How quickly erosion turns into cancer. Erosion and cervical cancer are a dangerous neighborhood

Not every erosion turns into cancer.

1. Ectopia– eversion cervical canal after the birth process.
2. Leukoplakia– keratinization of areas of epithelial tissue.
3. Real erosion– death of part of the epithelial tissue on the cervix, etc.

Symptoms in women

Formed wounds and ulcers on the mucous membrane of the cervix, which are not so long-lasting, may not cause pain in a woman.

As the disease progresses, the following sensations will appear::

1. Pain during sexual intercourse and bleeding after him. Abdominal pain may worsen with exercise or lifting heavy objects. Moreover, the discomfort is not associated with the menstrual cycle.
2. Symptoms may occur against the background of inflammatory processes in the vagina and cervix. In this case, the discharge will be green or yellow, with unpleasant smell. Abdominal pain will be present periodically, especially after sexual intercourse and during urination.
3. When inflammation spreads to the area of ​​the uterus and appendages, all symptoms will intensify. The menstrual cycle is disrupted, the discharge becomes brown, and body temperature may increase.

A similar condition can occur due to the penetration of an infection that is sexually transmitted. In this case, vaginal discharge may have a cheesy or foamy consistency and an unpleasant odor..

In addition, it contributes to the appearance of cervical erosion and vaginal dysbiosis.

Recognize erosion on early stages difficult, therefore, even with minor abdominal pain, discharge and malfunction menstrual cycle consult a gynecologist.

Causes

The cause of the disease may be :

1. Early sexual life.
2. Mechanical damage to the mucous membrane, for example during surgical interventions, during abortions late stage pregnancy.
3. Rupture of the mucous membrane after difficult childbirth.
4. Chronic infections in the reproductive organs.
5. Immunodeficiency.
6. Endocrine disorders and hormonal imbalances.
7. Presence of viral infections.

Can it turn into cancer?

Many doctors claim that there is a risk of erosion degenerating into cancer. But there is not much basis for these arguments.

In essence, cervical erosion is damage to the mucous epithelium of the organ. If you compare this condition with a skin abrasion, they have similar features.

Due to the influence of external factors, the “abrasion” does not go away on its own, but it cannot degenerate into cancer either. Just like a wound on the skin cannot cause cancer..

But not everything is so simple; there are multi-stage mechanisms that can combine erosion and cancer.

A malignant tumor is a focus of atypical cell division. Hence its rapid growth.

To start this process, at least one such atypical cell is needed. She will begin to divide and give birth to her own kind. But for this to happen, favorable factors are necessary, and in the first place is a decrease in immunity, which was supposed to suppress the division of such cells.

Further, prolonged non-healing of an erosive wound contributes to the development of oncology.. Again, this phenomenon reduces immunity, both general and local. And he is not able to resist the division of pathological cells that has begun.

NOTE!

From all that has been said, we can conclude that if erosion does not go away for 10 years or more, then it can develop into oncology.

Cervical erosion is a focus of inflammation that attracts many viruses and infections. Including . And it leads to dysplasia.

This condition increases the risk of developing a malignant tumor and accounts for the percentage of cancer cases - 30-50%, if treatment was not carried out on time.

With erosion of the cervix, mucous secretions are formed, which provoke inflammatory processes, an acidic environment and various damage. These secretions begin to corrode the lining of the organ. If this process is not stopped in time, new growths will begin to appear at the site of erosion.

Risk factors

For the development of erosion and its further degeneration into a cancerous state, certain conditions are necessary.

Various categories of women are at risk:

1. This is predominantly the age category of women from 20 to 40 years old.
2. Representatives of the fair sex who are active sex life(This disease is found extremely rarely in virgins).
3. Those who take oral contraceptives for a long time.
4. True cervical erosion or dysplasia is found more often in women who do not have a permanent partner, that is, in those who regularly change men.

According to statistics, in women who abuse alcohol and tobacco products, the tendency to develop erosions on the cervical mucosa is much higher than in leading girls healthy image life.

Symptoms of oncology in early and late stages

Cervical cancer has severe symptoms. A woman discovers over time bloody issues from the vagina not associated with the menstrual cycle.

At first they are minor, but later there is heavy bleeding.

As the disease progresses, the following signs are observed::

1. Pain in the lower abdomen.
2. In the later stages of cancer, the legs and external genitalia swell.
3. If the tumor has metastasized, the functioning of the intestines and bladder is disrupted.

How to diagnose?

First, the woman turns to a gynecologist, who performs a general examination of the patient and a gynecological examination. After this it can be carried out instrumental diagnostics and necessary tests.

The main list includes:

1. Colposcopy. It is used after a cytological examination of a smear, if the doctor suspects the presence of a cancerous tumor.
2. carried out for diagnosis cancers at the site of cervical erosion.
3. Lab tests necessary primarily to identify the infectious nature of the disease.
4. Taking a test to detect the human papillomavirus. This diagnosis is important, since it is HPV that in most cases provokes the degeneration of cervical erosion into cancer.

If these are carried out in full, the prescribed treatment will give positive results.

Interpretation of analyzes

Analyzes are deciphered as follows:

1. Cytological examination. A smear is taken from the uterine cavity. This analysis allows you to identify the microflora of the vagina, as well as the predisposition of pathological areas to cancer formation.
2. Colcoscopy determines the predisposition of the mucous membrane to cancer or precancerous formation.
3. Biopsy. A piece of tissue taken from the cervix is ​​examined under a microscope for the presence of malignant cells.
4. PCR or polymer chain reaction. Reveals the nature of the causative agent of the disease.
5. HPV test.

Treatment methods

If cervical cancer is detected at an early stage, organ-conserving surgery is performed. That is, only the tumor is removed with partial inclusion of healthy tissue.

Apply the same following methods tumor removal:. As complementary therapy Chemical and radiation treatment is used.

If you do not want to face diseases such as erosion and cervical cancer, visit your gynecologist regularly, especially if there have been cases of these diseases in your family. An important role is played by hygiene of the genital area and timely treatment of infectious diseases.

If your area offers the HPV vaccine, get it. It is usually done to young girls who have not yet begun to have sexual relations. Lead a healthy lifestyle and fight bad habits.

