflex does not occur.
Why is the volume of urine excreted by the human body not equal to the volume of liquid drunk during the same time?
Some of the water is used or converted in the metabolic process
Some of the water evaporates through the respiratory system and sweating
What structures of the body cover protect a person from the effects of environmental temperature factors. What is their role
Subcutaneous fatty tissue protects the body from cooling.
Sweat glands produce sweat, which cools the body when it evaporates.
Changing the lumen of skin capillaries regulates heat transfer
Hirudotherapy
Leeches are used to treat thrombosis, hypertension, ischemic strokes, and heart attacks.
Leech saliva contains hirudin, a protein that prevents blood clotting.
What are the features of the second signaling system
Why is the nervous regulation of the functions of the human body more advanced than the humoral regulation?
What is the role of hydrochloric acid contained in gastric juice
How HIV infection is NOT transmitted
What is the protective role of leukocytes in the human body?
Explain the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation in humans
The intercostal muscles contract, the diaphragm flattens, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, and the pressure in it decreases.
2. A pressure difference arises between environment(it is higher) and the chest cavity, therefore, inhalation occurs
3. When exhaling, the intercostal muscles relax, the diaphragm rises, the volume of the chest cavity decreases, and the pressure in it increases.
A pressure difference arises, now it is higher in the chest cavity, therefore exhalation occurs
The picture shows the larynx
2.The epiglottis is noted, which closes the entrance to the larynx during swallowing food.
What causes normal visual perception of images in humans?
sufficient luminous flux
focusing the image on the retina due to the refractive media of the eye
Due to accommodation - the ability of the lens to change its curvature when the distance to the lens changes
The picture shows the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces growth hormone
Dwarfism lack of growth hormone in childhood
in adults, with hyperfunction of the pituitary gland, acromegaly develops (excessive, disproportionate growth of the limbs and facial bones) (gigantism in children)
The highest center for regulating the functions of the human body is the hypothalamus. Why?
The hypothalamus is part of the diencephalon, combining nervous and humoral regulatory mechanisms into a single neuroendocrine system
The hypothalamus controls the activity of the autonomic nervous system, ensures homeostasis, regulates motivated behavior and defensive reactions (thirst, hunger, satiety, rage, pleasure, displeasure), as well as sleep and wakefulness.
The hypothalamus forms a single complex with the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus plays a controlling role, and the pituitary gland plays an effector role (carries out one or another action in response to irritation)
What is the biological significance of the thymus gland (thymus)?
In the thymus, B and T lymphocytes are formed and differentiated, which synthesize antibodies and antioxidants
B lymphocytes produce antibodies
T-lymphocytes are divided into 1. helpers (they stimulate immune responses) 2. Suppressors (block excessive reactions of B-lymphocytes) 3. Killers (kill tumor cells)
Thyroid
1. The thyroid gland, which produces the hormone thyroxine, which regulates metabolism, physical and mental development
2. Hyperfunction-Graves disease, hypofunction-myxidema (in adults) and cretinism in children
3. Thyroxine contains iodine and in those areas where there is a shortage of food and drinking water, in order to prevent endemic goiter (increased thyroid gland) stores sell iodized salt
What are the causes of muscle fatigue
muscle fatigue is a temporary decrease in muscle performance
Muscle fatigue is associated with the accumulation of lactic acid in them
When tired, glycogen reserves are consumed and, as a result, the intensity of ATP synthesis decreases.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum, which is responsible for the coordination of movements, is depicted.
The numbers indicate gray and white matter.
(A tumor may be drawn)
How do you understand the expression “Man is a biosocial being)
A person develops under the control of two programs - biological and social.
The biological program determines the structure and physiological characteristics body. It is formed in the process of evolution and is inherited.
The social program determines the development of a person’s personality under the influence of communication, training and education. It is not inherited, it is acquired along with the experience of each generation.
Pancreas
Pancreas-gland of mixed secretion
Exocrine function - production of pancreatic juice containing enzymes
Intrasecretory function - production of the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels
What are the harmful effects of smoking on the body?
1. drug addiction from smoking occurs
2. Nicotine is a poison that irreversibly disrupts the functions of the nervous system
3. Smoke and combustion products (tar and soot) cause impaired lung function
4. The vasoconstrictor effect of nicotine causes dysfunction of the cardiovascular system
What can cause vomiting?
The entry of certain toxic substances into the body
Irritation of receptors in the mucous membrane of the digestive canal
conditionally reflex way
diseases (hypertension, hepatitis, gastritis)
What activities play a decisive role in AIDS prevention?
