INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CATS AND DOGS

Like other animal species, dogs and cats are also susceptible to infectious diseases that are caused by microorganisms. plant origin. In most cases, such diseases are transmitted from one animal to another, so in practice they are often called contagious diseases.

It should be noted that dogs and cats are more resistant than other animal species to many pathogens of infectious diseases, which is due to their biological characteristics developed in the course of evolution in connection with the nature of nutrition and habitat.

However, keeping dogs and cats in captivity (in a nursery, at room conditions, vivarium), especially if zoohygienic requirements are violated, helps to reduce the body's natural resistance to infectious diseases. The most unfavorable effect on animals is such factors as colds, overheating, overwork, feeding poor-quality food, etc.

An infectious disease is the result of the introduction of a pathogenic (pathogenic) microbe into the body of an animal and its subsequent reproduction and distribution in the body. At the same time, pathogenic microbes cause dysfunctions of certain cells, tissues and organs. Often they cause their morphological damage, which leads to the clinical manifestation of the disease.

At the same time, the body is mobilizing and strengthening defense mechanisms against the pathogen, aimed at limiting its spread, neutralizing toxic products, destroying or removing microbes from the body. Ultimately, this ensures the recovery of the sick animal. If the body's defenses are insufficient to fight the causative agent of the disease, then it intensifies, the body weakens and, due to a violation of vital functions, dies.

Infectious diseases are characterized by the presence of a latent, or incubation, period, which lasts from the moment the pathogen enters the animal's body until the first clinical signs of the disease appear. Most often it lasts several days, sometimes less than a day or stretches for several months.

Quite often, despite the ingress of a pathogenic microbe on the skin, mucous membranes and even inside the body, there are no clinically visible signs of the disease, the animal remains healthy or it develops a latent, latent infection, the presence of which can only be judged by a veterinary specialist on the basis of special studies.

It should also be borne in mind that an animal recovering from an infectious disease is not always completely freed from its pathogen and remains a microbe carrier for some time, presenting a danger to other susceptible animals during this period as well.

Characteristics of pathogens

In dogs and cats, infectious diseases can be caused by various microorganisms: bacteria, which include rod-shaped bacteria and bacilli, spherical cocci and various convoluted forms, microscopic fungi, viruses, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, etc. They differ in their biological properties and sizes.

For example, viruses are so small that they can pass through special bacterial filters and can only be seen under an electron microscope. Bacteria, fungi and mycoplasmas can be grown in laboratory conditions on more or less complex nutrient media, while viruses and rickettsia develop only inside living cells (inside chicken embryos or in special cell cultures).

If the need arises, special laboratory tests are performed (isolation of the causative agent of the disease, detection of antibodies in the blood, infection of experimental animals, etc.) or allergic tests, for example, the introduction of tuberculin intradermally, etc.

Biopreparations and disinfectants

An animal develops a certain degree of resistance, or immunity, to re-infection. It is due to the effort of the body's defenses against the causative agent of the disease, which is manifested in the accumulation in the blood and other biological fluids the body of specific antibodies, in enhancing the activity of phagocytes - special cells that absorb and destroy microbes, etc.

The state of immunity can also be induced artificially. To do this, a pathogen with a weakened virulence or killed by heat, formalin, etc. is introduced into the body of an animal. Such biological preparations from pathogens are called vaccines and are widely used to protect animals from diseases. Dogs are vaccinated against rabies, plague, Aujeszky's disease, etc. Cats are vaccinated against rabies. It is possible to use a vaccine against one disease or against two or three at once. This may be a polyvaccine against plague, leptospirosis and infectious hepatitis in dogs. After vaccination, immunity develops in 10–14 days and may last for several months.

To quickly create immunity and to treat an already existing disease, specific sera or globulins are used, which are obtained from hyperimmunized or recovered animals. After the introduction of serum, immunity occurs immediately, but lasts no more than two to three weeks.

Newborn puppies and kittens receive protective substances from their mothers with colostrum. Since sick animals and microcarriers more or less constantly release microbes into the environment, one of the most important measures in the fight against infectious diseases is disinfection.

Preventive disinfection is carried out periodically until the appearance of diseases in the premises where animals are kept, on walking grounds, etc. When a disease appears, current disinfection is systematically performed, and after the elimination of the disease, before the removal of veterinary restrictions, final disinfection is carried out. They disinfect not only the premises, but also all objects that the dog or cat has come into contact with.

Disinfectants can be physical or chemical. TO physical means disinfection include:

sunlight, especially direct Sun rays;

blowtorch flame;

ultraviolet rays of a germicidal lamp;

hot steam.

TO chemicals disinfection include:

2–3% sodium hydroxide solution;

2–3% formalin;

20% suspension of bleach;

2% chloramine;

3% Lysol;

slaked lime in the form of milk of lime.

The choice of disinfectants depends on the causative agent of the disease and the conditions for disinfection.

Prevention of infectious diseases

For the prevention of infectious diseases, it is necessary to comply with zoohygienic and veterinary requirements for the maintenance and feeding of dogs and cats. Feed should be complete and varied with a sufficient content of vitamins and trace elements.

Dogs and cats should not be allowed to come into contact with other animals, especially sick and neglected, stray, which can often be carriers of pathogens of various diseases.

In nurseries and vivariums, when replenishing groups of animals, newly arrived dogs or cats are kept in preventive quarantine for 30 days, subjected to systematic examinations, and in some cases special studies. Animals showing signs of illness are immediately isolated and taken to a veterinarian.

In raising a puppy, the most difficult period is the first six months. At this time, in order to prevent infectious diseases, avoid contact with other dogs, especially stray ones. It is necessary to be vaccinated against rabies, parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, viral hepatitis, ringworm, and plague. The timing of vaccinations and their sequence must be agreed with the veterinarian.

Rabies

Rabies, or hydrophobia (hydrophobia) is an acute viral disease that occurs in a dog or person after being bitten by a sick animal. characterized by damage to the central nervous system. Leads to increased excitability, rabies, paralysis of the limbs, etc. Almost always ends in death. Very dangerous for humans.

The causative agent of rabies is a medium-sized neurotropic virus. With repeated sequential passage (passaging) through the body of rabbits, the rabies virus increases its virulence for them, but becomes less dangerous for dogs, other animals and humans. The great French scientist Louis Pasteur obtained in this way the rabies "fix virus", which has been used since 1885 as a vaccine against rabies.

The rabies virus quickly dies at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius. And higher, when exposed to conventional disinfectants (formalin, alkalis, bleach, creolin), but in animal corpses, especially at low temperatures, it can persist for weeks.

epidemiological data

All warm-blooded animals are susceptible to rabies, especially carnivores. They are the main spreaders of rabies. Dogs have always been a significant source of rabies, but in last years due to widespread vaccination, their role in the spread of the disease has decreased and at the same time the importance of wild animals, especially foxes, has increased.

The rabies virus is excreted from the body mainly with saliva. Infection occurs through bites. Bites in the head area are especially dangerous. You can also become infected when your dog spit on skin scratches and other injuries.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period lasts from 2 weeks to 2 months, but can be longer.

Rabies can manifest itself in different ways, but always with damage to the central nervous system. In dogs and cats, the violent form of rabies is the most common, and less frequently the silent or paralytic form. In the violent form in dogs, three stages are distinguished, although not always clearly defined.