Useful video

From this video you will learn how cervical erosion and cancer are related:

In contact with

According to medical practice, cervical cancer, which appears due to erosion, is one of the most common gynecological and oncological diseases. The average age of women susceptible to this disease is in the range of 30-34 years. Over the past 10 years, statistical indicators have remained approximately at the same level in developed countries.

Before diagnosis occurs structural changes in the cervix and mucous membrane. It is important to take into account that erosion is not always the main cause of cancer, so it is important to be able to understand when you should really be concerned.

Considering the domestic approach, there is a certain belief that the appearance of erosion is a precancerous stage. The theory is based on the idea of ​​new cells produced by the body. Their purpose is to protect damaged areas of the mucosa. Over time, there is a threat of their degeneration into cancer cells, which will contribute to the formation of a malignant tumor.

Attention! Until now, the theory has not received irrefutable evidence.

Therefore, we can only say with certainty that when erosion and cervical cancer occur, similar causes occur. The appearance of small ulcers can be caused by:

• Mechanical damage to the cervical mucosa, which can occur through abortion, harsh sexual intercourse, or labor activity;
• Hormonal disbalance;
• Development of an inflammatory process in the vagina (the occurrence of candidiasis, or vaginitis);
• Frequent sexual intercourse until the body fully matures;
• Damage to the female reproductive system through pathogenic bacteria and other agents that cause infectious diseases transmitted through sexual intercourse (gonorrhea, chlamydia, mycoplasmosis, herpes).

If treatment does not occur with acute form disease, there is a possibility of acquiring chronic stage. As a result, serious damage to the reproductive system occurs and it is almost impossible to avoid the development of erosion.

Since modern life dictates too fast a pace and constant problem solving, adult women are often no less lax about their health than teenage girls. Every woman should know that self-medication can only make the situation worse. As for the formation of cervical cancer, it occurs with the development of a malignant tumor localized in the epithelium.

Exist the following factors, contributing to the occurrence of oncology:

• Damage to the mucous membrane due to surgical interventions (abortion) or labor;
• The development of inflammatory processes and other pathologies in the endometrium associated with hormonal disorders;
• If an inflammatory process has developed in the body for a long time and has not been treated.

In the latter case, it is extremely important have infectious papilloma viruses or genital herpes. Since these viruses are carcinogenic, they are often favorable outcome do not do it.

Important! The statement that emerging cervical erosion gradually develops into cancer is not always true. We can only note that the process of emergence and development is similar for them. The symptoms are so similar that at an early stage it is impossible to distinguish the diseases on your own, only through professional diagnosis.

Cervical cancer and erosion

Erosion can occur in different types. The most common occurrence is ectopia, when the squamous epithelium is replaced by a cylindrical type. When it comes to a real disease, the first thing that appears is the death of epithelial cells, which is extremely rare.

When false erosion occurs, it is called a form of precancerous condition. There are several reasons for this:

• There is a threat of transition of this condition to dysplasia - the appearance of epithelial cells with an atypical structure. There are three stages of the condition. When the first period occurs, the probability does not exceed 1%, and in the third it reaches 30%;
• When diagnosing papillomavirus, the likelihood of developing malignant formation increases 100 times;
• Before erosion occurs, a change in the structure of the epithelium in the uterus may occur, in the vagina there may be a change in hormonal levels and vaginal flora, which contributes to the degeneration of cells.

How often does cervical erosion develop into cancer?

There is no generally accepted opinion on how often erosion can develop into cancer. This is due to the fact that the appearance of a malignant tumor occurs for other reasons mentioned above. However, it is still worth monitoring the growth of erosion by regularly visiting a doctor and following his recommendations.

Cervical erosion turns into dysplasia

Dysplasia is often characterized as a precancerous condition. Symptoms can appear at different ages. But it often occurs in women who have not lost reproductive function. Whenever of this disease changes occur in the structure of the epithelium.

If a patient is diagnosed with pseudo-erosion, then dysplastic processes may form against its background. However, it is worth noting that erosion does not affect structural changes, unlike dysplasia. This is a serious diagnosis, treatment of which must begin as early as possible. But symptoms may not appear immediately, which makes further control difficult in later stages. Often, gynecologists diagnose this disease during preventive visits to patients. The earlier dysplasia is diagnosed, the greater the likelihood complete cure.

The main characteristic of the disease is the active degeneration of normal epithelial cells into elements characteristic of cancer. Depending on how far the disease has progressed, the severity of the pathology depends:

1. considered the most easily tolerated. In this case, structural changes occur only at the level of the lower epithelial layer;
2. At a moderate (second) degree, changes in the epithelial structure occur at the level of two layers;
3. At the severe stage (third), atypical cells fill the entire thickness of the epithelium.

Cervical cyst turns into cancer

The formation of a cervical cyst occurs as a result of blockage of the gland. This is a tumor that is formed through the accumulation of secretions in the glands, due to which the gland begins to actively increase in size. Speaking about whether it can degenerate into cancer, gynecologists say that this cannot happen, since a cyst, as a neoplasm, is not capable of malignancy.

It is also worth noting that the cyst is not able to inhibit the development of the fetus during pregnancy or affect the production of hormones. However, with late diagnosis and discovery of the formation, there may be the following complications:

• A cyst is often a provoking factor for bleeding. If education big size, and blood clotting is reduced, there is a serious risk to the patient’s life;
• Since the accumulation of bacteria increases simultaneously with the volume of the cyst, this can lead to the development of inflammatory processes and diseases. These include colpitis;
• When a large number of formations are diagnosed, access to the uterine cavity may be closed, which is one of the causes of infertility. As a result, access for the sperm is closed.

Does pseudo-erosion of the cervix progress to cancer?

Pseudo-erosion has negative impact on the vaginal area of ​​the cervix. During the examination it can be diagnosed. In the normal state of the reproductive system, epithelial cells cylindrical in shape should line the cervical canal. When an uneven distribution of cells occurs, we can talk about the effects of the following possible factors:

• Development of infectious diseases;
• Age period;
• State of the immune system;
• Hormone concentration.

With the development of pseudo-erosion, cylindrical cells begin to extend beyond the canal. As a result, the transformation zone is subject to displacement. The gynecologist may notice such changes during a routine examination. It is important to note that the causes of pseudo-erosion have not been sufficiently studied. However, this is a background disease that manifests itself only with the development of an infectious disease. If the inflammatory process has not begun, then this form cannot be treated if it is congenital.