Sex education and awareness
Mass production of disposable syringes and blood transfusion systems
Release of funds personal protection(condoms)
Name possible reasons scoliosis
1.Rachitis (lack of vitamin D and calcium)
2.Weakness of back muscles
3. Poor posture for a long time
4. Infectious (tuberculosis) and hereditary diseases (chondrodystrophy)
When does gravitational shock occur?
1. With a sharp increase in speed
2. When braking hard
How do the races differ? Adaptations
What is the difference between arterial bleeding and venous bleeding?
Arterial blood is scarlet
2. Arterial blood flows like a fountain
Maintaining personal hygiene rules
Drinking water purification
Sanitary control in slaughterhouses and proper food preparation.
What is the functional difference between smooth and striated muscle tissue?
1. Smooth muscles contract slowly, striated muscles contract quickly
2. Smooth muscles contract involuntarily, striated muscles contract voluntarily
3. Smooth muscles tire little, striated muscles tire quickly
Osteoporosis
The composition of bones includes mineral and organic substances. Their combination ensures the elasticity and strength of the skeleton. With age, the amount of mineral salts in the bones increases and the bones become more fragile.
Why early correction posture corrects the spine
The composition of bones includes mineral and organic substances. Their combination ensures the elasticity and strength of the skeleton. In children, the percentage of organic matter in the bones is greater, so they are more flexible and elastic and are easier to bend and correct.
Why are patients with suspected spinal fractures transported without changing position?
The spinal cord is located in the spine. When changing position, the bones can shift and damage the nerves or spinal cord, which can lead to disability. The victim should be transported without disturbing the position in which he is located.
Why, if the ribs are damaged and the tightness of the chest is broken, a bandage made of airtight material is applied
During inhalation, negative pressure is created in the chest cavity. The sealed material prevents air from entering the chest cavity through the injury. Otherwise, the lung will collapse and the person will not be able to breathe with this lung. The bandage is applied after a deep exhalation, ensuring a tight fit.
Why is a break or rest necessary after long, monotonous work?
Uniform and continuous work causes muscle fatigue, as metabolic products accumulate in them, in particular lactic acid. After rest, the muscles are able to contract again, i.e.
K. Blood removes substances from cells. Why in early age
it is harmful to walk in heels or carry heavy objects
A teenager's bones are flexible and elastic. Under the influence of heaviness or high heels, children may develop flat feet, as the shape of the arch of the foot changes. It becomes flat. To prevent flat feet, it is useful to walk barefoot, swim, engage in outdoor games and wear shoes with low heels.
The harm of physical inactivity
During muscular work, all organs and systems are better supplied with blood. With physical inactivity, adequate blood supply to organs and tissues is disrupted. Low energy consumption leads to obesity. The functioning of the heart, lungs, kidneys and liver is impaired. Resistance to diseases decreases.
The pulse determines the number of heartbeats per minute and judges its work. The pulse is easily palpable in places where large arteries are located close to the surface of the body (temples, base of the hand, lateral surfaces of the neck.
Why does a person need to know about blood groups?
People have 4 blood groups, as well as Rh factor (positive or negative). These characteristics must be taken into account when transfusing blood so as not to cause incompatibility
Why does it turn red when you tighten your finger? The constriction drains the stagnation of venous blood, the veins swell, the capillaries dilate. Fresh arterial blood
does not flow, and the venous blood becomes dark. The finger turns red.
Rules for preserving vitamin C during cooking
Vitamin C is easily destroyed by heat and contact with air. Vegetables and fruits must be cut immediately before cooking, immersed immediately in boiled water and cooked for a short time in a sealed container.
Vitamin D is necessary for the normal formation of the skeleton. Vitamin D is found in products of animal origin (fish oil, liver, yolks, etc.) Vitamin D can also be produced in the skin under the influence of sunlight.
First aid rules for overheating and sunstroke
The victim is transferred to a cool place and freed from tight clothing. They give you a cool drink. Wrap in a wet sheet
Solar procedures are useful in the morning; you should not stay in the sun for a long time. The head must be covered with a hat
How to provide first aid for a chemical burn
If the burn is caused by an acid burn, treat the area with baking soda. And if it’s an alkali, then highly diluted vinegar or citric acid. The affected skin should be rinsed with running water for 15 minutes. Then place a sterile bandage on the surface of the burn.
What are the rules for providing first aid for burns with boiling water or a hot object?
The burned areas of the skin are doused with clean cold water and freed from clothing. Then apply a sterile bandage. Do not use vegetable oil, iodine, or alcohol. Because they increase pain and slow down wound healing.
