Everyone knows the saying “The well-fed cannot understand the hungry.” In a broad sense, we are talking about the fact that we cannot always understand a person whose specific conditions are unknown to us. If the situation with physiological signs of illness is more or less clear (having noticed them, we realize that a person is unwell), then with the symptoms of illnesses affecting the mental sphere, everything is much more complicated. Not really normal behavior is often perceived by others as a funny eccentricity or, which is much worse, as a manifestation of bad manners or bad character. Often a person suffering from a very specific disease is faced with misunderstanding, condemnation and even aggression. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to have an understanding of the behavioral manifestations of common mental disorders.
Nowadays, every person has to spend a lot of time in crowded places: at work, in public transport, trading and cultural centers etc. Many people eat and perform their natural needs outside the home every day. Patients with paruresis are practically deprived of this opportunity: the disease does not allow them to empty their bladder where someone can hear them. The reality of the situation does not matter much: the process of urination is completely blocked if the sufferer even assumes the presence of other people nearby. In the most severe cases, patients retain the ability to relieve themselves only when they are completely alone in their home.
Paruresis affects about 7% of adults (men are much more likely than women). Despite the apparent insignificance of the problem, its consequences can be quite serious. Because of constant striving wait until the patient gets home and may develop problems with work excretory system. In addition, paruresis significantly limits social activity.
This condition has nothing to do with the whims and increased shyness that are sometimes found in young children. IN early age Such phenomena pass quickly, but if they recur in a child for several months, this should alarm parents and become a reason to contact a specialist.
Source: depositphotos.com
One of the most common mental disorders, which is expressed in involuntary and uncontrollable nail biting. According to statistics, between the ages of 10 and 18, about 45% of people suffer from it. In most cases these are women.
The severity of onychophagia can vary, with mild degree disease, the patient bites his nails only in a state of deep thought or strong nervous tension. One way or another, these actions lead to the introduction of microbes into the digestive tract and injury to the cuticle (even to the development of inflammatory processes). Sometimes teeth can also be damaged.
Onychophagia is harmful to health, but its consequences for a person’s socialization can be much worse, since others regard the patient’s behavior as bad manners and uncleanliness. Deviations of this kind often cause low self-esteem, problems with employment and communication.
Source: depositphotos.com
Pathology manifests itself in the form of an inadequate reaction to the situation in which a person finds himself. So, he begins to cry in the midst of a fun event or, conversely, laugh at the most inopportune moment (for example, at a formal meeting or at a funeral). In some cases, others are ready to attribute such behavior to stress, but if the corresponding episodes are repeated constantly, the patient may be considered at least poorly educated.
In fact, reacting to a situation contrary to what is generally accepted is a symptom of a mental disorder called violent emotional expression, or pseudobulbar effect. At the same time, the patient does not control himself and his strange actions are in no way connected with the characteristics of his upbringing or moral qualities.
In addition, doctors know such a disease as catagelasticism. Patients with this disease openly take pleasure in the mistakes, mistakes and even misfortunes of other people. If someone in your environment constantly, without hiding their emotions, rejoices at someone else’s misfortune, do not rush to judge him: perhaps the person needs the help of a psychiatrist.
Source: depositphotos.com
A widespread deviation that varying degrees 8-10% of men suffer (very rarely observed in women). The main symptom is the inability to clearly recognize and express one’s own emotions in words. According to experts, about 70% of women's complaints about the insensitivity and thick skin of their husbands can in fact be explained by the presence of this disease.
Men suffering from alexithymia have a poorly developed imagination. They experience difficulties communicating with the opposite sex, often cannot start a family for a long time, and at work they are considered too callous and lacking initiative.
Source: depositphotos.com
Few people can calmly relate to such sounds as the creaking of a knife on a plate or the desperate cry of a baby. This is a normal reaction caused by a genetic intolerance to sounds of a certain frequency. But patients with misophonia literally go berserk when they hear completely ordinary sounds: swallowing, sneezing, coughing and even breathing. We are not talking about irritability or a grouchy character, but about those cases when a person painfully perceives normal everyday sounds that constantly accompany our lives.
Patients with misophonia usually have big problems with living near other people. They are irritable, intolerant and unsociable. In most cases, the disease dooms them to loneliness.
1. Fear of urinating in the presence of other people
You go to relieve yourself in an empty toilet (let's say, in a restaurant), and are already halfway to blissful relief, when suddenly a shuffling sound is heard behind you. And... that's it. The process has stalled. You can't squeeze out any more drops. Someone sat down at the nearby urinal. You know - he hears that your flow has suddenly dried up and this only makes the panic grow. And soon a line will form behind you. And they are all perplexed that it is you there, in complete silence...
If you have ever experienced something like this, know that you are not alone. This condition is called paruresis or, more simply, fear of urinating in public. People susceptible to paruresis cannot relieve themselves in the presence of other people, even imaginary ones. This problem is most often observed in men, but it also happens to women from time to time. Scientists claim that seven percent of people have experienced a similar condition at one time or another in their lives.
In the most serious cases, those suffering from paruresis are able to go to the toilet only in their own home, when they are sure that no one is nearby and, in the near future, is not expected. It gets to the point where some sufferers have to have a catheter inserted. Paruresis is particularly problematic when subject to drug testing, and in the UK the disorder is considered a valid reason for exemption from urine tests. And in America, paruresis is a valid reason to refuse jury duty.
2. Nail biting
Onychophagia is one of the most common mental disorders, which is expressed in compulsive nail biting. This scourge affects about 45 percent of people aged 10 to 18 years (most of them are women). Among those suffering from onychophagia there are also celebrities - Britney Spears, Jacqueline Kennedy, Eva Mendes...
This condition also has mild and severe forms. In serious cases, the cuticle and sometimes the teeth may be irreparably damaged. In addition, we must not forget about the microbes that such a person constantly releases into his body.
What's worse is that this seemingly innocent habit can affect your ability to work, your self-esteem, and your social interactions. That is, destroy life.
3. Violent emotional expression
Imagine: your boss scolds you for some serious mistake, and you feel like you’re going to burst into laughter in just a second, and you can’t help yourself. You try to pull yourself together - you understand what this threatens you with, but no matter how you restrain yourself, the guilty look is gradually replaced by a stupid smile, then a strangled laugh, and soon a real, open, loud, hysterical cackle bursts out of you.
If you've ever experienced anything like this, you may be suffering from a syndrome called violent emotional expression, also known as pseudobulbar affect.
A person in this state responds to stressful situation a completely opposite reaction than what would logically be expected. For example, getting depressed from good news or starting to giggle in the most inappropriate place for this.
In addition, if a person takes pleasure in laughing at someone’s bad luck or mistakes, then this may also be a mental disorder, which is called “catagelasticism.” In medical literature it is described as " mental disorder"in which a person takes pleasure in ridiculing others." That is, in fact, this is a medical term for complete scoundrels.
