As already defined in the previous section, the population’s demand for goods is a form of manifestation of needs, provided with a monetary equivalent. The development of demand is determined by the system various factors(prices for goods, income level of consumers, interchangeability and complementarity of individual goods and product groups). Demand, being a solvent need, can take different kinds. There are realized, unsatisfied and emerging demand.

Realized demand corresponds to that part of the demand presented by the population that is actually satisfied as a result of purchases of goods in the retail network.

Unsatisfied demand is that part of the demand actually presented by the population, which at one time or another was not realized due to the lack of necessary products on sale.

Emerging demand is a set of new requirements made by buyers for consumer properties, quality and external design goods that may entail the need for a significant restructuring of the production and sales range.

It is necessary to comprehensively study all types of demand and take them into account in trade activities.

The population's demand for consumer goods is characterized by volume and structure. The quantity demanded is the sum Money, which the population exchanges for goods and services. It is determined by the size of the purchasing funds of the population, and in conditions of an unsaturated market, also by the size of the unsatisfied demand of the population. Purchasing funds are calculated indicator, calculated on the basis of the balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population.

If the purchasing fund is the money intended for the purchase of goods, then purchasing power is the amount of goods that the population can purchase for a certain monetary unit. Purchasing power directly depends on the level and ratio of prices for goods and the level of income of the population. At stable prices, it is directly proportional to income: the dynamics of purchasing power various groups population corresponds to the dynamics of their income (other things being equal). The mutual link between the growth of incomes of the population and changes in prices for goods makes it possible to regulate purchasing power population.

System forecasting considers the market as a large, hierarchically developed organism, which is characterized by a certain structure and complex interaction of its constituent elements. Any market included in this system is considered as a specific object with factors inherent only to it that influence the formation of its characteristics, and at the same time, the researcher must remember that this market represents only a part of the entire national or world economy. Therefore, in relation to forecasting market conditions, including demand for any product, systematic means:

a comprehensive study of a number of individual markets for this product and the identification of demand formation factors specific to each and common to all,

analysis of the relationship between these markets and the connection of all of them with the development of demand in the national or world market for a given product,

development of development forecasts for each of the individual markets under consideration and economic and mathematical modeling of each,

synthesis of particular forecasts, taking into account their interaction and mutual influence within the national or world market of a given product.

Let's consider the main components that consumers focus on when making purchases in markets and stores:

Price - one of decisive factors demand for consumer goods. On average, the quantity demanded is inversely proportional to the price of a product: the higher the price, the lower the demand.

Product quality . This includes specifications, convenience, design, warranty and after-sales service, not in the abstract, but in relation to the goods or services of enterprises competing in the same market.

Tastes and preferences of consumers. If the consumer wants to purchase this particular product, then there is a high demand for it. When, under the influence of various factors, often not regulated by the enterprise, such consumer desire decreases, then the demand for the product falls. The tastes and preferences of consumers are influenced by: the emergence of new and improved products, changes in fashion, lifestyle, life values, information openness of manufacturers and the opinion of relevant authorities about the usefulness of the product, for example, for consumer health.

Consumer income. The demand of the population must be solvent, that is, consumers must have an income level that allows them to purchase the desired goods at available prices. Moreover, the higher the income, the higher the demand for more expensive goods, and the lower the demand for cheap goods.

Prices for related products. In the case of substitute products, comparing the price of one product with the price of a competing product can have a strong influence on consumer choice. In the case of additional and/or related products that are purchased along with the main one, the price of each product is important. If the price of a certain brand of cars increases sharply, then the demand for tires or other components for them will most likely fall.

Consumer expectations. Total demand, expressed by the volume of purchases, is influenced by consumer expectations regarding future prices, the amount of their income and the availability of goods. If buyers believe that the price of a desired product will increase soon, then to avoid unnecessary costs in the future, they may want to purchase that product today. The same can be said about expectations of future income. Waiting for a decline wages or loss of work will lead to a decrease in demand for the product or even a refusal to purchase it further. If consumers expect that a product may disappear or become scarce in the near future, this will increase the current quantity demanded.