If this is an acquired form, then it must be treated. Otherwise, over time, it may develop into cervical cancer, which implies a more dangerous outcome. In order to detect pathology in time, it is necessary to visit a doctor on time for examination, since the earlier the disease is diagnosed, the greater the chances of getting rid of it without consequences.

Video: cervical cancer. Symptoms, treatment, surgery

Video: treatment of advanced cases of epithelial cancer

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When it comes to cervical erosion, in most cases we talk about pseudo-erosion, in which there is no violation of the integrity of the mucous membrane. Fortunately, erosion is quite easy to treat. However, the insidiousness of this disease is that most often it is asymptomatic, and it can only be determined during a planned gynecological examination. It is important to know that neglected erosion can develop into cancer.

As soon as the patient finds out that she has been diagnosed with erosion, she should immediately begin treatment - for this you can use effective folk remedies(on our website there are special articles on this topic). This will help restore women's health and avoid severe consequences diseases.

What is erosion?

When erosion occurs, a violation occurs normal structure epithelium lining the cervix. The uterus is connected to the vagina by its narrowest part. This place is called the neck. Normally, the vagina and cervix are lined with multilayered squamous epithelium, and the walls of this organ are lined with single-layer cylindrical epithelium. These two types of epithelial tissue differ in structure and properties. Flat epithelium is more elastic, while columnar epithelium is more rigid. The acidity of the cervix and uterine cavity also differs. Normally, the columnar epithelium secretes a secretion that creates alkaline environment, while the environment in the vagina and cervix is ​​acidic. This balance is critically important, as it is one of the factors protecting a woman’s genital organs from infection. With erosion, the normal squamous epithelium of the cervix is ​​replaced by columnar epithelium. This condition appears as a red spot surrounding the cervical canal.

Many people mistakenly believe that cervical erosion does not pose any danger. The disease most often does not manifest itself with any symptoms, but if it is not treated, it can lead to unpleasant and dangerous consequences, in particular, cancer can occur.

Why does erosion occur?

There are congenital and acquired erosion of the cervix.

Congenital occurs due to an imbalance in the normal balance of female sex hormones and most often goes away after the birth of the first child.

• early onset of sexual activity
• mechanical damage to the mucous membrane after gynecological procedures, late-stage abortion;
• ruptures of the mucous membrane after childbirth;
• chronic infectious diseases of the mucous membrane;
• state of immunodeficiency;
• diseases endocrine system and hormonal imbalances;
• viral infections.

Types of cervical erosion

Currently, the following classification of erosions is used in medical practice.

1. True erosion. In this case, they talk about damage to the mucous membrane. Ulcerations form on its surface, which can bleed. True erosion is extremely rare.
2. Pseudo-erosion or ectopia. The columnar epithelium moves down and replaces the squamous epithelium that normally lines the cervix. This disease can be congenital or acquired. If ectopia is congenital, it most often goes away on its own after pregnancy and childbirth.
3. Ectropion. It is believed that this is a later stage of ectopia. In this case, the mucous membrane of the cervix turns outward into the vagina, which is accompanied by damage to the integrity of the mucous membrane. Often the disease occurs after childbirth.
4. Leukoplakia. With this type of disease, keratinization of the mucous membrane develops. This type of erosion may be associated with viral infection.
5. Polyps and condylomas. With prolonged viral infection, a woman can develop benign neoplasms - polyps and condylomas of the cervix. These growths can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms, such as ulceration of the surface and minor bleeding, chronic infections, blockage of the cervical canal and infertility. Over time, such tumors can develop into cancer.

Is cervical erosion dangerous?

Cervical erosion is quite easy to treat. If the disease is detected in a timely manner and appropriate therapy is carried out, there will be no negative consequences will not arise. But the danger of the disease is that it is practically asymptomatic. Often, erosion can only be determined as a result of a routine gynecological examination. Without proper treatment, the disease progresses.

Late-stage cervical erosion can cause a number of other problems.

Infections

One of the biggest dangers of erosion is the likelihood of developing acute and chronic infection of the cervix and uterine cavity. This occurs because the mucous membrane affected by erosion is unable to perform its functions and no longer serves as a barrier against bacteria. The causative agent of the infection can be lactic acid bacteria, which normally populate the vaginal mucosa, or bacteria and fungi that enter the woman’s body from the external environment.

Infertility

Both the infectious process and the development of erosion itself can lead to infertility. In some cases, epithelial tissue grows. This tumor can block the entrance to the uterine cavity.

Epithelial layer dysplasia

With long-term erosion, normal epithelial cells are replaced by atypical ones, and a disease such as dysplasia occurs. Dysplasia is benign neoplasm, however, if not properly treated, dysplasia can develop into cancer.

Cervical cancer

A direct connection has been proven between erosion at a late stage and the occurrence of malignant neoplasm in the cervix. In most cases, cervical cancer is caused by a viral infection, namely the human papillomavirus. At the beginning of the infectious process, this virus causes erosion, which then degenerates into a malignant tumor.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cancer

The connection between viral infection and the development of cancer has been proven. According to the latest data, the risk of malignant neoplasms in women infected with HPV increases a hundred times. However, a viral infection is often asymptomatic and can only be detected as a result of a targeted examination.

The human papillomavirus is quite widespread. You can only become infected with it through contact. Most often, infection occurs during unprotected sex.

Currently, more than a hundred types of HPV are known, but most of them do not lead to the development of the disease. Basically, the body copes with the virus on its own, and the pathogen is destroyed within several months after infection. However, some types of the virus are highly oncogenic and lead to the development of cancer of the cervix, vulva or anus.

Cervical cancer can take 5–20 years to develop from HPV infection. The speed of this process depends on the woman’s immunity.

Other types of HPV do not cause cancer, but they cause the development of benign tumors, which, although not fatal, can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms or lead to infertility.

Like other cancers, cervical cancer can only be successfully treated if it is diagnosed in the early stages. In this case, up to 90% of patients completely get rid of the tumor, without losing the ability to give birth to a child.

The danger of this disease is that signs of cancer appear only at a late stage of the disease. These signs include:

1. Bleeding after non-menstrual sexual intercourse. Bleeding may be regular or occur periodically.
2. Atypical vaginal discharge, which often has an unpleasant odor.
3. Pain in the lower abdomen, lower back, legs.
4. Decreased appetite, weight loss, chronic fatigue.
5. Thus, cervical erosion may indicate the presence of HPV infection and the risk of cancer.

