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In China itself, kung fu began to be practiced at the Shaolin Monastery, in Honan Province, in central China. Obviously in China art hand-to-hand combat was brought by Buddhist monks from India in the 3rd or 4th century BC. Some historians believe that it came to India with the arrival of the soldiers of Alexander the Great. The "Monastic Fist", as it was formerly called, was not widely known in China until Shaolin was destroyed by imperial troops in 575. And only a few monks managed to escape then.

It was a difficult time. The monks who developed kung fu movements into the form of alternating exercises taught their methods local residents, so that they could protect themselves from rampant feudal lords or robbers wandering along the roads. These kung fu techniques are most likely of the "soft" type; The "hard" style developed in northern China, perhaps in Mongolia it is much more aggressive, a more attacking fighting style.

As a rule, masters practicing northern styles pay a lot of attention to the technique of kicks and defense with their feet, quickly attack and instantly break the distance, use kicks in a high jump, as well as acrobatic jumps and somersaults, while the masters of the south prefer deep defensive stances with with legs spread wide apart, using punches from a short distance, kicks no higher than the waist. Perhaps the most famous representative of the northern styles is the Eagle Claw clan. Their technique includes various strikes to the eyes, similar to those of an eagle, and they also very quickly grab the throat and choke. The originator of this style was allegedly a man named Yu Fei, who lived from 1103 to 1141. With its striking, grappling and choking, this style is not very different from modern jiu-jitsu. During the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644), Lai Cheyong combined the Eagle Claw style with a style he called Faan Ci. This system is effective due to its amazing punches and kicks, which are delivered while jumping high. In total, taken together, there may be five hundred various styles and kung fu systems. About 400 years ago, this art penetrated to Okinawa, and from there to Japan, where it became known in 1917 as karate and jiu-jitsu.

Boxing with kicks is also known in Thailand and Europe, but kung fu techniques, extraordinary in their sophistication and sophistication, are undoubtedly the privilege of China. For many reasons, the Chinese are always reluctant to reveal the secrets of kung fu to foreigners. Over the past century, many Chinese have immigrated to California and other Western states, where they have often been the target of brutal persecution and pogroms, usually perpetrated by people who saw these friendly, hard-working people as harbingers of the approaching Yellow Peril, but most importantly by the people of America saw them only as cheap labor. China itself has been the target of increasing exploitation by Western countries, especially Britain.

Beginning in 1870, secret societies began to arise in China, practicing kung fu and other martial arts in the hope that this would help them expel foreigners from their ancient land.

Etymology

Literally translated from Chinese language, “kung” (“gun”, “gong”) (功 ) gives the meaning of “strength”, “power”, as well as “achievements” and “results” of activity, work, “fu” (夫 ) gives the meaning of person. Hieroglyphs are combined to describe any acquired skill, achievements gained through hard work over a long period of time, including the art of mastering one's body, mind and energy in order to gain superiority in hand-to-hand combat.

Counts that the term "kung fu" was not used in China in the sense of "Chinese martial arts"before the 20th century, in this meaning the term is not found in ancient texts. IN modern meaning the term first came into use in the West after it was reported l French Jesuit missionary Jean Joseph Marie Amiot, in the 18th century. The term was rarely used until the late 1960s, when it gained worldwide fame and popularity through Hong Kong films starring Bruce Lee and later the Kung Fu television series. IN Currently, the term is widely used in the sense of “Chinese martial art” in China and the world, being a symbol of the achievements of the Chinese nation in the field of martial arts.

Story

The founder of kung fu as a martial art is believed to be the Indian monk Bodhidharma, known in China as Damo. According to legend, he was a prince from South India, but he refused the royal title and inheritance, choosing for himself simple life Buddhist monk. He traveled extensively throughout India, preaching and spreading the teachings of Buddhism. In those days, Indian monks often traveled to China to spread Buddhist teachings.

In 520 AD e. Bodhidharma left India and went to China. There he settled in the Shaolin Monastery. The local monks seemed to him physically weak and unable to withstand the ascetic life of Buddhists. Then he offered the monks a complex physical exercise, to improve the health and stamina of the monks. The exercises turned out to be very effective and the monks began to do them regularly, bringing their skills to perfection. Gradually, based on these physical exercises, a system of self-defense was developed.

The students were taught that those who could master kung fu would be able to overcome everything in their path, and a holy rage gripped the hearts of these young guys who believed that they were stronger than foreign bombs and bullets, that they could defeat their own enemies with bare fists and swift feet. Some instructors sometimes went to the point of complete nonsense, convincing their students that bullets would not be able to hit them. strong bodies no harm. All this led to the fact that at the beginning of the century thousands of young Chinese challenged the developed industrial powers, including England and America. This event was called the Boxer Rebellion. And, of course, they all died in unequal battles.

