Topic: “Tissues, organs, organ systems” Objectives: To study the types and varieties of tissues that form the human body, the features of their structure and functions Tasks: To study the types and varieties of tissues that form the human body, the features of their structure and functions Pimenov A.V.
Types of fabrics. Epithelial tissue Tissue is a collection of cells and intercellular substance that have a common origin, structure and function. In humans, there are 4 types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Epithelial tissues. Formed by cells located on the basement membrane, these tissues have no blood vessels, little intercellular substance, and they quickly regenerate.
Among the epithelial tissues there are: single-layer flat (vascular endothelium), single-layer cubic ( renal tubules), single-layer cylindrical (surface of the stomach), ciliated epithelium (airways), multi-layer keratinizing (epidermis), multi-layer non-keratinizing (oral mucosa), glandular epithelium (exocrine and internal secretion glands). Types of fabrics. Epithelial tissue
Connective tissues. Their origin from the mesoderm is characteristic. In these tissues, the intercellular substance is well developed, and the shape of the cells is varied. There are: loose fibrous tissue, forming layers and membranes of organs, dense fibrous tissue, forming tendons and ligaments; cartilage tissue; bone tissue with its cells osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts; fat; blood and lymph. Connective tissues also include hematopoietic tissues. Types of fabrics. Connective tissues
Skeletal muscle tissue is formed by multinuclear fibers up to 4 cm long; the cytoplasm contains myofibrils located parallel to the fiber. Myofibrils are cross-striated and are formed by thinner actin myofilaments and thicker myosin myofilaments. During contraction, actin and myosin filaments slide along each other; calcium ions and ATP energy are required for contraction. It is reduced arbitrarily. Types of fabrics. Muscle tissue Muscle tissue. They have the properties of excitability, conductivity and contractility. There are: striated skeletal, striated cardiac, smooth muscle tissue.
Cardiac muscle tissue is cross-striated, but is formed by cells that have one or two nuclei connected through intercalary discs. Contracts involuntarily. Smooth muscle tissue is formed by individual mononuclear muscle cells, the length of which is up to 1000 microns. Myocytes are surrounded by sarcolemma; inside there is sarcoplasm, actin and myosin filaments do not form myofibrils. Contracts involuntarily. Types of fabrics. Muscle tissue
What types of muscle tissue are shown in the figure by numbers 1 3? 1 – smooth muscle tissue; 2 – striated skeletal; 3 – striated heart. Where is smooth muscle tissue found in the body? What is its structure? Formed by individual mononuclear muscle cells, the length of which is up to 1000 microns. Myocytes are surrounded by sarcolemma; inside there is sarcoplasm, actin and myosin filaments do not form myofibrils. Where in the body is striated skeletal muscle tissue found? What is its structure? It is formed by multinuclear fibers up to 4 cm long; the cytoplasm contains myofibrils located parallel to the fiber. Striated heart? Where in the body is striated skeletal muscle tissue found? What is its structure? Formed by cells that have one or two nuclei, connected through intercalary discs. Contracts involuntarily. Let's summarize:
Types of fabrics. Nervous tissue Nervous tissue. It is of ectodermal origin and is represented by nerve cells, neurons and neuroglia. The most important properties excitability and conductivity. Neurons consist of a body and long processes, along which excitation goes from the cell body, an axon and dendrites, along which excitation goes to the cell body.