4. Inability to realize and express oneself emotional condition
How often have you heard from a girl that her lover is not sincere enough with her? “He never shares his experiences with me.” “He’s somehow always aloof...” “He doesn’t care at all what’s going on in my soul!” And so on.
Believe it or not, two out of three of these complaints can be explained by a medical phenomenon called alexithymia. This term refers to a person’s inability to recognize and express in words their own emotional state. Each of us has Alexithymia to one degree or another. However, in the most severe cases, this condition can seriously poison life. According to scientists, alexithymia interferes with the lives of approximately 8-10 percent of all people, and among them there are more men than women.
Apart from problems with girlfriends, such men have insufficient developed imagination. People suffering from alexithymia even have dreams that are logical and realistic: about them going shopping, for example, or having scrambled eggs for breakfast.
5. Intolerance to certain sounds
Almost each of us cannot tolerate some kind of sound: foam on glass, chalk on a blackboard, the creaking of a swing, slurping... Whether this is normal or not depends on what kind of sounds they are and how much they interfere with your life.
A mental disorder called misophonia is a condition in which ordinary, unremarkable sounds cause irritation. For example, the sounds that other people make when they eat, breathe, cough, or do other completely familiar and not noisy activities.
In addition, most people are only annoyed by repeated noises, but a person suffering from misophonia can be upset by a single unpleasant sound. There have been recorded cases where such people, in a fit of irritation, smashed dishes and literally punched a wall through the wall (we're talking about drywall, of course; approx. mixstuff.ru) when someone nearby accidentally slurped.
The situation is exacerbated if the hateful sound comes from a person with whom the misophonia sufferer is emotionally connected - a family member or close friend.
Of course, such people have many problems communicating with others. It's hard for them to get started romantic relationship, because they can't stand it when someone eats near them. Many of them eat only alone behind closed doors.
6. Oppositional Defiance Disorder
In a large team there will always be someone who is hostile to everything that comes from “from above.” He considers his main goal to undermine the authority of his superiors in the most noisy and unpleasant way for the latter. He bickers and argues over every insignificant issue.
Do not rush to draw conclusions - it is possible that the person is not to blame for behaving this way. His stubbornness may be due to a mental disorder called oppositional defiant disorder. The medical literature describes the condition as “a long-term disorder characterized by defiance, hostility, and negativity toward superiors.”
Although this disorder is quite common in adults, children are, of course, most susceptible to it - about 20 percent. And this is not just bad behavior from time to time, but a constant condition for at least six months. If you do nothing about it, then with a probability of more than 50 percent, the situation will only get worse.
Doctor of Psychology Valery Rozanov
Modern man's life is not sweet. Let's imagine a typical day for such a person. So he wakes up and is already tired: he is exhausted and did not get enough sleep, and all because he worked late and came home exhausted, falling on the bed and falling asleep without undressing. Of course, this is a little exaggerated and grotesque, but many people live this way and it is not at all surprising that they experience depression and anxiety attacks. Next, we want to tell you about mental disorders that occur in people living in big cities.
Anxiety disorder
It occurs due to a large number of irritants of the nervous system. Noises, smells, light, crowds of people - the body simply does not have time to digest all this. Stress leads to disturbances in sleep and appetite, sudden attacks of aggression or sadness, dark thoughts, and headaches.
Fear and anxiety are completely normal and natural reactions of the body. But if a person experiences them in ordinary situations that do not pose any danger, this may be a sign of a disorder. For example, in line at a store, on a busy street or in an empty apartment.
It occurs due to exhaustion of the nervous system due to long-term mental overload. Residents of megacities, as a rule, have a lot of work, they sleep and relax little, and regularly find themselves in stressful and conflict situations.
Neurasthenia is often accompanied by headaches and weakness, sleep disturbances, indigestion, and fatigue. And also the feeling that every day is Groundhog Day, which causes outbursts of anger and irritability. Neurasthenia often accompanies professional burnout, psychosomatic illnesses and a state similar to depression: you’re tired of everything, you want to lie down and do nothing.
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Residents of large cities are at risk of the syndrome chronic fatigue(CFS). This is facilitated by unbalanced emotional and intellectual stress, stress, increased responsibility, long working hours, and disruption of sleep and nutrition.
A person cannot fully rest. Strength does not return, even when it seems that you have finally gotten some sleep. This is the difference between CFS and ordinary fatigue.
Chronic fatigue syndrome can manifest itself in increased sleepiness during the day and insomnia after a hard day at work, irritation and bad mood for no reason, headaches and muscle pain from nowhere, frequent illnesses, memory loss, allergic reactions.
This is a type of anxiety disorder. Agoraphobia is provoked by frequent stress, increased workload, loneliness, and lack of emotional contact.
A person experiences fear of open space and large crowds of people. Impressionable, emotional, suspicious people are most prone to this type of disorder.
This is the most common disease among residents of megacities. To one degree or another, many people suffer from it, although they themselves may blame alarming symptoms due to lack of sleep or stress. Depression is often the result of long-term effects of CFS and anxiety disorders.
Depression is characterized by many symptoms. These are a depressed mood, lack of desire to do anything, indifference, inability to concentrate, slow and imprecise movements. A person evaluates everything that happens in a negative light. Possible disturbances in the functioning of internal organs and systems: insomnia, headaches, pain in the heart or stomach.
Often, with depression, the condition is much worse in the morning than in the evening.
Panic disorder
A disease very close to anxiety disorders. According to one theory, the reason panic disorder there may be an atypical interpretation of bodily signals that are unusual for the body. They can be triggered by lack of sleep, overwork, constant stress, hangover, and drinking large amounts of caffeinated drinks.
A pronounced form of the disorder - panic attack: an inexplicable and painful attack of severe anxiety for a person, accompanied by fear in combination with various vegetative (somatic) symptoms.
Psychotic disorders (acute psychoses)
These are the most severe disorders with deep mental damage. Their reasons are numerous. However, constant stress affects the severity of psychosis, provokes its earlier development, and aggravates the prognosis. The percentage of psychosis in cities is much higher than in rural areas.
People suffering from psychosis are usually dangerous to themselves and others. Their behavior becomes strange, inappropriate, and unproductive. The connection with reality is distorted, the perception of reality is disrupted.
How to understand that you should urgently consult a doctor
Emotional Signs
A sharp change from a cheerful mood to a sad one.
Apathy, despondency, depression.
Feelings of anxiety and restlessness, unreasonable fear.
Despair, low self-esteem, constant dissatisfaction with yourself and your life.
Loss of interest and pleasure from work and communication with the outside world.
Feelings of guilt and uselessness.
Feeling internal tension, constant doubts about the correctness of the decisions made.
Difficulties or complete loss of concentration, inability to concentrate on a specific action.
Obsession with one’s worthlessness, thoughts about the meaninglessness of life.
Performance simple tasks for more long time than before.
Physiological signs
Dry mouth, increased sweating.
