Benign and malignant lung tumor. Focal formations in the lungs Lung tumors articles

Not all tumors that form in the lungs indicate cancer; approximately 10% of them do not contain malignant cells and belong to a general group called “benign lung tumors.” All neoplasms included in their number differ in origin, location, histological structure, clinical features, but they are united by very slow growth and the absence of the metastasis process.

General information about benign neoplasms

The development of a benign formation occurs from cells that are similar in structure to healthy ones. It is formed as a result of the onset of abnormal tissue growth, throughout for long years may not change in size or increase very slightly, often does not show any signs and does not cause discomfort to the patient until complications begin.

Neoplasms of this localization are nodular seals of oval or round shape; they can be single or multiple and localized in any part of the organ. The tumor is surrounded by healthy tissues; over time, those that create the boundary atrophy, forming a kind of pseudocapsule.

The appearance of any compaction in an organ requires a detailed study to determine the degree of malignancy. The chance of getting a positive answer to the question: “Can a tumor in the lungs be benign” is much higher in the patient:

• who leads healthy image life;
• I do not smoke;
• by age – under 40 years old;
• undergoes a medical examination in a timely manner, during which a compaction is detected in a timely manner (in initial stage its development).

The reasons for the formation of benign tumors in the lungs have not been sufficiently studied, but in many cases they develop against the background of infectious and inflammatory processes (for example: pneumonia, tuberculosis, fungal infections, sarcoidosis, Wegener's granulomatosis), abscess formation.

Attention! Benign neoplasms of this localization are included in ICD 10, the group is marked with code D14.3.

Classifications of pathological neoplasms

IN medical practice adhere to the classification of benign lung tumors based on the localization and formation of the tumor compaction. According to this principle, there are three main types:

• central. These include tumor formations formed from the walls of the main bronchi. Their growth can occur both inside the bronchus and into adjacent surrounding tissues;
• peripheral. These include formations formed from the distal small bronchi or segments of lung tissue. According to their location, they can be superficial and deep (intrapulmonary). This type occurs more often than central ones;
• mixed.

Regardless of the type, tumor lumps can appear in both the left and right lungs. Some tumors are congenital, others develop during life under the influence of external factors. Neoplasms in the organ can form from epithelial tissue, mesoderm, neuroectoderm.

Overview of the most common and well-known types

IN this group Many types of neoplasms are included, among them the most common ones, which are often heard among the population and are described in any abstract about benign lung tumors.

1. Adenoma.

Adenomas account for more than half of all benign tumors localized in the organ. They are formed by cells of the mucous glands of the bronchial membrane, tracheal ducts and large respiratory tract.

In 90% of them, they are characterized by central localization. Adenomas are mainly formed in the wall of the bronchus, grow into the lumen and thickness, sometimes extrabronchially, but do not invade the mucosa. In most cases, the form of such adenomas is polyp-like; tuberous and lobular ones are considered more rare. Their structures can be clearly seen in the photos of benign lung tumors presented on the Internet. The neoplasm is always covered with its own mucosa, occasionally covered with erosion. There are also fragile adenomas containing a mass of curd consistency inside.

Neoplasms of peripheral localization (of which about 10%) have a different structure: they are capsular, with a dense and elastic internal consistency. They are uniform in cross section, granular, yellowish-gray in color.

By histological structure All adenomas are usually divided into four types:

• carcinoids;
• cylindromas;
• combined (combining the characteristics of carcinoids and cylinder);
• mucoepidermoid.

Carcinoids are the most common type, accounting for about 85% of adenomas. This type of neoplasm is considered slow-growing, potentially malignant tumor, which is distinguished by its ability to secrete hormonally active substances. Consequently, there is a risk of malignancy, which ultimately occurs in 5-10% of cases. A carcinoid that has become malignant metastasizes through the lymphatic system or bloodstream, thus reaching the liver, kidneys, and brain.

Other types of adenomas also carry the risk of cells degenerating into malignant ones, but they are very rare. Moreover, all neoplasms of the type considered respond well to treatment and practically do not recur.