In the first stage of the disease, an unreasonable change in the behavior of the animal is noticeable: the desire for solitude, distrust or unusual affection, grumbling, changing the place of lying, imaginary "catching flies". Appetite reduced or perverted. The dog eats inedible objects, there is vomiting. Increased reaction to external stimuli (light, touch). Sometimes already at this stage, paralysis of the muscles of the pharynx begins, salivation is noted.

After 1-3 days, the disease passes into the second stage. It is characterized by increased anxiety and excitation of the animal, up to frenzy. The dog grabs and gnaws various objects, own body, attacks animals, especially dogs, and humans. When possible, she runs away, wanders aimlessly, showing aggressiveness. As a result of muscle paralysis, swallowing becomes difficult, the lower jaw sags, the tongue sticks out, saliva is abundantly secreted, barking becomes hoarse. The look is alert, strabismus develops.

In the third stage, paralysis intensifies, general depression, weakness and exhaustion of the animal develop. Body temperature drops below normal. After 4-5 days, the dog dies.

With the silent form of rabies, the stage of excitement and aggressiveness is essentially absent, paralysis develops faster, which leads the animal to death.

In cats, the disease has the same picture, but they behave more aggressively, attacking dogs and humans with particular anger. The course of the disease is usually very acute, the cat dies in 2-4 days.

In rare cases, rabies proceeds atypically, with mild symptoms or 2-3 repeated attacks.

Rabies is diagnosed according to clinical signs and taking into account epizootological and pathological data and laboratory studies of the brain.

First aid

If rabies is suspected, the animal must be isolated (closed in a booth or a separate room) and reported to the veterinary service specialists. People bitten or salivated by such an animal should immediately contact the nearest clinic.

There is no treatment. Sick animals are euthanized. High-value dogs bitten by diseased or suspicious animals can be forced vaccinations with hyperimmune serum and rabies vaccine no later than the 7th day in accordance with the instructions.

Prevention

It is necessary to conduct a systematic fight against stray dogs and cats. Dogs owned by private owners must be registered and vaccinated against rabies in a timely manner. In particularly disadvantaged areas, cats are also vaccinated.

Cats or dogs that have bitten people or other animals are immediately taken to a veterinary facility for examination and quarantine. Stray animals are taken under surveillance. If within 10 days no signs of the disease are detected, the animals are returned to their owners.

Animals with signs of the disease are isolated. Low-value dogs and cats bitten and suspected of being infected with rabies are euthanized, while high-value dogs are kept under veterinary supervision for six months.

Dogs that repeatedly bite animals or people are seized from their owners. When working with animals with rabies, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal safety: use goggles and gloves, wash hands with soap and disinfect them well.

plague of carnivores

Distemper is the most common viral disease in dogs. It proceeds with symptoms of fever, catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes, sometimes with damage to the central nervous system or with a skin rash (exanthema).

Canine distemper is caused by a polymorphic virus. It belongs to paramyxoviruses and is related to the human measles virus. First discovered by the French explorer Carré in 1905. IN different countries and localities with dog distemper, the Carré virus of the same type is isolated, but it can vary in the degree of pathogenicity (virulence). The virus is highly resistant to physical and chemical attack, although it dies quite quickly at a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius (in 30 minutes). In the secretions of sick dogs, especially at low temperatures, in darkened rooms it can last up to 2 months.

epidemiological data

Plague is a ubiquitous disease of dogs and other carnivores. Cats are experimentally infected with the distemper virus, but practically do not get sick with this disease. The name "distemper of cats" means another disease - feline gastroenteritis or panleukopenia. Dogs of all ages are susceptible to distemper, but young dogs aged 3–12 months are more likely to get sick. The disease in them is more severe and often ends in the death of the animal.

The main source of the distemper virus are sick dogs and virus carriers. The disease is transmitted by direct contact and through various objects contaminated with secretions of patients. The virus enters through the digestive canal and respiratory tract, occasionally through the genitals. Affected dogs shed the pathogen in urine, feces, and other excrement and secretions.

In the transfer of the causative agent of canine distemper importance a person has, a smaller one - cats, rodents, insects. In kennels and other farms, plague is mainly introduced by virus-carrying dogs. Dogs that have been infected with distemper, but are in the incubation period and have not yet shown signs of the disease, can excrete the virus from the body and pose a danger to other animals.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period most often lasts from 2 to 7 days. Depending on the age of the dog, the state of the organism, the virulence of the pathogen and a number of other conditions, the disease can proceed superacutely, acutely, subacutely and chronically with the development of various signs. It is customary to distinguish between catarrhal, intestinal, respiratory (thoracic), exanthematous (eruptive), nervous and mixed forms of distemper in dogs.

The disease usually begins with a fever. Body temperature 40-42 degrees Celsius. The nasal planum is dry, sometimes cracked and covered with crusts. Animals become whimsical, inactive, looking for secluded places, trembling. Appetite worsens, vomiting often occurs. The coat is dull, disheveled.

Catarrhal inflammation of the mucous membranes develops rather quickly. respiratory tract and eye. Serous, then mucopurulent exudate is abundantly secreted from the nostrils, dogs sneeze, snort, rub their nose, breathing is rapid, sniffling. The exudate flowing from the eyes also acquires a purulent character, dries up in the form of crusts, glues the eyelids.

A cough appears, there may be pneumonia and pleurisy, as a result of the action of various secondary microflora on the dog's body weakened by the virus. If the digestive canal is affected, thirst is noted in the absence of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea mixed with mucus, blood, with undigested food particles. Dogs lose weight, puppies noticeably lag behind in growth and development.

With skin lesions on the abdomen and other hairless places, small red spots appear, which gradually turn into nodules, and then into vesicles with yellowish-green pus. The bubbles burst, and the pus dries up in the form of dark brown crusts.

In the most typical cases, the disease lasts 1-3 weeks and usually ends in recovery. Sometimes there are relapses or various complications. In rare cases, the plague passes easily, with mild symptoms.

In the nervous form of the plague, the dog is restless and agitated. She begins convulsive contractions of the muscles, forced movements with impaired coordination, epileptic seizures paresis and paralysis develop. Recovery from this form is rare. How longer dog sick with the plague, the more often she has residual effects: her appetite is changeable, diarrhea or coughing resumes, convulsive twitches of some muscles remain, impaired smell, hearing or vision.

In some cases, a kind of “hard leg disease” occurs in dogs, which is characterized by a strong thickening and hardening of the upper epithelial layer of the digital crumbs - pads. Over time, such epithelial growths soften and are rejected in the form of scutes.

Skin changes may be accompanied by general plague-like symptoms, in particular, damage to the central nervous system. Many researchers believe that "hard leg disease" is not an independent disease, but special form plague.

Canine distemper is diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, epidemiological data, and in some cases, pathological changes are taken into account or laboratory tests are carried out.

First aid

Isolation of patients, creation of improved conditions for keeping and feeding the dog, early treatment to a veterinary medical institution is possible.

Various means are offered, but they are not effective enough.

In the first days of the disease, subcutaneous administration of normal horse serum (3–5 ml per 1 kg of dog weight), hyperimmune serum, measles immunoglobulin or convalescent dog serum, ultraviolet blood irradiation are used.

To prevent complications from secondary bacterial microflora, antibiotics and sulfa drugs are given: benzylpenicillin up to 10,000 IU per 1 kg of dog weight subcutaneously or intramuscularly 3-4 times a day; ekmonovocillin 10-15 thousand units per 1 kg of live weight intramuscularly 2-3 times a day; sulfadimezin 20-100 mg per 1 kg of body weight and other sulfonamides 30-50 mg per 1 kg of body weight 3 times a day. At intestinal form plague give chloramphenicol 0.01–0.02 g per 1 kg of weight, biseptol.