Loss of appetite or overeating.
Rapid and significant weight loss (up to 10 kg in one to two weeks) or a sharp increase in body weight.
Changing taste habits.
Constipation or diarrhea.
Insomnia, prolonged falling asleep and constant awakening, nightmares, early waking up (by 3–4 am), drowsiness throughout the day.
Retardation in movements or fussiness.
Muscle cramps, twitching of the eyelid or cheek, pain in the joints or back.
Fatigue, weakness in the limbs.
Decrease or complete absence sexual desire.
Promotion blood pressure up to hypertensive crises, pain in the heart area, increased heart rate.
Behavioral signs
Voluntary isolation, reluctance to contact family and friends.
Constant attempts to attract the attention of others to yourself and your problems.
Loss of interest in life, sloppiness and unwillingness to take care of oneself.
Constant dissatisfaction with oneself and others, excessive demands and high criticism, conflict.
Passivity, unprofessional and poor quality of work.
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Top 6: Rare mental disorders you probably haven't heard of 6 photos
It seems to people that they have already died, others, looking at their legs, are surprised - they shouldn’t exist? Still others feel like werewolves.
Fortunately, these diseases affect a small number of people.
The first known case was recorded by Charles Bonnet in 1788. A Swiss researcher wrote about elderly woman, which is on a short time was paralyzed, and then decided that she had died. At the same time, she told her daughters to dress her and put her in a coffin. After much debate, the daughters gave in. The woman fell asleep in the coffin, her daughters carried her to bed, and for several months the woman continued to feel like she was dead.
Since 1850, there have been only 13 recorded cases in which victims described feeling as if they were covered in fur and their fingernails had become claws.
The symptoms lasted from two hours to decades and were believed to be caused by other brain diseases.
Over the centuries, cases have been described in which people felt like bees, dogs, boa constrictors, horses and frogs. But all these illusions are so rare that doctors have nothing to worry about.
Ten to twenty people a year fall victim to this condition where they visit the City of Love and realize that it is not what they expected.
The French capital has certainly been idealized by the media and popular culture, especially in Japan, where advertisements and films depict a place filled with rich, slender and fashionable people just chatting in cafes, hanging out near the Eiffel Tower and shopping for designer clothes.
When some Japanese travelers encounter a less romantic reality, they experience dizziness, hallucinations, sweating and a feeling of being haunted.
The shock of a city that is indifferent to their presence and unlike their dreams leads to breakdowns and an average of six people a year are sent home with mental health problems under medical supervision.
The Japanese embassy even opened hotline to help tourists cope.
This desire occurs in people suffering from a disorder of body image, they desperately want to amputate limbs without any medical reasons.
"This is so completely outside the bounds of normal behavior," said The New York Times. Dr. Michael Pern, professor of psychiatry. “My first thought when I heard about this was, what could possibly go wrong? What's wrong?"
According to preliminary estimates, several thousand people in the world suffer from this disorder. Some of them try to amputate themselves or use weapons to make amputation necessary.
who died long ago.
One of the first recorded cases occurred in 1927, when a woman became convinced that her two favorite actresses—Sarah Bernhardt and Robin—were following her disguised as strangers.
Many professionals (and indeed many people who exhibit symptoms) do not take compulsive shopping seriously as a mental disorder, even though its consequences can have a profound impact on one's life.
Some people develop addictions because of the way their mind reacts to buying things. When you buy items you enjoy, you get instant gratification and endorphins and dopamine are released in your brain. Over time it becomes addictive.
According to psychologists, the main way to tell the difference between onomania and simply excessive shopping is to look at whether the behavior continues and even increases in the face of negative consequences (financial or social).
6.1 The presence of a suspect, accused person with physical disabilities or a mental disorder as a basis for the mandatory participation of a defense lawyer in the preliminary investigation and inquiry
The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation provides that the participation of a defense attorney in criminal proceedings is mandatory if the suspect or accused, due to physical or mental disabilities, cannot independently exercise his right to defense (Clause 3, Part 1, Article 51). From the analysis of Chapter 51 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, it follows that when proceedings are carried out in relation to a person who, due to a mental disorder, has committed an act prohibited by law in a state of insanity or who, after committing a crime, has developed a mental disorder that makes it impossible to impose a punishment or its execution, the participation of a defense attorney is also mandatory (Articles 433, 438). In addition, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2 of Article 99), and after it the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (Part 4 of Article 433), introduce the concept of persons in need of treatment for mental disorders that do not exclude sanity.
Moreover, if in cases of persons with physical or mental disabilities, or mental disorders, which do not exclude sanity, it is possible to conduct both a preliminary investigation and an inquiry, then in relation to the insane
For those who have a mental disorder and whose mental disorder makes it impossible to impose a punishment or carry it out, a preliminary investigation is mandatory (Part 1 of Article 434 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation).
It is necessary to clarify these concepts to the investigator (inquirer), who during the investigation process deals with a person (suspect, accused), regarding the state of physical or mental health which doubts may arise.
Often, an investigator, without special knowledge in the field of psychiatry and sufficient experience in investigative work, cannot independently diagnose mental pathology in a person who is a suspect or accused in a case, and this is not within his competence. However, he needs to have an idea of the main signs of mental disorders and non-morbid mental deviations, which have criminal legal and criminal procedural significance, in order to decide in each specific case whether a forensic examination is necessary. Code of Criminal Procedure Russian Federation(Clause 3 of Article 196) obliges him to do this if it is necessary to establish mental or physical state suspect when doubt arises about his sanity or ability to independently defend his rights and legitimate interests in criminal proceedings.
In this regard, a number of questions arise, the answers to which we will try to give in this section: what signs serve as the basis for the investigator to order a forensic psychiatric, complex psychological and psychiatric, forensic psychological examination of the suspect or accused; who decides the issue of insanity or the inability to independently exercise one’s right to defense at the stage of preliminary investigation - an expert or an investigator; what is the relationship between the concepts of “insanity”, “mental disorder that does not exclude sanity”, “physical and mental disabilities that make it impossible to independently exercise the right to defense”.
Despite the absence in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation general concept insanity, the legislator proceeds from this concept, in particular, formulating the rules on insanity (Article 21), as well as criminal
responsibility of persons with a mental disorder that does not exclude sanity (Article 22). Sanity, which is based on the ability to consciously-volitionally regulate behavior, is a mandatory prerequisite for criminal liability.
Thus, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Part 1, Article 21) defines insanity as the inability of a person to understand the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction), or to direct them due to a chronic mental disorder, temporary mental dementia, or other painful mental state.
From Part 1 of Art. 22 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation it follows that a person who, at the time of committing a crime due to a mental disorder, could not fully understand the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction), or direct them, may be recognized as a person with a mental disorder that does not exclude sanity.