Most of us, since physical education lessons at school, are accustomed to breathing full breasts: hands up, take in more air, exhale; inhaled again, etc. However, try to breathe like this for a while - your head will spin. Why? Because we violate our natural breathing pattern; With rapid breathing, the brain is oversaturated with oxygen. With a lack of carbon dioxide, the metabolic processes, coordination is lost and you can even fall, losing your balance. On Far East The “belly” type of breathing is adopted. Breathing practice very much attention is paid in combat

arts, and, apparently, this is why you can often see a rounded tummy in old masters (for example, in engravings depicting samurai), but this is not at all due to obesity. Approximately three fingers below the navel is the “dan tien” point, which is considered energy center body. Reach through correct breathing feelings of heaviness and then warmth, focusing the center of gravity of the body at this point while performing martial movements is an indispensable condition for mastering mastery in martial arts.

Let's start and we are ours breathing exercises from diaphragmatic breathing, i.e. breathing bottom belly. To do this, you need to stand up straight, relax and exhale all the air from your lungs. Then we begin inhaling in three stages: first, “inflates” Bottom part the abdomen (peritoneum), then the middle part (diaphragm) and only then we complete the inhalation with the chest. Inhalation is done slowly, through the nose, in a natural rhythm.

Kung Fu Giants

Liang Yi Quan, born in 1931, is known as one of the "Top Ten Masters of China". He began studying traditional kung fu at an early age under the guidance of his father. Received a state award for outstanding contributions to wushu. Known as the author of the books "Shaolin Quan Fa", "Wushu Jiao Tshai" and others.

Kung Fu is an ancient Chinese martial art. If you want to learn this art, but there is no sports school nearby, or you cannot afford to pay for classes, or you are too busy, you can learn kung fu on your own. It won't be easy, but it will be worth it.

Steps

Part 1

Basics

1. Make room for your workouts. Since you'll be jumping and kicking and punching a lot, you'll need some space. An area of ​​3 by 3 meters will be sufficient.

   • If you don't have empty room for training, clear one of the corners of any room (move from this corner all objects that you do not want to break and that could injure you).

2. Buy a punching bag. At first you can do without it (since you will be throwing punches in the air), but then you will still need it to practice punches.

   • You can hang the bulb from the ceiling or buy a bulb that sits on the floor.

3. Find instructions. Of course, training with a trainer is The best way learn kung fu, but you can master this martial art on your own (if you are a persistent and purposeful person). Buy a DVD, watch online videos, or look for training instructions on kung fu school websites. On school websites you will find short videos that will teach you basic movements.

   • It's best to find instructions from multiple sources. There are different schools of kung fu, so you need to choose the training method that suits you best. Moreover, there are many kung fu “experts” online who are not actually kung fu experts. By choosing multiple sources, you will ensure that your movements and strikes are performed correctly.

4. Choose what you will focus on first. You shouldn’t take on everything at once - this is a rather difficult task. Once you have mastered some stances, decide if you want to concentrate on learning jumping, kicking, or punching.

   • We recommend making a training plan. For example, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays you will practice stances and kicks. And on Tuesdays and Thursdays you will work on balance and flexibility.

   Part 2

   Basic training

   1. Work on your balance and flexibility. Balance in kung fu is necessary in order to take stances correctly. To control your balance, do yoga. Don't think that these are minor exercises - they will help you succeed in learning kung fu.

      • To develop flexibility, start each workout with a warm-up and stretching exercises. Warm-up may include running, jumping and push-ups. Then move on to muscle stretching exercises. This will keep you from getting hurt and will make your body more flexible, allowing you to kick higher and allow your body to bend better.

   2. Master multiple stances. Proper stance is the foundation of any martial art. You will not be able to move correctly if your stance is incorrect. The first three stances described are not intended for combat; they are designed for traditional kung fu and weapon combat.

      • Rider pose. Bend your knees about 30 degrees, place your feet slightly wider than shoulder-width apart, bend your arms and press your elbows towards your body. Hold your fists with your palms facing up. Straighten your back (as if you were sitting on a horse).
      • Front pillar. Bend your knees and abduct left leg back. Hold your right fist in front of your face and your left fist at chest level. Rearrange your legs so that your left leg is in front. After this, rearrange your hands accordingly.
      • Pose "Cheating Leg". Place your right leg slightly back and transfer your body weight to it. Place your left foot slightly forward and touch the floor only with your left toes. Keep your fists in front of your face (like in boxing). If someone attacks you, you will defend with your left foot.
      • Fighting stance. Very similar to a boxer's stance: one leg slightly in front of the other, fists at face level, knees relaxed.