Depending on the severity of the signs of the disease, symptomatic agents are used: in case of severe fever, antipyretic ( acetylsalicylic acid 0.2–0.5 g per reception); in violation of cardiac activity - cardiazole 5–10 drops 3 times, caffeine 0.2–0.4 g subcutaneously (in solution), 20% camphor oil 0.5–1.5 ml subcutaneously: for diarrhea, a decoction of oak bark 1 : 10 x 10–50 ml; with constipation - castor oil 15–20 ml orally, etc.

For conjunctivitis, wash the eyes 2-3 times a day with chamomile or regular tea, 1-2% solution boric acid. For keratitis, penicillin eye ointment is used. If the plague is manifested by exanthema, weeping places on the skin are sprinkled with drying powders - bismuth or zinc oxide with talc.

With nervous excitement give luminal 0.05 to 3 g orally (depending on the weight of the dog). With severe convulsions - give luminal subcutaneously, a solution of potassium bromide (3: 250) in a teaspoon 4-5 times a day. With muscle paralysis - massage, rubbing alcohol, physiotherapy (electrotherapy), etc.

Slimy soups with small pieces of meat, meat broth with the addition of egg yolk, rice milk porridge. Exclude raw milk and water, give strong tea, small doses of red wine.

Disinfection

The room must be thoroughly and regularly ventilated. In warm weather, walk the dogs in an isolated courtyard. During the disease, current disinfection is carried out, and after its elimination, the final one. For disinfection, a 2% solution of caustic soda, a clarified solution of bleach with 2% active chlorine, a 3% lysol emulsion, etc. are used. A 2% solution of chloramine is used to disinfect the apartment.

Prevention

Properly care for and feed dogs. If newly arrived dogs enter kennels, etc., they are kept in preventive quarantine for 30 days (service - 21 days). If a dog has died from the plague in an apartment, you should not buy a puppy for several years without the advice of a veterinarian. For specific prevention use vaccination of dogs against distemper with live or killed vaccines. Vaccination is carried out in veterinary institutions.

Parvovirus enteritis

A viral disease of dogs characterized by fever and lesions of the digestive system.

Cause of illness

The disease is caused by a virus from the parvovirus family.

epidemiological data

The main source is sick animals, through direct contact and through contaminated care and feed. Dogs are more susceptible before 1 year of age.

Signs and course of the disease

Fever, depression, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea. The feces are liquid from gray-yellow to bloody in color, with a sharp unpleasant odor. Puppies often have a lightning-fast form. After 1-2 days, the puppy may die.

The diagnosis is established on the basis of clinical and epizootological data.

Fighting dehydration - intravenously:

dropper;

saline with glucose;

heart remedies (sulfocamphocaine - 2 ml);

cerucal - with vomiting;

soda enemas;

symptomatic treatment.

Prevention

Avoid contact between puppies and other dogs. Preventive vaccination.

Canine infectious hepatitis

Infectious hepatitis is viral disease dogs and some other carnivores, characterized by fever, inflammation of the mucous membranes and liver damage.

The disease is caused by a specific virus from the group of adenoviruses of small size. It quickly dies when heated to 60 degrees Celsius and above, as well as under the influence of conventional disinfectants, but it can persist for a long time in the secretions and tissues of sick animals, especially at low temperatures.

epidemiological data

Dogs, arctic foxes, foxes, jackals, ferrets are susceptible to infectious hepatitis. The main source of the pathogen are animals with hepatitis and virus carriers, which excrete the virus mainly with saliva and urine. The disease spreads through direct contact and through contaminated care items, food, etc. Dogs are more susceptible under the age of one year.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period is 3-10 days. The disease proceeds mainly acutely from 2 to 6-7 days. A sick dog has a depressed state, lethargy, refusal to feed, increased thirst, and vomiting. Then the body temperature rises, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, diarrhea develop, there is yellowness of the mucous membranes, dark brown urine.

When pressing on the area of ​​​​the liver, pain is felt. Animals become very thin and usually die. With a longer course of the disease, keratitis often occurs, in females - infertility or abortion with resorption of the fetus. With poor care and improper feeding of dogs, there may be an exacerbation of the disease.

Viral hepatitis in dogs is established on the basis of clinical signs, epizootological and pathoanatomical data. If necessary, laboratory research methods are used (diffuse precipitation reaction in agar gel, etc.) or a bioassay is placed (infection of puppies in the anterior chamber of the eye).

specific methods there is no treatment. Vitamin B 12 is administered intramuscularly at a dose of 200–500 mcg for 3–4 days, and is also given with food folic acid 0.5–5.0 mg per head. To reduce intoxication, an intravenous glucose solution (40%) is administered, 10-30 ml 1-2 times a day, as well as hexamethylenetetramine (40%) 3-5 ml, calcium chloride (10%) 5-10 ml.

In case of violation of the work of the heart, subcutaneous administration of camphor oil, 1-2 ml 1-2 times a day, is used.

They feed dogs with low-fat food: milk soups or cereals with the addition of a small amount of fresh meat.

Prevention

General measures for the prevention of infectious diseases. Vaccination of dogs.

Tuberculosis

A chronic infectious disease of many species of animals, as well as humans, which is characterized by the formation in various organs and tissues of specific nodules-tubercles prone to curdled degeneration.

Tuberculosis is caused by a small acid-resistant tubercle bacillus. There are several types of tuberculous microbacteria: human, bovine, avian, murine. All of them can cause disease in dogs and cats. Tuberculosis bacillus is highly resistant and can survive for a long time external environment.

Tuberculosis can affect dogs of all breeds and ages. Of the cats, Siamese are more susceptible. In dogs, the tubercle bacillus of the human type is more common, less often - bovine, in cats - prevails bullish type.

Infection usually occurs through the digestive tract (by eating internal organs and slaughterhouse waste, as well as milk from tuberculosis animals, by licking sputum, etc.), through the respiratory tract (dust infection) and, as an exception, through the skin.

Tuberculosis is promoted by unfavorable living conditions, poor feeding, colds, etc. Tuberculosis-sick dogs and cats can be a source of infection for other animals and humans.

Signs and course of the disease

Dogs and cats infected with tuberculosis may not show any signs of the disease for a long time. In the future, their manifestation depends on the degree of development of tuberculous lesions in the tissues of the animal. In dogs and cats, inconstancy of appetite, general depression, fast fatiguability, slightly elevated body temperature, gradual emaciation.

With damage to the respiratory system, there is a cough, shortness of breath develops, often pleurisy with soreness of the chest. If organs are affected abdominal cavity, increases the volume of the abdomen. Very often there is an increase in lymph nodes in different areas of the body. Sometimes non-healing ulcers form on the face and in other places, the bones of the limbs are affected. Tuberculosis can last for years. In wet and cold weather, exacerbation of painful phenomena is noted.

It is established during a comprehensive clinical examination of the animal.

Treatment of tuberculosis in dogs and cats is inappropriate. The sick are to be euthanized.

Prevention

Dogs and cats should not be allowed to communicate with animals suffering from tuberculosis, do not feed them raw meat and dairy products that are suspicious of the presence of the causative agent of tuberculosis. People with tuberculosis must strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene and avoid contact of dogs and cats with sputum, food debris, etc.

The animals should be provided with good living conditions, walks on fresh air and rational feeding, periodically disinfect rooms, care items, etc.

Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease domestic and some species of wild animals, dangerous for humans. It is rare in dogs and cats, mainly in those that have contact with farm animals.

Brucellosis is caused by very small, non-spore-forming bacteria. When milk is pasteurized (70 degrees Celsius), brucella die in 30 minutes. Brucella can persist for weeks on environmental objects contaminated with animal secretions.

Infection of dogs and cats by eating aborted fruits, meat and organs or milk from cows, sheep, and pigs with brucellosis. Brucella carriers are rodents and hares. Bitches and cats during pregnancy are more susceptible to brucellosis. Carnivores with brucellosis pose a danger to humans and farm animals.

Signs and course of the disease

In most cases, brucellosis in dogs and cats is latent, asymptomatic, or the signs are uncharacteristic. The incubation period lasts 2-3 weeks. In the initial period of the disease, there is a slight increase in body temperature, lethargy, loss of appetite. Later, males may develop inflammation of the testes and their appendages, and females may experience abortions or retention of the placenta, followed by inflammation of the uterus. Sometimes there is damage to the joints, synovial bags. The disease can last for years.

Based on clinical signs, one can only assume brucellosis. To confirm the diagnosis, laboratory tests are carried out on aborted fetuses, discharge from the uterus.

Treatment is not carried out. Animals with brucellosis are euthanized.

Prevention

On farms where there is brucellosis of farm animals, cats and dogs should not be allowed to eat aborted or premature fetuses of animals, raw meat or organs, slaughterhouse waste, raw milk and cream. It is necessary to timely examine dogs and cats for brucellosis by serological methods in disadvantaged farms.

Persons caring for brucellosis animals must strictly follow the rules of personal hygiene.

salmonellosis

The name salmonellosis, or paratyphoid, refers to diseases of animals and humans that are characterized by fever and damage to the digestive tract, usually with diarrhea, and are caused by various types of bacteria from the genus Salmonella.

More than 500 species of Salmonella phyla are known. In domestic animals, including dogs and cats, Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, etc. are more common. Salmonella do not form spores, therefore they are not very resistant to the action high temperature and conventional disinfectants. However, in manure, soil, water, and other environmental objects, they can persist for up to 2–4 months. They also persist for a long time in animal meat.

epidemiological data

Carriage of Salmonella is widespread among different animal species. Dogs and cats are more resistant to these microbes and get sick mainly in young age. Contribute to the development of the disease violations in the content of the course. Dogs and cats become infected with salmonella by eating meat and internal organs of animals suffering from salmonellosis, or salmon carriers, as well as rodents. When animals are kept in groups (in nurseries, vivariums), the spread of the disease is often associated with the presence of latent Salmonella carriers among dogs and cats. Such animals are also dangerous to humans.

Salmonella infection occurs through the digestive tract. Pathogens are excreted mainly with faeces.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period lasts from 3 to 20 days. The course of the disease can be acute, subacute and chronic. At acute course, mainly in puppies or kittens or in adult animals that have received large doses of the pathogen with food or drink, there is a fever, refusal to feed, vomiting, diarrhea with liquid fetid masses, often mixed with mucus and blood. The skin and hair around the anus are stained with feces.

The animal has a depressed state, rapid emaciation. Often there is death on the 2nd or 3rd day. With a longer subacute course of salmonellosis, the signs of damage to the digestive organs fade, but symptoms of damage to the respiratory apparatus are observed: nasal discharge, shortness of breath, wheezing in the lungs.

At chronic course diseases, changeable appetite, emaciation of the animal, periodic diarrhea, pallor of the mucous membranes are noted, the phenomena of bronchopneumonia are intensified.

When diagnosing, clinical signs of the disease, epizootological data are taken into account, and after the death of the animal, pathological and anatomical changes are also taken into account. To confirm the diagnosis, it is necessary to study the feces of an animal or corpse and isolate the corresponding pathogen.

With a prolonged course of the disease, it is possible to examine the blood serum for the presence of antibodies to certain types of Salmonella. In all cases, it must be borne in mind that Salmonella often manifests its pathogenic effect on the basis of other diseases, complicating them.

First aid

When providing first aid, sick animals should be isolated in a timely manner and provided diet food.

Inside give ftalazol 0.1-0.5 g (depending on the age and size of the animal) 3-4 times a day; sulgin - in the same doses 2 times a day; furazolidone with feed 30 mg per 1 kg of live weight 2 times a day.

Of the antibiotics, chloramphenicol is used 0.01-0.02 g per 1 kg of body weight 3-4 times a day (synthomycin in a double dose); chlortetracycline hydrochlorate 10-20 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight orally 3-4 times a day. For diarrhea, salol (at a dose of 0.1–1.0 g) and bismuth (at a dose of 0.5–2.0 g) are also used simultaneously through the mouth 2–3 times a day. In case of lung damage - sulfadimezin or etazol 0.35-0.5 g orally 3-4 times a day.

In case of cardiovascular disorders, 20% camphor oil is injected subcutaneously from 0.2 to 5.0 ml (depending on the size of the animal), sulfocamphocaine intramuscularly, 2 ml 2 times a day.

At the very beginning of the disease, it may be effective to administer subcutaneous polyvalent hyperimmune serum against salmonellosis at a dose of 10.0-15 ml.

It is very important to provide dietary feeding of a sick animal (fresh meat, liver in small pieces, crackers, acidophilic milk, etc.). Instead of water, they give a solution of potassium permanganate (1: 1000) to drink.

Prevention

Strict observance of the rules for keeping and feeding animals is necessary. Spoiled feed or feed derived from salmonella-carrying animals should not be given. Rodent control should be carried out systematically. When dogs are kept in groups, in case of illness, special vaccinations with serum and a polyvalent vaccine against salmonellosis are used.

Tetanus

A wound bacterial infection that occurs in many species of animals and humans and is characterized by spasmodic muscle contraction.

The causative agent is an anaerobic spore-forming bacillus, usually found in soil, especially manure. When they get into wounds (stab, torn), microbes multiply in dead tissues and form a toxin that specifically affects the nervous system.

Tetanus is essentially not a contagious disease. It is rare in dogs and especially cats, as they are insensitive to tetanus toxin.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period is from several days to three weeks. Patients have increased fearfulness, a tense gait, due to convulsions of the masticatory muscles, the mobility of the jaws is difficult, tension develops in the head and neck, and then in other parts of the body. The back and limbs are straightened, the tail is extended, the muscles of the abdominal and chest wall tense. Movement is difficult. With convulsive muscle contractions, body temperature rises. Animals often die (in 1–3 weeks).

In some cases, tetanus is manifested only by spasms of certain muscle groups (especially the head) and ends happily.

The diagnosis is established by a characteristic clinical picture.

First aid

When providing first aid, it is necessary to treat wounds with antiseptics: a 5% solution of iodine, potassium permanganate 1: 500, etc.

Surgical treatment of wounds, it is possible to introduce anti-tetanus antitoxic serum in accordance with the instructions. With convulsions, the introduction of sedatives is recommended.

Prevention

Prevention consists in the timely thorough treatment of wounds and the introduction of tetanus toxoid.

Aujeszky's disease

Aujeszky's disease is an infectious viral disease of many animal species, including domestic animals. It proceeds mainly acutely with signs of damage to the central nervous system with the appearance of itching at the site of the pathogen. Sometimes called false rabies.

signs

Aujeszky's disease is caused by a medium-sized virus belonging to the group of herpes viruses. It has a significant resistance to various physical and chemical influences, which contributes to its transmission through feed, bedding, rooms, etc.