Number of consumers and frequency of purchases. Since market demand for a product is formed as the sum of individual consumer demands, it is clear that it will be influenced by the number of potential buyers, as well as the frequency with which they buy this product.

Trademark. Consumer utility theory always considers a situation in which the premise is the argument that consumer behavior consists of a steady stream of rational calculations whereby consumers consider all possible purchase combinations, evaluate utility, and select the option with the highest utility. Such attributes practically disappear from consideration consumer behavior as habit, caprice, impulse, inertia and resistance to change. While most purchases are made for these latter reasons, I'm talking about items that are purchased fairly frequently and don't take up a significant portion of a buyer's budget, such as cigarettes or hygiene products. Plays a big role here trademark product and advertising.

Advertising. Advertising and sales promotion can influence consumer choice by providing consumers with information that influences their preferences. The importance of advertising for the study of consumer behavior is that it demonstrates the way in which sellers try to change consumer tastes and preferences in their favor.

The demand for individual goods may also depend on non-economic factors, which include seasonality of purchase (winter and summer clothes and shoes), demographic characteristics buyers (children's goods, goods for recreation and leisure of pensioners).

One more important factor in determining demand is the size of the household, which depends on the number of people living together, the number of children in the family, the number of marriages and divorces. For example, the trend towards reduction in family size will lead to an increase in demand for apartments in apartment buildings and reducing demand for detached homes.

An increase in the number of people living alone may mean an increase in demand for ready-to-eat food.

All of the above factors are considered to be the “main” determinants that form the final market demand. But there are also other variables that add to the current situation. For example, there is a difference in the consumer's perception of a product as a “luxury” or a “essential” item. Although the perception of a product as a luxury or a necessity depends on the individual's lifestyle and value scale, the demand for these goods varies depending on price changes, the degree of economic downturn, interest rates and availability of credit, and the frequency of purchases. The luxury-need-shopping aspect is influenced by cultural and lifestyle factors (who buys what and with what degree of urgency), and the position of the purchase in the buyer's budget plays a large role. It also raises concerns about consumers' ability to delay purchases due to changed economic conditions.

The demand for a good can be derived from the demand for other goods, and such demand is called derived demand. For example, the demand for steel may be a derivative of the demand for steel products or products that use steel in their production. The demand for newsprint is a derivative of the demand for newspapers. With derived demand, as is the case with demand for production equipment, one can obtain important information, by studying the consumption habits and other characteristics of useful users.

The key factor determining the volume and sales potential, especially for durable goods, is the factor saturation of the market with this product. For example, the demand for refrigerators is significantly limited because today more than 95% of households have them, the same goes for household appliances such as gas stoves and washing machines. The market potential of VCRs is higher, since in 1991 in Russia about 70% of households owned them; in contrast, we can say that the demand for video cameras was much higher in the early 90s, only 13% of households owned them - lowest level consumption in the consumer electronics category. Limited demand for goods with high level saturation prompted durable goods manufacturers to implement a policy of “planned aging,” the essence of which is that products are periodically updated by adding new features, and consumers are encouraged to increase the frequency of purchases in order to replace “worn out” or “obsolete models.”

On the purchasing power of goods that are usually purchased on credit (for example, Appliances, cars, apartments) are seriously influenced by the factors of consumer debt and bank interest rates. These factors may have a greater impact on demand than current cash income. The higher the debt-to-income ratio and the higher the interest rates, the less willing the consumer will be to take on additional obligations associated with the purchase of a product.

There are also many other determinants of demand, but it is important to note here that each specific product has its own set of factors that influence demand in a unique way.

Exercise No. 1. Explanatory periods:

1. "They such they saw a lot of cities, different museums, exhibitions, galleries so much started on foot they got such abundance of impressions What at the end of the month-long journey, they decided to return to their homeland and take a break from everything they had seen and heard.”

2. “They came running to this fire that happened at night so many to the people What it was not surprising if, as a result of the crush, many of the curious were so injured that they had to be taken to the hospital for medical assistance.”