   3. Practice punches. The force of the blow depends on the position of the hips. Just like boxing, kung fu has jabs, uppercuts and hooks.

      • Jab. Take a fighting stance, place your left foot in front of your right, bend your knees, turn your hip towards your opponent and throw out your left fist, and then immediately your right (while turning your right hip).
      • Hook. Take a fighting stance, place your left foot in front of your right, turn your hips back and strike to the left with your right hand bent at the elbow.
      • Uppercut. Take a fighting stance, lower your fist and strike upward to the opponent's chin. At the same time, rotate your hips slightly.

   4. Practice blocks. Blocks vary depending on what strike you are blocking. Any attacking blow is blocked in a fighting stance. In this position, you are able to protect your face and reduce the effectiveness of your opponent's blows.

      • Blocking jabs, uppercuts and hooks is very similar to that in boxing. Block such blows with a bent arm; with the other hand you can strike back.
      • Use both hands to block elbows and kicks. Keep them bent at face level and rotate your hip towards the opponent's strike. This will protect your face and hurt your opponent.

   5. Practice your kicks. Such strikes are one of the most exciting aspects of kung fu. Here are the three basic kicks.

      • Kick-step. Stand in front of a punching bag. Step forward with your left foot and then kick right side pears on the inner surface of the foot. Repeat the move with your right leg.
      • Kick-stomp. Stand in front of a punching bag. Step forward with your left leg, and then lift (in front of your body) your right leg, bent at the knee. Apply a sharp blow to the bag (“stomp” on it).
      • Side impact. Take a fighting stance with your left foot forward. Shift your weight to your left foot and use your right foot to kick the bag at shoulder level. Stay in this position ( right leg raised) to practice balance.

   6. Practice throwing combinations of punches (in the air and on the punching bag). First, learn how to throw punches in the air correctly, and then move on to punching the bag. If you are tired, take a break.

      • After you have thoroughly practiced punching the punching bag, find a sparring partner. Don't forget to wear protection (if you have one), or ask your partner to wear special gloves so that you can practice punches (hands and feet) with them.

   Part 3

   Basic movements

   1. "The Dragon". This movement serves to intimidate the opponent. While moving, you must look directly at the opponent. Here's how it's done:

      • Get into horseback position, but place your legs wider and bend them more (squat deeper).
      • Throw your wrist out (as you would with a jab), but bend your fingers into a claw shape rather than a fist.
      • Come out of the squat and deliver a side kick to the opponent's stomach area.

   2. "Snake". This is a backward movement with the head raised up when struck (as a snake does).

      • Spread your legs, place your right leg behind your left. Shift your weight to hind leg. Keep your knees bent.
      • Hold your hands as if you want to punch through your opponent. Throw it away right hand forward.
      • Block your opponent by grabbing his arm and deliver a stomp.

   3. "Leopard". This movement will allow you to retreat if necessary.

      • Take a fighting stance, but place your feet wider and shift your body weight to your back leg.
      • When throwing a punch, shift your body weight to your front leg and punch with the knuckles of your open hand (not your fist). Perform this strike carefully, or you will injure your hand.

   4. "Crane". A passive move used when an enemy approaches you.

      • Get into Leg Cheat pose, but place your feet close together to hide the cheat leg.
      • Raise your arms to the sides, distracting your opponent.
      • As your opponent approaches, strike with a "deception" leg (that is, a leg that rests on the ground only with its toes).

   5. "Tiger". Fast and efficient movement.

      • Take a fighting stance, but place your feet wider. Basically, you have to kind of crouch down.
      • Keep your hands at shoulder level; Fold your fingers into a claw shape (which points outward).
      • Throw a jab-jab combo followed by a side kick to the opponent's neck.

   Part 4

   Philosophy

   1. Know that there are two main schools of kung fu. On non-training days, read classic literature in kung fu and martial arts, such as Sun Tzu, Bruce Lee, Tak Wah Eng, David Chow and Lam Sai Wing. You will get an idea of ​​two schools of kung fu.

      • Shaolin. This is the oldest kung fu school. She is known for “external” movements and workouts aimed at strengthening muscles, ligaments and tendons. This school symbolizes what most people think of kung fu.
      • Wu Dong. It's not that old school that interprets the original Kung Fu concepts. She is known for "internal" movements and workouts aimed at strengthening and controlling vitality(chi). This school focuses on meditation, contemplation (Zen) and inner strength.

   2. Compare your movements with the movements of animals. This comparison is at the heart of kung fu. It will also direct your thinking in the right direction and force you to use your full potential.