Functionally, neurons are divided into sensitive (afferent), motor (efferent), and there may be intercalary neurons (associative) between them. Job nervous system based on reflexes. A reflex is the body’s response to stimulation, which is carried out and controlled by the nervous system. A reflex arc is the path along which excitation passes during a reflex. Types of fabrics. Nervous tissue
Nerve endings can be receptor (exteroceptors and interoreceptors) and effector, such as chemical synapses. Synapse structure? Biochemical classification is based on chemical features neurotransmitters that release synapses: cholinergic (acetylcholine), adrenergic (norepinephrine), etc. Types of tissue. Nervous tissue
An organ is a part of the body that has its own shape, structure, occupies a specific place in the body and performs a characteristic function. The organ is formed by all types of tissues, but with a predominance of one or two of them. What organs are in the pictures? Organs, organ systems:
Organ system - organs that are similar in structure, functions and development. There are at least 10 organ systems in the human body: 1. The integumentary organ system; 2. Musculoskeletal system; 3. Digestive; 4. Respiratory; 5. Excretory; 6. Circulatory system; 7. Nervous and sensory organs; 8. Sexual; 9. Endocrine; 10. Immune. Organs, organ systems:
All organs and organ systems are interconnected anatomically and functionally into a single whole organism. Regulation of the body's activities is carried out by the nervous and humoral pathways. Humoral regulation (more ancient) is carried out with the help of hormones and various secretions secreted by cells into the blood. The leading role in this method belongs to the endocrine glands. Regulation is carried out slowly, since the maximum blood speed is 0.5 m/sec. Target organs have receptors through which regulatory molecules are perceived. Organs, organ systems:
Nervous regulation carried out with the help of the nervous system, occurs reflexively. Reflex is the body's response to stimulation, carried out and controlled by the nervous system. The path along which excitation passes during a reflex is called a reflex arc. The reflex arc consists of 5 components: the receptor, the sensory nerve fiber, nerve center groups of interneurons, motor nerve fibers and executive body. Organs, organ systems:
Unlike humoral regulation, regulation occurs quickly (electrical impulses travel along nerve fibers at speeds ranging from 1-2 m/sec to 140 m/sec) and purposefully. A feature of the body is the ability to self-regulate. For example, a decrease in blood glucose levels leads to the release of adrenaline by the adrenal glands and glucagon by the pancreas, and the glucose level increases to normal. The reliability of self-regulation processes ensures homeostasis relative constancy internal environment body. Organs, organ systems:
Dendrites: Processes through which excitation is transmitted to the body of the neuron. Axons: Projections that conduct impulses from neuron cell bodies to other cells or organs. The main properties of nervous tissue are: Excitability and conductivity. Gray and white matter of the brain and spinal cord formed: Gray - by the bodies of neurons, white - by processes of neurons. Sensory neurons: Neurons through which excitation is transmitted to the central nervous system. Motor neurons: Neurons through which excitation is transmitted from the central nervous system to organs. Interneurons: Neurons through which excitation is transmitted from one neuron to another. Nerve nodes: Clusters nerve cells located outside the central nervous system. Let's summarize:
Synapse: An effector nerve ending through which excitation is transmitted to the next cell. Reflex: The body's response to stimulation, which is carried out and controlled by the nervous system. Reflex Arc: The path along which excitation travels during a reflex. The reflex arc consists of 5 components: Receptors, sensory nerve fiber, nerve center of a group of interneurons, motor nerve fiber and executive organ. Homeostasis: The relative constancy of the body's internal environment. Let's summarize:
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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TYPES OF FABRICS PREPARED BY: GEDIEVA FATIMA MAGOMETOVNA TECHNOLOGY TEACHER MCOU "GYMNASIUM No. 9" OF CHERKESSK CITY
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Natural fabrics As everyone has long known, all fabrics are divided into two large groups: natural and artificial. The first ones are made from materials that nature itself gave us, for example, silkworm threads or cotton and linen fiber. The latter are created artificially on the basis of synthesized chemical materials (synthetics)
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Classification Natural fabrics are of plant, animal and mineral origin. The first group is well known to many; it includes materials based on cotton, flax, hemp, as their name implies, these are all plants. The second are represented by silk and woolen products, the last, third - for example, awn or asbestos. List of natural fabrics Cotton Silk Linen Wool
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Useful properties and disadvantages of natural fabrics: fabric created by nature itself is very environmentally friendly. It does not use various chemical compounds, which can be harmful to a person, even a healthy one. This is why natural fabrics can be worn by people suffering from various types allergies, as well as other diseases (skin, asthma, etc.). In addition, they are used primarily in children's clothing, of course, precisely because they are hypoallergenic. All diapers, vests and rompers for children are made from cotton-based materials. In addition, the clothes are warm, breathable, soft, elastic, they do not electrify, and are pleasant to the touch. The only two significant drawbacks are shrinkage and changeability. Items made from natural fabrics usually shrink well after washing and also wrinkle well. They must be ironed before wearing after absolutely every wash.