Exercise No. 2. Relative periods:

1. " When Vladimir the Saint became acquainted with all religions and himself converted to Christianity When he realized the need to spread Christianity among his subjects ǀǀ Then he decided to baptize the population and brought his plan to the desired end.”

2. " When the fresh forest rustles with the sound of the breeze When the stream rolls pleasantly along the bottom of the ravine When the trills of a nightingale are heard and there is no one around ǀǀ Then under the influence of such a charming environment, my soul becomes light and free.”

Exercise No. 3. Oppositional periods:

1. “A young man, agitated by dark desires, restless from the very excess of his strength, carelessly steps on the flowers with which nature and fate adorn his path in the world of ǀǀ against a person experienced in the most sorrows loves to thank heaven with tears for the slightest consolation” (from Karamzin).

Exercise No. 4. Concession period:

“Despite the fact that this apple looked beautiful, it was expensive ǀǀ however when they cut it, it turned out to be rotten.”

9. Connectingperiod. Let us take one example from the works of Karamzin, who is famous for expressing his thoughts over long periods. We can often hear the following phrase: “He speaks or writes in Karamzin periods.” Let's take another period from Grotto about Karamzin.

"1) Karamzin not only strengthened in contemporaries, a love of reading; 2) not only distributed literary and historical education; ǀǀ 3) but also excited in the mass of readers there is a religious and moral feeling; 4) claimed they have a noble and honest way of thinking; 5) ignited patriotism" (Grotto). No. 17.

« There are two kinds of people here and everywhere: ǀǀ some believe strength and easy successes of good, rejoice by his intention, as by deed, and, past all possible and necessary obstacles, flying thinking towards the happy execution of the plan; others are shaking head at any new idea of ​​philanthropy, immediately find impossibilities, with an amazing method share them into classes and articles, smiling And conclude with the usual refrain of a lazy mind: “No matter how wise you are, everything will be as before!” (Karamzin). No. 18.

Let's look at these periods. Let's take No. 17. As with any period, we must approach this one from two sides: from the logical(content) and from the outside syntactic(connections between increases and decreases). What is the peculiarity of this period in comparison with others that we discussed above? The peculiarity is that both the increase and decrease contain main sentences in which thoughts that are similar in content are expressed.

What is the relationship between these thoughts? They are not in a relationship of subordination (as the main idea and secondary), but are equivalent and only mutually reinforce and complement each other. And, indeed, what thoughts do we have in promotion and demotion?

1) Karamzin strengthened the love of reading among his contemporaries;

2) Karamzin spread education (but this is still not enough);

3) He aroused religious and moral feelings;

4) He promoted a noble and honest way of thinking among the masses;

5) He ignited patriotism.

As we see from this listing, all thoughts complement and reinforce each other. And so, the logical side of this period is that period indicates a set of phenomena.

What is the syntactic connection? What is the syntactic form for linking promotion with demotion? Connecting conjunctions and phrases: And, not only but, even, few, That, What, Besides, What etc.

Let us now move on to period No. 18. What can we say about him? Is it any different from the previous one? Yes, it is different. With what? The fact that in the first period we had in the rise and fall a series of equivalent thoughts that reinforced each other, and in the second period we have in the rise a definite, briefly expressed thought, which in the decline is explained and developed in more detail, more fully. Let's explain this in our period.

IN increase The following thought was expressed: “There are two kinds of people here and everywhere.” This idea is general, brief and poorly developed.

IN lowering– this general idea is already explained in more detail; it already speaks in detail about each type of people, namely:

1) " alone believe..., rejoice..., fly... towards the fulfillment of the plan”;

2) " other shake..., find..., separate..., smile..., conclude... everything will be as before.”

So the logical side of this period is that the idea is explained in more detail in the lower section, expressed in promotion.

What do we say about the other side, i.e. about syntactic? What is the syntactic relationship? The syntactic connection is explanatory allied sayings: that is, exactly, somehow. They are usually implied.

When to use connecting period?

I. When they want to indicate set of phenomena.

II. When they want to go down explain in more detail thought expressed in raising.

Exercise No. 1. Make two connecting periods for both cases of its use.