The main carriers of the Aujeszky's disease virus are rodents - mice, rats, etc. Dogs and cats are quite susceptible to this disease. They become infected mainly from rodents, as well as by eating non-decontaminated meat and offal from pigs, which are often carriers of the Aujeszky virus.

Infection mainly occurs through the digestive tract. Sick animals shed the virus in nasal mucus, urine, and excreta, but pure saliva, unlike rabies, does not.

Animals that have been ill can remain carriers of the virus for a long time. For humans, the disease is practically not dangerous.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period lasts from 1 to 5 or 10 days. Sick dogs or cats become restless, shy, eat poorly. Breathing is frequent, labored. Body temperature rises slightly. As a result of itching, anxiety increases, animals rub, scratch and gnaw on lips and other parts of the body.

When anxiety increases, animals aimlessly run, jump, roll, gnaw sticks, attack other dogs and cats, but do not show aggression towards people. Foamy saliva often comes out of the mouth, the voice disappears, but there is no sagging of the lower jaw. There is increased thirst. At the end of the disease, unsteady gait is observed, convulsions, paralysis appear, and the animals usually die (often after 1–2 days).

Based on a characteristic clinical picture - especially the presence of itching in dogs and cats.

First aid

Isolate the sick animal and consult a veterinarian in a timely manner.

When establishing the diagnosis, a specific globulin against Aujeszky's disease is administered intramuscularly as early as possible in doses from 6 to 36 ml according to the instructions. If necessary, the introduction is repeated after 1-2 days.

To prevent complications, in particular pneumonia, antibiotics are administered.

Prevention

It is necessary to systematically control rodents in the premises where animals are kept and feed is stored. Do not feed raw meat products. In disadvantaged farms, preventive vaccination of dogs is carried out.

colibacillosis

Colibacillosis is a bacterial infectious disease of newborn young animals of various types of domestic animals; puppies and kittens also occasionally get sick.

The causative agent of colibacillosis are enteropathogenic types coli. More than 150 such types are known. E. coli has the same resistance as salmonella.

epidemiological data

Enteropathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli are shed into the environment and feces of sick animals or microcarriers and cause infection of susceptible animals through the alimentary canal. This happens mainly when unsanitary conditions keeping animals, with errors in feeding, especially bitches and cats, in the last period of pregnancy and lactating, as well as young animals.

Puppies and kittens fall ill with colibacillosis in the first days of life. In older animals, pathogenic serotypes of Escherichia coli can cause certain complications due to complications of the body with other diseases.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period lasts from several hours to 3-5 days. In puppies and kittens, colibacillosis is mainly acute and is characterized by intestinal damage. First, general anxiety is noted, the animals refuse to feed, squeal plaintively. The temperature is slightly elevated, diarrhea develops rapidly with the release of liquid feces, yellowish-white or greenish, often mixed with mucus and blood, saturated with gas bubbles. The skin around the anus is heavily soiled with liquid stools.

Sick puppies and kittens quickly lose weight and weaken, sometimes they have nervous phenomena. The disease lasts 3-5 days and in the youngest often ends in death.

The diagnosis is made in the same way as for salmonellosis.

Basically, treatment is carried out in the same way as with salmonellosis. Effective use through the mouth of chlortetracycline hydrochloride (0.01-0.02 g), mycerin (0.01 g per 1 kg of live weight.

Prevention

It is necessary to follow the rules for keeping and feeding animals, especially bitches and cats during pregnancy. Diets should be complete with the presence of minerals and vitamins.

Botulism

Botulism is an acute toxic infection that occurs when animals eat feed containing the causative agent of botulism or its toxin, and is manifested by paresis and paralysis of the muscles. Dogs and especially cats get sick very rarely.

The causative agent of botulism is the so-called sausage stick. It develops well in the absence of oxygen (anaerobe), forms very resistant spores and an extremely strong toxin, which has a pathogenic effect when it enters the animal or human body through the digestive canal. Thanks to spores, the causative agent of botulism can persist and even multiply in poorly sterilized canned food, sausage, salted fish, etc. Several types of this microbe are known, to which different animals are not equally sensitive. Dogs and cats are highly resistant to botulinum toxin.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period is usually short - a few hours. The disease is expressed in the depressed state of the animal, refusal to feed, the development of paresis and paralysis. various muscles: eyes, pharynx, limbs, torso. The animal is unable to move, weakness increases and death usually occurs within 1–3 days. Body temperature is often lowered.

The diagnosis is made mainly on the basis of the clinical picture.

First aid

Gastric lavage with solution drinking soda, deep enemas.

Perhaps an earlier introduction of intravenous anti-botulinum polyvalent serum.

Prevention

Care should be taken to ensure that animals do not eat spoiled feed.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease of many animal and human species that typically presents with fever and jaundice.

The causative agent of the disease is very thin corkscrew-shaped microorganisms - leptospira. A large number of serological groups and types of leptospira are known. In the external environment, they do not survive long, they are not resistant to disinfectants.

The main carriers of leptospira in nature are rodents - rats, mice, voles, and dogs. Leptospirosis affects dogs of any breed, mostly males, in large kennels - mostly young animals. Cats rarely get sick.

Infection occurs through the alimentary canal with food and water contaminated with leptospira, by sniffing and licking animals - leptospira carriers. In dogs, the disease manifests itself mainly in warm time of the year. The pathogen is excreted mainly in the urine. Dogs and cats that have been ill for a long time remain leptospiro carriers.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period lasts from two to ten days. The course of the disease is acute, subacute, and chronic. various signs indicating damage to the digestive canal, kidneys, cardiovascular system, etc.

As a rule, at the onset of the disease, fever, general depression and weakness of the limbs (especially the hind limbs), refusal to feed, vomiting, and increased thirst are observed. Later on the mucous oral cavity there are reddened areas, ulceration and necrosis of it, the smell from the mouth is fetid.

Diarrhea is observed, often with an admixture of blood, sometimes constipation, bloody urine is excreted. Jaundice often develops, especially in puppies and young dogs. Animals lose weight, cardiac activity is disturbed, general weakness increases. Dogs often die on the 3-5th day. With a more protracted course of leptospirosis, the signs are less pronounced, the necrosis of the mucous membranes increases, less often the skin, the work of the digestive canal is periodically disrupted.

Clinical signs, epidemiological data and pathological changes are taken into account, but laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis to identify the pathogen or specific antibodies.

First aid

If you suspect leptospirosis, contact your veterinarian immediately.

The introduction of antileptospiral serum, as well as streptomycin (intramuscularly 10-20 thousand units per 1 kg of animal weight 2-3 times a day. Tetracycline 8-10 days. Intravenously, you can inject 40% glucose solution 10-30 ml and 40% - a solution of hexamethylenetetramine 3-5 ml 1-2 times a day.To maintain the work of the heart, they give cardiac, with diarrhea - astringents, with constipation - laxatives (castor oil 10-50 ml).The oral cavity is washed with a solution of potassium permanganate 1: 1000 or furacilin, ulcers are lubricated with iodine-glycerin.Depending on the condition of the digestive canal, an appropriate diet is recommended.

Prevention

Dogs and cats should not be allowed to communicate with animals suffering from leptospirosis and feed them such meat products as slaughterhouse waste. Destroy rodents. Vaccinate dogs. People caring for animals with leptospirosis must strictly observe personal hygiene.