      • Rumor has it that there is an athlete in New Zealand who once dug a hole about a meter deep and jumped in and out of it. Gradually he made the hole deeper and deeper and step by step he turned into a kangaroo man. You have to think about the animals not only during the fight, but also during training.

   3. Meditate . Japanese samurai used meditation to improve their fighting skills. They believed (and not without reason) that meditation would help them develop tactics for a future battle. Meditation clears your mind and helps you gain peace of mind and strength, so it is recommended to meditate for about 15 minutes daily.

      • Imagine a car accident. When it happens, time seems to slow down. This is the state of meditation. This calm state very useful during a fight because everything slows down and you can react faster.

   4. Train, train and train some more. This is the only way to succeed in kung fu. The movements themselves may seem useless. But if you train daily, meditate, read literature, this will become your way of life (then you will wonder how you lived without kung fu).

      • Practice punching in the air, on the punching bag, and with a sparring partner.
      • Correct mistakes in movements and strikes. Watch the instructions to make sure you do everything correctly. Otherwise you will learn something other than kung fu.

Wushu (武术) is common name for all martial arts existing in China. IN different time For the same purpose, different terms were used - wui (武艺), goshu (国术), etc. - therefore it is absolutely wrong to look for some deep philosophical meaning in the writing.

About names

Other names:

• Wu-shu, woo-shi, wu-shi - incorrect transcription.
• Kung Fu (in Cantonese), Gong Fu (in official Chinese) - literally “work on oneself/training”, also means the result of hard training, in Hong Kong it is used to refer to wushu, a variant of kung fu is also used.
• Guo-shu - literally "country art/national art"; a term used to refer to Chinese martial arts during the Republic of China, currently used in Taiwan.
• Wuyi literally means “martial art,” an old term from the time of Imperial China.
• Quan-fa (literally "fist techniques") or Quan-shu (literally "fist art") is one of the branches of wushu, sometimes this word is used as a synonym for all wushu. Interestingly, the same characters are used in the word kempo, which is a Japanese reading of the name chuan-fa, used in combination with kempo-karate to name the animal styles of Okinawan karate, derived from wushu.
• In addition, the word kempo has become synonymous with any martial arts or martial arts in the world.

Kung Fu and Wu Shu

In the Russian language, a tradition has developed to define the term “kung fu” as a martial art, and the term “wu-shu” as a set of gymnastic exercises; although they, in fact, constitute a single, integral system of physical and spiritual improvement. According to a half-joking definition, "kung fu is wushu performed at a fast pace."

Types and styles

Sports Wushu

• Wushu-sanda (sanshou)

These two branches can be classified as sports wushu.

Wushu-taolu is a sport that resembles rhythmic gymnastics. Participants compete in performing complex movements made up of movements of various styles of wushu with the addition of acrobatic elements; marks are given for the complexity of the movements, the clarity of their execution, the theatricality of the execution, etc. In addition to competitions for performing complexes alone, there are also types of competitions such as team performance of complexes and staged fights (duilian).

Sanda- This is sports sparring. Fights are held in full contact in protective equipment, including: a helmet with protection for the chin and temples, a mouth guard, boxing gloves (the weight of the gloves depends on the weight category of the participant), a breastplate (vest), groin protection, and possibly bandaging the shins and thighs ( according to medical indications). All participants are distributed depending on weight categories. Appraisal technique: kick to the head or body (2 points), punch to the body or head (1 point), kick to the thigh (1 point). Throwing technique is allowed. Capture time is no more than 4 seconds. It is scored as follows: the opponent throws, the athlete remains on his feet - 2 points. Throw with a fall from above - 1 point. Sweeps are allowed. Fighting on the ground is prohibited. The fight takes place at least two rounds of 2 minutes each. A third round is possible. If the score is open (knockdown), both technique (strike, throw) and knockdown (2 points) are assessed. An athlete wins a fight if: he knocks out his opponent, wins two rounds, the opponent is disqualified or drops out due to injury. An athlete wins the round if: the opponent received two knockdowns in the round, the opponent’s total penalty points are more than 6, due to overwhelming technical superiority, two exits from the area. Prohibited actions: blows with the knee, elbow, to the base of the skull (back of the head), groin, spine. Fighting on the ground. Fines: remark (1 point to the opponent), warning (2 points to the opponent), leaving the court (2 points to the opponent). More than two exits from the court - the round is lost. More than two knockdowns in a round - the round is lost, more than 3 in a fight - the fight is lost.