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Non-natural fabrics Two large groups - artificial and synthetic Artificial Acetate Bamboo Viscose Viscose silk Artificial silk Corn Cupro Lacoste-corn Lyocell Micromodal Modal Tencel Triacetate Interlining Synthetic Acrylic Alova Aramid Arizona Arcelon Bieber Biflex Blackout Bologna Bonding Velsoft Windblock Vinyl Dacron Leatherette Dralon Duspo PAN Pikachu Polar fleece Polyacrylic Polyamide Polyester Polyester Polyester Silk Soft Spandex Taslan Tulle Tulle Fleece Fucra Capron Kashibo Kevlar Kermel Crimplen Lavsan Lycra (Elastane) Varnish Medea Membrane Microfiber Wet Silk Nylon Neoprene Nitron Nomex Oxford
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Bamboo fabric The fibers for this amazing material, which is a gift from nature itself, are taken from the bamboo plant of the same name, which grows in the tropics and subtropics, and from the very high speed among all green representatives (up to 20 meters in height in 30 days). During the processing process, the raw materials are divided into two groups in order to obtain two types of threads: fiber (otherwise called bamboo linen) and adhesive fiber, the official name of which is “bamboo viscose”. General Features bamboo fabrics are very attractive for both manufacturers and consumers. It is comfortable to wear, largely due to its “breathable” structure; it perfectly absorbs moisture and neutralizes odors, thanks to its antibacterial effect (it has been proven that more than 70% of microbes do not survive in its thread space).
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Corn fabric: what is it? corn is synthetic fabric. And it is produced as follows: from corn starch they produce a polymer, and from it, in turn, they obtain threads for future things. As you know, everything created on the basis of polymer compounds is pure synthetics. Corn fabric: description, photos, reviews Positive properties of this material: - absorbs water better than anything else, and dries very quickly; - highly resistant to sun rays, since it has the ability to retain dyes well (does not fade, retains color even with very frequent washing); - soft to the touch; - hypoallergenic, despite the fact that it is synthetic; - excellent stretch; - pleasant to the body; - warms well; - elastic; - wear-resistant. In our country, clothing made from corn is still underdeveloped.
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Mixed fabrics Today it is quite difficult to find fabrics without any additions, there is a very high demand for them these days. Usually only cotton and silk fabrics are produced completely without any admixtures, the rest are mostly all mixed. In order to increase properties such as durability, elasticity, strength and wear resistance, synthetic fabrics are often added to natural fabrics: for example, polyester or elastane. They can often be seen as part of artificial materials.
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Brocade fabric The name is of Tatar origin and is translated as pattern. It is truly distinguished by its exquisite patterns created from metal threads. In ancient times, both threads of pure gold and silver, as well as their alloys with other metals, were woven into the fabric - the fabric turned out to be very heavy. Today there is much less metal in brocade - the wefts are made of linen, silk, cotton and are only wrapped with a metal ribbon.
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What is stretch fabric? This is an ordinary natural or non-natural material (for example, cotton, satin, jeans, crepe, etc.), to which lycra (elastane) or spandex has been added. As a rule, stretch fibers are added to the main (base) fabric in a percentage reaching up to 30, while they do not in any way detract from the natural advantages of this material, but, on the contrary, add their own.
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Raincoat An integral element in any person’s wardrobe is outerwear, for the production of which raincoat fabric can serve as a universal raw material. Woven from synthetic or cotton fibers, it is also treated with a liquid-repellent treatment, allowing it to be used beneficial features in the production of various clothing.
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Non-woven materials Non-woven textile materials get their name based on the production method. During their manufacture, threads and fibers are connected with glue, mechanical or heat treatment. Weaving, in in this case, not used. As a rule, non-woven fabrics are made on a base, which is knitted fabric, sparse fabric, polymer film or fibrous canvas. Batting Felt Isosoft Sheepskin Synthetic winterizer Tyvek Thinsulate Topsfill Felt Holofiber
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What is felt and how is it produced? The technology of felt production has been known for quite some time: animal hair (mainly goat, sheep, rabbit, etc.) is felted under the influence of steam or temperature. As a result, the wools reliably adhere to each other and strong panels are obtained, from which various products can be sewn. Depending on the wool, there are several types of felt panels. The most common are felt (made from goats or rabbits) and velor (felt with a thicker and softer pile). They are often classified as woolen fabrics, but this is not entirely correct, since they are non-woven materials, because in their production they did not use interlacing threads, they were felted.
Tissue Tissue is a community of cells that have a similar structure, shape and life cycle. In the human body, there are four types of tissues: epithelial (integumentary), connective (actually connective, cartilage, bone, blood, lymph), muscle (smooth, striated), nervous.