1. Hamartoma.

Among the most common is hamartoma, a benign lung tumor formed from several tissues (organ lining, fatty and cartilaginous), including elements of germinal tissues. Thin-walled vessels, lymphoid cells, and smooth muscle fibers can also be observed in its composition. In most cases, it has a peripheral localization; pathological compactions are most often located in the anterior segments of the organ, on the surface or in the thickness of the lung.

Externally, a hamartoma has a round shape with a diameter of up to 3 cm, it can grow up to 12, but there are rare cases of larger tumors being detected. The surface is smooth, sometimes with small bumps. The internal consistency is dense. The neoplasm is gray-yellow in color, has clear boundaries, and does not contain a capsule.

Hamartomas grow very slowly, and can compress the vessels of the organ without growing them; they have a negligible tendency to malignancy.

1. Fibroma.

Fibromas are tumors formed by connective and fibrous tissue. In the lungs they are detected, according to various sources, from 1 to 7% of cases, but predominantly in males. Externally, the formation looks like a dense whitish node about 2.5-3 cm in diameter, with a smooth surface and clear boundaries that separate it from healthy tissue. Less common are reddish fibromas or those connected to the organ by a stalk. In most cases, compactions are peripheral, but they can also be central. Tumor formations of this type grow slowly, there is no evidence of their tendency to malignancy yet, but they can reach too large a size, which will seriously affect the function of the organ.

1. Papilloma.

Another well-known but rare case for this location is papilloma. It forms only in large bronchi, grows exclusively into the lumen of the organ, and is characterized by a tendency to malignancy.

Externally, papillomas have a papillary shape, are covered with epithelium, the surface can be lobulated or granular, in most cases with a soft-elastic consistency. The color can vary from pinkish to dark red.

Signs of a benign neoplasm

Symptoms of a benign lung tumor will depend on its size and location. Small seals most often do not show their development; they for a long time do not cause discomfort and do not worsen the general well-being of the patient.

Over time, seemingly harmless benign neoplasm in the lung can lead to:

• cough with phlegm;
• pneumonia;
• increase in temperature;
• coughing up blood;
• pain in the chest;
• narrowing of the lumen and difficulty breathing;
• weaknesses;
• general deterioration of health.

What treatment is provided?

Absolutely all patients who have been diagnosed with a neoplasm are interested in the question: what to do if a benign tumor is detected? lung tumor and do they do surgery? Unfortunately, antiviral therapy does not have an effect, so doctors still recommend surgical intervention. But modern methods and equipment of clinics make it possible to perform removal as safely as possible for the patient, without consequences or complications. Operations are performed through small incisions, which reduces the duration recovery period and contributes to the aesthetic component.

The only exceptions are inoperable patients for whom surgery is not recommended due to other health problems. They are indicated for dynamic observation and radiographic control.

Is there a need for complex invasive surgery? Yes, but it depends on the size of the pathological compaction and development concomitant diseases, complications. Therefore, the doctor chooses the treatment option on a strictly individual basis, guided by the results of the patient’s examination.

Carefully! There is no evidence of the effectiveness of treating such pathologies folk remedies. Don't forget that everything, even benign formations carry a potential danger in the form of malignancy, i.e. a change in character to malignant is possible, and this is cancer - a deadly disease!

Benign tumor lungs, unlike cancer, does not metastasize, is no different rapid growth and does not violate general condition patient, and yet it cannot be considered safe for life. The lungs are a vital organ, and any neoplasm in them can lead to breathing problems. Therefore, treatment of a benign lung tumor must be carried out, although it differs from lung cancer or sarcoma.

Today, new minimally invasive methods are used in the treatment of benign lung tumors abroad - in modern clinics Europe, USA, Israel and other countries with high level medicine. These technologies are much less traumatic, practically do not cause complications, the patient does not need long-term postoperative rehabilitation, and their cost is lower than traditional surgical operations.