• Shuaijiao (wrestling)
• Tuishou
• Duanbing (fights with short weapons)

Traditional Wushu and Qigong

• Baguazhang (Eight Trigrams Palm)
• Baimeiquan (Baimei's Fist)
• Bamenquan (Fist of the Eight Gates)
• Bajiquan (Fist of Eight Limits)
• Gouquan (Dog Fist)
• Gongliquan (Fist of internal and external development)
• Duandaquan (Short Punch Fist)
• Yiquan, (Fist of Will) aka Dachengquan(Fist of Great Achievement)
• Yingzhaoquan (Eagle Claw Fist)
• Liuhebafaquan (六合八法拳) Fist of Six Correspondences, Eight Methods
• Liuhequan (Fist of those wearing a six-blade cap)
• Liangyiquan (兩儀拳/两仪拳) http://www.wudangtao.net/liangyi
• Mizongquan (Fist of the Lost Trace), aka Yanqingquan(Yan Qing's Fist)
• Meihuazhuang (Fist on meihua plum pillars)
• Piguaquan (Fist of chopping and hanging)
• Sanhuangpaochui (Cannon Strikes of the Three Emperors)
• Xingyiquan (Fist of Formed Will)
• Xinyiquan (心意拳) Fist of Heart and Will
• Sunbinquan (Fist of General Sun Bin)
• Taijiquan (Fist of the Great Limit)
• Taizuquan (Fist of Emperor Taizu)
• Tanglangquan (Mantis Fist)
• Tantui
• Tongbiquan (Fist throwing force through hands)
• Tongbeiquan (Fist of Through Training)
• Wuzuquan (Fist of the Five Ancestors)
• Wujiaquan (Fist of the Wu Family)
• Fanziquan (Turning Fist)
• Huaquan (Fist of Hua Zong)
• Huaquan (Flourishing Fist)
• Hongjiaquan (Fist of the Hong Family)
• Hongquan (Red Fist, or Fist of Hong)
• Huquan (Tiger Fist)
• Hequan (Crane Fist)
• Tsaylifo (Fist of the Tsai, Li, Fo schools)
• Jinshiquan (Golden Lion Fist)
• Chaquan (Fist of Cha-world)
• Changjiaquan (Chang Family Martial Art)
• Chojiaoquan (Sticking Fist)
• Shaolinquan (Fist of Shaolin Monastery)
• Shuaijiao
• Shejiaquan (fist of the nationality she)
• Yunchunquan (Fist of Eternal Spring)

Famous wushu masters

• Yan Xizhai (-)
• Huang Baijia (-?)
• Chen Wangting (?-)
• Cao Jiu (late 17th - early 18th centuries)
• Wu Zhong
• Gan Fengchi
• Chiang Naizhou (-)
• Sun Tong
• Qi Xin
• Feng Keshan (-)
• Song Mailun (-)
• Wang Zhiguo (c. -?)
• Liang Xuexiang
• Zhao Sanduo (-)
• Tsai Yuming (-; according to other sources -)
• Miaoxing(1875-1933) nicknamed Wenhao, people called him the "Golden Arhat". From Dengfeng County, Henan Province. Since childhood, he has been involved in martial arts, also engaged in literary work, and studied Buddhist teachings. Having reached adulthood, he went on a journey and improved himself in martial arts. A few years later he came to the Shaolin Monastery, shaved his head and became a monk, received instructions from the abbot of Henglin, studied methods of fighting with a pole stuck into a mountain, the Arhats' fist, methods of influencing points, painful techniques associated with influencing bones, qinna, qigong, became big master. When Henlin passed into nirvana in 1923, Miaoxing became the new abbot. He broke the tradition of not transmitting secret techniques to the outside world, began to widely teach monks and laymen, and spread Shaolin Wushu. In 1933 he went into nirvana. He left behind the manuscripts “Explanation of the Shaolin Fist” and “Explanation of the Shaolin Pole.” The “Instructions on Luohanquan” written in Miaoxing’s hand have been passed down to this day.
• Tong Zhongyi(1879-1963) nicknamed Liangchen. Manchu. His ancestors were from Shenyang, Liaoning Province, but in the sixth generation moved to Cangzhou, Hebei Province. The art of fighting Shuai Jiao and medical knowledge were passed down in the family. Tong Zhongyi studied family arts since childhood, studied liuhequan, was skilled in Shuai Jiao and ball throwing. In 1904, in Fengtian (present-day Shenyang), he began to earn a living as a security guard. In 1910, he became the second most senior Wushu teacher of the palace guards. Since 1911 - chiropractor of the 1st cavalry regiment of the Chahar province. In 1917 - trainer of wushu and shuaijiao in Anhui province. In subsequent years, he worked as a teacher of Wushu and Shuaijiao in various army units. In 1927, he defeated a Japanese judo master in Shanghai, founded the Zhongyi Fist Arts Society and the All-China Shuaijiao Society, and taught military equipment and medicine. In 1928, he was among the people recognized as the best at the All-China “Gausha Tests.” After that, he worked at the Shanghai Guoshu Institute, taught wushu in various educational institutions, taught Shuaijiao at the Jingwu Association. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tong Zhongyi worked in various organizations involved in the development of wushu and Chinese medicine. Author of the work “Chinese Wrestling Techniques” shuaijiao».