Ringworm

Ringworm is a highly contagious skin and hair disease in many animal species. It is caused by various types of microscopic dermatomycete fungi. People are easily infected.

Causes of the disease

The causative agents of ringworm belong to two types of fungi: trichophyton and microsporon. The type of ringworm caused by trichophyton is called trichophytosis, microsporon causes microsporia. Mushrooms have a filamentous, branched body and form a large number of spores, which contributes to their wide distribution. They have a significant resistance to the action of the body and disinfectants, they are stored for a long time in the external environment - on wooden objects, in the soil, on the bedding.

Carriers of pathogenic dermatomycetes are mice, rats and other rodents. In dogs and cats ringworm arises and easily spreads in case of violation of zoohygienic rules of keeping. Especially often ringworm occurs in homeless, stray animals. Such animals pose the greatest danger to humans, especially to children. Unfavorable weather conditions and superficial lesions contribute to the manifestation of ringworm.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period lasts from 7 to 30 days. The disease proceeds chronically and is expressed in the appearance on the skin of small hairless spots of a rounded shape, covered with scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. Most often, the skin of the head, neck, and extremities is affected. In advanced cases, multiple spots can merge and capture significant areas body. Itching is absent or mild. With a deep form of trichophytosis in dogs, suppuration of the hair follicles occurs, a lot of pus accumulates under the crusts.

Cats rarely get sick with trichophytosis, more often they have microsporia. With microsporia, spots appear on the muzzle, trunk, tail, limbs, and in cats also in and around the ears. Spots with fallen and broken hair have different shape and sizes inflammatory response less pronounced. Without treatment, the disease can last for months, often leading to emaciation of animals.

taken into account clinical picture and microscopic examination of scrapings from the affected areas of the skin. With microsporia (especially in cats) for early diagnosis luminescent analysis is recommended: detection of a greenish glow of hair affected by a pathogen under the influence of ultraviolet rays (in a darkened room).

Crusts and scabs should be softened and washed off with warm water and soap, kerosene, etc. Affected skin spots and surrounding areas of hair should be lubricated with rubbing in 10% alcohol solution of iodine, 10% salicylic alcohol or ointment, 3–5% - iodine solution, 1–1.5% juglone emulsion on fish oil or clean birch tar, heated to 40-50 degrees.

Good results are obtained by rubbing the drug ROSK or trichocetin liniment. If necessary, the treatment is repeated two or three times. Kubatol on the affected areas. You can also use the antibiotic griseofulvin - 20–50 mg per 1 kg of animal body weight orally daily for 7–11 days. When treating ringworm, it is important to collect and burn torn off crusts and hair, as well as thoroughly disinfect the room, care items, and overalls. service personnel.

Prevention

It is necessary to prevent contact of dogs and cats with stray animals. Animals entering kennels or vivariums should have their skin checked regularly during prophylactic quarantine. Get vaccinated on time. Destroy rodents. People caring for dogs and cats affected by ringworm must maintain strict personal hygiene.

Scab (favus) is an infectious skin disease caused by dermatomycete fungi that most often affects cats, and occasionally dogs. The disease is transmitted to humans.

The causative agent of the disease belongs to the genus Achorion. It resembles ringworm pathogens in properties.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period is from 1 to 5 weeks. Mushrooms from the genus Achorion affect more deeply the hair follicles and epithelial cells the stratum corneum of the skin, so the scab disease is more severe than ringworm. Most often, lesions are located around the base of the claws, on the head (in cats, especially on the ears), less often - on hairless areas of the abdomen, thighs, and chest. In these places, round spots are formed, covered with thick grayish-yellow skutula crusts, gradually acquiring the shape of a saucer. With a prolonged process, the crusts can merge into continuous layers, emitting a characteristic putrefactive "mouse" smell. hair follicles and sebaceous glands are destroyed, the hair is not restored.

The clinical picture is taken into account and a microscopic examination of scrapings from the affected areas of the skin is carried out.

Crusts and scabs should be softened using warm water, soap, kerosene, etc. Lubricate the affected areas of the skin and the hair surrounding them with rubbing in 10% alcohol solution of iodine, 10% salicylic alcohol or ointment, 3–5% solution monochloride iodine. Pure birch tar is also used, preheated to 40 degrees Celsius. In the treatment of ringworm, it is necessary to collect and burn torn crusts and hair, as well as thoroughly disinfect the room, overalls, and care items.

Prevention

Dogs and cats should not be allowed to come into contact with stray animals. In animals entering nurseries or vivariums, during preventive quarantine, it is necessary to regularly examine the skin. Get vaccinated on time. Destroy rodents. People caring for animals affected by ringworm must strictly observe personal hygiene.

Viral respiratory diseases of cats

Viral rhinitis, or viral feline respiratory disease, is a collective name for infectious, poorly understood diseases of cats, which mainly inflame the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

In these diseases of cats, various researchers have isolated different viruses belonging to the groups of herpesviruses, picornaviruses and reoviruses. Probably, in most cases, these viruses act in conjunction with other microorganisms (bacteria, mycoplasmas, etc.), for which they, as it were, prepare the ground in the body. These viruses multiply well in the cells of the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva, nasal cavity, oropharynx and other parts of the respiratory apparatus.

epidemiological data

Feline respiratory viral infections appear to be widespread in many countries, but without subtle virological studies it is difficult to speak of a specific infection in each case. Disease affects all cats. Cats of any age get sick, but kittens suckling their mother sometimes have weak immunity received from the mother.

When cats are kept in groups, respiratory diseases can spread significantly and acquire the character of more or less permanent enzootics. The main method of infection is aerogenic, that is, through the respiratory tract, which contributes to the rapid spread of the disease. pathogens in cats respiratory infections are often found on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract in a dormant, latent state, and only when exposed to various stress factors, especially colds, cause a clinically pronounced disease.

Signs and course of the disease

The incubation period is from 2 to 7 days. The sick animal begins to sneeze suddenly. The general condition and appetite of the cat remain normal. When pressing on the wings of the nose, a serous secret is released from the nostrils. Then inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes develops, it swells strongly, the palpebral fissure narrows, the eyelids are further glued together with a dirty gray purulent exudate. When the cold gets worse, breathing becomes difficult. The hairline around the mouth, nose, dewlap and paws is stained with discharge from the eyes and nose.

As the disease progresses general state the animal worsens, the body temperature rises, vesiculo-ulcerative stomatitis appears with damage to the mucous membrane of the tongue and lips, inflammation of the trachea, bronchi and lungs is noted. Vomiting and diarrhea are rare, but the animals lose weight. The skin in places of pollution becomes inflamed, the nasal mirror, sometimes the cornea, ulcerates. Occasionally, the disease is accompanied by abortion and signs of damage to the central nervous system.

The disease lasts from 10 to 15 days, in rare cases it drags on for several weeks and is expressed by a rare cough and intermittent runny nose. Cats with symptoms of ulcerative stomatitis or pneumonia usually die.

Based on clinical data, taking into account the characteristics of the distribution of the disease and the results laboratory research blood.

Treatment is symptomatic. Against the secondary microflora, antibiotics and sulfa drugs can be used. The nasal cavity and eyes are washed with a weak solution of antiseptics and they are well cleaned of drying exudate. It is recommended to rinse the mouth with a decoction of sage. Patients are given vitamins A and E. Need to improve general care for the sick and their feeding.

Prevention

Prevention involves constant compliance with the rules for keeping animals.

