The animal was fed only squirrels. Breakdown of organic substances in the human body

The purpose of the lesson: to create a holistic picture of biological and chemical processes,
occurring in the human body during the breakdown of organic substances.

Equipment, instruments, reagents:

The whole class is divided into three teams:

1st team – “Amino acids”;
2nd team – “Carbohydrates”;
3rd team – “Lipids”.

During the classes

1st competition “Warm-up” (2 points).
2nd competition “Sound the film!” (2 points).
3rd competition “Creative” (7 points).
4th competition “Define!” (3 points).
5th competition “Modeling” (2 points).
6th Function Knowledge Competition (4 points).

Summarizing:

a) scoring;
b) grading

at “5” – 18–21 points;
at “4” – 14–17 points;
for “3” – 11–13 points.

1st competition “Warm-up”.

(For a quick and correct answer, the team receives 1 point.)

Biology teacher: The diet must include proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, however fat people It is not recommended to consume a lot of carbohydrates. Why?

Answer: Excess carbohydrates turn into fats, which are deposited on the kidneys, heart, and in the omentum on the abdomen, increasing body weight.

Chemistry teacher:Find the excess: starch, cellulose, galactose, glycogen, dextrin.

Answer: Galactose is a monosaccharide.

Biology teacher: P The experimental animal was fed only proteins and was not given carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, animal starch was discovered in its liver. Give an explanation for this phenomenon.

Answer: During the metabolic process, proteins are converted into carbohydrates.

Chemistry teacher: Is the statement true: All fats of vegetable origin are liquid, and all fats of animal origin are solid.

Answer: No, that's not true, because there are exceptions: fish fat, palm (coconut) oil.

Biology teacher: Nutritional standards for workers in heavy physical labor provide for a relative increase in carbohydrates. Why?

Answer: Carbohydrates are the main source of energy.

Chemistry teacher: What is the name of the reaction underlying the production of margarine?

Answer: Hydrogenation.

2nd competition “Sound the film!” (2 points).

All teams watch the film “Protein Denaturation”, consisting of 3 experiments.
After viewing, each team will voice 1 experience.

3rd competition “Creative” (7 points).

Now, we will give each team a food product.

Team 1 - a piece of bread.
Team 2 – sunflower oil.
Team 3 – a boiled egg.

Answer the questions.

1. What organic matter makes up nutritional value of this product?
For correct identification of organic matter – 1 point.

2. Define this class.
For the correct answer - 1 point.

3. Complete the tasks according to the scheme: “Human digestive system”

a) Label the organs of the digestive system where the breakdown of the organic substance given to you occurs.
For a correctly completed task, the team will receive 1 point.

b) Write down the names of the enzymes under the influence of which the data is broken down organic matter.
For a correctly completed task, the team will receive 2 points.

c) Write down the equation for the hydrolysis reaction of this substance.
This task is worth 2 points.

4. Prepare an oral response.
Preparation time 4–5 minutes.

One student lays out a diagram on the board

Protein hydrolysis reaction

(NH – CHR – CO) n + nH 2 O → n NH 2 – CHR – COOH

Carbohydrates

Starch hydrolysis reaction

(C 6 H 10 O 5) n + nH 2 O → nC 6 H 12 O 6

(C 6 H 10 O 5) n → C 12 H 22 O 11 → C 6 H 12 O 6

4th competition “Define!” (practical rear).

(2 points.)

Each team is given a tray with a specific task and equipment.

1st team.

Equipment:

• 1 glass with natural honey;
• 1 glass with honey and starch solution;
• 2 beakers;
• pipette;
• iodine solution;
• water, 2 spoons.

Exercise: Some honey sellers add a starch solution to honey to increase weight. In front of you are 2 glasses of honey: one contains natural honey, and the other contains starch. Determine which glass contains natural honey.

Solution: Add a few drops of iodine solution to each glass. In the glass containing the mixture of honey and starch, a blue color is observed (a qualitative reaction to starch).

2nd team.

Equipment:

• 1 glass with chicken protein solution;
• 1 glass of potassium chloride;
• CuSO 4 solution;
• NaOH solution;
• HNO3;
• alcohol lamp, holder;
• matches;
• latex gloves;
• 2 glasses.

Exercise: The laboratory technician prepared two solutions: a protein solution in one glass, and KCl in the other, but forgot to stick the labels on. The glasses are mixed up. Help the laboratory assistant!

Solution: (1 option) Let's carry out a biuret reaction to determine the peptide bond of a protein. Add freshly prepared Cu(OH) 2 to the test cups. Where the violet-blue color is observed, there is a protein solution.

(2nd option) A xanthoprotein reaction can be carried out to determine aromatic cycles. To do this, add concentrated HNO 3 to each glass. A yellow color will indicate the presence of protein.

(3rd option) Carry out a qualitative reaction for the presence of Cl ions by adding a solution of silver nitrate. The appearance of a white AgCl precipitate will indicate the presence of a KCl solution.

3rd team.

Equipment:

• 1 glass with a piece of margarine;
• 1 glass with a piece of butter;
• potassium permanganate solution;
• scalpel;
• 2 glass rods.

Exercise: Natural butter contains mixed fats containing residues of both saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids. How to distinguish margarine from butter using a solution of potassium permanganate?

Solution: Throw a piece of butter into 1 glass with a KMnO 4 solution, and a piece of margarine into another glass. Where the solution becomes discolored, there is butter (a qualitative reaction to unsaturated substances).

5th competition “Modeling”.

(2 points)

In front of you is a wire, this is a model of the primary structure of a protein, that is, the order of alternation of amino acid residues in the polypeptide chain.

Your task:

1. Model secondary (1st team), tertiary (2nd team); and quaternary (3rd team) structure of the protein molecule. (1 point)
2. Give a definition of this structure. (1 point)

Answers:

6th competition on knowledge of the functions of organic substances.

(4 points)

1 player from each team participates.

Exercise: Write down the four main functions of this class of organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates).

1) What function did the ants participating in the experiment perform in the anthill?

2) What did the experimenters feed the ants before the experiment?

3) What is the optimal ratio of proteins and carbohydrates in the diet of black garden ants that ensures their life for up to 400 days?

WHAT DOES AN ANT PREFER TO EAT?

Black garden ants turn out to be a very convenient object for studying the influence of nutrition on life expectancy. IN natural conditions they feed on honeydew, the sweet sap of plants, as well as dead insects. But what and how much an individual ant eats is difficult to understand, because the distribution of prey brought by foraging ants occurs in the bowels of the nest. Before the experiment, it was known that the protein part of the food is mainly used to feed the larvae, while adults prefer plant foods. It turned out to be difficult to study the problem of nutrition, since ant colonies are heterogeneous in composition, so an experiment was carried out.

Previously, scientists formed more than 100 experimental groups of 200 worker foraging ants each. Insects were sampled outside the nest while they were foraging. There were no queens or larvae in these homogeneous groups. Each group was placed in a “nest” - a plastic cup with a diameter of 10 cm, the bottom of which was lined with damp cotton wool. The nest was placed on a round stand with a diameter of 12 cm with very slippery walls that did not allow insects to escape. In the same zone, the ants were fed from a single feeder - this made it easier to take into account the food consumed per day, the number of ants at the feeder and the number of feeding insects. First, they were given a 15% solution of bee honey and mealworms (mealworm larvae), and a week later, when the insects had become accustomed to the new place, they began the experiment.