famous Wushu figures of the 20th century

• Chen Gongzhe(1880-?) from Xiangshan (present Zhongshan County) Guangdong Province. At the age of six he was already helping his older sisters trade, at the age of nine he moved to Hong Kong with his father, and the next year he returned to his native village. At the age of twenty he came to the Jingwu Athletic School, and later, together with Yao Chanbo and Lu Weichang, he created the Jingwu Association. When the Wuchang Uprising began in 1911 and Sun Zhongshan (Sun Yat-sen) arrived in Shanghai, Chen Gongzhe welcomed him as the representative of Xiangshan. In 1915, together with Yao Chanbo, he founded the Jingwu Association in Shanghai on Peikair Street, and together with Chen Tesheng began publishing a library on fighting methods. Founded Jingwu Park in 1918. In November 1919, he established the Guangdong and Hong Kong Jingwu Association. The following year, he took part in a trip to Vietnam and Singapore and established the Jingwu Association. In 1923, he again took part in a trip to the countries of the southern seas and became an apprentice to Zhang Taiyan. After 1935, he almost did not participate in the work of the Jingwu Association. In 1957, he was a guest at the All-China Wushu Championship, and upon returning to Hong Kong he wrote “The History of Chinese Wushu,” mainly dedicated to the 50-year history of the Jingwu Association.
• Ma Liang
• Zhang Zhijiang(1882-1966) nicknamed Zijian. Originally from Hebei Province. Since childhood, following his grandfather, he studied the “Four Books” and “Pentateuch,” and practiced Taijiquan and Baguazhang. Having grown up, he entered the University ground forces. Since 1901 - in military service, he served in the Northern Regular Army of Cao Kun, in the cavalry units led by Wu Peifu. In 1914, he joined the troops of Feng Yuxiang. He was the commander of a cavalry division, brigade commander, corps commander, commander of the troops of the Chahar province, commander-in-chief National Army, Governor-General of the Northwest Frontier, pacifying Governor-General of Jiangsu Province. In 1927, he left military service and, with the help of Niu Yongjian and Li Jichen, founded the Guoshu Research Institute in Nanjing, which the following year was transformed into the Central Guoshu Institute, with Zhang Zhijiang as rector. Zhang Zhijiang stubbornly fought against the closedness of styles, invited masters of various directions to teach at the Institute, eliminated the initial division of the Institute into Shaolin and Wudang faculties and introduced training according to a scientifically systematized program. Zhang Zhijian stood for a wide scope of study and demanded that students study different styles, training in both complexes and hand-to-hand combat, wrestling, combat with long and short weapons. At the “state tests for gausha” he conducted, there were both complex competitions and duel competitions; those who passed the selection for performing the established complexes took part in the duel competitions. Guided by the idea of ​​joint study of Chinese and Western systems, Zhang Zhijiang organized the “Institution for the Specialized Study of Guoshu” in 1933 (later renamed the “State Pedagogical Institution for the Specialized Study of Guoshu”) and became its head. In 1929, Zhang Zhijian sent special people to Japan to study judo and kendo, as well as study teaching experience, and in 1933 and 1936 he sent teams to demonstrate and promote wushu in Guangdong and Guangxi, Fujian, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia. During the war with Japan, Zhang Zhijiang evacuated the teams of the Central Institute of Guoshu and the Institution for the Specialized Study of Guoshu to the south. In 1948, the closure of the Central Guoshu Institute was announced, and Zhang Zhijiang settled in Shanghai. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Zhang Zhijiang was elected a member of the CPPCC. In 1956, he was the head of the judging committee at the Festival of 12 Wushu teams. Author of the works “Impressions of a trip to the East”, “National art and national difficulties”, “Gosh and sports”.