Do erosions need to be treated?

There are conflicting opinions about whether cervical erosion should be treated.

If the disease is congenital in nature, it is believed that it cannot lead to cancer, since in this case we are not talking about the viral nature of the disease. Congenital pseudoerosion is most often not treated until the birth of the first child. After this, the young woman’s body often restructures itself, the hormonal levels change, and the disease goes away on its own.

If erosion is acquired, then the need for treatment is determined by a number of factors. The disease needs to be treated if:

• erosion is accompanied by chronic inflammation of the cervix or uterine cavity.
• lesions occupy a large area;
• the disease is at a late stage, the appearance of atypical cells or dysplasia of the epithelial layer is observed;
• erosion is accompanied by HPV viral infection.

Traditional medicine suggests treating erosion with cauterization. However, it is important to remember that moxibustion is not recommended for girls before the birth of their first child, as this can lead to infertility, early termination of pregnancy or a difficult birth with multiple ruptures.

In addition, cauterizing erosion is very dangerous if the patient has already developed cancer. Cauterization of a malignant neoplasm, even at an early stage, can lead to more rapid spread diseases. Also in this case, any injuries to the mucous membrane that damage its integrity are dangerous. This leads to cancer cells entering the blood and lymph and spreading throughout the body; metastases occur.

But even if there are no contraindications to cauterization of erosion, this treatment is still very traumatic. After this, scars form on the mucous membrane of the cervix; it is not able to fully perform its functions. This increases the risk of infectious processes. In addition, when a child is born, the opening of the uterus becomes difficult, and ruptures and bleeding may occur.

A more gentle method of treatment is therapy with folk remedies. Traditional therapy includes douching with herbal decoctions, using tampons with healing agents and taking drugs orally. This treatment has a complex beneficial effect on the body, restores the integrity and normal functioning of the epithelial layer and does not lead to dangerous side effects.

Write in the comments about your experience in treating diseases, help other readers of the site!

Questions

Question: Can cervical erosion cause cancer?

Can cervical erosion cause cancer?

No, cervical erosion itself cannot cause cancer. Unfortunately, in recent years, gynecologists very often scare women with the fact that erosion can “grow” into cervical cancer over time. However, such a statement is fundamentally incorrect and, moreover, completely absurd. Let's take a closer look at what the relationship may actually be between erosion and cervical cancer.

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Erosion, HPV and cervical cancer: What to do?

So, if you have read the article up to this part, you have probably learned a lot useful information, and most importantly - truthful and modern, about the human papillomavirus, precancerous and cancerous conditions of the cervix and the notorious vaccine against cervical cancer. Let's summarize the above to move on to practical recommendations, which can be used by both women and doctors who want to increase their level of knowledge on these issues.

Cervical erosion is not a precancerous condition and does not develop into cervical cancer. This term is not used in modern gynecology.

The precancerous condition of the cervix includes only one type of condition - severe dysplasia.

The term "dysplasia" is obsolete and has been replaced by the term "intraepithelial lesion".

The diagnosis of this precancerous condition is a laboratory diagnosis - it cannot be made by eye, but only by examining the tissue of the cervix - cytologically and/or histologically.

Neither ectopia, nor polyp, nor leukoplakia, nor mild dysplasia are precancerous conditions of the cervix, and therefore do not require urgent treatment, much less surgical treatment.

Of the 40 types of HPV that affect the human anogenital area, HPV 16 and HPV 18 are most often involved in the occurrence of cervical cancer, and HPV 6 and HPV 11 are most often involved in the occurrence of genital warts.

Genital warts do not develop into cancer and are a benign process.

Natural life cycle HPV virus is harmless to the human body. HPV infection is found in 70-80% of young people who are sexually active.

90% of women with HPV infection get rid of the HPV virus without negative consequences for their body.

In the 10% of women with persistent HPV infection, cancer is extremely rare, although there may be abnormalities in cytological smears.

There is no cure for HPV infection.

Overall, 99.9% of women will never get cervical cancer, whether they have ever been infected with HPV or not.

Cervical cancer is a rare disease.

It takes at least a year for cancer to develop from a state of severe dysplasia, so there should be no rush in diagnosis and treatment when HPV or minor abnormalities in cytology are detected.

HPV infection in itself is not an indicator for surgical treatment of the cervix (cauterization, freezing, laser, radio wave therapy), unless the woman has severe dysplasia.

There are two vaccines, HPV4 (Gardasil) and HPV2 (Cervirax), to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer.

The effectiveness of HPV vaccines is not observed after 3-4 years.

Longer periods (up to 10 years) of vaccine effectiveness have not been proven.

HPV vaccines are medicines, therefore, their appointment must take into account strict contraindications. Women and men should be warned about side effects vaccinations.

The use of the vaccine during pregnancy or during pregnancy planning is contraindicated.

Vaccination effectiveness cannot be achieved unless all three doses of the vaccine are administered. Only a small number of women receive the full vaccination (three doses).

Of course, other conclusions can be drawn, and each reader will likely draw his own conclusions.

We come to the question of how, against the background of these numerous contradictory facts, this panic fear before cancer, the commercial influence of pharmaceutical tycoons on modern scientists, doctors and many other people, find the optimal plan-strategy for detecting cervical cancer? I offer you an algorithm for examining and monitoring women, which is supported by many progressive doctors. These recommendations may be completely different from those your doctors follow. However, they are based on a strong rational approach, taking into account the available scientific evidence on HPV infection and cervical cancer. It is your personal business to be guided by these recommendations or use the old ones, because your health is in your hands.

To vaccinate or not to vaccinate against HPV infection?

My personal opinion, which coincides with the opinion of many doctors, is that the age of 9-12 years is not rational, i.e. optimal for vaccination. The desire of the teenager himself to be vaccinated should also be taken into account without manipulating his decision through intimidation that if the child is not vaccinated, he will definitely develop cancer. It is the responsibility of every parent to build healthy relationships with their children and teach them healthy lifestyles, including sexual relations and sexual hygiene.

For women under 30 years of age who have sexual relations with one regular partner and who do not have HPV, vaccination is not mandatory and the choice should always remain with the woman. Manipulating the decision using the argument that a woman's partner may cheat on her and subsequently infect her with HPV is unethical.

The HPV vaccine is not recommended for women over 30 years of age.