The presence of mental disabilities in a person means his inability to engage in more or less prolonged mental activity, complex in content, associated with emotional stress. Mental disabilities may also include mental disorders that do not exclude sanity, but limit a person’s ability to correctly perceive, comprehend and remember circumstances. In this case, he is characterized by rapid fatigue, attention disorder, and poor memory. As a result, a person who has mental disabilities is not always able to clearly understand why his actions are qualified under one article of the Criminal Code and not another; why these circumstances are considered aggravating; unable to formulate a petition, etc. That is, he cannot fully exercise his right to defense and independently use the means provided for this by law1.
1 See M. Kochenov, B. Kulchitsky. Determining the ability to independently exercise one’s right to defense // Soc. legality. 1978. No. 5. P. 68-69; Bobrova I., Metelitsa Yu., Shishkov S. On the criteria for assessing mental disabilities that prevent the accused from exercising the right to defense // Soc. legality. 1983. No. 11. P. 47-49.
An analysis of criminal and criminal procedural legislation makes it possible to identify a circle of persons who are obviously deprived of the ability to independently exercise their right to defense: these are persons recognized as insane; persons who, after committing a crime, have developed a mental disorder that makes it impossible to impose punishment or carry it out; persons who have certain physical disabilities, such as muteness, deafness, blindness; persons with mental disabilities, and among them persons with mental disorders that do not exclude sanity.
If the investigator has doubts about the sanity of a person or his possible membership in the specified circle of persons, he assigns the suspect or accused a forensic psychiatric examination (comprehensive psychological and psychiatric examination). From the moment the decision to order an examination is issued, the participation of a defense lawyer is mandatory (Article 438 of the PC).
The inability of a person to consciously-volitionally regulate behavior is associated with two criteria - medical and psychological. When conducting an examination, a psychiatrist expert determines a medical criterion - establishes the presence or absence of mental disorders in the suspect or accused, which may affect his ability to consciously-volitionally regulate behavior during the commission of the act accused of him. An expert psychologist determines a psychological criterion - identifies the presence or absence of non-morbid mental states that affect the ability of a person to consciously-volitionally behave at the time of committing such an act.
The “simplest” ones for assessing a person’s sanity or insanity are cases when a medical diagnosis clearly and unambiguously records a mental state that excludes the ability to consciously-volitionally act in any situation1. In this case, the conclusion of the psychiatric expert will indicate that the accused (suspect) suffers from a mental disorder, as a result of which he could not be aware of the actual act at the time of committing the act charged with him.
1 See Sitkovskaya O.D. Psychological bases of criminal liability. Baku, 1992. pp. 39-40.
character and social danger of one’s actions (inaction) or to direct them (criteria of insanity - Article 21 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). In this case, the expert also takes into account the nature of the mental disorder in accordance with the formulation of the medical criterion of insanity - chronic mental disorder, temporary mental disorder, dementia, or other painful mental state.
Based on this kind of conclusion of a psychiatrist expert and possible other evidence, the investigator has the right to draw a conclusion about the person’s insanity.
In addition, the following options for forensic psychiatric expert conclusions are possible within the framework of a person’s sanity:
1. The accused (suspect) suffers from a mental disorder as a result of which, during the commission of the act accused of him, he could not fully understand the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction), or control them (criteria for a mental disorder that does not exclude sanity - Article 22 Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
2. The person has not been found to have any painful mental disorders (or these disorders are extremely insignificant). With this version of the expert opinion, all subsequent questions to the expert psychiatrist are eliminated, since the psychiatrist does not qualify a person’s mental states within the medical norm. Their identification is carried out by an expert psychologist who, within the framework of a comprehensive psychological and psychiatric examination or a homogeneous forensic psychological examination conducted after a forensic psychiatric examination, can identify the presence of non-morbid abnormalities in the mental sphere of the accused (suspect)1.
Based on the conclusion of an expert psychologist and available other evidence, the investigator may conclude that a person is unable to independently exercise his right to defense.
The following circumstances may serve as the basis for the mandatory appointment of a forensic psychiatric examination: data from the medical history, outpatient cards, medical
1 See Shishkov S. The concepts of “sanity” and “insanity” in investigative, judicial and expert practice // Legality. 2001. No. 2. P. 26-27.
certificates and conclusions that during the examination the person was identified with one or another mental pathology; information from the explanations of close relatives, testimony of other accused, witnesses, victims about the person’s actions inappropriate to the situation, his incomprehensible statements, strange behavior, complaints about unusual sensations and experiences; features of behavior and the nature of the person’s statements observed by the investigator. Deviations in behavior and statements can be observed while the accused is in custody.
If there is no evidence of this kind, but the investigator has reason to believe that the suspect or accused has mental deficiencies (for example, complaints from the person himself, confirmed by testimony, fatigue, attention disorder, weakness of memorization, etc.), then a comprehensive psychological and psychiatric examination should be prescribed. The following questions must be asked for the permission of experts: 1) does the suspect (accused) have mental disabilities that prevent the full implementation of cognitive activity; 2) whether the mental characteristics of the suspect (accused) limit his ability to carry out actions related to the exercise of his right to defense2.
Among the physical disabilities that serve as an unconditional basis for the mandatory participation of a defense attorney are muteness, deafness and blindness. This is due to the fact that these shortcomings, in any case, significantly limit a person’s ability to independently exercise his right to defense due to the limitation of his ability to perceive, remember, evaluate and reproduce what is happening, communicate with other participants in the process, present evidence and participate in their research. The investigator needs to take into account
1 See Bobrova I., Metelitsa Yu., Shishkov S. Grounds for the appointment of forensic psychiatric examination in criminal cases // Soc. legality. 1986. No. 2. pp. 46-48.
2 Kochenov M., Kulchitsky B. Determining the ability to independently exercise one’s right to defense // Soc. legality. 1978. No. 5. P. 69.
and some psychological characteristics the identities of the mute, deaf and blind, due to their illness.
It seems that even if a physical disability and the degree of its severity are obvious to the investigator, its presence must be certified in a certain way and reflected in the materials of the criminal case. Therefore, if there is medical documents(extracts from the medical history, conclusion of the VTEC, membership card of the society of the blind or deaf), their originals or copies should be attached to the criminal case. If documents are missing, a physical disability, as a rule, can be recorded in the examination report conducted with the participation of a specialist doctor in the relevant field.
Other obvious physical defects, such as speech defects that create difficulties in establishing contacts with others and expressing one’s thoughts, the absence of an arm or leg, deformity, chronic somatic disease that makes it difficult for a person to exercise the rights granted by law, serve as the basis for the mandatory appointment of a forensic examination - forensic medical or complex medical-psychological (in cases where the psychological characteristics of a person due to such a deficiency are subject to identification).
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6 symptoms of mental illness that are mistaken for whims
There is some quirk in the behavior of each of us that we think is unique to us. And we think in vain. Because, according to science, every little whim, habit, or pet peeve we have has a strictly scientific explanation.