• Li Jinglin(1885-1931) nicknamed Fanchen. Originally from Hebei Province. At the end of the Qing dynasty, he received military education in Baoding. At various times he served in the barracks of the lower level of the palace guard, as chief of staff for the Governor General of Heilongjiang Province, as a regimental commander in the field army, as a brigade commander and as a division commander in the Fengtian Army. In 1924, during the 2nd Zhili-Fengtian War, he was an army commander, after the war he was the High Commissioner for Military Affairs in Zhili Province, and the commander-in-chief of the united Zhili-Shandong Army. In 1927, Li Jinglin retired from military affairs and, together with such an influential person in military and political circles as Zhang Zhijiang, founded the Guoshu Research Institute in Nanjing, which in the same year was renamed the Central Institute of Guoshu, Li became deputy rector. Since childhood, Li Jinglin was fond of martial arts, especially loved swords. jian. He not only performed complexes with sensitivity, but also skillfully fenced. While Li Jinglin was the deputy rector of the Central Guoshu Institute, he recruited many experts in the field of sword fighting - jian, and the sword complex they created became known as “Wudang Jian.” Li later taught sword art in Nanjing, Shanghai and Jinan. His student Huang Yuanxiu wrote the book “The Main Requirements for Wudang Methods of Sword Action,” where he described the techniques transmitted by Li.
• Zhu Guofu(1891-1968) nicknamed Bingong, originally from Hebei Province. As a child, he became an apprentice to the “iron arhat” Zhang Changfa and studied the Shaolin fist art of arhats. Then he studied with a certain Taoist, studied both medicine and methods of fighting without weapons and with weapons. At the age of 12 he became an apprentice to Ma Yutang and studied Xingyiquan, receiving instructions from Li Cunyi and Zhang Zhangkui. Later he became a student of Sun Lutang and Wang Yuheng and studied bagua, taiji and shuaijiao. In 1928 he was among the best at the “state tests in gauche”. He taught wushu in Feng Yuxiang's "halberdier squad". Later he was the head of the Training Department at the Nanjing Guoshu Institute. During World War II he lived in Chongqing and taught at Chongqing University. After the formation of New China, he became a member of the board of the All-China Wushu Association, chairman of the Chongqing Wushu Association. Author of such works on wushu as “Qinna”, “Treats on Xingyiliuhequan”, “Xingyi Xisui Baojian Qigong”, “Origin and History of Xingyiquan”, “Collection of Guoshu” (4 issues), “The relationship of Guoshu and healing”. Under his editorship, such materials as “Spear Fighting”, “Manjianghong”, “Sanda and Duanbing Training”, “Wuhuapao Pair Complex”, “Pair Complexes with Wudang and Kunwu Swords” were published. "Sports massage"
• Jiang Rongqiao (-)
• Tang Hao(1897-1959) nicknamed Fansheng, nicknamed Lihua, originally from Wu County, Jiangsu Province. In his youth, he diligently studied himself, and during his breaks he liked to practice martial arts. When I came to work in Shanghai, I learned from Liu Zhennan from Dezhou, Shandong Province liuhequan. Later he became director of the Shanghai primary school Shanggong, taught the studied Wushu there, with special emphasis on training in Jiben Gong and acrobatics. In 1927, he was arrested “on suspicion of communism,” but thanks to the intercession of Zhu Guofu, he was released, and later went to Japan to study law and administration, while simultaneously studying judo and kendo. After returning home at the invitation of Zhang Zhijiang, he became the head of the editorial and publishing department of the Central Guoshu Institute. In 1936, the Kuomintang police arrested seven leaders of the All-China National Salvation Association - Shen Junru, Shi Liang and others. Tao Xingzhi and Gu Liuxin were also charged with “threat to national interests.” Tang Hao was not afraid of violence and became Gu Liuxin's protector. In 1941, Shanghai lawyers were unexpectedly detained by the puppet police, and after being arrested by the Japanese gendarme department, they were beaten with whips. After this he had to leave Shanghai and worked as a lawyer in Anhui Province. After the Liberation, Tang Hao returned to Shanghai, became a member of the Executive and Legislative Committee of East China, in 1955 became a consultant to the State Sports Committee, specialized in researching the history of Chinese Wushu and Chinese physical culture, published eight editions of “Materials on the history of physical culture in China.” Due to difficult living conditions, he fell ill in 1959 and died in Beijing.