Cost of treatment for a benign lung tumor abroad

The cost of treating a benign lung tumor abroad will be much lower than treating cancer, because very expensive chemotherapy and biotherapy are not carried out, as well as radiation treatment. For example, a benign lung tumor will be determined by the extent of the patient’s examination and the type of tumor removal method.

You can find out more about treatment prices on our website by filling out the contact form, or by calling us by phone.

Benign lung tumor - causes and types

A benign lung tumor is distinguished by the fact that it grows from ordinary, unchanged tissue - epithelial, vascular, connective, nervous. It occurs 10 times less frequently than cancer, mainly in people young up to 35-40 years old, characterized by slow growth.

The causes of tumor growth of tissues have not been precisely established, but there are predisposing factors - chronic inflammation, trauma, intoxication, tobacco smoke. Often such tumors are congenital. Depending on the source tissue, lung fibromas, hemangiomas, cysts, neuromas, neurofibromas, adenomas, lipomas, papillomas, as well as teratoma and hamartoma (congenital embryonic tumors) are distinguished.

By number, single and multiple tumors are distinguished, and depending on their location in the lungs - central (growing near the bronchi), peripheral (growing in the thickness of the alveolar tissue) and mixed. Determining the causes and type of disease is important for further development therapeutic tactics. The same approach is used for .

Symptoms and diagnosis of benign lung tumor

The clinical manifestations of a benign lung tumor will depend on its size and location. A central tumor compressing the bronchus will cause a persistent paroxysmal cough, and blockage of the bronchus can lead to atelectasis - collapse of the part of the lung (lobe, segment or lobule) corresponding to this bronchus. This will be manifested by shortness of breath, and the development of pneumonia in the collapsed area is possible.

Small peripheral tumors can remain invisible for a long time, and only when they put pressure on the pleura do chest pains appear. When alveolar tissue ruptures, it can develop severe complication– pneumothorax, when air enters the pleural cavity and compresses the lung. At the same time, subcutaneous emphysema also develops - air escaping under the skin, respiratory failure. Often a lung tumor is accompanied by an increase in body temperature due to the addition of an inflammatory process, and hemoptysis may also appear.

Treatment of a benign lung tumor behind the garnitsa

Any lung tumor should be removed as early as possible, because a benign tumor can cause complications - compression of the lung tissue, development of inflammation, pneumothorax, bleeding. In addition, any benign lung tumor can, to one degree or another, transform into a malignant one.

Treatment of benign lung tumors abroad is carried out by experienced, qualified specialists in the field of lung surgery. Making the most of opportunities endoscopic removal, if the tumor is limited and there are no complications. Preference is given to electroresection, laser and cryodestructive removal. Such approaches are actively used in .

For peripheral tumors, economical resection of the lung within healthy tissue is used, and for large sizes or multiple tumors, segmentectomy, lobectomy, and sometimes even pneumonectomy are performed. Urgent intraoperative histological examination of the removed material is practiced.

If the benign nature is confirmed, the surgeon sutures the wound, but if malignant cells are detected, the scope of the operation expands. For the treatment of benign lung tumors, the qualifications and skill of specialists, the availability of new treatment and control technologies that are available in foreign clinics are also very important.

Benign tumors respiratory systems develop from cells that resemble healthy ones in their properties and composition. This species makes up only about 10% of total number such localization. Most often they are found in people under 35 years of age.

A benign neoplasm usually looks like a small round or oval nodule. Despite the similarity with healthy tissues, modern methods diagnostics allow you to very quickly find the difference in structure.

If the tumor does not lead to disruption of the bronchi, then practically no sputum is produced. The larger it is, the more serious the cough begins.

In some cases it is found:

• rise in body temperature,
• the appearance of shortness of breath,
• chest pain.

An increase in body temperature is associated with a violation of the ventilation functions of the respiratory organs and when an infection is associated with the disease. Shortness of breath is mainly characteristic in situations where the lumen of the bronchi closes.

Even with a benign tumor, depending on its size, weakness, lack of appetite, and sometimes hemoptysis may appear. The patients themselves note that breathing becomes weaker and voice tremors appear.