1. Fear of urinating in the presence of other people
If you have ever experienced something like this, know that you are not alone. This condition is called paruresis or, more simply, fear of urinating in public. People susceptible to paruresis cannot relieve themselves in the presence of other people, even imaginary ones. This problem is most often observed in men, but it also happens to women from time to time. Scientists claim that seven percent of people have experienced a similar condition at one time or another in their lives.
In the most serious cases, those suffering from paruresis are able to go to the toilet only in their own home, when they are sure that no one is nearby and, in the near future, is not expected. It gets to the point where some sufferers have to have a catheter inserted. Paruresis is particularly problematic when subject to drug testing, and in the UK the disorder is considered a valid reason for exemption from urine tests. And in America, paruresis is a valid reason to refuse jury duty.
2. Nail biting
Onychophagia is one of the most common mental disorders, which is expressed in compulsive nail biting. This scourge affects about 45 percent of people aged 10 to 18 years (most of them are women). Among those suffering from onychophagia there are also celebrities - Britney Spears, Jacqueline Kennedy, Eva Mendes...
This condition also has mild and severe forms. In serious cases, the cuticle and sometimes the teeth may be irreparably damaged. In addition, we must not forget about the microbes that such a person constantly releases into his body.
What's worse is that this seemingly innocent habit can affect your ability to work, your self-esteem, and your social interactions. That is, destroy life.
3. Violent emotional expression
Imagine: your boss scolds you for some serious mistake, and you feel like you’re going to burst into laughter in just a second, and you can’t help yourself. You try to pull yourself together - you understand what this threatens you with, but no matter how you restrain yourself, the guilty look is gradually replaced by a stupid smile, then a strangled laugh, and soon a real, open, loud, hysterical cackle bursts out of you.
If you've ever experienced anything like this, you may be suffering from a syndrome called violent emotional expression, also known as pseudobulbar affect.
A person in this state responds to a stressful situation with a completely opposite reaction than what would be logical to expect. For example, getting depressed from good news or starting to giggle in the most inappropriate place for this.
In addition, if a person takes pleasure in laughing at someone’s bad luck or mistakes, then this may also be a mental disorder, which is called “catagelasticism.” In the medical literature it is described as “a mental disorder in which a person takes pleasure in ridiculing others.” That is, in fact, this is a medical term for complete scoundrels.
4. Inability to recognize and express your emotional state
How often have you heard from a girl that her lover is not sincere enough with her? “He never shares his experiences with me.” “He’s somehow always aloof...” “He doesn’t care at all what’s going on in my soul!” And so on.
Believe it or not, two out of three of these complaints can be explained by a medical phenomenon called “alexithymia.” This term refers to a person’s inability to recognize and express in words their own emotional state. Each of us has Alexithymia to one degree or another. However, in the most severe cases, this condition can seriously poison life. According to scientists, alexithymia interferes with the lives of approximately 8-10 percent of all people, and among them there are more men than women.
In addition to problems with girlfriends, such men have an underdeveloped imagination. People suffering from alexithymia even have dreams that are logical and realistic: about them going shopping, for example, or having scrambled eggs for breakfast.
5. Intolerance to certain sounds
Almost each of us cannot tolerate some kind of sound: foam on glass, chalk on a blackboard, the creaking of a swing, slurping... Whether this is normal or not depends on what kind of sounds they are and how much they interfere with your life.
A mental disorder called misophonia is a condition in which ordinary, unremarkable sounds cause irritation. For example, the sounds that other people make when they eat, breathe, cough, or do other completely familiar and not noisy activities.
In addition, most people are only annoyed by repeated noises, but a person suffering from misophonia can be upset by a single unpleasant sound. There have been recorded cases where such people, in a fit of irritation, smashed dishes and literally punched a wall through the wall (we're talking about drywall, of course; approx. mixstuff.ru) when someone nearby accidentally slurped.
The situation is exacerbated if the hateful sound comes from a person with whom the misophonia sufferer is emotionally connected - a family member or close friend.
Of course, such people have many problems communicating with others. They find it difficult to form romantic relationships because they cannot stand it when people eat around them. Many of them eat only alone behind closed doors.
6. Oppositional Defiance Disorder
In a large team there will always be someone who is hostile to everything that comes from “from above.” He considers his main goal to undermine the authority of his superiors in the most noisy and unpleasant way for the latter. He bickers and argues over every insignificant issue.
Do not rush to draw conclusions - it is possible that the person is not to blame for behaving this way. His stubbornness may be due to a mental disorder called “oppositional defiant disorder.” The medical literature describes the condition as “a long-term disorder characterized by defiance, hostility, and negativity toward superiors.”
Although this disorder is quite common in adults, children are, of course, most susceptible to it - about 20 percent. And this is not just bad behavior from time to time, but a constant condition for at least six months. If you do nothing about it, then with a probability of more than 50 percent, the situation will only get worse.
All more people are aware of anxiety, depression and mental disorders. At the same time, therapists still encounter patients who lived and did not suspect that they had a problem. This is due to the fact that mental illness can be confused with personality traits that we have accepted for years as our characteristics. The editors of Heroine magazine will tell you about some of them.
1. Perfectionism
If you consider yourself a perfectionist, but your desire to be perfect is motivated by stress or fear, you may have a mental disorder. Pay attention to how your perfectionism manifests itself and how exactly you do things: do you often worry about not making mistakes, and check again and again to see if anything goes wrong. Maybe you don't try new things because you're afraid of failure or judgment?
You can decide whether to work on this symptom or get rid of perfectionism based on how much it is harming your life.
2. Introversion
It doesn't matter whether you consider yourself shy or introverted. If you avoid different social situations, the cause may be discomfort due to the lack of familiar faces or topics in the conversation, and this is one of the signs of disorder.
Introversion can make you feel like avoiding socialization is the best option. On the other hand, introversion itself is not a clinical problem. Introverts tend to underestimate their capabilities and need to communicate with others. But if this is a personal sign, communicating with loved ones and meeting people useful people, then this is a serious reason to fight the disorder.
3. Hot temper and irritability
If you often find yourself on the verge of losing your temper, struggling with anger and aggression, this may also be a sign of high-functioning anxiety.
The scheme is simple: you talk to people at home or at work, things don’t go as you planned - this leads to anxiety. Feeling increased anxiety creates discomfort, which in turn leads to increased irritability, dependence on loved ones and quick disappointment in everything that happens.
If you are ready to work on feeling the ground under your feet, contact us.
4. Trying to please others
If you feel like you are constantly adjusting to others and wanting to please or make everyone around you happy, there is a high chance that you are experiencing a mental disorder.
People with anxiety want others to be happy, they will always try to fit in, and sometimes it's exhausting. If they don't do this, then...
— Kali Estes, therapist
5. Conservative
Conservatism in a person's character, what is it? Good or bad? You can talk as much as you like about what you like when everything is your way, but if you cannot cope with changing the accepted pattern, you may have a mental disorder.