At the first stage of the experiment, scientists decided to test how the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates affects the lifespan of ants. Artificial food has been prepared for insects, in which the total concentration nutrients was constant, the content of vitamins, minerals and fats remained unchanged, and the ratio of proteins and carbohydrates was 5:1, 3:1, 1:3 and 1:5. Each of these four diets was tested by 32 experimental groups. Every day, the researchers removed dead ants from the nest; the experiment lasted until all the insects died. As a result, it was found that the groups that were predominantly on a carbohydrate diet lasted about 400 days, and those with a maximum predominance of proteins barely reached 50 days. Thus, scientists were able to establish the most optimal ratio of carbohydrate and protein foods in the diet of foraging ants.

Target

Show in practice
execution possibilities
tasks 31 and 32

Skill check

Task 31 tests the skill
determine energy consumption at different
types of activities and create a diet
nutrition
Task 32 tests the skill
justify the need
rational and healthy eating

Types of tasks in task 31

1st type: A task in which various types are indicated
training or competitions and their duration. In the problem
it is necessary to determine: 1) energy consumption of activities, 2) create a menu
corresponding to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner,
3) determine the calorie content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins in it,
fats or carbohydrates. The task may also include
additional conditions, which must be taken into account when
menu planning

2nd type: A task in which the conditions indicate visiting excursions with
ready-made menu. It is necessary to determine: 1) recommended calorie content
breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2)
the actual calorie content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount
proteins, fats or carbohydrates received from food to their daily value
normal
3rd type: A task in which the conditions indicate visiting excursions without a ready-made menu. It is necessary: ​​1) to create an optimal
calorie content, with the maximum content of BZHU menu at
four meals a day, 2) recommended calorie content
age-appropriate breakfast, lunch or dinner, and 3)
quantity of BZHU in it

Algorithm for solving the problem of the first type

Tamara took part in city badminton competitions, and after
decided to have dinner at a restaurant fast food. Using data
tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara the optimal calorie content, with
maximum protein content of the menu from the list of dishes and drinks
in order to compensate for energy costs during competitions,
lasting 2.4 hours for the girl. When choosing, please note that Tamara
Be sure to order ice cream with chocolate filling. In response
please indicate:
energy costs
Tamara
in
time
competitions; ordered dishes that should not be repeated;
calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed energy expenditure during
the time of the competition, and the amount of protein in it.

1. Carefully read the conditions of the problem, write down the type of competition and their
duration: badminton – 2.4 hours;
2. If the time is indicated in hours, convert it to minutes: 60 minutes x 2.4 = 144 minutes;
3. Using the data from Table No. 2 “Energy consumption for various types of physical
activity" determine the energy consumption of the competition: 144 min x 7.5 kcal/min = 1080
kcal;
4. We create a menu taking into account additional conditions (dinner, maximum
protein content, ice cream with chocolate filling will be ordered,
calorie content should not exceed 1080 kcal), the data is entered into the table
Menu
Calorie content of dishes/Quantity
kcal
proteins/g
chocolate 325/ balance 755
6
1. Ice cream
With
filler
2. Double McMuffin (bun, 425/remaining 330
39
mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, cheese,
pork)
3. Country style potatoes
4. Tea without sugar
Total
315
0
1065 kcal
5
0
50 g

answer

1) Energy consumption – 1080 kcal
2) Ordered
dishes
–
filler, double
rustic, tea without sugar
ice cream
With
chocolate
McMuffin, fries
3) Calorie content of dinner – 1065 kcal
4) Amount of protein – 50g

Practicing skills in solving problems of type 1

Olga, master of sports in tennis, is at training
training camps, where every day for four hours (morning and evening) active
training with her girlfriends. IN free time between two
While training, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the optimal
calorie content and protein ratio of the menu from the list of proposed dishes
and drinks in order to compensate for your energy costs in the morning
two hour workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and
be sure to order ice cream with chocolate filling, and also
sweet drink. However, the trainer asked Olga to consume dishes with
the largest
content
squirrel.
In your answer, indicate the energy consumption of a morning workout, recommended
dishes, calorie content of lunch and the amount of protein in it.

10.

Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling,
Therefore, he delivers correspondence on a bicycle at a speed of 10
km/h In the first half of the day he works for 4 hours and then goes to lunch at
fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1 and 2,
offer the man the optimal calorie content, with maximum
carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for your energy costs
four hour bike ride. When choosing, please note that Ivan
Petrovich really likes country-style potatoes and definitely
will order two servings. In your answer, indicate: the postman’s energy consumption;
ordered dishes; amount of carbohydrates; lunch calories,
which should not exceed energy consumption while driving
bicycle

11.

Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis (singles
discharge). Every Sunday they compete with each other in this
kind of sport. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, suggest to Nikolai
optimal in calorie content, with maximum protein content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks, so that
compensate for his energy expenditure in a game that lasted 2
hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelette with ham
and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing

calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy consumption during
time of play, and the amount of proteins in it.

12.

Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis. Each
Sunday they compete in this sport. Using
data in tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily the optimal
calorie content, with maximum carbohydrate content menu from
list of proposed dishes and drinks to compensate
his costs in a game that lasted 2 hours 5 minutes. At
when choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin
and Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing
tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated;
amount of carbohydrates and calories that should not
exceed energy expenditure during the game.

13.

Peter, basketball team defender, after evening practice
decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using Data
tables 1 and 2, offer Peter the optimal calorie content, with
maximum carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of dishes and
drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during
training lasted 1 hour 40 minutes. When choosing, please note that
Peter will definitely order an omelet with ham. Please indicate in your answer:
energy consumption of an athlete during training; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed
energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

14.

Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After the morning
training, he decided to have a snack at a fast food restaurant.
Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Garik the optimal
by calorie content, with maximum carbohydrate content menu
from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate
energy consumption during training, if its duration
was 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik must
will order an omelette with ham. Please indicate in your answer: energy consumption
athlete during training; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; breakfast calories that shouldn't
exceed energy expenditure during training, and the amount
carbohydrates in it.

15. Algorithm for solving the problem of the second type

15 year old
Nikolai
V
winter
holidays
visited
State Nature Reserve "Stolby" in
Krasnoyarsk. After the tour, he had dinner at a local cafe
fast food. Nikolay ordered the following dishes
and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, country potatoes and
glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3,
define
recommended
calorie content
dinner,
energy value ordered dishes, quantity
carbohydrates received from food and the ratio of the amount
carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

16.