Epithelial (integumentary) tissue, or epithelium, Epithelial (integumentary) tissue, or epithelium, is a boundary layer of cells that lines the integument of the body, the mucous membranes of all internal organs and cavities, and also forms the basis of many glands. Epithelial cells held together by a cementitious substance containing hyaluronic acid. Since blood vessels do not approach the epithelium, the supply of oxygen and nutrients occurs by diffusion through lymphatic system. Nerve endings can penetrate the epithelium.
The main function of the epithelium is to protect the relevant organs from mechanical damage and infection. In those places where body tissue is subjected to constant stress and friction and “wears out,” epithelial cells multiply at high speed. Often, in areas of high stress, the epithelium becomes denser or keratinized. The free surface of the epithelium can also perform the functions of absorption, secretion and excretion, and perceive irritations.
Depending on the shape of the cell and the number of cell layers, the epithelium is divided into several types. Cuboidal epithelium Cuboidal epithelium lines the ducts of many glands, and also performs secretory functions inside them. Squamous epithelial cells line the alveoli of the lungs and the walls of the capillaries.
Columnar epithelium Columnar epithelium cells line the stomach and intestines. Scattered among the cylindrical goblet cells, they secrete mucus that protects these organs from self-digestion, and at the same time create a lubricant that helps in the movement of food.
Ciliated epithelium The ciliated epithelium bears numerous cilia on its surface. It lines the airways. Stratified epithelium Stratified epithelium consists of several layers of cells; the inside is cubic, and the outside is flatter, called scales. This tissue protects organs from the leakage of various substances and mechanical damage. The scales may remain alive or become keratinized.
Connective tissue Connective tissue consists of cells (mainly fibroblasts), fibers and ground substance. Its constituent cells various types are usually located far from each other; their oxygen needs and nutrients, as a rule, are small. Performs supporting, trophic (i.e. nutritional) and protective functions. There are connective tissue itself ( subcutaneous tissue, tendons, ligaments), bone and cartilage, reticular, fat. Connective tissue also includes blood and lymph.
Loose connective tissue Loose connective tissue consists of cells scattered in intercellular substance, and intertwined disordered fibers. Wavy bundles of fibers consist of collagen, and straight bundles of elastin; their combination provides the strength and elasticity of connective tissue. Dense connective tissue Dense connective tissue is made up of fibers rather than cells. White tissue (tendons, ligaments, cornea, periosteum) consists of strong and flexible collagen fibers collected in parallel bundles. Yellow connective tissue (ligaments, walls of arteries, lungs) is formed by a random interweaving of yellow elastic fibers. Adipose tissue Adipose tissue contains mainly fat cells, consisting of a central fat droplet, the nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed towards the membrane. This type of tissue protects underlying organs from shock and hypothermia.
Skeletal tissues Skeletal tissues are represented by cartilage and bone. Cartilage Cartilage is a durable tissue consisting of cells (chondroblasts) immersed in an elastic substance - chondrin. On the outside, it is covered with a denser perichondrium, in which new cartilage cells are formed. Cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones, is found in the ear and pharynx, articular capsules And intervertebral discs. bones The skeleton of vertebrates is built from bones. Bone cells (osteoblasts) are located inside special lacunae, connected to each other by blood vessels.
Muscle Muscle tissue makes up the bulk of muscles and carries out their contractile function. Muscle tissue consists of highly specialized contractile fibers. In the organisms of higher animals it accounts for up to 40% of body weight. Striated (skeletal) muscles There are three types of muscles. Striated (skeletal) muscles are the basis motor system body. Long multinucleated fiber cells are connected to each other by connective tissue. This type of muscle is distinguished by powerful and rapid contractions. The activity of striated muscles is determined by the activity of the brain and spinal cord.
Smooth (involuntary) muscles Smooth (involuntary) muscles form the walls respiratory tract, blood vessels, digestive and genitourinary systems. They are distinguished by relatively slow rhythmic contractions; activity depends on the autonomic nervous system. Mononuclear smooth muscle cells are collected in bundles or sheets. cardiac muscle Cells of the cardiac muscle branch at the ends and are connected to each other using superficial processes - intercalary discs. Cells contain several nuclei and a large number of large mitochondria.
Neurons consist of a cell body with a diameter of 3–100 µm, containing the nucleus and organelles, and cytoplasmic processes. Short processes that conduct impulses to the cell body are called dendrites; longer (up to several meters) and thin processes that conduct impulses from the cell body to other cells are called axons. Axons connect to neighboring neurons at synapses. Bundles of nerve fibers are collected into nerves. The nerves are covered with a sheath of connective tissue called the epineurium.