Total found: 51, match 6 letters
inability to walk not associated with any human disease
a chronic disease of animals accompanied by itching and inflammation of the skin
lack of facial expressions mental illness, parkinsonism, damage to the facial nerves
one of the diseases of African animals in the fairy tale about Aibolit
the name of this disease literally translates from Latin as suffocation
inflammatory joint disease
chronic joint disease
The hero of the film "Rain Man" suffered from this disease.
It was this Russian scientist, at the inception of microbiology, who was one of the first to establish that the disease jaundice is caused by microorganisms
a viral disease with a characteristic rash of grouped blisters on the skin and mucous membranes
personal mental changes due to mental illness
the name of a number of diseases caused by metabolic disorders
a condition of the body that predisposes to a certain disease
the body's predisposition to certain diseases, for example, allergic reactions
a condition of the body that predisposes to certain diseases or allergies
runny nose and other “cold” diseases that occur with prolonged use of the iodine drug
hereditary skin disease
Helminthic fish disease
acute infectious, predominantly childhood, disease
acute infectious disease
support belt, used, for example, for diseases of the spine
Disease (dry skin)
a disease in which the number of white blood cells in the blood sharply increases (for example, with radiation damage)
tumor disease of hematopoietic tissue
disease, inflammation spinal cord when affected by neurotropic viruses
fungal disease of grapes
central nervous system disease
a disease caused by a disorder of the central nervous system
neuropsychiatric illness due to severe experiences, severe stress (neurasthenia, hysteria, obsessive fears)
functional (borderline) mental illness
Mental illness
The last letter of the beech is “z”
Answer for the question "Mental illness", 6 letters:
psychosis
Alternative crossword questions for the word psychosis
Another name for hysteria
Nervous disease, hysteria
Nervousness, fear of something, hysteria
Fear-mongering, hysteria
Definition of the word psychosis in dictionaries
Dictionary of medical terms Meaning of the word in the dictionary Dictionary of medical terms
a painful mental disorder, manifested entirely or predominantly by an inadequate reflection of the real world with behavioral disturbances, changes in various aspects of mental activity, usually with the occurrence of phenomena not characteristic of the normal psyche.
Examples of the use of the word psychosis in literature.
The muse was not sure that reading the letter would not lead to an aggravation of hysteria, or even the development of a reactive reaction. psychosis.
From the age of seven they were kept in various medical institutions with diagnoses ranging from psychosis and autism to severe mental retardation.
Hell, akasha, alcoholism, Angel, antimatter, antigravity, antiphoton, asthenia, astrology, atom, Armageddon, aura, autogenic training, delirium tremens, insomnia, dispassion, God, divine, divine path, Buddhism, buddhi, future, future of the Universe, future of the solar system, vacuum, Great Vow, substance, virtual, influence on fate, extraterrestrial civilization, Universe, global flood, incarnation, time, Higher intelligence, Higher Knowledge, galaxy, geological periods, Hermes Trismegistus, hyperon, hypnosis, brain, horoscope, gravitational waves, gravity, guna, Tao, double, depersonalization, mass defect, demon, Zen Buddhism, good evil, DNA, Ancient Knowledge , continental drift, Spirit, soul, dhyana, devil, Unified Field Theory, life, mental illness, origin of life, star, earthly life, knowledge of the future, knowledge, zombies, zombification, change of fate, altered states of consciousness, measurement of matter, Emerald Tablet, immune system, instinct, intelligence, intuition, bending of light, art
When a society is faced with a major problem - as in the case of war, or hyperinflation, or an epidemic - there is a small increase in the number of suicides, but a significant decrease in the incidence of depression, paranoia, psychoses.
I came to Dis to rest, to get rid of the oppressive psychoses which arose due to mental fatigue.
Source: Maxim Moshkov library
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Mental disorder crossword puzzle 6 letters
HYPERTENSION is the most common and insidious disease, because at first it does not manifest itself in any way. Thus, according to statistics, up to 40% of adults suffer from hypertension in our country. And every second person at the initial stage does not realize that he is already sick.
What can really help cope with the disease? Let's find out!
Alexander Myasnikov in the program “About the Most Important Thing” he talks how to defeat hypertension: causes of the disease and all its symptoms
A. Myasnikov: Hello, I'm Doctor Myasnikov. And we start the show "About the most important thing"- about our health. I would like to emphasize that our program is educational in nature. So let's get started!
Where does hypertension begin and why is it dangerous?
Everyone knows that in order to be healthy you must adhere to healthy image life. But first we need to eliminate the causes of the disease.
Pay attention to the main causes of hypertension:
Alexander Myasnikov: There are different causes of hypertension
How to deal with hypertension
A. Myasnikov: Pharmacy counters are overflowing with all kinds of pharmaceutical drugs. Neurologists and pharmacists vied with each other to offer “ magic pill" But, alas! At best, the pain will be temporarily blocked. Their composition leaves much to be desired - just pure chemistry. From what? side effects the kidneys, liver and stomach are most often affected.
I would like to know if among the guests of our studio there are those who are familiar first-hand with hypertension and related problems from taking medications? Please raise your hands!
Alexander Myasnikov asks a question to the guests of the studio - the audience.
Forest of hands! I thought so! In our program, we always honestly discuss the causes and solutions to health-related problems. That's why today we invited Honored Cardiologist of the Russian Federation, expert: Ekaterina Vitalievna Tkach.
A. Myasnikov: Ekaterina Vitalievna, Hello! As a cardiologist, tell me if it is possible completely get rid of hypertension?
Studio guest – expert doctor, cardiologist Ekaterina Vitalievna Tkach
Ekaterina Vitalievna: Hello, Alexander. Let's first take a closer look at main causes of the disease. From the point of view of cardiology, this is an abnormal metabolism and cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels, as well as nervous breakdowns.
You rightly noted earlier that most drugs only temporarily block headache attacks. Because of this, many patients suffer from hypertension for years and are forced to stay in the hospital once or twice a year. Some also require surgery. After which they will have a long recovery.
A. Myasnikov: What is the predominant age category of people complaining of headaches?
Ekaterina Vitalievna: Every year you get younger! Ages from 25-27 years and above! Most are diagnosed with hypertension.
A. Myasnikov: What to do? Is there any hope for recovery without damage to other organs?
Ekaterina Vitalievna: Yes! Fortunately for us, science does not stand still. This year we were able to achieve completely new level of hypertension treatment thanks to an innovative drug SugaNorm.
SugaNorm – clinically proven effectiveness
Thorough research by the Science Center cardiovascular surgery named after A. N. Bakulev showed the high effectiveness of the drug in the treatment of blood pressure. So 1,000 volunteers with varying degrees hypertension took SugaNorm for two weeks. At the end of the test the following data were obtained:
A. Myasnikov: What is the secret of this drug?
Alexander Myasnikov is surprised by the answer of the invited expert - a cardiologist.