Frostbite
When frostbite occurs, the skin turns pale, then loses sensitivity, and then dies. If hypothermia occurs, the patient should be moved to a warm room, take off cold clothes, wrap them up, and give plenty of warm drinks.
Why is a urine test performed?
Urinalysis allows us to judge the state of the urinary tract, the presence of infection, functional disorders) and also to identify metabolic disorders (stones, poisoning)
Prevention measures intestinal diseases and worms
Wash your hands before eating. Wash vegetables and fruits under running water, do not drink raw water. Prepared foods must be kept closed to prevent dust and insects from getting on them. Only eat well-fried and cooked fish and meat.
You cannot bite hard objects. Drink very cold or very hot water. Combine cold and hot foods. Maintain good hygiene: brush your teeth morning and evening. Rinse your mouth after eating.B oral cavity Favorable conditions are created for the proliferation of microorganisms; brushing your teeth significantly reduces their numbers. Microorganisms in the process of vital activity secrete acids, which, when acting on the enamel, interact with calcium salts, turning them into soluble salts.
Why treat a wound with hydrogen peroxide?
Living cells contain the enzyme catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Atomic oxygen disinfects the wound, and water washes away microorganisms from the wound.
Chewing food is its mechanical processing, which increases the surface of contact with saliva. Saliva enzymes help break down complex carbohydrates into simple ones, and lysozyme disinfects food.
Venous bleeding
The blood flows slowly and is red-brown in color. At heavy bleeding you need to apply a tourniquet below the wound indicating the time of application; in case of minor bleeding, it is enough to apply a sterile pressure bandage.
What processes maintain persistence? chemical composition blood plasma
Processes in buffer systems maintain the reaction of the environment (pH) at a constant level
Neurohumoral regulation of the chemical composition of plasma is carried out.
20th century inventions such as zippers and Velcro fasteners were made based on the structure of a bird's feather.
What is the neurohumoral regulation of the heart in the body?
human, what is its significance in the life of the body?
(other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) Points
Response elements:
1) nervous regulation is carried out due to the autonomic nervous
systems (the parasympathetic system slows down and weakens
contraction of the heart, and the sympathetic strengthens and accelerates
contraction of the heart);
2) humoral regulation is carried out through the blood: adrenaline,
calcium salts strengthen and increase heart rate, and
potassium salts have the opposite effect;
3) nervous and endocrine system provide self-regulation
all physiological processes in the body
The response includes all the elements mentioned above and does not contain
Cold, medical, sudden cooling of the body, which is a condition predisposing to the disease. How P. causes a disorder of the body is not well understood. P. has the most harmful effect during preliminary fatigue and weakening of the body, during sudden cooling of the sweating part of the body from a draft. A cold seems to favor the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria. P. should be combated by hardening the skin (cold rubdowns, bathing and gymnastics).
In a wound formed on the human body, bleeding stops over time, but suppuration may occur. Explain what properties of blood this is due to.
What is the neurohumoral regulation of the heart in the human body, what is its significance in the life of the body?
101.Name the chamber of the human heart, which is designated by the number 1. What kind of blood is contained in this chamber and through what vessels does it enter it?
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With physiological regulation of the body, functions are carried out at an optimal level for normal performance, maintaining homeostatic conditions with metabolic processes. Its goal is to ensure that the body is always adapted to changing environmental conditions.
In the human body, regulatory activity is represented by the following mechanisms:
- nervous regulation;
The work of nervous and humoral regulation is joint; they are closely related to each other. Chemical compounds that regulate the body affect neurons with a complete change in their state. Hormonal compounds secreted in the corresponding glands also affect the NS. And the functions of the glands that produce hormones are controlled by the NS, the importance of which in supporting the regulatory function for the body is enormous. The humoral factor is part of the neurohumoral regulation.
Examples of regulations
The clarity of regulation will show an example of how the osmotic pressure of the blood changes when a person is thirsty. This type of pressure increases due to a lack of moisture inside the body. This leads to irritation of osmotic receptors. The resulting excitement is transmitted through the nerve pathways to the central nervous system. From it, many impulses reach the pituitary gland, stimulation occurs with the release of antidiuretic pituitary hormone into the bloodstream. In the bloodstream, the hormone penetrates the curved renal canals, and the reabsorption of moisture from the glomerular ultrafiltrate (primary urine) into the bloodstream increases. The result of this is that there is a decrease in urine excreted with water, and restoration of the deviation from normal indicators osmotic pressure of the body.