In women diagnosed with HPV 16 and/or HPV 18, vaccination will not be effective in protecting against precancerous and cancerous conditions of the cervix. The protective effect can only be against HPV 6 and HPV 11, if they are not infected with them. If other types of HPV are present, the vaccine is also not effective.

Due to the lack of reliable data on the duration of the protective effect of the HPV vaccine, women and men should be aware that the clinical effect of the vaccine is observed only for 3-4 years. Is additional revaccination necessary? There is no convincing data on this issue.

How and when to screen for cancer?

Cytological examination of women should begin at the age of 21, regardless of the age at which the woman began sexual activity.

HPV testing is additional method screening and in combination with cytological examination allows to identify from 88 to 95% of severe dysplasias. However, the presence of HPV is not an indication for additional examination and treatment if cytology results are normal.

Now let's look at a possible combination of test results:

Repeated cytological examination can be performed after 3 years.

Cytological examination is normal

Repeated cytological examination can be performed after 1-2 years.

Conduct microbiological examination, exclude other vaginal infections or treat if present. Repeated cytological smear – after 6-12 months.

Cytological examination - atypical cells

Conduct a microbiological examination, exclude other vaginal infections or treat if present. Repeated cytological smear – after 3-6 months.

Repeated cytological examination after 6-12 months.

Cytological examination – mild dysplasia

Colposcopy can be performed, but is not necessary. Repeated cytological examination after 3-6 months. Biopsy for mild dysplasia is not indicated.

Cytological examination – moderate dysplasia

A colposcopy is necessary. If severe dysplasia is suspected, a biopsy is recommended. Repeat the cytological examination after 3-6 months.

Cytological examination – severe dysplasia

HPV – negative or positive

Colposcopy and biopsy are recommended. When the diagnosis is confirmed colposcopically and histologically, surgical treatment of the cervix is ​​performed using one of the available methods (cauterization, freezing, laser, radio wave therapy, less commonly, conization). If severe dysplasia is not confirmed histologically, repeat cytological examination and colposcopy are performed after 3 months.

If cancer is detected, a woman should be referred to an oncology clinic immediately.

A small addition about colposcopy: using this method without additional examinations It is possible to detect moderate and severe dysplasia of the cervical epithelium only in 2/3 of cases. It is believed that in order for a doctor to begin an independent colposcopic examination of cervical cancer, he must conduct at least 200 colposcopies under the supervision of a highly qualified colposcopist and maintain his professional level by conducting at least 25 colposcopies per year.

A biopsy with histological examination of the biopsy specimen has strict indications and contraindications - it is an invasive method of examination, and therefore is carried out only after obtaining the patient’s written or verbal consent. After a biopsy, a woman should avoid coitus for 7-10 days to prevent infection and additional trauma to the biopsy area.

If a woman is vaccinated against HPV, the doctor's priority should always be the results of the cytological smear, and not the presence or absence of HPV infection. Therefore, vaccinating a woman against HPV infection does not eliminate the need for such women to undergo cytological examination regularly.

Women aged or older with a 10-year history (3 cytological smears every 3 years) of normal cytological results can stop screening for precancerous and cancerous diseases of the cervix. The exception is women who are sexually active and have multiple sexual partners.

Thus, of all conditions of the cervix, only severe dysplasia and cancer require surgical treatment. In situ cancer (stage 0) is not considered an invasive form of cancer, so most often it is treated with preservation of the uterus.

When doctors rush with cauterizations and other surgical interventions, intimidating possible development cancer, I always advise such women to take off the glasses of fear and turn on the safety system for their own body in their consciousness-thinking. First, an examination is necessary (if it is really necessary, because it is enough to simply retake a cytological smear in a few months), and only then - “cutting” the cervix into pieces, but not vice versa. If you do not have severe dysplasia, and the doctor persistently puts pressure on your psyche with surgical treatment, try to forget the way to such a doctor.

Also, few doctors explain to young, frightened patients that surgical treatment of the cervix has many complications. What are these complications?

Infertility due to stenosis of the cervical canal, decreased production of cervical mucus, functional inferiority of the cervix and secondary tubal dysfunction due to ascending infection;

Formation of cervical scars and its deformation;

The occurrence of carcinoma due to incomplete or inaccurate examination;

Menstrual dysfunction;

Exacerbation inflammatory diseases genitourinary system;

Premature birth and premature rupture of membranes (a significant risk of this complication is observed after DEC and cryodestruction, so the doctor must take the choice of treatment seriously in women of reproductive age, especially nulliparous women, in whom surgical treatment may be delayed for a certain period of time).

If you have undergone surgical treatment (with or without indications), it is important to understand that recovery cover epithelium cervix needs time. During the entire recovery period (at least 4 weeks), a woman should not lift weights, use tampons, douche, or be sexually active, as all this provokes trauma with subsequent bleeding and infectious processes of the cervix. The normal histological picture of the cervical epithelium is restored in 60% of women 6 weeks after treatment, and in 90% after 10 weeks. The cytological smear must be repeated no earlier than 3-4 months after treatment. The healing process of cervical cancer after surgical treatment sometimes lasts up to 6 months, so early colposcopic or cytological examination sometimes leads to false positive results and unfounded suspicion of the presence of residual effects of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

In conclusion, I would like to focus your attention on the issues of preventing cervical cancer. Some of you will be surprised: isn’t this the whole article dedicated to this and isn’t this what vaccines were created for? The trouble is that almost the entire world community, especially the medical community, is fixated on HPV vaccinations. Do you know why? Because behind this lies the generation of income. What about other prevention methods? Are they not there or are they ineffective? They exist, but they will not lead to the creation of income for commercially-minded doctors and pharmaceutical companies. They can save their owners a lot of money, but for many people it is easier to put a pill in their mouth or get an injection than to start and lead a permanently healthy lifestyle. Therefore, people themselves become enemies of their own body.

What other types of prevention are these if we are not talking about vaccines? I have already mentioned risk factors for the development of precancerous and cancerous conditions of the cervix. If the influence of these factors is eliminated or reduced, the chance of cancer will also decrease. Let's look at these risk factors again, but through the prism of cervical cancer prevention. What can we change, where can serious work be done?