Hemobartonellosis of cats

Feline haemobartonellosis, or feline infectious anemia, is a relatively recently identified disease caused by specific microorganisms from the Bartonella group.

Causes of the disease

Signs and course of the disease

After an incubation period of 8 to 16 days, hemobartonella appear in the cat's blood, multiply intensively on erythrocytes, which leads to a change in the blood picture - a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content, anemia develops, jaundice, hemoglobin is excreted in the urine. The sick animal becomes lethargic, gets tired quickly, the pulse and respiration quicken, and the spleen often enlarges. Body temperature is usually normal, appetite is slightly reduced, the animal is losing weight.

The use of tetracycline antibiotics in high doses (10 mg per 1 kg of animal weight) and long time; novarsenol intravenously, 4 mg in solution for 4 days; the appointment of funds that promote blood formation (iron iodide syrup 5–10 drops 2 times a day, etc.).

Prevention

Strict observance of zoohygienic rules for keeping animals and full feeding is necessary.

List of infectious diseases of dogs and cats

plague of carnivores

Brief symptoms: Fever (T= 40-42 C), the nose is dry, cracked, neoplasms appear, the pet becomes whimsical, inactive, looking for a secluded place, trembling. Poor appetite, vomiting, dull coat, disheveled. Inflammation of the respiratory tract and eyes develops. Discharge from the nose and eyes appears, the pet begins to sneeze, cough often, breathing becomes frequent and sniffling. The discharge from the eyes becomes like pus, it dries up and the eyelids stick together. Pneumonia and pleurisy as a complication. Details….

Brief symptoms: Fever, vomit, loose stools with blood, gray-yellow to bloody, with a sharp nose odor.

Canine infectious hepatitis

Brief symptoms: The disease begins acutely from 2 to 7 days. The dog becomes depressed, lethargic, no appetite, thirst, vomiting. Fever, conjunctivitis, nasal congestion, diarrhea, urine becomes dark brown. On palpation in the liver - pain. Convulsions, paralysis of the limbs. Details….

Brief symptoms: CNS damage. In dogs and cats, the form is mostly violent, less often paralytic.

Aujeszky's disease

Brief symptoms: CNS damage and itching at the sites of pathogen penetration. Details….

Tuberculosis

Brief symptoms: In dogs and cats, inconstancy of appetite, depression, fatigue, fever, weight loss. With damage to the lungs - cough, shortness of breath, pleurisy. Details….

Brucellosis

Brief symptoms: At the first stage, a slight increase in temperature, poor appetite, inactivity. Males have inflammation of the reproductive system, and females have abortions and other complications. Details….

salmonellosis

Brief symptoms: In acute course, from large doses of bacteria with food or drink, the temperature rises, refusal to eat, vomiting, loose stools with fetid masses, along with mucus and blood. Rapid weight loss.
In the subacute course, the respiratory system is affected: discharge from the nose, heavy breathing, wheezing.
In a chronic course, changeable appetite, emaciation, diarrhea, pallor of the mucous membrane, bronchopneumonia. Details….

colibacillosis

Brief symptoms: In puppies and kittens, it is acute and affects the intestines. Restlessness, refusal to feed, temperature slightly increased, diarrhea develops, yellowish-white or greenish in color, with mucus and blood. Details….

Tetanus

Brief symptoms: Shyness, convulsions of masticatory muscles, head and neck tension, etc. Movement is complicated. Details….

Botulism

Brief symptoms: Depression, refusal to eat, paralysis of various muscles. The pet is unable to move, weakness. Body temperature is usually low. Details….

Leptospirosis

Brief symptoms: Depression and weakness of the legs (especially the hind legs), refusal to eat, vomiting, thirst. Ulcerations and their necrosis are formed on the mucous mouth, the smell from the mouth is fetid. Diarrhea with blood or constipation, bloody urine. Jaundice, in puppies and young dogs. Pets lose weight, problems with cardiac activity, general weakness. Details….

Brief symptoms: Chronic and gradual appearance on the skin of rounded spots without wool, scales and crusts of asbestos-gray color. The skin on the head, neck, and extremities is usually affected. Itching is either completely absent or mild. ….

Scab (favus)

Brief symptoms: Similarly, I deprive, but it is more difficult. Details….

Panleukopenia in cats

Brief symptoms: Sudden depression of the cat, temperature up to 40-41 C and above. Vomiting is watery-bilious, further mucous, sometimes with blood. After a couple of days, diarrhea develops; feces liquid, colorless, fetid, with blood. Details….

Respiratory viral diseases of cats

Brief symptoms: The cat suddenly starts sneezing. Condition and appetite are normal. When pressing on the nose, discharge appears. Soon, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyes develops, gluing of the eyelids with a dirty gray color is observed. purulent discharge. Difficulty breathing. Details….

Hemabartonellosis of cats

Brief symptoms: Anemia, jaundice, hemoglobin is excreted in the urine. The cat becomes lethargic, overtired, an increase in heart rate and respiration is noticed, an enlargement of the spleen is often seen. Details….

Veterinarians say that signs of unhealthy dogs coexist with normal behavior. pet, always active, becomes lethargic and refuses to eat. When there are diseases of the internal organs, the dog can take an unusual pose.

Health can be determined by the nose. The normal state is if it is wet. When you feel bad, it will be warm and dry. Health problems are signaled by pursed paws and drowsiness.

A visual inspection of the dog's coat will provide detailed information about how the dog is feeling. The presence of wounds, redness and swelling indicate that the dog has an unsatisfactory physical condition.

The first signal of illness is refusal of food

It is possible to understand that a pet has encountered health problems by difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness and watery discharge from the nose. When sick, the dog's body temperature may rise sharply and vomiting will appear.

Symptoms of Common Canine Diseases

Most pets are affected by ailments that require an immediate response. They are difficult to treat. Dogs can experience health problems due to various diseases. They are caused by various viruses. At the first signs, you should contact the veterinary clinic, where a specialist will help to avoid complications by establishing the cause of the disease and indicating the treatment.

In the case of distemper, the virus has the ability to quickly spread throughout the body. The symptoms of the disease are as follows:

1. The pet is suffering from a fever.
2. There is inflammation of the central nervous system, respiratory and digestive organs.
3. The dog refuses to eat.
4. The temperature rises exponentially.
5. There are convulsions.
6. There is a cough reflex.

Enteritis is caused by parvovirus. This virus can cause acute inflammation of the stomach. The dog suffers

• lack of appetite;
• stomach cramps;
• vomiting.

Ticks are the cause of piroplasmosis. With this disease, the following symptoms are observed:

1. The mucosa becomes yellow.
2. Breathing quickens.
3. Weakness on movement, unsteady gait.
4. General malaise, apathy.

Invasive diseases of dogs

These ailments are considered contagious, as they are caused by pathogens that are animal organisms (insects and protozoa). Veterinarians call passive sources of infection the primary sources of infection, their entry occurs together with the adoption of food and water. Contact path through touch with a sick animal and care items.

Important! Small individuals can live in the intestines of dogs, only a few mm. To identify the eggs of worms, a laboratory analysis of feces is required.

The symptoms of infection are as follows:

1. Bloating.
2. Strange changes in taste preferences (the dog eats earth, stones, sand).
3. Wool dries and fades.
4. There is a cough.
5. The dog rides on the pope.

Reference! Opisthorchiasis develops due to the presence of a hepatic fluke. It affects the liver and pancreatic ducts.

Symptoms of diseases:

• there is an increase in the abdomen;
• soreness in the liver;
• occasional vomiting.