Complications of the neoplasm

If the disease was not detected in time, then tendencies to the formation of infiltrates and growth may appear. In the worst case, blockage of the bronchial tube or the entire lung occurs.

Complications are:

• pneumonia,
• malignancy (acquisition of properties of a malignant tumor),
• bleeding,
• compression syndrome,
• pneumofibrosis,
• bronchiectasis.

Sometimes the tumors grow to such a size that they compress vital structures. This leads to disruptions in the functioning of the entire body.

Diagnostics

If a tumor in the respiratory tract is suspected, laboratory tests must be used. the first ones make it possible to identify elastic fibers and the cellular substrate.

The second method is aimed at identifying elements of education. It is carried out many times. Bronchoscopy allows you to diagnose accurate diagnosis.

Is also carried out X-ray examination. A benign formation appears on photographs as rounded shadows with clear, but not always even, contours.

The photo shows a benign lung tumor - hamartoma

For differential diagnosis it is carried out. It allows you to more accurately separate benign lesions from peripheral cancers, vascular tumors and other problems.

Treatment of a benign tumor in the lung

Most often offered surgery tumors. The operation is carried out immediately after the problem is discovered. This allows you to avoid the occurrence of irreversible changes in the lung and prevent the possibility of transformation into a malignant formation.

For central localization they use laser methods, ultrasonic and electrosurgical instruments. The latter are the most popular in modern clinics.

If the disease is peripheral in nature, the following is carried out:

• (removal of a section of the lung),
• resection (removal of affected tissue),
• (removal of formation without observing oncological principles).

At the most early stages the tumor can be removed through a bronchoscope, but sometimes the consequence of such exposure is bleeding. If the changes are irreversible and affect the entire lung, then only pneumonectomy (removal of the affected organ) remains.

Traditional treatment

In order to alleviate the condition of a benign lung tumor, you can try traditional methods.

One of the most popular herbs is celandine. One spoon should be brewed in 200 ml of boiling water and placed in a steam bath for 15 minutes.

Then bring to the original volume. Take 100 ml twice a day.

Forecast

If therapeutic measures were carried out in a timely manner, then the recurrence of the appearance of formations is rare.

Slightly less favorable prognosis for carcinoid. With a moderately differentiated form, the five-year survival rate is 90%, and with a poorly differentiated form it is only 38%.

Video about a benign lung tumor:

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Basic information

Definition

A focal formation in the lung is a radiographically determined single defect of a round shape in the projection of the pulmonary fields (Fig. 133).

Its edges may be smooth or uneven, but they must be distinct enough to determine the contour of the defect and allow its diameter to be measured in two or more projections.

Rice. 133. X-ray chest in frontal and lateral projections, a 40-year-old patient.
Focal darkening with clear boundaries is visible. When compared with previous radiographs, it was found that over a period of more than 10 years the formation did not increase in size. It was considered benign and resection was not performed.

The surrounding lung parenchyma should appear relatively normal. Calcifications and small cavities are possible inside the defect. If most of the defect is occupied by a cavity, then a recalcified cyst or thin-walled cavity should be assumed; these nosological units are not advisable to include in the type of pathology being discussed.

The size of the defect is also one of the criteria for determining focal formations in the lung. The authors believe that the term “focal formation in the lungs” should be limited to a defect size of no more than 4 cm. Formations with a diameter of more than 4 cm are more often of a malignant nature.

Therefore, the process of differential diagnosis and examination tactics for these large formations are somewhat different than for typical small focal opacities. Of course, accepting a diameter of 4 cm as a criterion for classifying pathology as a group of focal formations in the lung is to a certain extent conditional.

Causes and prevalence

Causes focal darkening in the lungs can be different, but in principle they can be divided into two main groups: benign and malignant (Table 129). Among benign causes, the most common are granulomas caused by tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis.

Table 129. Causes of focal formations in the lungs

Among malignant causes The most common dark spots are bronchogenic cancers and metastases of tumors of the kidneys, colon, and breast. According to various authors, the percentage of dark spots that later turn out to be malignant ranges from 20 to 40.