Large number of births - the number of births in many countries is decreasing because modern women do not want to give birth to more than 1-2 children, but it is important to reduce the number of abortions, because they can also be accompanied by trauma to the cervix. In addition, proper management of childbirth will protect many women from cervical ruptures - this entirely depends on the qualifications of doctors and midwives.

Deficiency of vitamins A, C and β-carotene in the diet of women - a balanced diet will help prevent not only cervical cancer, but also many other diseases;

Long-term (more than 5 years) use hormonal contraceptives– proliferative effect of the estrogenic component of COCs – many doctors still prescribe older forms of contraceptives with a high content of hormones. Increasing the level of education and experience of doctors and women in matters of modern contraception will help reduce the negative impact of hormonal contraception on a woman’s body;

Women whose partners have been diagnosed with cancer of the glans penis, which in some cases can be caused by oncogenic types of HPV - cancer of the glans penis is more common in those men who have had or are leading a promiscuous sex life with frequent changes of partners. Women are not to blame for this that their health largely depends on the responsibility of their spouses as sexual partners, and teaching men rationality and caution in sexual life or preventing adultery is not easy, but regular cytological screening remains in women whose partners have or have had cancer of the glans penis;

Immunodeficiency conditions, including AIDS, as well as the use of medications that suppress the immune system (organ transplants, treatment of cancer, etc.) - when treatment is necessary, there is nowhere to go, but excessive use of steroid drugs, antibiotics, biostimulants does not lead to good, Monitoring the use of drugs , which can reduce the body's defenses - these are important task both doctors and people who use these drugs;

Individual genetic predisposition to gynecological malignant processes is rare, but here it is important to pay attention to the history of cervical cancer in close relatives;

Sexually transmitted infections, which can often suppress defense mechanisms integumentary epithelium of the cervix - prevention depends entirely on the person engaging in sexual relations, and his level of knowledge, concern about how to protect himself from sexually transmitted infections; Educational work will not hurt here;

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - most often transmitted through sex, it all depends on the person himself - how much he understands the importance and necessity of protective measures against various types of sexually transmitted infections;

Number of sexual partners (more than three) - the number is never reflected best quality, and the philosophical law is also reflected at the level of sexual relations: what is important is not the number of sexual partners from whom one can become infected with many diseases, but stable, high-quality sexual relations with one partner.

Smoking (active and passive) – smoking is associated with many serious diseases, so quit smoking if you still smoke and it will reduce your risk of developing cervical cancer if you are a woman significantly;

A history of cytological smears with deviations from the norm - the more often and the more such deviations, the greater the chance of developing cancer, therefore cytological examination is not only a diagnostic method, but also a method of preventing cervical cancer;

Low social level – poor hygiene, including sexual life, promiscuity, lack of timely and high-quality medical care – government programs it is necessary to develop and guide towards improving the lives of people with a low social level. Then there will be no increase in tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, crimes and many other social problems;

Pattern of sexual behavior - bisexuals, homosexuals, promiscuity - people choose their sexual orientation themselves, and they should not be punished for this, but learning to protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections and creating stable, long-term sexual relationships will help prevent those types of cancer that are caused by HPV;

First sexual intercourse early age(up to 16 years of age) – sex education for adolescents depends primarily on parents, their relationships with children and the presence of trust. More effective sexuality education programs must be introduced in schools. Facilities mass media should not promote the depraved life of the PR elite and all kinds of “stars”, but take part in the moral, spiritual and physical healing of the nation.

Your health is in your hands, and your knowledge is your strength, which will protect you throughout life from artificially created problems. Take care of yourself!

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dajana Ukraine, Makeevka

Dashito

Elyosha Ukraine, Berdyansk

alice96 USA, New York

Olesya Russia, Kirov (Kirov region)

Future doctor Russia, Saratov

Guest

Today I had an appointment with a gynecologist for a medical examination.

She suggested that I treat my ectopia with vaporization, first take a biopsy and undergo a bunch of tests, buy a bunch of drugs with unproven effectiveness

At the same time, I told her that I was planning a pregnancy!

Yes, she is a wealthy doctor, I understood from her statements, but I didn’t pull her tongue. But she also knew that I was a doctor.

Thank you very much!

Olya Ukraine, Odessa

Marusya Russia, Krasnodar

Camomile Ukraine, Kyiv

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What is cervical erosion and can it develop into cancer?

Uterine erosion is a pathological disorder of the mucous membrane associated with damage to certain areas of the inner lining of the organ.

During a gynecological examination, the doctor may detect a number of changes in the mucous membranes, which are called erosion.

Etiology

Several types of damage are identified; each type of change has its own pathogenesis of the disease:

• Pseudo-erosion or ectopia. This change in the condition of the mucous membrane may be associated with changes in hormonal levels in the body. In the case of ectopia, an increased level of estrogen is observed in the blood. Such changes are not considered prerequisites for the development of cervical cancer; disorders do not require treatment. In exceptional cases, the doctor may prescribe treatment for pseudo-erosion if a focus of inflammation is detected in its area.
• Ectropion. Characterized by inversion of the cervix under traumatic influence. Injuries include postpartum injuries, consequences of abortions or uterine curettages.
• Dysplasia. Can be diagnosed by a doctor based on tests and visual examination, pathology is the main cause of the development of cancerous lesions. Dysplasia develops as a result of exposure of mucosal tissue to the virus that causes human papillomatosis.
• True. Caused by inflammatory processes in the uterine cavity, the cause of which is the presence of an infectious process. Pathogens of urogenital infections enter the body through unprotected sexual contact. Treatment of true erosion begins with identifying the cause of the development of the inflammatory process and destroying the infection that caused it.

Risk group

All age categories of women are susceptible to the disease, but most often it is found:

• For girls in the age category from 20 to 40 years.
• In female representatives who are sexually active. The disease is less commonly found in virgins.
• In women and girls who systematically take contraceptive medications.
• True and dysplasia lesions of the cervix are found in patients who do not have a permanent sexual partner and often change partners.

There are statistics where there is a tendency to increase the detection of erosive changes in the uterine mucosa in women who use alcohol and tobacco products.

Pathogenesis

The development of cervical erosion, and subsequently cancer, follows the following pattern:

1. Start pathological process. It is characterized by the development of inflammation in the uterine cavity of an infectious or non-infectious nature.
2. Formation of erosion. Erosion may manifest as bloody or serous discharge, but is often asymptomatic. Detection of erosive changes by a doctor during examination.
3. Expanding the scope of changes. This scenario may occur if the disease becomes chronic, if it is not detected in the early stages or if there is no treatment.
4. The formation of a benign or malignant formation. Perhaps if dysplasia or true erosion occurs.