Ekaterina Vitalievna: There is a secret - SugaNorm is natural! Him no side effects or addiction.
In addition, the drug is developed on the basis unique Vasodilat technology. Thanks to it, it is possible to quickly maintain the required concentration of oxygen in the blood. The blood vessels stop being stressed and the pressure returns to normal. Vasodilat, by the way, is the latest achievement of scientific thought. The technology was developed literally in 2017 and protected by 14 patents
A. Myasnikov: Dear TV viewers, here is a link to the official website of the drug. On it you can see the composition, principle of operation and all certificates.
A. Myasnikov: Ekaterina Vitalievna, did I understand you correctly? SugaNorm normalizes blood circulation and completely eliminates ALL causes of hypertension?
Ekaterina Vitalievna: Yes exactly. After all, high blood pressure is a forced protective reaction of the body to stress, vasospasm, and metabolic syndrome. Just included in the composition SugaNorm components help instantly deal with them.
Ekaterina Vitalievna Tkach talks about the properties of SugaNorm.
I would like to add that although SugaNorm helps with the initial signs of hypertension, its main task is help with chronic disease. It improves the functioning of the circulatory system, immune and nervous systems, which is the key to normal blood pressure
SugaNorm - NATURALLY reduces and completely eliminates blood pressure!
A. Myasnikov: As you can see, friends, the path to health is not so difficult.
To avoid fakes and low-quality analogues, place an order only on the official website. This product has all the necessary certificates, its effectiveness has been confirmed by the clinical scientific center named after A. N. Bakulev.
IN this moment Together with the Ministry of Health, they are holding the campaign “Let's defeat Hypertension - save the people of the Russian Federation.” Therefore, now you can buy SugaNorm for 147 RUBLES!
Be healthy! See you again!
Alexander Myasnikov, program “About the Most Important Thing”.
Doctor treats ears 6 letters
You can ask a DOCTOR a question and get a FREE ANSWER by filling out a special form on OUR SITE, follow this link >>>
Doctor who treats ears 6 letters
What is the name of an ear doctor?
Otolaryngology was originally a narrow medical specialty. But over time, even narrower subspecialties were formed in it - audiology, phoniatrics, rhinology, otiatrics, otoneurology. The trend towards more and more narrow specialization of doctors has negative and positive sides. Negative side– this is a narrowing of the specialist’s horizons. Positive is a more complete knowledge of your subject. After all, the volume of scientific knowledge is growing rapidly and is enormous even in very highly specialized disciplines.
It can be difficult for a patient to understand the names of subspecialties. So what is it called ear doctor? An ear specialist is called aurist. Otosurgeon is a surgeon specializing in ear surgery. The concepts of “otosurgeon” and “otiatrician” are now often used as synonyms.
Audiologist deals with the diagnosis and treatment of hearing impairments, selection of hearing aids (hearing prosthetics).
Otoneurologist– a specialist dealing with diagnostic and treatment problems at the intersection of otolaryngology and neurology. Issues of dizziness, tinnitus and a number of others are the competence of an otoneurologist.
Rhinologist(or rhinosurgeon) deals with pathology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Currently, new areas are emerging in which rhinosurgeons operate. This is explained by the fact that, for example, many tumors of the skull base are more convenient to operate through the nose. In this regard, at the intersection of otolaryngology and neurosurgery, a new specialty is now emerging - skull base surgery.
Phoniatrist– a specialist involved in voice pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases that cause voice disorders. There is also the term " phonosurgeon" - a doctor involved in surgical correction of pathology of the vocal apparatus.
A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the larynx is called laryngologist. But this name is used relatively rarely.
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The doctor who treats ears is Otolaryngologist. But we usually talk. You need to go to an appointment with an ENT specialist. Otolaryngology This common name a specialty that specializes only in ear diseases. but this specialty is divided into narrower specialties. Doctor Aurist. This doctor only treats ear diseases. But there is also a doctor Otosurgeon. who specializes in ear surgery. And there is also a doctor Audiologist. who deals with hearing problems and hearing diagnostics. But in many regions there are no such specialized specialists, so you have to turn to Otolaryngologist. who has a broader horizon of knowledge in his profession.
replied -04-18T04:19:29.000000+03:00 1 year, 8 months ago
Other answers below
What is the name of the doctor who treats the heart?
What is the name of the doctor who treats the thyroid gland?
This is an OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGIST, or ENT for short. This doctor also treats the throat and nose. And not only treats. This doctor, like no other, has another task - to remove foreign objects from these organs, especially frequent patients in this regard - children. Also it removes insects that sometimes crawl into the ears, cleans the ears and removes wax plugs if the need arises.
replied -04-17T20:41:15.000000+03:00 1 year, 8 months ago
The doctor you are asking about is called an ENT or otolaryngologist. This doctor diagnoses and treats various diseases of the ear, nose, larynx, and pharynx. By the way, if a person often has pain in the listed areas for a long time, he should contact an otolaryngologist, and not limit himself to going to a therapist. I'll give you an example from my life. For several years, I had been treated by a therapist for a long time and unsuccessfully for my throat. It doesn't hurt for a month, but it hurts again for six months. I went to the ENT specialist. It turned out that there was a fungus in my throat. I sprayed it in my throat, took some pills, and everything went away in 2 weeks. Now there are no long-term sore throats.
replied -04-17T20:42:23.000000+03:00 1 year, 8 months ago
A doctor who treats the ear, nose and throat is called ENT. Since all these organs are interconnected, this specialist has a fairly wide profile. After all, as soon as a runny nose appears, your throat immediately begins to hurt, and perhaps later your ear may also hurt.
replied -04-17T20:38:04.000000+03:00 1 year, 8 months ago
He is officially called an otolaryngologist, abbreviated as ENT, or simply as ear, nose and throat. This doctor deals with various otitises, sinusitis, rhinitis, laryngitis and so on - all diseases of the named organs.
replied -04-17T20:36:28.000000+03:00 1 year, 8 months ago
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Doctor who doesn't cure 14 letters crossword clue
Letters mask 2 letters 3 letters 4 letters 5 letters 6 letters 7 letters 8 letters 9 letters 10 letters 11 letters 12 letters 13 letters 14 letters 15 letters 16 letters 17 letters 18 letters 19 letters 20 letters 21 letters 22 letters 23 letters 24 letters 25 letters 26 letters 27 letters 28 letters 29 letters 30 letters 31 letters. 14 letter word, first letter p, second letter a, third letter t, fourth letter o, fifth letter l, sixth letter o, seventh letter g, eighth letter o, ninth letter a, tenth letter n, 10 letter a, 11 letter t, 12 letter o, 13 letter m, word starting with letter p, last m. Thoracoplasty thoracoplasty was a previously widely used method of treating pulmonary tuberculosis, which consisted of surgical resection of part of the ribs, as a result of which rib cage sinks and the affected lung collapses. Treatment method 9 letters 8 letters 15 letters 12 letters 10 letters 13 letters 16 letters 11 letters 7 letters. Attending doctor in hospital passing special training in any particular field of medicine. To avoid typing words on your computer keyboard, you can use the virtual keyboard by clicking on the letters above the crossword puzzle. 1st letter g 2nd letter o 3rd letter m 4th letter e 5th letter o 6th letter p 7th letter a 8th letter t doctor's specialty. If the answers for the crossword puzzle do not match the number of letters, try using our section selecting a word by mask.