There are many reasons for this variability. For example, in studies conducted in surgical clinics, calcified defects are usually excluded, therefore, in such populations a higher percentage of malignant tumor is obtained compared with groups of patients from which calcified defects are not excluded.

Studies conducted in geographic areas where coccidioidomycosis or histoplasmosis are endemic will also, of course, show a higher percentage of benign changes. An important factor Age is also a factor; in persons under 35 years of age, the likelihood of malignant lesions is low (1% or less), and in older patients it increases significantly. A malignant nature is more likely for large opacities than for smaller ones.

Anamnesis

Most patients with focal formations in the lungs do not have any clinical symptoms. However, by carefully questioning the patient, you can obtain some information that can help in diagnosis.

Clinical symptoms of pulmonary pathology are more common in patients with a malignant origin of the opacities than in patients with benign defects.

History of present illness

It is important to collect information regarding recent upper respiratory tract infections, influenza and influenza-like conditions, and pneumonia, since sometimes pneumococcal infiltrates are round in shape.

The presence of chronic cough, sputum, weight loss or hemoptysis in the patient increases the likelihood of a malignant origin of the defect.

Status of individual systems

With the help of correctly asked questions, it is possible to identify the presence of non-metastatic paraneoplastic syndromes in a patient. These syndromes include: clubbing fingers with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, ectopic hormone secretion, migratory thrombophlebitis and a number of neurological disorders.

However, if a patient’s malignant process manifests itself only as an isolated darkening in the lung, all these signs are rare. The main purpose of such an interview is usually to try to identify extrapulmonary symptoms that may indicate the presence of a primary malignant tumor in other organs or detect distant metastases primary tumor lungs.

The presence of an extrapulmonary primary tumor can be suspected by symptoms such as changes in stool, the presence of blood in the stool or urine, detection of a lump in the breast tissue, and the appearance of discharge from the nipple.

Past illnesses

The possible etiology of focal opacities in the lungs can be reasonably suspected if the patient previously had malignant tumors of any organs or the presence of a granulomatous infection (tuberculosis or fungal) was confirmed.

To others systemic diseases which may be accompanied by the appearance of isolated opacities in the lungs include rheumatoid arthritis And chronic infections arising against the background of immunodeficiency states.

Social and professional history, travel

A history of long-term smoking significantly increases the likelihood of a malignant nature of focal changes in the lungs. Alcoholism is accompanied by an increased likelihood of tuberculosis. Information about the patient’s residence or travel to certain geographic areas (endemic zones for fungal infections) makes it possible to suspect the patient of any of the common (coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis) or rare (echinococcosis, dirofilariasis) diseases that lead to the formation of opacities in the lungs.

It is necessary to ask the patient in detail about his working conditions, since some types of professional activity(asbestos production, uranium and nickel mining) are accompanied by increased risk the occurrence of malignant lung tumors.

It is possible to detect a tumor in the lungs and determine what it may be with a detailed examination. People are susceptible to this disease different ages. Formations arise due to disruption of the process of cell differentiation, which can be caused by internal and external factors.

Neoplasms in the lungs are large group various formations in the lung area, which have a characteristic structure, location and nature of origin.

Neoplasms in the lungs can be benign or malignant.

Benign tumors have different genesis, structure, location and different clinical manifestations. Benign tumors are less common than malignant tumors and make up about 10% of the total. They tend to develop slowly and do not destroy tissue, since they are not characterized by infiltrating growth. Some benign tumors tend to transform into malignant ones.

Depending on the location there are:

1. Central - tumors from the main, segmental, lobar bronchi. They can grow inside the bronchus and surrounding lung tissue.
2. Peripheral - tumors from surrounding tissues and walls of small bronchi. They grow superficially or intrapulmonarily.

Types of benign tumors

There are the following benign lung tumors:

Briefly about malignant tumors

Increase.

Lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma) is a tumor consisting of epithelial tissue. The disease tends to metastasize to other organs. It can be located in the periphery, the main bronchi, or grow into the lumen of the bronchus or organ tissue.