Consequences

If detected in the early stages, the disease can be treated quite easily, but detecting changes in the mucosa in a timely manner can be very problematic. Whether erosion can develop into cancer depends on the nature of the damage to the mucous membrane observed in the woman:

• Pseudo-erosion cannot cause negative consequences on the body.
• When true erosion is detected, there is a danger that the infectious process will spread to nearby organs. Infectious lesions of the uterus and its appendages can lead to female infertility.
• In the case of dysplasia there is real threat the occurrence of malignant neoplasms.

Advanced cervical erosion may not always cause the development of cancer; additional diagnostic tests must be performed to accurately determine the risk of its development.

Diagnostics

The discovery by a gynecologist during a visual examination of the uterine cavity of dark red foci against the background of a paler mucous membrane of the uterus is the basis for suspecting the development of pathological changes in the mucous membrane.

Patients are surprised by the diagnosis of uterine erosion; this is due to the absence of a clinical picture in most cases.

Detection of a lesion similar to erosive one cannot be the basis for a final diagnosis. To clarify, a number of additional studies are being carried out to identify erosive changes and the causes of their occurrence.

• Cytological studies. For this purpose, a smear of the uterine cavity is taken. The analysis allows you to determine the risk of developing cervical cancer pathologies. At the same time, a flora study is carried out to identify the presence of inflammation.
• Colposcopy. The study is ordered when cytological studies detected suspicious changes in cellular structure. The test is necessary to detect changes in a cancerous or precancerous condition.
• Biopsy. A piece of tissue from the affected area of ​​the uterus is taken if colposcopic studies reveal the presence of a neoplasm developing.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A highly accurate study that allows you to determine the nature of the causative agent of the infectious process. Only an accurate determination of the type of pathogen will allow us to determine treatment tactics.
• Research on HPV detection. It is the papilloma virus that leads to changes in the cervix and the development of cancer, therefore, if erosion is suspected, the presence of the virus in the tissues and its danger to health are determined.

Prevention

The danger of cancerous changes resulting from cervical dysplasia requires timely detection and treatment of the disease in the early stages.

• Infectious processes leading to the formation of erosion are often asymptomatic, so it is necessary to undergo regular testing to detect urogenital infections.
• An annual examination of the health of a woman’s genital organs will ensure that the disease is detected in the early stages of development.
• To avoid the development of inflammatory processes in the uterine cavity, it is necessary to carry out regular hygiene procedures, and protect yourself against sexually transmitted infections.
• Even banal thrush can cause the development of erosion; to avoid this, you should lead a healthy lifestyle and maintain the condition of the immune system.
• If erosive changes are detected, it is necessary to immediately proceed to treatment, and not allow erosion to develop into a chronic disease.

The risk of cervical erosion exists in women of all ages; timely detection of the disease will prevent the formation of malignant tissue changes.

The specialist is able to supply preliminary diagnosis by visual examination, and only after additional research is an accurate diagnosis determined.

You should not self-medicate; the correct prescription of therapeutic procedures can only be prescribed by a gynecologist after conducting additional research to determine the nature of the disease and its causes.

Without proper medical care, cervical erosion can develop into cancer, but not in every case.

This is due to the fact that cervical erosion in combination with the human papillomavirus easily leads to dysplasia– the affected mucosal tissues do not die off completely, but transform into atypical ones and accumulate. A benign neoplasm is formed, which without timely treatment goes to stage 2-3, which is a precancerous condition.

Moreover, it can develop in just 5-10 years, depending on the state of the woman’s immune system. But usually the process lasts at least 10-15 years, and may not occur at all.

The danger is that in the initial stages, erosion may not manifest itself in any way and may not bother the patient. In these cases, you can easily neglect your health condition.

Groups and risk factors

Erosion occurs both in women experiencing menopause and in girls during puberty. Besides, erosions are often found in women who have recently given birth.

This is due to changes in hormonal levels during these periods of the patients’ lives.

There is also a high risk of developing the disease for those who are promiscuous, do not undergo preventive examinations on time, or have injuries to the genital organs due to operations.

Concomitant factors that increase the risk of developing cancer include:

• the presence of papillomavirus in the body (oncogenic types are dangerous);
• the presence of chronic sexually transmitted infections;
• use of hormonal contraceptives without interruption for more than 5 years;
• frequent abortions;
• genetic predisposition to cancer;
• reduced immunity, which is chronic, as well as bad habits;
• disruptions in the endocrine system.

The earlier a girl begins to be sexually active, the more susceptible she is to cervical erosion. In young patients, the epithelium is very thin, so it is easily and quickly damaged.

Observation by a doctor and treatment

You need to see a gynecologist at least once a year provided there are no symptoms and normal urogenital tests. For those who already have erosion, it is recommended to consult a doctor 2-3 times a year and even more often if any abnormalities are detected. If there is discomfort in the cervical area, it is better not to postpone a visit to the gynecologist.

To treat cervical erosion, different methods are used, which are selected individually depending on the stage of the disease, course, concomitant diseases, individual tolerance to drugs and much more.

The most popular treatment methods are:

Drug treatment is effective only in the early stages and is not recommended unless there are contraindications for surgical removal of the pathology. It involves douching antibacterial agents, taking medications to strengthen the immune system and can last up to 30 days.

The following methods may be used to detect cancer::

1. Traditional surgery. The doctor excises all affected areas and, if necessary, performs a radical removal of the cervix and nearby organs.
2. Radiation therapy aimed at the pelvic organs. Often combined with brachytherapy.
3. Chemotherapy. Radiation gives hope to patients even in advanced stages.
4. The use of highly toxic drugs in combination with one of the above methods.

You can reduce the risk of adverse consequences after treatment of erosion:

• carrying out postoperative measures recommended by the doctor: taking maintenance medications, douching, using suppositories;
• regular visits to the doctor for examination and treatment of tissue excision sites;
• abstinence from sexual activity for 1-1.5 months;
• use of barrier contraception for another 2 months after surgery and a period of abstinence;
• refusal to use tampons during menstruation until the tissue has completely healed.