1)
2)
3)
Carefully read the conditions of the task, determine its type;
Write down age: 15 years;
Write down the menu, fill out the table:
Menu
1) Fresh McMuffin
2) Country style potatoes
3) Glass of Coca-Cola
Total
Caloric content
kcal
380
315
170
865 kcal
dishes/
Quantity
carbohydrates/g
35
38
42
115 g
4) According to table No. 2 “Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children”
we find the daily energy requirement and the recommended amount of carbohydrates
for 15 year old teenager: 2900 kcal, 375 g;
5) According to table No. 3 “Calorie content for four meals a day” we find
Recommended calorie content for dinner:
100% - 2900 kcal
18% - X kcal
X = 2900 x 18/100
X = 522 kcal
6) Find the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their daily value
normal: 115g/375g= 0.3

17. Answer

1) Recommended calorie content for dinner – 522 kcal
2) The energy value of the ordered dishes is 865 kcal
3) Amount of carbohydrates consumed with food – 115 g
4) The ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily rate: 0.3 or 30%

18. Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 2

17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and
natural reserve “Museum-Estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. Before the beginning
excursion Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered herself
first breakfast the following dishes and drinks: omelet with ham, small portion
French fries, vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: Recommended Calorie Intake
first breakfast if Daria eats four times a day; real calorie content of the first breakfast;
the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily norm.
14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to Kazansky
Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered himself
breakfast the following dishes and drinks: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small
a serving of French fries. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended
the calorie content of Peter's first breakfast if he eats four times a day; real
energy value of the first breakfast; amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks
breakfast, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

19.

14-year-old Sophia visited Pskov and its surroundings during the winter holidays. Before
excursion to the State Pushkin Nature Reserve, she had breakfast at a local
fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her second breakfast:
Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using data
tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of second breakfast, if Sophia
eats four times a day, the real energy value of the second dishes ordered
breakfast, the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of those received from food
carbohydrates to their daily norm.
17-year-old Nikolai visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
Samara Art Museum he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe
nutrition. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast:
omelet with ham, orange juice and a side of country potatoes. Using
data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast,
if Nikolai eats four times a day; real energy value
ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in foods and drinks, as well as
the ratio of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

20.

14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting the tour
Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe.
The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his second breakfast: Chicken
Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, small fries and glass
"Coca-Cola". Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: recommended
calorie content of second breakfast if Artyom eats four times a day; real
energy value of the ordered second breakfast; amount of carbohydrates in
dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their
daily norm.
17-year-old Tatyana visited Tobolsk during her student winter holidays. Before
the beginning of the excursion “Tobolsk Kremlin – a masterpiece of stone architecture” she
I had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following
food and drinks: small portion of French fries, Fresh McMuffin, salad
Caesar and orange juice. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine:
the recommended caloric content of lunch if Tatyana eats four times a day;
energy value of the ordered lunch; amount of carbohydrates in dishes and
drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

21. Algorithm for solving a problem of the third type

10-year-old Alexander and his parents visited the Great
Novgorod. Before the walking tour ancient city family
I decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using
data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content
Alexander's first breakfast if he eats four times a day.
Suggest
schoolboy
optimal
By
calories,
With
maximum
content
carbohydrates
menu
from
list
offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that Alexander
Be sure to order tea without sugar. Please indicate in your answer: calorie content
first breakfast; for four meals a day, ordered dishes,
which should not be repeated; their energy value, which
should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first
breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

22.

Carefully read the conditions of the task, determine its type;
Write down age -10 years;
Write down the type of “snack” - first breakfast;
Write down additional conditions: optimal calorie content for
first breakfast, maximum carbohydrate content, order tea without
sugar, dishes should not be repeated;
5) According to table No. 2 “Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children”
we find the daily energy requirement for a 10 year old teenager: 2550
kcal;
6) According to table No. 3 “Calorie content for four meals a day” we find
Recommended calorie content for first breakfast:
1)
2)
3)
4)
100% - 2550 kcal
14% - X kcal
X = 2550 x 14/100
X = 357 kcal
7) We create a menu taking into account additional conditions
Menu
1) Tea without sugar
2) Chicken Fresh McMuffin
Total
Caloric content
kcal
0
355
355 kcal
dishes/
Quantity
carbohydrates/g
0
42
42 g

23. Answer

1) Calorie content of the first breakfast – 357 kcal
2) Ordered dishes: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar
3) The energy value of the ordered dishes is 355 kcal
4) Amount of carbohydrates – 42 g

24. Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 3

15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during spring break. After the excursion to Ipatievsky
Monastery, she decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and
3, calculate the recommended calorie content for lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day.
Offer the girl a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum proteins
list of offered dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order
double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer, indicate: caloric content of lunch;
ordered dishes with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy
value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in
him.
12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting
Golden Gate family decided to have dinner at a local fast food cafe. Using table data
1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Olga's dinner if she eats four times a day
day. Offer your teenager the optimal amount of calories, with minimal fat content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order
Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoon of sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of dinner at
four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy
value and amount of fat in it.

25.

10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour
While walking around the ancient city, the family decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using data
tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content of Alexander’s first breakfast, if he
eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content, with the maximum
carbohydrate content of the menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that
Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the first breakfast; at
four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
17-year-old Fedor visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to Tretyakovskaya
After visiting the gallery, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3,
calculate the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day
day. Offer the student the optimal calorie content with maximum fat content
menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order
a small portion of French fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the second
breakfast; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which is not
should exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast and the amount of fat in it.

26.

14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at
fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate
the recommended caloric content of dinner if the girl eats four times a day.
Offer Zinaida the optimal calorie content, with the maximum content
carbohydrates menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, please note that
Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In response
indicate: calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that are not
must be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed
recommended caloric content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.
11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to
After visiting the Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe.
Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of the second
breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student the optimal
by calorie content, with maximum fat content menu from the list of proposed
dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolai will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola.
In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered
dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not
exceed the recommended calorie content of the second breakfast and the amount of fat in it.

27. Task 32

Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the need
rational and healthy nutrition. In this task you can also
distinguish several types:
1. Questions about the digestive system;
2. Questions on metabolism and energy;
3. Questions on endocrine and nervous regulation;
4. Questions about thermoregulation and excretion.

28. Examples of tasks on the digestive system:

Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous one
meal, and its duration should not be 20–25 minutes.
Why are substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, introduced
directly into the blood, cause the death of a person? Please provide at least two reasons.
Why can't a person absorb food in an undigested form? Please provide at least two reasons.
What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? Specify at least two of its functions.
Why is low acidity dangerous for humans? gastric juice? Please provide at least two reasons.
Which Negative influence Does smoking tobacco affect the digestion process? Please indicate at least two
changes.
What changes in the digestive processes in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two
changes.

29.

During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and why?
is she tied up?
What changes in the digestive processes in small intestine does alcohol cause? Specify
at least two changes.
A German proverb says: “Well chewed is half digested.” Explain it
meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations.
What organ dysfunctions does the dentist warn about? smoking man and why?
Specify at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these
organs.
During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions, consider
photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter are not allowed to
It’s worth being distracted and doing other things. Give at least two arguments.

30.

Explain in relation to nutrition why cleanliness is the key to health.
Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied appearance well-known products laid out on display
and the dishes offered from them, and after ordering the menu, he went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the teenager's actions
Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them.
List two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?
Justify the recommendations that should be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit juice, tea,
compote and generally more liquid
In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach becomes very stretched and its muscles become weak. This
negatively affects the functioning of other organs and the digestive process. Why?
At food poisoning Vomiting and abdominal pain occur. Explain their significance for the body.
What impairments in functioning internal organs And external manifestations a gastroenterologist will prevent these violations
smoker?
Which preventive measures exist against infectious diseases digestive system? Name at least four measures.

31. Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy:

Thirteen-year-old Nikolai visited a fast food coffee shop with his parents in the evening. Weight
Nikolai's body weight is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended caloric intake and the amount of protein, fat and
carbohydrates
(V
G)
in Nikolai's dinner, taking into account the fact that the teenager eats four times a day.
Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only calorie content when preparing his diet?
products? Give two arguments.
Which biological significance have fats in the human body? Give at least two meanings
What foods contain cholesterol? How dangerous it is for the human body high level
cholesterol in the blood?
How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in food? Please indicate two methods.
What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is it not recommended for teenagers?
exclude food of animal origin from your diet?

32.

Name two external signs that there is not enough protein in a person’s diet.
Often, when there is a lack of nutrition, they talk about protein deficiency in the human diet, but why not?
Are they talking about carbohydrate or fat deficiency?
Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least
two functions of vitamins in the human body.
In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and not
containing carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was discovered in its liver. What's happened
glycogen? Explain its origin.
What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?
Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food?
Give two reasons.
IN chemical composition Human cells contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In human food there should be
contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.
What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?
Why did the coach turn Special attention Olga for protein content
in the ordered dishes? Provide at least two arguments.

33. Examples of tasks on endocrine and nervous regulation:

Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Specify
at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce.
Why should a person limit his sugar intake? Please provide at least two
arguments
What drug do patients use? diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously?
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?
Why is the pancreatic hormone drug, insulin, administered intravenously?
intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex, the so-called
corticoids:
hydrocortisone,
cortisone,
corticosterone
–
accept
How
anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drugs in tablet form?
Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is it ensured?
such regulation?

34. Questions on thermoregulation and excretion

For what purpose, when checking the patient’s health status, are they offered
do a urine test? What can a specialist detect in urine if you have
patient with kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples.
During the multi-hour excursion, which took place at temperatures
the air was about +10 °C, Zinaida felt that she was frozen. Using
knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl
felt discomfort on the street.
In 1 hour, the human body produces the same amount of heat as needed,
to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, human body temperature
practically does not change. Why? Please indicate at least two organs
who take an active part in maintaining constant
body temperature.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Practicing tasks 31, 32 parts “C” of the OGE Master class Bryleva Alla Lvovna teacher of higher biology qualification category

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Testing skills Task 31 tests the ability to determine energy expenditure in various types of activities and prepare a diet. Task 32 tests the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet.

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Types of tasks in task 31 Type 1: A task in which the conditions indicate various types of training or competitions and their duration. In the task, it is necessary to determine: 1) the energy consumption of the activity, 2) create a menu corresponding to the recommendations for breakfast, lunch or dinner, 3) determine the caloric content of the menu and 4) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates in it. The task may also contain additional conditions that must be taken into account when creating the menu

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Type 2: A task in which the conditions indicate visiting excursions with a ready-made menu. It is necessary to determine: 1) the recommended caloric content of breakfast, lunch or dinner, with four meals a day, 2) the actual caloric content of the ordered menu, and 3) the amount of proteins, fats or carbohydrates received from food in addition to their daily norm. 3 type: Task in which the condition indicates visiting excursions - without a ready-made menu. It is necessary: ​​1) to create a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with the maximum content of BJU for four meals a day, 2) the recommended caloric content of breakfast, lunch or dinner appropriate for age, and 3) the amount of BJU in it

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Algorithm for solving the first type of problem Tamara took part in city badminton competitions, and then decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Tamara a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with a maximum protein content from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during the competition, which lasted 2.4 hours for the girl. When choosing, keep in mind that Tamara will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling. In your answer, indicate: Tamara’s energy consumption during the competition; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of the dinner, which should not exceed the energy consumption during the competition, and the amount of protein in it.

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answer Energy expenditure - 1080 kcal Ordered dishes - ice cream with chocolate filling, double McMuffin, country potatoes, tea without sugar Calorie content of dinner - 1065 kcal Amount of protein - 50g

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Practicing skills in solving type 1 problems Olga, a master of sports in tennis, is at a training camp, where she actively trains with her friends for four hours every day (morning and evening). In their free time between two training sessions, the girls decided to have lunch at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from Tables 1 and 2, offer Olga the optimal calorie and protein ratio menu from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for her energy costs during the morning two-hour workout. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga loves sweets and will definitely order ice cream with chocolate filling, as well as a sweet drink. However, the trainer asked Olga to consume dishes with the highest protein content. In your answer, indicate the energy consumption of the morning workout, recommended dishes, calorie content of lunch and the amount of protein in it.

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Ivan Petrovich works as a postman and loves cycling, so he delivers mail on a bicycle at a speed of 10 km/h. In the first half of the day he works for 4 hours and then goes to a fast food restaurant for lunch. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer the man a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy costs for a four-hour bike ride. When choosing, keep in mind that Ivan Petrovich really loves country-style potatoes and will definitely order two servings. In your answer, indicate: the postman’s energy consumption; ordered dishes; amount of carbohydrates; calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy expenditure while cycling.

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Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis (singles). Every Sunday they compete with each other in this sport. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Nikolai a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his energy consumption in the game, which lasted 2 hours. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order an omelette with ham and a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of lunch, which should not exceed energy expenditure during the game, and the amount of protein in it.

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Nikolay and Vasily are fans of playing tennis. Every Sunday they compete in this sport. Using the data in Tables 1 and 2, offer Vasily a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks in order to compensate for his expenses in the game, which lasted 2 hours and 5 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that he will definitely order a double McMuffin and Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: energy consumption when playing tennis; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the amount of carbohydrates and calories, which should not exceed energy expenditure during the game.

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Peter, a guard on the basketball team, decided to have dinner at a fast food restaurant after an evening practice. Using the data from Tables 1 and 2, offer Peter an optimal calorie-rich menu with a maximum carbohydrate content from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy consumption during a workout that lasted 1 hour and 40 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Peter will definitely order an omelette with ham. In your answer, indicate: the athlete’s energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; calorie content of dinner, which should not exceed energy expenditure during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Garik is actively involved in table tennis. After his morning workout, he decided to grab something to eat at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1 and 2, offer Garik a menu that is optimal in terms of calories, with a maximum carbohydrate content, from the list of dishes and drinks in order to compensate for energy costs during training, if its duration is 130 minutes. When choosing, keep in mind that Garik will definitely order an omelette with ham. In your answer, indicate: the athlete’s energy consumption during training; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; the calorie content of breakfast, which should not exceed the energy consumption during training, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Algorithm for solving the second type of problem 15-year-old Nikolai visited the Stolby State Nature Reserve in Krasnoyarsk during the winter holidays. After the tour, he had dinner at a local fast food cafe. Nikolay ordered the following dishes and drinks: Fresh McMuffin, country-style potatoes and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of dinner, the energy value of the ordered dishes, the amount of carbohydrates received from food and the ratio of the amount of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

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Answer Recommended calorie content for dinner - 522 kcal Energy value of the ordered dishes - 865 kcal Amount of carbohydrates ingested with food - 115 g Ratio of the amount of carbohydrates ingested with food to their daily intake: 0.3 or 30%

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Practicing the skill of solving problems of type 2. During the autumn holidays, 17-year-old Daria visited the State Memorial and Nature Reserve “Museum-Estate of L.N. Tolstoy Yasnaya Polyana. Before the start of the excursion, Daria had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her first breakfast: an omelette with ham, a small portion of French fries, a vegetable salad and a glass of Coca-Cola. Determine: the recommended caloric content of the first breakfast, if Daria eats four times a day; real calorie content of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm. 14-year-old Peter visited Kazan during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Kazan Kremlin, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, vegetable salad, small portion of French fries. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of Peter’s first breakfast if he eats four times a day; real energy value of the first breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in breakfast dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm.