With excess glucose levels in the bloodstream nervous system the functions of the introsecretory region of the endocrine organ that produces insulin hormone are stimulated. Already in the bloodstream, the supply of insulin hormone has increased, unnecessary glucose, due to its influence, passes to the liver and muscles in glycogen form. Intense physical work increases glucose consumption, its volume in the bloodstream decreases, and the functions of the adrenal glands are strengthened. Adrenaline hormone converts glycogen into glucose. Thus, nervous regulation affecting the intrasecretory glands stimulates or inhibits the functions of important active biological compounds.
Humoral regulation of the vital functions of the body, in contrast to nervous regulation, uses different fluid environments of the body when transferring information. Signal transmission is carried out using chemical compounds:
- hormonal;
- mediator;
- electrolytes and many others.
Humoral regulation, as well as nervous regulation, contains some differences.
- there is no specific addressee. The flow of biological substances is delivered to different cells of the body;
- information is delivered at a low speed, which is comparable to the flow speed of bioactive media: from 0.5-0.6 to 4.5-5 m/s;
- the action is long.
Nervous regulation of vital functions in the human body is carried out with the help of the central nervous system and the PNS. Signal transmission is carried out using numerous impulses.
This regulation is characterized by its differences.
- there is a specific address for signal delivery to a specific organ or tissue;
- information is delivered at high speed. Pulse speed ─ up to 115-119 m/s;
- the effect is short-term.
Humoral regulation
The humoral mechanism is an ancient form of interaction that has been improved over time. A person has several different options implementation of this mechanism. The nonspecific regulation option is local.
Local cellular regulation is carried out by three methods, their basis is the transfer of signals by compounds within the boundaries of a single organ or tissue using:
- creative cell communication;
- simple types of metabolite;
- active biological compounds.
Thanks to the creative connection, intercellular information exchange occurs, which is necessary for the directed adjustment of the intracellular synthesis of protein molecules with other processes for the transformation of cells into tissues, differentiation, development with growth, and ultimately performing the functions of the cells contained in the tissue as an integral multicellular system.
A metabolite is a product of metabolic processes and can act autocrine, that is, change the cellular performance through which it is released, or paracrine, that is, change the cellular performance, where the cell is located within the border of the same tissue, reaching it through the intracellular fluid. For example, when lactic acid accumulates during physical work the vessels bringing blood to the muscles dilate, the oxygen saturation of the muscle increases, however, the strength of muscle contractility decreases. This is how humoral regulation manifests itself.
Hormones located in tissues are also biologically active compounds - products of cell metabolism, but have a more complex chemical structure. They are presented:
- biogenic amines;
- kinins;
- angiotensins;
- prostaglandins;
- endothelium and other compounds.
These compounds change the following biophysical cellular properties:
- membrane permeability;
- setting up energy metabolic processes;
- membrane potential;
- enzyme reactions.
They also promote the formation of secondary messengers and change tissue blood supply.
BAS (biologically active substances) carry out cell regulation using special cell-membrane receptors. BAS also modulate regulatory influences, since they change cellular sensitivity to nervous and hormonal influences by changing the number of cellular receptors and their similarity to various information-carrying molecules.
BAS, formed in different tissues, have an autocrine and paracrine effect, but are able to penetrate the blood and act systemically. Some of them (kinins) are formed from precursors in the blood plasma, so these substances, when acted locally, even cause a widespread result similar to a hormonal one.
Physiological adjustment of body functions is carried out through the coordinated interaction of the NS and humoral system. Nervous and humoral regulation combine the functions of the body for its full functionality, and human body works as one.
The interaction of the human body with external environmental conditions is carried out with the help of an active nervous system, the performance of which is determined by reflexes.
Nervous regulation carried out using electrical impulses traveling along nerve cells. Compared to humoral it
- happens faster
- more accurate
- requires a lot of energy
- more evolutionarily young.
Humoral regulation vital processes (from the Latin word humor - “liquid”) are carried out due to substances secreted in internal environment body (lymph, blood, tissue fluid).
Humoral regulation can be carried out with the help of:
- hormones- biologically active (acting in a very small concentration) substances released into the blood by the endocrine glands;
- other substances. For example, carbon dioxide
- causes local expansion of capillaries, more blood flows to this place;
- stimulates the respiratory center medulla oblongata, breathing intensifies.
All glands of the body are divided into 3 groups
1) Endocrine glands ( endocrine) do not have excretory ducts and secrete their secretions directly into the blood. The secretions of the endocrine glands are called hormones, they have biological activity (act in microscopic concentration). For example: .
2) Exocrine glands have excretory ducts and release their secretions NOT into the blood, but into some cavity or onto the surface of the body. For example, liver, tearful, salivary, sweaty.
3) Mixed secretion glands carry out both internal and external secretion. For example
- the gland secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood, and not into the blood (into the duodenum) - pancreatic juice;
- sexual The glands secrete sex hormones into the blood, but not into the blood - sex cells.