Diseases can be cured in a timely manner only by immediately contacting a specialized specialist. Preventive measures using medicines "Kaniquantel plus" or "Pratel" will help to avoid the appearance of worms. When taking medication for a dog, you should choose the right dosage. They are given together with a small portion of food.

Infectious diseases of dogs

In nurseries, animals are affected by infectious tracheobronchitis. Dogs become infected by airborne droplets. Symptoms of the disease are:

• violation of the general condition;
• cough reflex;
• lethargy and loss of appetite.

Pets can become infected with parvovirus enteritis by eating food that contains the hair of recovering dogs. recognize initial stage disease can be on several grounds (weakness and excessive dehydration).

Rabies is a dangerous disease. Infection occurs directly through saliva. Symptoms:

• paralysis and impaired coordination of movements;
• white foam at the corners of the mouth;
• convulsive twitching of the body.

Leptospirosis is common in all countries. A person can become infected with such an ailment through the urine of a sick animal. When sick, the dog experiences problems with impaired blood flow and vision. The pet suffers from shortness of breath and a disorder of the nervous system.

Video - 5 most dangerous dog diseases

Infection Prevention: Vaccination

The veterinarian selects the optimal vaccination plan for the pet. Basically, they follow this pattern.

1. At 4-6 weeks against canine distemper and parvovirus enteritis.
2. On the eighth-ninth week, vaccination against adenovirus infection, parainfluenza, leptospirosis is added to the same indicators.
3. Upon reaching 12 weeks, and then annually revaccination is carried out, and in without fail rabies vaccine.

Diseases of the respiratory system of dogs

Respiratory system diseases are considered common, accounting for 35% of total all ailments. Their symptoms are as follows:

1. A sick dog may be short of breath.
2. There is difficulty in breathing.
3. Discharge from the nose.

Rhinitis is characterized by inflammatory processes of the mucous membrane of a four-legged friend. Laryngitis is accompanied by inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx. manifested by inflammation in the submucosa of the bronchi and is manifested by a jerky cough of a pet.

Demodectic, follicular ("red") scabies refers to a common skin disease. Difficult to cure, the course of the disease is slow, up to 2 years or more. Mostly young short-haired dogs are affected. Scabies mites live in their hair bags and skin glands.

Symptoms of the disease are as follows:

1. Violent attacks of itching.
2. Formation of a hard crust on the skin of a dog that is irritated to the limit.
3. Weight loss.
4. Enlarged lymph nodes.
5. Hair loss.

The most common skin diseases are leishmaniasis, ailments caused by bacterial infections, allergic dermatitis, ringworm (microsporia). Young individuals and pets with a weakened immune system are more susceptible to damage. If symptoms are detected, the dog should be taken to the veterinarian immediately for treatment.

The main symptoms of a sick and healthy dog

Piroplasmosis is focal. Caused by protozoa (babesia) when bitten by ticks. Carriers can be small rodents. The disease is manifested by such symptoms:

• lethargy of the animal;
• rise in temperature;
• cloudy urine;
• bouts of vomiting.

Important! If a tick is found on the skin, then within 7-14 days it is necessary to control the well-being of the dog. If you notice any of the above symptoms, contact your veterinarian immediately.

To avoid infection, you should adhere to preventive measures:

1. Destroy insects that live near the location of the dog.
2. Constantly monitor the state of the bathroom.
3. After a walk, carefully examine the skin of the animal.
4. Keep pads clean. If possible, douse periodically with boiling water.
5. For the elimination of ticks, fleas, lice, it is recommended to use aqueous solution"Stomazana".

Video - Skin diseases in dogs and cats

Diseases of the digestive tract

This type includes diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. It is sometimes difficult to diagnose the disease on your own. So, for example, constipation can be caused by malnutrition, insufficient retention of fluid in the intestines, mechanical obstacles. Therefore, specialist advice is required.

They are worried about the symptoms of gastritis, gastroenteritis. Inflammation has the ability to spread to the entire intestine. The causes of the disease are poor-quality products (spoiled meat and dairy products).

These diseases are manifested against the background of parvovirus enteritis, colibacillosis and mycosis. They can be the result of non-communicable diseases. These include stomatitis, parotitis and peritonitis.

Symptoms of the disease are:

• lethargy and weakness;
• there is an increase in temperature;
• the pet refuses to eat.

Intestinal obstruction requires immediate treatment to the veterinary clinic for help. depending on the origin is divided into internal and external. Occurs due to abundant indigestible food and insufficient walks.

Symptoms of the appearance of hemorrhoids:

• feces change consistency, become drier;
• the anus swells;
• blood clots are visible in the stool;
• the dog changes gait, becomes less active.

About helminthiases as one of the varieties of diseases gastrointestinal tract we have described above.

Diseases of the rectum

Rectal injuries may occur in young dogs swallowing sharp pieces tubular bones. They need to be removed from the body. Prolapse of the rectum is fixed in puppies due to prolonged diarrhea or constipation. Symptoms of the disease:

1. Lethargy and apathy of the pet.
2. Pain in the anus.
3. Inflammation of the anus, the appearance of mucus or blood in the stool.

Fresh cases are successfully treated by bowel reduction. In advanced conditions, a positive outcome is doubtful. In neoplasms (carcinoma), only surgical intervention is recommended.

Ear diseases

Pet owners have to deal with ear problems. Manifestations of such problems are frequent scratching by the dog's paw of the ears or the appearance of discharge from them. Inflammation of the middle ear is the result of the penetration of infection from the outer ear into the eardrum.

Obvious symptoms:

1. The dog has difficulty opening its mouth, resulting in loss of appetite.
2. Otodectosis causes pain.
3. In the future, the disease is accompanied by the release of serous exudate from the auricles.
4. External irritants such as dust particles and pollen can cause ear eczema. The dog constantly scratches and shakes his ear.
5. Inside Auricle red and swollen.
6. Bad smell from the ears.

Frequent scratching of the dog's paw ears is a sign of ear disease.

IN Lately veterinarians have to diagnose tumors in auditory canals. They affect dogs older than five years.

eye diseases

They can be infectious, non-infectious origin (mechanical damage, eversion of the eyelids) and congenital, associated with damage to the eyes and lens. These include distichiasis (hairs on the free edge of the eyelid). Trichiasis causes hair to get into the eye. Manifested in regular blinking, lacrimation. With injuries and local infection, allergies can develop. This is the most common defeat now. Its symptoms are:

1. Red, swollen eyelid.
2. The dog often blinks, rubs and scratches the eyelid.
3. Purulent discharge appears.
4. The pigmentation of the eye is lost.

To diseases eyeball include exophthalmos, manifested in the protrusion of the eye. The animal may suffer from retraction of the eyeball, converging strabismus, conjunctivitis, and a violation of the lacrimal apparatus.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

These diseases lead to grave consequences expressed in damage to the spine and paw joints as a result of inflammatory and degenerative processes in tissues. There are congenital and acquired. The most common are arthrosis, damage to the intervertebral discs, hip dysplasia.

Obstetrics and gynecology of dogs

Obstetric and gynecological problems can lead to infertility and lethal outcome quadruped. These include anaphrodisia (lack of estrus), estrus (prolongation of the sexual cycle). It is impossible to allow damage to the endocrine glands. Hormone therapy is prescribed. May be observed inflammatory processes vagina. Pseudolactation and neoplasms are diseases reproductive system. Treatment is carried out by specialists of the clinic.