Simple prevention can help prevent relapse:

To prevent the development of cancer, young women are recommended to be vaccinated against the human papillomavirus. In most cases, it is this that causes damage to the epithelial tissues of the internal genital organs.

Cervical erosion by itself cannot develop into cancer, but can develop into concomitant disease(dysplasia), more dangerous and capable of becoming precancerous.

Erosion is easy to get rid of, especially in the early stages. To do this, it is enough to regularly visit a doctor for a timely diagnosis and prescribing the correct treatment.

Modern medicine involves painless and safe removal of affected tissue.

Even if cancer has already been detected, it is a type that can be treated. The doctor will select the most suitable method surgical intervention and will preserve a maximum of healthy cells.

Useful video

We suggest watching a video about whether cervical erosion can develop into cancer:

As evidenced medical statistics, in every second woman of childbearing age, a gynecological examination reveals cervical erosion. This common disease is characterized by the appearance of ulcers on the mucous membrane.

In gynecology, there are three types of disease:

• true erosion– a wound on the cervix that can disappear on its own with timely treatment inflammation (for this they use sea buckthorn oil and other forms of conservative treatment);
• – its appearance is characteristic of puberty, when excess progesterone in the blood of girls can provoke the appearance of defects in the mucous membrane of the cervix;
• (pseudoerosion) is a common pathology that requires timely treatment due to the high likelihood of serious complications.

Is it possible that the disease will develop into cancer?

Can cervical erosion develop into cancer, what are the causes of cancer?

In domestic medicine there is an opinion that ESM is a precancerous condition.

This statement is based on the assumption that the new cells that a woman's body produces to cover the damaged surface of the cervical mucosa can degenerate over time and become the basis for a malignant tumor.

There is no irrefutable evidence of this.

One thing can be stated: the causes of erosion on the cervix and the occurrence of cervical cancer are largely similar factors. Let's talk about them in more detail.

Promotes the formation of ulcerations on the cervix for the following reasons:

• traumatic damage to the mucous membrane of the cervix resulting from abortion, childbirth or rough sexual intercourse;
• hormonal imbalances;
• inflammatory diseases of the vagina (thrush, colpitis, vaginitis, gardnerellosis);
• early onset of sexual activity;
• damage to reproductive female organs pathogenic agents that cause sexually transmitted diseases (gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, urogenital chlamydia, ureaplasmosis, genital herpes, human papillomavirus infection).

Often damage to the mucous membrane of the cervix It can be caused by a combination of several factors. For example, unprotected sexual contacts of teenage girls who enter adulthood early lead to unwanted pregnancy, which usually ends in abortion.

This situation is aggravated by the addition of sexually transmitted infections. To start treating them, you need to spend money. Teenagers are financially dependent on their parents, and trusting relationships with them do not always develop.

As a result, the disease blooms magnificently, and in the absence of treatment it becomes chronic form. This causes damage to the health of a person who is not yet fully formed. female body great harm. The appearance of erosion on the cervix in this situation cannot be avoided.

But what can we say about teenagers, in our country the overwhelming majority are adults and independent women doesn't take his health seriously enough, does not pay attention to such alarms body, such as unhealthy vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, irregular menstruation.

This is due to elementary ignorance, a naive hope that “it will go away on its own.”

Sometimes a woman, faced with a rude or incorrect attitude at a doctor’s appointment, is afraid of a repetition of the unpleasant situation and postpones her visit to the gynecologist until the last minute. Inaction or self-medication allows the disease to progress and makes its treatment difficult.

We talk about cervical cancer when a malignant tumor forms from cervical epithelial cells.

Circumstances that provoke cancer:

• mechanical damage to the cervix during childbirth or abortion;
• unhealthy processes in the endometrium caused by hormonal imbalances;
• the presence of untreated inflammatory diseases of the cervix.

In the latter case, the presence of pathogenic agents on the mucosa - human papillomaviruses and genital herpes - plays a fatal role. These microorganisms are carcinogenic. They are dangerous, contribute to the rapid development of the disease, and leave no hope for its successful outcome.

So it would not be entirely correct to say that untreated cervical erosion turns into cancer. Another thing is that these diseases have a similar mechanism of occurrence. Both diseases have the same symptoms, so in the early stages of development it can be difficult to distinguish cervical cancer from erosion.

Need to pay very close attention to the diagnosis of “cervical erosion”, undergo all necessary examinations. This will help clarify the diagnosis and exclude the possibility of cancer.

In the following video, the doctor talks about the peculiarities of the etiology of ectopia and answers the question whether cervical erosion can turn into cancer:

At-risk groups

Women at risk include:

• having promiscuous relationships with many sexual partners;
• those who began active sexual activity before the age of 16;
• have repeatedly terminated pregnancy;
• those suffering from chronic diseases of the reproductive system, especially sexually transmitted diseases;
• infected (especially with its most carcinogenic varieties No. 16 and No. 18);
• avoiding regular gynecological examinations and cancer screening to detect the disease in the early stages.

Unfortunately, respectable and reasonable women who lead a healthy lifestyle are also at risk if they have a spouse or regular partner who is promiscuous.

Factors contributing to the development of oncology

The main risk factors for cervical cancer include:

• infection with human papillomavirus;
• positive HIV status (as a factor that kills immune system and depriving the body of the ability to resist cancer);
• early growing up of a girl;
• the presence of chronic inflammatory processes in the genital area, sexually transmitted diseases;
• promiscuity in sexual relations;
• smoking;
• obesity;
• reception birth control pills(themselves hormonal drugs will not cause cancer; but usually women who use this method of protection from unwanted pregnancy do not consider it necessary to use condoms, which means they leave the cervix vulnerable to the human papillomavirus);
• unattended pathological conditions related to precancerous ones (condylomas, leukoplakias, non-healing ulcers, polyps, scars resulting from complicated childbirth).

How often should you see a doctor if you have a predisposition?

A self-respecting woman (regardless of whether she considers herself at risk) should visit a gynecologist for preventive examination at least twice a year.

It will be right if nothing bothers her.

If any alarming symptoms appear(the nature and duration of menstruation have changed, there is spotting of unknown origin, it persists for a long time and for no apparent reason low-grade fever, unexplained weakness appeared, weight dropped sharply), then you should immediately consult a doctor.

What treatment is prescribed

If the diagnosis is confirmed, the doctor will prescribe treatment. In one case, this will be aimed at eliminating the cause of erosion - the inflammatory process.