10. Serialperiod. An example of this would be the following periods:

“1) The investigator’s progress of the investigation was as follows: at first the criminal, arrested on the day he committed the crime, denied his guilt; 2) then he began to prove that at the time of the crime he was at work and that only out of curiosity he came in after looking at the corpse of the murdered man; 3) finally“He, under the pressure of irrefutable evidence, was forced to admit that he had committed a crime for selfish reasons, killing a person he did not know.” No. 19.

"Without going into details controversial issues, I will dwell only on the two main indictments against Peter the Great: a) Firstly, they say that he replaced Russian customs with foreign ones, preferring foreigners to Russian people; b) Secondly that in his transformations he used violence, coercion and too drastic measures” (Grotto). No. 20.

Let's look at these periods. Let's take No. 19. What does he look like from the outside? logical(i.e. content) and what from the outside syntactic(i.e. connections between promotion and demotion)? First, let's look at the logical side of this period. Both in the connecting period and in this period we see a connection in front of us main proposals; they describe phenomena, events related to each other in time (i.e., following one another in time: first one, then another, and finally a third, etc.). In fact, what is said in this period about the criminal? He: a) first denied, b) then proved his innocence and c) finally confessed. Here one event follows another.

What is the syntactic connection between these sentences included in the sequential period? The syntactic connection is expressed by adverbs: at first, then, finally etc.

Let's take another example. Is it any different from the first one? No. What is the relationship between the thoughts expressed in the main sentences (a and b)? They are in a relationship of subordination, and being equivalent, they only mutually reinforce and complement each other.

What can we say about the syntactic side of this period? The syntactic connection here is expressed by adverbs: Firstly, Secondly etc.

So, when used sequential period?

I. When they want to point out subsequence some phenomena and events.

II. When they want to tell several homogeneous thoughts about any phenomenon or event.

Exercise No. 2. Compose two examples for a sequential period.

11. Separatingperiod. An example of this could be next period:

« All the movements of the swan are full of charm: will start whether he drinks and, scooping up water with his nose, raises his head up and stretches his neck; will start whether swim, dive and splash with its mighty wings, scattering far away splashes of water rolling off its fluffy body; will dissolve whether the wing flies through the air, like a long slanting sail, and begins to touch every feather in it with its nose, airing and drying it in the sun - everything is picturesquely magnificent in it” (Aksakov). No. 21.

As soon as we read this period, the union will immediately catch our eye “ whether", repeated several times. This dividing conjunction expresses the grammatical connection between the sentences included in a given period. Besides the union whether, the grammatical connection can also be expressed by other conjunctions, namely: or, or, That.

What does the separation period generally represent from the logical side? It usually presumably indicated or several (equally probable) reasons, or several (equally important) circumstances.

So, for example, in this period several equally important, equally significant circumstances are indicated (about the swan: a) drinks whether water, b) bathes is he, c) dissolves whether wings, etc. - everything is great about it).

Exercise No. 3. Write two examples for the separation period.

Simple and complex period

Until now, we have considered the types of periods without dividing them into simple and complex. Now we need to point out this division as well.

Let's take two periods and analyze them.

« Moscow, - the heart of Russia, the first-throne Russian city with the treasured Kremlin and sacred sights ( promotion), always will be precious for every Russian person who loves his fatherland ( demotion)". No. 1.

« Despite on the prudent measures taken by John III to get rid of Akhmatova’s anger; despite to the flight of the enemy, to the integrity of the army and power, - Muscovites having fun and celebrating, were not completely satisfied with the sovereign(promotion): for they thought that in this case he did not show the courage and fiery zeal characteristic of great souls to sacrifice himself for honor, for the glory of the fatherland ( demotion)" (Karamzin). No. 2.

The first period is simple period, and the second - difficult. Why?

Let's take No. 1. There is no period in it either in rise or fall. The main sentence in it is one: “Moscow is precious for a Russian person,” with the subject being in the ascending position, and the predicate in the depressing position.

And so such a period, in which neither increase nor decrease constitute in turn a period, called simple.

Let's take No. 2. In it, the increase in turn contains a period.

And so such a period, in which either an increase or a decrease(or finally both) represent a period in themselves, called complex.