Malignant neoplasms include:

1. Lung cancer has the following types: epidermoid, adenocarcinoma, small cell tumor.
2. Lymphoma is a tumor that affects the lower respiratory tract. It may occur primarily in the lungs or as a result of metastases.
3. Sarcoma is a malignant tumor consisting of connective tissue. Symptoms are similar to those of cancer, but develop more quickly.
4. Pleural cancer is a tumor that develops in the epithelial tissue of the pleura. It can occur primarily, and as a result of metastases from other organs.

Risk factors

The causes of malignant and benign tumors are largely similar. Factors that provoke tissue proliferation:

• Smoking active and passive. 90% of men and 70% of women who have been diagnosed with malignant tumors in the lungs are smokers.
• Contact with hazardous chemicals and radioactive substances due to occupational activities and contamination environment areas of residence. Such substances include radon, asbestos, vinyl chloride, formaldehyde, chromium, arsenic, and radioactive dust.
• Chronic respiratory diseases. The development of benign tumors is associated with the following diseases: Chronical bronchitis, chronic obstructive disease lungs, pneumonia, tuberculosis. The risk of malignant neoplasms increases if there is a history of chronic tuberculosis and fibrosis.

The peculiarity is that benign formations can be caused not by external factors, but gene mutations and genetic predisposition. Malignancy and transformation of the tumor into malignant also often occur.

Any lung formations can be caused by viruses. Cell division can be caused by cytomegalovirus, human papillomavirus, multifocal leukoencephalopathy, simian virus SV-40, and human polyomavirus.

Symptoms of a tumor in the lung

Benign lung formations have various signs, which depend on the location of the tumor, its size, existing complications, hormonal activity, direction of tumor growth, and impaired bronchial obstruction.

Complications include:

• abscess pneumonia;
• malignancy;
• bronchiectasis;
• atelectasis;
• bleeding;
• metastases;
• pneumofibrosis;
• compression syndrome.

Bronchial patency has three degrees of impairment:

• 1st degree – partial narrowing of the bronchus.
• 2nd degree – valvular narrowing of the bronchus.
• 3rd degree – occlusion (impaired patency) of the bronchus.

Symptoms of the tumor may not be observed for a long time. The absence of symptoms is most likely with peripheral tumors. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, several stages of the pathology are distinguished.

Stages of formations

Stage 1. It is asymptomatic. At this stage, partial narrowing of the bronchus occurs. Patients may have a cough with a small amount of sputum. Hemoptysis is rare. During examination X-ray does not detect anomalies. Tests such as bronchography, bronchoscopy, and computed tomography can show the tumor.

Stage 2. Valve narrowing of the bronchus is observed. At this point, the lumen of the bronchus is practically closed by the formation, but the elasticity of the walls is not impaired. When you inhale, the lumen partially opens, and when you exhale, it closes with the tumor. In the area of ​​the lung that is ventilated by the bronchus, expiratory emphysema develops. As a result of the presence of bloody impurities in the sputum and swelling of the mucous membrane, complete obstruction (impaired patency) of the lung can occur. Inflammatory processes may develop in the lung tissues. The second stage is characterized by a cough with the release of mucous sputum (pus is often present), hemoptysis, shortness of breath, increased fatigue, weakness, chest pain, elevated temperature(due to the inflammatory process). The second stage is characterized by alternation of symptoms and their temporary disappearance (with treatment). An X-ray image shows impaired ventilation, the presence of an inflammatory process in a segment, lobe of the lung, or an entire organ.

To be able to make an accurate diagnosis, bronchography, computed tomography, and linear tomography are required.

Stage 3. Complete obstruction of the bronchial tube occurs, suppuration develops, and irreversible changes in lung tissue and their death occur. At this stage, the disease has such manifestations as impaired breathing (shortness of breath, suffocation), general weakness, excessive sweating, chest pain, elevated body temperature, cough with purulent sputum (often with bloody particles). Sometimes pulmonary hemorrhage may occur. During examination, an x-ray may show atelectasis (partial or complete), inflammatory processes with purulent-destructive changes, bronchiectasis, space-occupying formation in the lungs. To clarify the diagnosis, a more detailed study is necessary.