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14-year-old Sophia visited Pskov and its surroundings during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the State Pushkin Nature Reserve, she had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks for her second breakfast: Fresh McMuffin, a small portion of French fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine the recommended caloric content of the second breakfast, if Sophia eats four times a day, the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast dishes, the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received with food to their daily norm. 17-year-old Nikolai visited Samara during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Samara Art Museum, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his first breakfast: omelet with ham, orange juice and a portion of country-style potatoes. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, if Nikolai eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

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14-year-old Artyom visited Sochi during the winter holidays. Before starting a tour of the Olympic venues, he had breakfast at a local fast food cafe. The teenager ordered the following dishes and drinks for his second breakfast: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, ham omelette, a small portion of French fries and a glass of Coca-Cola. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended caloric content of the second breakfast, if Artyom eats four times a day; the real energy value of the ordered second breakfast; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm. 17-year-old Tatyana visited Tobolsk during her student winter holidays. Before starting the excursion “Tobolsk Kremlin - a masterpiece of stone architecture,” she had lunch at a local fast food cafe. The girl ordered the following dishes and drinks: a small portion of French fries, a Fresh McMuffin, a Caesar salad and orange juice. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, determine: the recommended caloric content of lunch, if Tatyana eats four times a day; energy value of the ordered lunch; the amount of carbohydrates in dishes and drinks, as well as the ratio of carbohydrates received from food to their daily norm.

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Algorithm for solving the problem of the third type 10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Alexander’s first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it.

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Answer Calorie content of the first breakfast - 357 kcal Ordered dishes: Chicken Fresh McMuffin, tea without sugar Energy value of the ordered dishes 355 kcal Amount of carbohydrates - 42 g

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Practicing the skill of solving type 3 problems 15-year-old Svetlana visited Kostroma during spring break. After an excursion to the Ipatiev Monastery, she decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for lunch if Svetlana eats four times a day. Offer the girl a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum protein content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Svetlana will definitely order a double McMuffin and a glass of orange juice. In your answer, indicate: caloric content of lunch; ordered dishes with four meals a day; which should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of lunch, and the amount of protein in it. 12-year-old Olga visited Vladimir with her parents during the holidays. After visiting the Golden Gate, the family decided to have dinner at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Olga’s dinner if she eats four times a day. Offer your teenager a menu that is optimal in calories and contains minimal fat from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Olga will definitely order a Caesar salad and a glass of tea with one spoon of sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value and the amount of fat in it.

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10-year-old Alexander visited Veliky Novgorod with his parents. Before the walking tour of the ancient city, the family decided to grab a bite to eat at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended caloric content of Alexander’s first breakfast if he eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Alexander will definitely order tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the first breakfast; with four meals a day, ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of the first breakfast, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 17-year-old Fedor visited Moscow during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Tretyakov Gallery, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum fat content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Fedor will definitely order a small portion of French fries and a glass of tea without sugar. In your answer, indicate: calorie content of the second breakfast; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

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14-year-old Zinaida took part in a one-day excursion, and in the evening had dinner at a fast food restaurant. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for dinner if the girl eats four times a day. Offer Zinaida a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and contains maximum carbohydrate content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Zinaida will definitely order a portion of country-style potatoes and tea with sugar. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of dinner for four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of dinner, and the amount of carbohydrates in it. 11-year-old Nikolai visited St. Petersburg during the winter holidays. Before the excursion to the Peter and Paul Fortress, he decided to have a snack at a local fast food cafe. Using the data from tables 1, 2 and 3, calculate the recommended calorie content for a second breakfast if Nikolai eats four times a day. Offer the student a menu that is optimal in terms of calories and maximum fat content from the list of proposed dishes and drinks. When choosing, keep in mind that Nikolai will definitely order a glass of Coca-Cola. In your answer, indicate: the calorie content of the second breakfast with four meals a day; ordered dishes that should not be repeated; their energy value, which should not exceed the recommended calorie content of a second breakfast, and the amount of fat in it.

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Task 32 Task 32. Testing the ability to justify the need for a rational and healthy diet. In this task there are also several types: Questions on the digestive system; Questions about metabolism and energy; Questions on endocrine and nervous regulation; Questions about thermoregulation and excretion.

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Examples of tasks on the digestive system: Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should not be 20–25 minutes. Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood cause death? Please provide at least two reasons. Why can't a person absorb food in an undigested form? Please provide at least two reasons. What role does hydrochloric acid play in digestion? Specify at least two of its functions. Why is low stomach acid dangerous for humans? Please provide at least two reasons. What negative impact does smoking tobacco have on the digestive process? Please indicate at least two changes. What changes in the digestive processes in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes.

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During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with? What changes in the digestive processes in the small intestine does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes. A German proverb says: “Well chewed is half digested.” Explain its meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations. What organ dysfunction does the dentist warn a smoker about and why? List at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these organs. During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions and look at photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter should not be distracted and do other things while eating. Give at least two arguments.

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Explain in relation to nutrition why cleanliness is the key to health. Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of the well-known products laid out on the display case and the dishes offered from them, and after ordering the menu, he went to the toilet to wash his hands. Explain the actions of the teenager. Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them. List two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them? Justify the recommendations that should be followed during illness: eat easily digestible food; drink fruit juice, tea, compote and generally plenty of liquid. In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach becomes very stretched and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the functioning of other organs and the digestion process. Why? Food poisoning causes vomiting and abdominal pain. Explain their significance for the body. What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and the external manifestations of these disorders will a gastroenterologist warn a smoker about? What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

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Examples of tasks on metabolism and energy: Thirteen-year-old Nikolai visited a fast food coffee shop with his parents in the evening. Nikolai's body weight is 56 kg. Calculate the recommended calorie content and amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates (in g) in Nikolai’s dinner, taking into account that the teenager eats four times a day. Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when preparing his diet? Give two arguments. What biological significance do fats have in the human body? Name at least two meanings. Which foods contain cholesterol? Why is high blood cholesterol dangerous for the human body? How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in food? Please indicate two methods. What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is it not recommended for teenagers to exclude foods of animal origin from their diet?

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Name two external signs that a person does not have enough protein in their diet. Often, when there is a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in a person’s diet, but why don’t they talk about a carbohydrate or fat deficiency? Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body. In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and no carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was discovered in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin. What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet? Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons. The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot. What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body? Why did the trainer pay Olga’s special attention to the protein content of the ordered dishes? Provide at least two arguments.

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Examples of tasks on endocrine and nervous regulation: Hormones of which endocrine glands are actively involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Indicate at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce. Why should a person limit his sugar intake? Give at least two arguments. Which drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures? Why is the drug of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the drugs of the adrenal cortex hormones, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, are taken as anti-inflammatory and antiallergic drugs in the form of tablets? Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?

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Questions about thermoregulation and excretion For what purpose is a patient asked to do a urine test when checking their health status? What can a specialist detect in urine if a patient has kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples. During a multi-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about +10 °C, Zinaida felt that she was freezing. Using knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl felt discomfort on the street. In 1 hour, the human body generates the same amount of heat as is needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the human body temperature remains virtually unchanged. Why? Indicate at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining constant temperature bodies.