Exercise No. 4. Write two examples each for the simple and complex periods.

Related information.

Handbook of the Russian language. Punctuation Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

SECTION 13 Punctuation marks in the period

Punctuation marks in period

In a period (as a rule, a polynomial complex sentence, intonationally divided into two parts - rising and falling) they are usually placed comma and dash between parts and comma or semicolon within the parts (members) of the period. The following cases are possible:

1. comma and dash, and between its members - semicolon:

No matter how hard it was for Princess Marya to leave this world of solitary contemplation in which she had lived until now, no matter how pitiful and as if she was ashamed to leave Natasha alone, the worries of life demanded her participation, and she involuntarily surrendered to them(L.T.);

Steppes that have no end, where everything spreads out into a wide and endless plain, where people meet as if to enlarge the surrounding space even more; steppes rustling with grass almost as tall as the trees; steppes, where herds and herds graze, which no one has counted for centuries and the owners do not know the real number - these steppes saw among them Genghis Khan, who made a vow in front of crowds of narrow-eyed, flat-faced, broad-shouldered, short Mongols to conquer the world(G.).

2. The period in which there are between increases and decreases comma and dash, and between its members - commas:

No matter how hard people tried, having gathered several hundred thousand in one small place, to disfigure the land on which they huddled, no matter how hard they stoned the ground so that nothing would grow on it, no matter how they cleared away any growing grass, no matter how much they smoked coal and oil. no matter how they trimmed the trees and drove out all the animals and birds, spring was spring even in the city(L.T.).

3. The period in which both the increase and decrease, and between its terms, stand commas:

I was so cheerful and proud all that day, I so vividly retained on my face the feeling of Zinaida’s kisses, I remembered her every word with such a shudder of delight, I so cherished my unexpected happiness that I even became scared, I didn’t even want to see her, the culprit of these new sensations(T.);

No matter how much my father wanted to fulfill the promise given to his mother, whom he dearly loved, no matter how much he wanted to go to Bagrovo, to his home, to his farm, to his village way of life, to his village activities and pleasures, the thought of disobeying Praskovya Ivanovna did not enter in his head(Ax.).

As the last two examples show, a comma is placed at the junction of raising and lowering in the case when the lowering begins with a conjunction (subordinating or coordinating).

Before the second part of the complex union if...then can be placed comma and dash:If the old leaves rustled under your feet, if different branches turned red, if the willows turned around<…>, - that means there is movement in the birches, and there is no point in spoiling the birch(Priv.).

From the book Handbook of the Russian Language. Punctuation author Rosenthal Dietmar Elyashevich

SECTION 1 Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech § 1. Period 1. A period is placed at the end of a complete sentence declarative sentence: A dark leaden mass is crawling towards the sun. Lightning flashes here and there in red zigzags. Distant can be heard

From the author's book

SECTION 3 Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members In sentences with homogeneous members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, semicolon, dash,

From the author's book

SECTION 4 Punctuation marks for repeated words § 16. Comma for repeated words 1. A comma is placed between repeated words pronounced with the intonation of enumeration and denoting: 1) the duration of the action: But he rode, rode, and Zhadrin was not in sight (P.);

From the author's book

SECTION 5 Punctuation marks in sentences with dissociated members In sentences with isolated members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma,

From the author's book

SECTION 6 Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members In sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma,

From the author's book

SECTION 7 Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to members

From the author's book

SECTION 8 Punctuation marks for interjections, particles, affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words § 28. Interjections and particles 1. The interjection is separated or set off by commas if pronounced without exclamatory intonation: Wow, guys, thief!