Symptoms

Symptoms of low-quality tumors also vary depending on the size, location of the tumor, the size of the bronchial lumen, the presence of various complications, and metastases. The most common complications include atelectasis and pneumonia.

At the initial stages of development, malignant cavitary formations that arise in the lungs show few signs. The patient may experience the following symptoms:

• general weakness, which intensifies as the disease progresses;
• increased body temperature;
• fast fatiguability;
• general malaise.

Symptoms of the initial stage of development of the neoplasm are similar to signs of pneumonia, acute respiratory viral infections, bronchitis.

Progression malignant formation accompanied by symptoms such as cough with sputum consisting of mucus and pus, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, suffocation. When the tumor grows into the vessels, pulmonary hemorrhage occurs.

Peripheral lung formation may not show signs until it invades the pleura or chest wall. After this, the main symptom is pain in the lungs that occurs when inhaling.

On late stages malignant tumors appear:

• increased constant weakness;
• weight loss;
• cachexia (depletion of the body);
• the occurrence of hemorrhagic pleurisy.

Diagnostics

To detect tumors, the following examination methods are used:

1. Fluorography. Prophylactic diagnostic method x-ray diagnostics, which allows you to identify many pathological formations in the lungs. read this article.
2. Plain radiography of the lungs. Allows you to identify spherical formations in the lungs that have a round outline. An x-ray image reveals changes in the parenchyma of the examined lungs on the right, left or both sides.
3. CT scan. Using this diagnostic method, the lung parenchyma is examined, pathological changes lungs, each intrathoracic lymph node. This study prescribed when needed differential diagnosis round formations with metastases, vascular tumors, peripheral cancer. Computed tomography allows a more accurate diagnosis to be made than x-ray examination.
4. Bronchoscopy. This method allows you to examine the tumor and perform a biopsy for further cytological examination.
5. Angiopulmonography. It involves performing invasive radiography of blood vessels using a contrast agent to detect vascular tumors of the lung.
6. Magnetic resonance imaging. This diagnostic method is used in severe cases for additional diagnostics.
7. Pleural puncture. Research in pleural cavity with a peripheral location of the tumor.
8. Cytological examination sputum. Helps determine the presence of a primary tumor, as well as the appearance of metastases in the lungs.
9. Thoracoscopy. It is carried out to determine the operability of a malignant tumor.

Fluorography.

Bronchoscopy.

Angiopulmonography.

Magnetic resonance imaging.

Pleural puncture.

Cytological examination of sputum.

Thoracoscopy.

It is believed that benign focal formations of the lungs are no more than 4 cm in size; larger focal changes indicate malignancy.

Treatment

All neoplasms are subject to operative method treatment. Benign tumors must be immediately removed after diagnosis in order to avoid an increase in the area of ​​affected tissue, trauma from surgery, the development of complications, metastases and malignancy. For malignant tumors and benign complications, a lobectomy or bilobectomy may be required to remove a lobe of the lung. With the progression of irreversible processes, a pneumonectomy is performed - removal of the lung and surrounding lymph nodes.

Bronchial resection.

Central cavity formations localized in the lungs are removed by resection of the bronchus without affecting the lung tissue. With such localization, removal can be done endoscopically. To remove tumors with a narrow base, a windowed resection of the bronchial wall is performed, and for tumors with wide base– circular resection of the bronchus.

For peripheral tumors, the following methods are used surgical treatment such as enucleation, marginal or segmental resection. For large tumors, lobectomy is used.

Lung formations are removed using thoracoscopy, thoracotomy and videothoracoscopy. During the operation, a biopsy is performed, and the resulting material is sent for histological examination.

For malignant tumors surgery is not performed in the following cases:

• when it is not possible complete removal neoplasms;
• metastases are located at a distance;
• impaired functioning of the liver, kidneys, heart, lungs;
• The patient's age is more than 75 years.

After removal of the malignant tumor, the patient undergoes chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In many cases, these methods are combined.