Questions with FIPI “Man and his health” 2018

Starting from the last page and to 225 in reverse order

Why do most nutritionists consider carbohydrates to be essential components of food? Give two reasons.

All carbohydrates in food are converted into glucose and in this form enter the blood from the intestines. Glucose is one of the most common essential sources of energy for nerve tissue, heart, muscles and other organs.

Fiber is the so-called dietary fiber. They are practically not absorbed, but they perform protective function, stimulating intestinal activity. They bind cholesterol, heavy metal salts, many harmful substances and then remove them from our body, stimulating the activity of beneficial microorganisms living in our intestines.

Food poisoning causes vomiting and abdominal pain. Explain their significance for the body.

Vomiting - this symptom is a protective reaction of the body, which is aimed at cleansing the body of low-quality toxic food.

Pain informs a person about impending danger. Pain causes negativity psycho-emotional state and forms the motivation to eliminate this negative feeling

What is dietary fiber? Why is dietary fiber good for the body?

1. Dietary fiber - indigestible components of the shells plant cells(cellulose).
2. Any of the following arguments can be given:

Foods that contain a lot of dietary fiber require prolonged chewing. Chewing stimulates salivation and digestive processes, and also brushes teeth and massages gums.

Helps remove toxic waste products from the body

To maintain intestinal microflora, because beneficial bacteria synthesize B vitamins, increase immunity
– fibers remove heavy metals;
– fiber reduces cholesterol and blood glucose levels

What functions does hydrochloric acid perform in digestion? Specify at least two of its functions.

1. Provides protection against most pathogens entering the digestive system with unwashed food and unboiled water.
2. Creates an environment with high acidity, necessary for the functioning of the enzyme of gastric juice - pepsin.
3. Denatures food proteins, which promotes their successful digestion.

How can you avoid excess fat and cholesterol in food? Please indicate two methods.

1) The priority in nutrition should be whole grains, fresh vegetables and fruits.
2) The consumption of animal and dairy fats (for example, butter), sauces and gravies should be limited.

During a multi-hour excursion, which took place at an air temperature of about +10 °C, Zinaida felt that she was freezing. Using knowledge about thermoregulation of the human body, explain why the girl felt discomfort on the street.

1. During the excursion, intense heat transfer occurred from the surface of the girl’s body.

2. At the same time, the process of heat formation in the body was somewhat slower, so the girl felt temperature discomfort

What biological significance do fats have in the human body? Give at least two meanings.

Perform a construction function - they are part of cell membranes

Backup energy source

Regulatory (many fats are hormones)

Energy (from 1 g of fat 38.9 kJ of energy is obtained)

Protective layer of internal organs (from mechanical damage)

Thermal insulation layer (subcutaneous fatty tissue)

Fats are delivered to the body fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.

The chemical composition of a human cell includes proteins, fats and carbohydrates. Human food must contain these substances. Indicate which of them can transform into each other and which cannot.

1. In the human body, it is possible to convert carbohydrates into fats and vice versa, as well as proteins into fats and carbohydrates.
2. Conversion of carbohydrates and fats into proteins is impossible.

List two infectious diseases of the digestive system. What organisms cause them?

Dysentery is an intestinal infection that affects the final section of the large intestine. There are several pathogens that cause the development of the disease: bacteria - dysentery bacillus (Shigella) and dysentery amoeba - a protozoan

Cholera is an intestinal infection transmitted from person to person, caused by Vibrio cholerae and characterized by dehydration due to severe vomiting and diarrhea. Among all intestinal infections cholera is the most contagious disease.
3. Salmonellosis ( typhoid fever) is an acute intestinal infection transmitted from animals to humans, caused by certain types of bacteria - Salmonella and manifested by damage to the gastrointestinal tract.

Why should vitamins be included in the human diet? Name at least two functions of vitamins in the human body.

Vitamins are biologically active organic substances needed in small quantities. They are not formed in the body (with the exception of some: D, K and group B) and must be supplied with food.

They are part of enzymes, participating in metabolism.

Increases the body's resistance to adverse effects external environment, stimulate growth, development of the body, restoration of tissues and cells.

Diseases, as a rule, are accompanied by a significant increase in body temperature, metabolism decreases, and appetite disappears. At this time, a large number of cells are destroyed (especially blood - leukocytes). Therefore, the patient is given food that does not require large amounts of energy for digestion and absorption, and is also rich in proteins.

The disease is usually accompanied by an increase in body temperature, which leads to an increase in the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin, lungs and heat transfer in general. To avoid violations water-salt metabolism and tissue dehydration, fluid loss must be compensated by drinking plenty of fluids.

What organ dysfunction does the dentist warn a smoker about and why? List at least two organs and two examples of the negative effects of smoking on these organs.

1. The dentist will draw the patient’s attention to the effect of tobacco smoke and the tars it contains on organs oral cavity: teeth, gums, salivary glands.

2.Tobacco smoke leaves on the enamel yellow plaque, which promotes the development of caries and tooth decay, increases the secretion salivary glands, and the saliva they secrete is swallowed along with the toxic components of tobacco smoke.

3.Soot and harmful smoke particles cause inflammatory processes in the oral mucosa: bleeding gums, stomatitis.

What foods contain cholesterol? Why is high blood cholesterol dangerous for the human body?

1. Cholesterol is a substance necessary for the structure of cell membranes , the production of hormones of the adrenal glands and gonads, the functioning of the nervous system, as well as the functioning of the brain.

2. The greatest amount of cholesterol is found in fatty foods of animal origin: lard, egg yolks, sour cream, fatty cheeses and meats, some confectionery products

3. Cholesterol is dangerous because it is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, gradually forming a lipid stain, a plaque that grows and can come off. The thrombus is carried by the bloodstream and clogs the narrow lumens of the arteries. As a result, normal blood flow is disrupted and the blood supply to any organ is stopped. Ischemia occurs ( oxygen starvation tissues), which can lead to necrosis.

Often, when there is a lack of nutrition, they talk about a protein deficiency in a person’s diet, but why don’t they talk about a carbohydrate or fat deficiency?

Proteins in the body can be converted into fats and carbohydrates, compensating for their deficiency.

Neither carbohydrates nor fats can be converted into proteins in the human body, so the lack of proteins cannot be compensated for by fats and carbohydrates.

A German proverb says: "Well chewed– half digested." Explain its meaning from the perspective of the physiology of digestion. Give two explanations.

1) If a person chews food well, it later moves into the food canal in crushed form and is therefore more accessible to the action of digestive juices.

2) Thorough chewing of food is accompanied by the release of a large amount of saliva and gastric juice, which also speeds up the digestion process.

Why is the drug of the pancreatic hormone, insulin, administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and the drugs of the adrenal cortex hormones, the so-called corticoids: hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone – taken as anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic drugs in tablet form?

1. Insulin is a protein and, like all proteins, is susceptible to digestive enzymes stomach and small intestine. It should enter the blood not in the form of individual amino acids, but as a whole, maintaining its hormonal activity. Therefore, it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

2. Hormones of the adrenal cortex are classified as lipids - fats. Many lipids are absorbed into the lymphatic capillaries of the intestinal villi and are transported entirely into the blood by lymph flow; they also easily pass through cellular and intracellular membranes.