Establish a correspondence between the organ (organ department) involved in the regulation of the vital functions of the human body and the system to which it belongs: 1) nervous, 2) endocrine.
A) bridge
B) pituitary gland
B) pancreas
G) spinal cord
D) cerebellum
Answer
Establish the sequence in which the humoral regulation of respiration occurs during muscular work in the human body
1) accumulation of carbon dioxide in tissues and blood
2) stimulation of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata
3) transmission of impulse to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm
4) increased oxidative processes during active muscle work
5) inhalation and air entering the lungs
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the process that occurs during human breathing and the method of its regulation: 1) humoral, 2) nervous
A) stimulation of nasopharyngeal receptors by dust particles
B) slowing down breathing when immersed in cold water
C) change in breathing rhythm with excess carbon dioxide in the room
D) difficulty breathing when coughing
D) change in breathing rhythm with a decrease in carbon dioxide content in the blood
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the gland and the type to which it is classified: 1) internal secretion, 2) external secretion. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) have excretory ducts
B) produce hormones
C) provide regulation of all vital important functions body
D) secrete enzymes into the stomach cavity
D) excretory ducts exit to the surface of the body
E) produced substances are released into the blood
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the glands and their type: 1) external secretion, 2) internal secretion. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) form digestive enzymes
B) secrete secretions into the body cavity
C) release chemically active substances - hormones
D) participate in the regulation of vital processes of the body
D) have excretory ducts
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the glands and their types: 1) external secretion, 2) internal secretion. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) pineal gland
B) pituitary gland
B) adrenal gland
D) salivary
D) liver
E) pancreatic cells that produce trypsin
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the example of regulation of the heart and the type of regulation: 1) humoral, 2) nervous
A) increased heart rate under the influence of adrenaline
B) changes in heart function under the influence of potassium ions
B) change heart rate under the influence of the autonomic system
D) weakening of heart activity under the influence of the parasympathetic system
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the gland in the human body and its type: 1) internal secretion, 2) external secretion
A) dairy
B) thyroid
B) liver
D) sweat
D) pituitary gland
E) adrenal glands
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of regulation of functions in the human body and its type: 1) nervous, 2) humoral. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) delivered to organs by blood
B) high response speed
B) is more ancient
D) is carried out with the help of hormones
D) is associated with the activity of the endocrine system
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of regulation of body functions: 1) nervous, 2) humoral. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) turns on slowly and lasts a long time
B) the signal propagates through the structures of the reflex arc
B) is carried out by the action of a hormone
D) the signal travels through the bloodstream
D) turns on quickly and has a short duration
E) evolutionarily more ancient regulation
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Which of the following glands secrete their products through special ducts into the cavities of the body organs and directly into the blood?
1) greasy
2) sweat
3) adrenal glands
4) sexual
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the gland of the human body and the type to which it belongs: 1) internal secretion, 2) mixed secretion, 3) external secretion
A) pancreas
B) thyroid
B) lacrimal
D) greasy
D) sexual
E) adrenal gland
Answer
Choose three options. In what cases is humoral regulation carried out?
1) excess carbon dioxide in the blood
2) the body’s reaction to a green traffic light
3) excess glucose in the blood
4) the body’s reaction to changes in body position in space
5) release of adrenaline during stress
Answer
Establish a correspondence between examples and types of breathing regulation in humans: 1) reflex, 2) humoral. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) stopping breathing on inspiration when entering cold water
B) an increase in the depth of breathing due to an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
C) cough when food enters the larynx
D) slight holding of breath due to a decrease in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood
D) change in breathing intensity depending on the emotional state
E) spasm of cerebral vessels due to sharp increase blood oxygen concentration
Answer
Select three endocrine glands.
1) pituitary gland
2) sexual
3) adrenal glands
4) thyroid
5) stomach
6) dairy
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Which gland cells secrete secretions directly into the blood?
1) adrenal glands
2) tearful
3) liver
4) thyroid
5) pituitary gland
6) sweat
Answer
Choose three options. Humoral effects on physiological processes in the human body
1) carried out using chemically active substances
2) associated with the activity of the exocrine glands
3) spread more slowly than nervous ones
4) occur with the help of nerve impulses
5) controlled by the medulla oblongata
6) carried out through the circulatory system
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What is characteristic of the humoral regulation of the human body?
1) the response is clearly localized
2) the signal is a hormone
3) turns on quickly and acts instantly
4) signal transmission is only chemical through body fluids
5) signal transmission occurs through the synapse
6) the response lasts for a long time
Answer
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