From the author's book

SECTION 9 Punctuation marks in a compound

From the author's book

SECTION 10 Punctuation marks in a complex sentence § 33. Comma between the main and subordinate parts of a complex sentence 1. The subordinate part of a complex sentence is separated or highlighted by commas: While the wife was preparing breakfast, Danilov

From the author's book

SECTION 11 Punctuation marks for phrases other than subordinate clause complex

From the author's book

SECTION 12 Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence The following punctuation marks are used in a non-union complex sentence: comma, semicolon, colon,

From the author's book

SECTION 14 Punctuation marks for direct speech § 47. Direct speech after the author’s words 1. Direct speech is highlighted in quotation marks if it goes in a line (in a selection): Vladimir Sergeevich... looked at his man with bewilderment and said in a hasty whisper: “Go find out who This"

From the author's book

SECTION 15 Punctuation marks for quotations § 54. Quotation marks for quotations 1. Quotations are enclosed in quotation marks. If the quotation is framed as direct speech, that is, accompanied by the words of the author citing it, then the appropriate punctuation rules apply (see § 47 - 50): Belinsky wrote:

From the author's book

From the author's book

SECTION 19 Optional punctuation marks A feature of Russian punctuation is that the same sign can be used for different purposes (multifunctional punctuation marks), however different signs can be used for the same purpose

From the author's book

SECTION 21 Punctuation marks in texts, colloquial speech Various difficulties arise in the punctuation of colloquial texts. In some cases, it seems possible to find some relationships between the structures of colloquial speech and

Lesson objectives:

1. Introduce students during a collective research work with a period sentence as a special type of complex sentence, its structure, intonation and punctuation.
2. Show the stylistic possibilities of the period sentence.
3. Raise general level development and culture of students, to cultivate a love for the Russian word.

During the classes

1.Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

2. Collective research work.

1) A sentence is projected onto the screen:

Who (not, not) ever (wasn’t) on the top of Ivan the Great, who (not, not) ever (didn’t) happen to take one look at our ancient capital from end to end, who (n_) once (not, not) admired this majesty (n, nn) ​​oh, almost (in)visible p_n_frame, - he (does not) have a clue about Moscow. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

2) Complete tasks:

1. Write down the sentence and explain the missing letters.
2. How did you understand the expression “at the top of Ivan the Great”?
3. Choose a synonym for the word panorama.
4. Parse the sentence.
5. Indicate the parts of the sentence as part of a complex sentence.
6. What is the intonation pattern of this sentence?

Which sign cannot you explain yet? (Dash)

3. Generalization based on the results of the research work. Offer, similar to that

What we have written down is called a period (from the Greek periodos - circle, detour, rotation). This is a relatively complete, semantically complete, complex sentence, clearly divided into two opposite parts. The first part consists of a number of homogeneous units and is pronounced in a rising tone, followed by a pause, the second part of the sentence is pronounced in a lower tone. The first part of the period is called an increase, the second - a decrease.

Such an intonation pattern forms a circle, as it were, since the period opens and closes in the same way in an even pronunciation.

The period is used in artistic and journalistic styles, in upbeat, emotionally expressive speech.

A comma and a dash are placed between the first and second parts of the period.

4. Fixing the material.

1) Work on the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “When the yellowing field is agitated...”
When the yellowing field is agitated,
And the fresh forest rustles with the sound of the breeze,
And the raspberry plum is hiding in the garden

Under the sweet shade of the green leaf;
On a ruddy evening or morning at the golden hour,
From under a bush I get a silver lily of the valley
Shakes his head affably;

When the icy spring plays along the ravine
And, plunging my thoughts into some kind of vague dream,
Babbles a mysterious saga to me
About the peaceful land from which he rushes, -

Then the anxiety of my soul is humbled,
Then the wrinkles on the forehead disperse, -
And I can comprehend happiness on earth,
And in the heavens I see God...

A). Read the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov expressively out loud, having previously drawn up its intonation pattern.

b). What is this syntactic construction called? Prove it.

V). Indicate the parts of the sentence as part of a complex sentence. Highlight punctuation marks, explain the placement of dashes.

2) Find a period in A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” (chapter 4, stanza 13), write it down, find parts of the period. Explain the stylistic function of this period. Perform a punctuation analysis of the sentence.

Whenever life around home
I wanted to limit;
When would I be a father, a husband?
A pleasant lot has decreed;
When would a family picture
I was captivated for just one moment, -
That's right, except for you alone
I was looking for no other bride.
I will say without madrigal sparkles:
Found my former ideal,
I would probably choose you alone
To the friends of my sad days,
All the best as a pledge,
And I would be happy... as much as I could!