Which part of the nervous system regulates fat metabolism? How is such regulation ensured?

Regulation of fat metabolism is carried out by the central nervous system. The regulation centers are located in the hypothalamus; they exert their influence on fat metabolism through the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic nerves increase fat breakdown, and parasympathetic nerves increase fat synthesis.

The influence of the nervous system on fat metabolism is carried out through changes in endocrine secretion: adrenal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas and gonads.

In relation to nutrition, explain why cleanliness– guarantee of health.

1. Washing your hands before eating is the key to the absence of infectious diseases. gastrointestinal diseases. You need to take care not only about the cleanliness of your hands, but also about the hygiene of your nails, because many bacteria also accumulate under them.

2. Lack of personal hygiene, unwashed vegetables and fruits can cause helminthic diseases person.

3. Infectious disease agents can enter the intestines through carriers (flies, cockroaches).

During lunch, Peter complained that he sometimes suffered from heartburn. What is heartburn and what is it associated with?

1. Heartburn is unpleasant feeling burning sensation mainly in the sternal and/or epigastric region.

2. This is due to the effect of gastric juice on the esophageal mucosa. This occurs when gastric contents reflux into the esophagus, and this in turn becomes possible due to insufficiency of the esophageal sphincter (a kind of clamp at the junction of the esophagus into the stomach), which normally separates the acidic contents of the stomach.

What negative impact does smoking tobacco have on the digestive process? Please indicate at least two changes.

1. Tobacco smoke weakens the sense of smell and perception. taste sensations, increases salivation, loosens gums, promotes bleeding and the formation of ulcers on the oral mucosa, can destroy dentin

2. During smoking, the vessels of the stomach narrow, the mucous membrane becomes bleeding, the amount of gastric juice decreases and its acidity changes.

3. Smoking disrupts intestinal motility. Intestinal dysfunction is expressed by periodically alternating constipation and diarrhea.

What drug is used by patients with diabetes mellitus? Why is it administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, and not consumed in the form of tablets, capsules, mixtures?

1. Patients with diabetes are given insulin.

2. Insulin is a protein and, like all proteins, is affected by digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine. It should enter the blood not in the form of individual amino acids, but as a whole, maintaining its hormonal activity. Therefore, it is administered intravenously, intramuscularly or subcutaneously.

Olga is a master of sports. the trainer asked Olga to consume dishes with the highest protein content. Why did the trainer pay Olga’s special attention to the protein content of the ordered dishes? Please provide at least two arguments.

1) Protein is the main building material for the body. It consists of muscles and ligaments, skin and internal organs. Proteins in the body cannot be formed from other nutrients.
2) Protein can be used as an energy source.

3. Lack of complete protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of the child.

Before ordering lunch at the cafe, Konstantin carefully studied the appearance of well-known products laid out on the display case and the dishes offered from them, and then After ordering the menu, I went to the toilet to wash my hands. Explain the teenager's actions.

A conditioned juice-secretion reflex arises - the release of juice at the sight and smell of food, it promotes the breakdown of food immediately after it enters the stomach.

Washing your hands before eating is the key to the absence of infectious gastrointestinal diseases.

Why do packages of sterilized milk have a longer shelf life than pasteurized milk?

1. Milk pasteurization temperature is 60-80 degrees, depending on the duration. During this period, some of the microorganisms die, and the other part reduces activity, thereby extending the shelf life dairy product.

2. Sterilization is a heat treatment process in which, as a result of exposure to high temperatures (above 100 ° C), all microorganisms die, and the shelf life of milk increases.

During lunch, friends will probably actively exchange impressions and look at photographs taken during the walk. Explain why Andrei and Peter should not be distracted and do other things while eating. Give at least two arguments.

1 .You shouldn’t be distracted while eating, as this will impair salivation .

What changes in the digestive processes in the stomach does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes.

Alcohol irritates its mucous membrane and activates increased secretion of hydrochloric acid. When alcoholic beverages regularly enter the stomach, the acid-base balance is disrupted, the functions and regeneration of the gastric mucosa are impaired.

Under the influence of alcohol, gastric juice is secreted with less of the enzyme pepsin. Digestion in the stomach becomes inadequate, food stagnates or undigested enters the intestines

Why should a person limit his sugar intake? Give at least two arguments

Sugar affects normal metabolism. Excessive consumption leads to weight gain, obesity, high blood sugar levels, high blood pressure;

Excessive sugar consumption can also increase levels uric acid, which increases the risk of heart and kidney disease.

It puts excessive stress on the liver, damaging it like alcohol, since all carbohydrates are ultimately transported to this organ;

Why is it not enough for football player Fedor to take into account only the calorie content of foods when preparing his diet? Give two arguments.

1. It is necessary to take into account the correct distribution of calorie intake among individual meals.

2. Nutrition must be complete, that is, the diet must fully satisfy the needs of a particular organism for vitamins, mineral salts and water, and also contain all essential amino acids (complete proteins)

3. It is required to maintain a balance in the amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and minerals in the diet.

In people who are accustomed to eating a lot of food and drinking a lot of liquid, the stomach becomes very stretched and its muscles become weak. This negatively affects the functioning of other organs and the digestion process. Why?

1. With a distended stomach, a person eats too much food, which can cause obesity and, as a result, increased work of the heart, liver, intestines and the occurrence of various diseases of these organs.

2. Pressure is created on neighboring organs and through the diaphragm on the heart and lungs

3. With a distended stomach, food mixes less well with juices, and the movement of the contents is delayed

What is water balance? How is it regulated in the human body?

Body water balance - equilibrium between the amount of water entering the body and what is excreted. The average amount of water consumed per day is up to 2.5 liters.

2. Water exchange is under the control of neurohormonal regulation. The intake of water into the body is controlled by the feeling of thirst. Thirst occurs when the water content in the body decreases even by a few percent.

3. The hormone vasopressin (antidiuretic) is produced by the hypothalamus. When excess electrolytes are formed (with an increase in osmotic pressure), more antidiuretic hormone is released, under the influence of which the kidneys excrete less urine. Conversely, if the osmotic pressure of the blood decreases, less antidiuretic hormone is released. In addition, the volume of blood flowing through the kidneys is simultaneously regulated. As this volume decreases, more of the hormone aldosterone is produced and released. Aldosterone inhibits normal discharge salts through the kidneys, under its influence a feeling of thirst appears,

4. The release of water from the body is stimulated by the hormone thyroid gland - thyroxine. With an excess of this hormone, the excretion of water by the skin increases.

For what purpose is a patient asked to do a urine test when checking their health? What can a specialist detect in urine if a patient has kidney inflammation? Give at least two examples.

Urinalysis is laboratory test urine, which is carried out for diagnostic purposes

1. White blood cells in the urine indicate that it is in the kidneys or urinary tract inflammation occurs, often this is an indicator chronic infection.

2. U healthy person There is no protein in the urine or its concentration is insignificant; with inflammation, the protein concentration increases.

In the experiment, the experimental animal was fed only food containing proteins and no carbohydrates. After the death of the animal, glycogen was discovered in its liver. What is glycogen? Explain its origin.

1. Glycogen is a polysaccharide formed by glucose residues, the main storage carbohydrate of animals. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized if necessary to compensate for a sudden lack of glucose. Only glycogen stored in liver cells can be converted into glucose to fuel the entire body.