Tang Hao is the founder of the modern scientific study of the history of Chinese Wushu. Back in the 1920s, while working at the Central Institute of Guoshu, he began writing articles, doing his best to introduce “scientificness” into wushu. In the 1930s, Tang Hao began to diligently study the history of wushu, publishing such works as “Taijiquan and Neijiaquan”, “Studies on Shaolin and Wudang”, “Neijiaquan”, “The Fist Canon of Qi Jiguang”, “A Study of Literature on Chinese Martial Arts”. Through systematic research into the history of Wushu, Tang Hao not only dispelled a number of myths that had obscured the situation for a long time, but also raised new questions. After Liberation, Tang Hao studied Marxism, historical materialism and dialectical materialism, and achieved new successes using the methods available in them. Until now, the achievements achieved by Tang Hao in the study of the history of Wushu and the history of physical culture in China are considered the highest.

• Xu Zhen(1898-1967) nicknamed Zhedong. Originally from Changzhou, Jiangsu Province. He was involved in educational issues and loved martial arts. He was a professor at Guanghua University, Central University, Specialized Institute of Education, Wuhan University, Director of Changzhou Middle School. Xu Zhen sought to learn wushu as much as possible. In 1919, he studied Chaquan and Tantui with Yu Zhensheng and Ma Jinbiao, in 1922 he studied Taijiquan and Xingyiquan with Zhou Xiufeng, later he studied Taijiquan with Yang Shaohou, Hao Yuezhu, Li Yaxuan, with Du Xinwu he studied Zizhanmen techniques, with Tian Zuolin he studied Tongbi quan . Xu Zhen conducted research on the history of Wushu. He is the author of the works “A Little About National Technique”, “Authentic Records of the Study of Taijiquan”, “A Joint Statement of Disputes about Falsehood and Criticism of Laws in Treatises on Taijiquan”.

famous film actors famous popularizers of Wushu in the former Soviet Union

• Stanislav Leonidovich Bereznyuk
• May Mikhailovich Bogachikhin
• Alexey Alexandrovich Maslov

New kempo schools that consider themselves wushu

In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century, in last years existence of the USSR, a number of new schools appeared that officially classified themselves as wushu. Despite the fact that a number of masters of traditional schools called (and call) them impostors, nevertheless, from a Neutral Point of View, these schools are worth mentioning. Moreover, in traditional Wushu there are many self-proclaimed schools that consider themselves to be

There are many secrets and mysteries in all martial arts of the world. In Chinese Kung Fu there are hundreds of times more of them. This is one of the most ancient areas of martial arts, which undoubtedly was born at the dawn of civilizations...

Kung Fu is a Chinese word that is used to describe a whole family of martial arts. This word comes from the original meaning of "gung fu" - the achievement of perfection in any matter by a person through hard work and great effort., it can be either calligraphy or cooking.

In the sense of “Chinese martial arts,” the term kung fu was not used until the early 1970s, when the West became aware of Bruce Lee, the world's greatest martial artist.

The publicly available definition of kungfu as a martial art, and wushu only as a set of acrobatic exercises, is not entirely accurate and objective. In past times, Kung Fu and Wushu were one and the same. Kung Fu and Wushu are considered a branch of Qigong.

Kung Fu is a classical Chinese martial art, which can be learned and practiced by people of all races, cultures and creeds. These are martial arts techniques, diet systems and proper nutrition, various areas of yoga, psychotechnics and Chinese medicine.

Chinese Kung Fu – Philosophy

Ten Commandments of Kung Fu.

• Don't drink wine
• Don't eat meat
• Suppress sexual desires
• Don't be distracted by outside objects
• Honor your mentor and elders
• Do not allow deception in relations with them
• Don't brag about your knowledge
• Do not demonstrate or use your art (for self-defense only)
• Avoid a fight
• Don't teach unworthy people

Based on the 10 commandments of Jiao Yuan, the concept of “Five Qualities of a Warrior” was developed.

Warrior Qualities

• Tenderness is the ability to feel the enemy, anticipate his behavior in order to develop an optimal scheme of one’s actions.
• Directness is the consistent and unwavering implementation of the chosen scheme of actions necessary for victory, without regard to possible personal defeat.
• Impassiveness - conservation peace of mind, gaining the ability to react not to a single action of the enemy, but to see him as a whole, assessing his combat capabilities as a whole.
• Gracefulness is the ability to move and act in a combat situation with the least expenditure of effort.
• Combinatorial thinking- the ability to choose optimal sets of movements, easily change from one system to another, which is especially important when conducting a duel with several opponents.

Kung Fu Styles

There are more than 400 styles of Kung Fu with and without weapons. Most of them were passed down by inheritance, and some still have names derived from the names of the “inventors.”

All kung fu styles can be classified into two areas– southern style and northern style. Southern style - Hop Gar and Hung Gar, similar to what Jackie Chan does in his films. Hung Gar is otherwise called "five animals" because the movements in Hung Gar are similar to those of a tiger, snake, leopard, stork and dragon.

The most popular cartoon Kung Fu Panda was filmed in this direction. People interested in kung fu often turn to the southern style because the movements are faster and more powerful than the northern style.

Let's look at the main styles of Kung Fu. A Kung Fu video will give you a much better understanding of what we're talking about. than the most detailed description. We recommend watching the video excerpt and leaving your comment.

Kung Fu style White Crane

About 370 years ago, female martial artist Ti Nian Fang, understood the essence of crane movements and applied these principles to her art of Shaolin Kung Fu, having created a new style kung Fu. White Crane style. Later, she and her husband moved to a place called Yongchun, where they began teaching the White Crane style.