3. Constructing a proposal. Complete the sentence so that the first part of the period consists of 3 parts. Please note that the lexical content of the period sentence must be in harmony with this means of emotional speech.

If we have become literate and well-mannered, if we have learned to be friends and value..., if we understand that it depends on us..., then we owe all this....

4. “Test of the pen”

Periodic speech is often used in poetry for children. It can be very simple and clear:

If frost breathes on the glass,
If snow makes the bushes hard,
If mom is wearing a down shawl, -
This means that the month is February.
(E. Trutneva)

Try to compose a period poem on the theme “Spring”.

If the sun shines brightly
If it's already hot in your fur coat,
If people have no time for sleep, -
This means spring has come to us.

5. Lesson summary.

6. Homework:

Write a period sentence in prose or poetry with temporary or conditional clauses, conveying your feelings in it - joy, admiration, etc. Make intonation, syntactic and punctuation analyzes of the sentence.

References.

1. N. Kozhina. Stylistics of the Russian language. M. Enlightenment. 1993
2. D. E. Rosenthal, I. B. Golub. Secrets of style. M. Iris. 1996
3. S. N. Ikonnikov. Stylistics in the course of the Russian language. M. Enlightenment. 1979

As is known, in the system of modern Russian punctuation there are 10 punctuation marks: period, comma, semicolon, ellipsis, colon, question mark, exclamation mark, dash, parentheses and quotation marks.

The oldest sign is dot. It is found in monuments of ancient Russian writing. However, its use at that time differed from the modern one: the dot was placed not at the bottom of the line, but above - in the middle of it. In addition, let me remind you that at that time even individual words were not separated from each other.

For example: the holiday is approaching... (Arkhangelsk Gospel, XI century). Dahl gives this explanation of the word point:

“POT (poke) f., an icon from an injection, from sticking to something with the point, tip of a pen, pencil; small speck."

It is no coincidence that the root -exactly- included in the names of such signs as semicolon, colon, ellipsis. And in the Russian language of the 16th–18th centuries, a question mark was called interrogative point, exclamation – point of surprise. In grammatical works of the 16th century, the doctrine of punctuation marks was called "the doctrine of the power of points" or " about point intelligence."

Comma considered the most common punctuation mark.

According to P. Ya. Chernykh, the word comma– this is the result of substantivization (transition into a noun) of the passive past participle of the verb comma (xia)– “to catch”, “to touch”, “to stab”. V. I. Dal connects this word with verbs wrist, commas, stutter– “stop”, “delay”.

In the Russian language, most of the punctuation marks we know today appear in the 16th–18th centuries. So , brackets found in monuments of the 16th century. Previously, this sign was called “roomy”.

Colon How separator mark begins to be used from the end of the 16th century. It is mentioned in the grammars of Laurentius Zizanius, Meletius Smotritsky, as well as in the first Russian grammar of the 18th century.

Exclamation mark noted to express exclamation (surprise) also in the grammars of M. Smotritsky.

Question mark to express the question was fixed only in the 18th century.

Later signs include dash And ellipsis. There is an opinion that the dash was invented by N.M. Karamzin. However, it has been proven that this sign was found in the Russian press already in the 60s years XVIII century, and N.M. Karamzin only contributed to the popularization and consolidation of the functions of this sign. Initially, the dash was called “silent”.

Ellipsis sign entitled " stop sign" noted in 1831 in the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov, although its use is found in writing practice much earlier.

No less interesting is the history of the appearance of the sign, which later received the namequotes. The word quotation marks in the meaning of a musical note (hook) sign is found in the 16th century, but in the meaning of a punctuation mark it began to be used only at the end of the 18th century. It is assumed that the initiative to introduce this punctuation mark into the practice of Russian written speech (as well asdash) belongs to N. M. Karamzin. Scientists believe that the origin of this word is not entirely clear. Comparison with the Ukrainian name pawka makes it possible to assume that it is derived from the verbto waddle – “to hobble”, “to limp”. Thus, quotes – „ traces of duck or frog legs,” “hook,” “squiggle.”