2. In the process of metabolism, carbohydrates can be formed from proteins, which is what happened with an experimental animal that was fed only protein foods. This happens among people who eat mainly animal food, for example among the peoples of the north.

Name two diseases of the digestive system. Indicate the reasons for each of them.

1.Gastritis – inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach wall. Reasons: non-compliance with the diet, poor nutrition, dry food, on the go, alcohol abuse, smoking.
2) A stomach ulcer is a disease in which the integrity of the tissues of the gastric walls is damaged from within, resulting in their being corroded by gastric juice, which, in turn, forms a characteristic lesion, that is, an ulcer. Reasons: prolonged negative emotions and stress, alcohol abuse, smoking

3) Liver cirrhosis is a disease in which liver cells degenerate into another tissue. Causes: poor nutrition, lack of proteins and vitamins, poisoning with chemicals and medicines, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction

What changes in the digestive processes in the small intestine does alcohol cause? Please indicate at least two changes.

Alcohol causes a very strong decrease motor activity digestive tract, and especially the small intestine. Accordingly, this leads to a deterioration in the absorption of proteins, vitamins and carbohydrates,

2. Under the influence of alcohol, the walls of the small intestine change their structure at the cellular level. As a result, the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine stops, which leads to depletion of the body.

3. There is an increase in the permeability of the intestinal walls, through which toxic substances and undigested protein compounds enter the blood. Some of them are classic allergens, so many people develop allergic reactions like hives

What plant foods are good sources of protein? Why is it not recommended for teenagers to exclude foods of animal origin from their diet?

1. The most valuable source of protein are plants of the legume family: soybeans, peas, beans, chickpeas, as well as nuts and green vegetables.

2) For teenagers, a sufficient amount of animal protein, which is contained in meat, is necessary, since it is this that serves as the building material for the muscular system. Plant proteins, unlike animal proteins, do not contain all the amino acids necessary for the formation of specific human proteins

3) Lack of adequate protein nutrition can greatly affect the growth, physical and mental development of a child.

Why is low stomach acid dangerous for humans? Please provide at least two reasons.

1. Since hydrochloric acid has an antiseptic and bactericidal effect on pathogenic microorganisms, a decrease in stomach acidity can provoke the occurrence of various intestinal infections.

2. Low stomach acidity causes disturbances in the functioning of the digestive organs. Some enzymes lose activity, which leads to improper protein digestion and development active processes fermentation.

3. Reduced acidity leads to worse absorption of vitamins and minerals. Vitamin deficiency is fraught with fragility and dryness of hair, skin, brittle nails and other external signs.

4. A frequent companion to low acidity is constipation, followed by frequent diarrhea.

What disorders in the functioning of internal organs and the external manifestations of these disorders will a gastroenterologist warn a smoker about?

1.First of all, the stomach. Toxic substances of smoke dissolving

in saliva, act on the gastric mucosa, causing its inflammation - gastritis. Nicotine, tobacco smoke, tobacco particles disrupt the rhythm of activity of the entire gastrointestinal tract.

2. The smoker’s appetite decreases; nausea, vomiting, pain in the stomach appears; A stomach ulcer may develop.

Why do substances suitable for human consumption, such as milk or chicken broth, injected directly into the blood cause death? Please provide at least two reasons.

1. There are no enzymes in the blood capable of breaking down high molecular weight organic compounds to simpler ones, which are transported to cells and used by them.

Milk and chicken broth have a specific composition (especially proteins), which will become antigens for the body, which will cause immune protection.

Name two external signs that a person does not have enough protein in their diet.

1. With a lack of protein, metabolism slows down. If they are lacking, it is lost muscle mass and, conversely, the amount of fat in the body increases.
2. Skin, hair, nails are not vital organs, but at the same time they consist almost entirely of protein, receiving it according to the residual principle. Therefore, brittle hair, loose skin, and peeling nails are a sure sign of a lack of protein in the body.

In 1 hour, the human body generates the same amount of heat as is needed to boil 1 liter of ice water. However, the human body temperature remains virtually unchanged. Why? Indicate at least two organs that are actively involved in maintaining a constant body temperature.

1.Thermoregulation is the body’s ability person regulate heat exchange with environment and keep body temperature constant normal level 36.6° regardless external conditions and the severity of the work performed.

2. Sweat glands the skin produces sweat, which, when evaporated, protects against overheating

3.When high temperatures blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to the surface of the skin and increasing heat transfer.

Explain why it is necessary to eat at the same time; no earlier than 3 hours
and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, and its duration should be 20– 25 minutes.

1. When eating food at the same hours, conditioned juice secretion reflexes are formed in the body for a certain time and food is better digested.

2. It is recommended to eat food no earlier than 3 hours and no later than 4.5 hours after the previous meal, since food leaves the stomach after about 3-4 hours. If this requirement is not met, digestion worsens and appetite decreases.

3. When eating quickly, food is poorly chewed and crushed, and is not sufficiently processed by saliva. This leads to excessive stress on the stomach, worsening digestion and absorption of food. When you eat in a hurry, the feeling of fullness comes more slowly, which contributes to overeating.

Why can't a person absorb food in an undigested form? Please provide at least two reasons.

During digestion, the biopolymers that make up food products are gradually broken down into simpler compounds. capable of being easily absorbed into the blood and participating in vital important functions human body

Undigested food cannot be digested because it physical state and chemical composition are very complex. Macromolecules of organic substances are very large and cannot enter the blood and then into cells.

Macromolecules that are foreign to the body and included in food products can cause immune reaction body.

What are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency in the diet?

1. General weakness, decreased performance – performing normal, everyday duties causes difficulties, lethargy appears, decreased performance, characteristic muscle weakness, muscle tremors and loss of coordination of movements;

2. With its deficiency, hair becomes thinner and falls out, nails grow slowly and may peel, white spots or stripes appear on them, the skin loses elasticity, becomes grayish-pale and rough, and rashes appear.

2. Lack of protein can also manifest itself as exacerbations of chronic diseases and frequent occurrence colds(ARVI and acute respiratory infections)

3. A person feels eternally hungry, and the amount of sugar in the blood decreases. Therefore, a person eats a lot of sweets, he experiences frequent headaches and difficulty sleeping.

4. Character deteriorates, previously unusual qualities appear: irritability, tearfulness, aggressiveness, anxiety, touchiness, and so on;

5. Weight loss, swelling

What preventive measures exist against infectious diseases of the digestive system? Name at least four measures.

Compliance with personal hygiene rules. Wash your hands before eating

Boil water from natural reservoirs.

Wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly before eating.

Destroy cockroaches and flies.

Hormones of which endocrine glands actively participate in carbohydrate metabolism? Indicate at least two glands and the hormones that these glands produce.

Insulin is a protein hormone synthesized by the pancreas in response to an increase in glucose after a meal. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by increasing the use of glucose by cells and increases the conversion of glucose into glycogen in both the liver and muscles.
Glucagon is a “hunger hormone” produced by the pancreas in response to decreased blood glucose levels.
2. Adrenaline - is a hormone of the adrenal medulla. Adrenaline promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to form glucose and increases blood glucose levels. In muscles, adrenaline activates the breakdown of glucose into lactic acid.