There are two options, differing in the direction of word rotation, which should be the same for the entire crossword. 6 letter words the real version 7 letter words the first letter in the central cell 7 letter words the last letter in the central cell.
We remind you that by sending us your crossword puzzles, you are thereby solving crossword puzzles and scanword puzzles online. Ear specialist, ear doctor, ear doctor, 6 letters, answer to the scanword or crossword puzzle on our website.
Read below on the beewoman website to find out what ailments doctors of this or that profession help fight. People are referred to him for autoimmune diseases, allergic manifestations, and frequent colds and infections. A psychotherapist is a medical professional who treats mental, emotional and nervous disorders through verbal influence on the patient using various psychotherapeutic techniques and methods. They heal long streets and avenues with lights, huge glasses behind which you can’t see tired eyes, they heal dreams of summer, of a new life, and time. Time does not heal, it teaches us to come to terms with pain and to relate more easily to the places that we associate with a certain person. 1st letter k 2nd letter o 3rd letter n 4th letter o 5th letter c 6th letter a 7th letter l Also the word konoval corresponds to the definitions.
What is the name of a doctor who specializes in ear diseases?
All kinds inflammatory processes and pathologies cause deafness and become the cause serious illnesses. To avoid adverse consequences, you will need a doctor, but the name of the ear specialist needed for treatment depends on the type and degree of damage. The ear, its structure, morphology and abnormalities are studied by otorhinolaryngology, which also deals with problems of the throat and nose. In addition, individual specializations are identified and developed. They are called differently, but all are aimed at helping those who have ear pain or other problems with the hearing aid.
Otorhinolaryngologist
An ear specialist is called an otolaryngologist.
Science itself appeared in the second half of the 19th century. It has developed that, for convenience, otorhinolaryngologists are called ENT doctors. They are the ones you need to go to if your ear hurts or you notice that your hearing is getting worse. Having studied the analyzes and carried out initial examination, he will prescribe treatment or determine which doctor you need to see, which will save time and speed up diagnosis.
The treating ENT doctor pays attention to diseases of the ears and nasopharynx, and is responsible for removing foreign objects and carrying out supportive procedures called physiotherapy (warming, blowing, pneumomassage, etc.). An otolaryngologist treats problems associated with:
People, having discovered that they have ear pain or other abnormalities, try to make do with folk remedies.
Obviously, this approach to diseases is not beneficial and causes deterioration of the condition: it causes complications, deafness or the development of a brain tumor. An otolaryngologist treats not only the ears, but also identifies diseases that negatively affect the hearing system, for example, sore throat, runny nose, colds, etc.
Other doctors An otiatrist is a specialist in ear diseases. The doctor studies the anatomy and physiology of the middle, external and inner ear . In addition, a special otiatrist treats problems vestibular apparatus . Otiology (or otology) covers surgery
. For example, tympanoplasty is the repair of damage to the eardrum, and removal of pus is called mastoidectomy. The functioning of the inner ear, intracranial tumors related to the auditory apparatus and the surrounding nervous and vascular structures are studied in a direction close to otiatry, which is called neurootology. Diagnosis and treatment related to hearing impairment are prescribed by an audiologist. A specialist in this field pays attention to ear diseases that an otolaryngologist cannot cure on his own, including sensorineural hearing loss. People who have had a history of infectious diseases
Since the sudden development of hearing loss causes stress or prolonged depression, a special audiologist pays attention to the problems of patient rehabilitation. His responsibilities include diagnosis, prescription of therapy, selection and adjustment of hearing aids. A pediatric audiologist identifies diseases at the most early stages, as this allows you to completely restore the child’s hearing. The doctor has to pay great attention to the results of tests and studies, since a small patient cannot give an accurate description of his condition.
Doctor dealing with lesions hearing aid, called an otoneurologist.
He covers a wider area than an audiologist or an otologist. A special otoneurologist studies and treats diseases of the vestibular and olfactory analyzers. You are referred to a doctor if you suspect:
A special doctor accepts in case constant dizziness, balance or coordination disorders, with nystagmus. Like an audiologist, an otoneurologist is a very rare specialist.
The ears provide 10% of the information about the world around us; we enjoy the sounds of nature, music, and the sound of the sea. Because of anatomical structure and connection with the nose and throat, the patient is at serious risk. If your ear hurts, you notice swelling, your hearing has become worse, noise or dizziness has appeared, contact the right doctor immediately. He is able to understand the cause and prescribe appropriate treatment.
What is the correct name for an ear doctor?
Hearing is an important human ability to recognize sound signals coming from the environment. As a rule, people think about the name of a doctor who treats diseases related to the ears only when problems arise with the organ. If pathologies related to hearing are noted, then first of all you need to contact an otolaryngologist or, as they usually call him in ordinary conversation, ENT. The doctor's specialization lies not only in the treatment of diseases of the ears, but also of nearby organs (nose, throat).
What diseases does ENT treat?
An otolaryngologist is one of the specialized specialists who are especially in demand, regardless of seasonal exacerbations of diseases. Children and the elderly are especially susceptible to the development of pathologies of the ears and nasopharynx. Among the main diseases treated by an otolaryngologist are:
- Otoscopy - examination of the external ear canal and the surface of the eardrum.
- Otomicroscopy is an examination of the ear using a microscope.
- Audiometry – measurement of hearing acuity.
- Tympanometry is a method for studying the functioning of the middle ear.
- X-ray – prescribed for diagnosis various diseases, as well as in case of traumatic injuries.
- CT and MRI of the ear - computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are highly informative methods for studying the ear and can detect almost all pathological disorders.
To conduct a high-quality examination of the hearing organs, the ear doctor uses special instruments. In the otolaryngologist's office you can see a large number of different devices that differ in the principle of use and purpose. The so-called “special” devices include: pure tone audiometer, endoscope, fibrolaryngoscope (device for examining the ear), X-ray viewer, microscope, medical tuning fork. To look deep into the ear and perform treatment procedures, the doctor uses various instruments (funnels, spatulas, tweezers, mirrors, etc.).
Subspecialties in otolaryngology
A doctor who treats ears has sufficient knowledge in all areas of medicine. The difference is that the doctor specialized in otolaryngology. The main branches of medicine that are included in the field of knowledge of ENT specialists:
After examination and diagnosis, the doctor, if indicated, can refer the patient for consultation to even more specialized specialists. The most common subspecialists in otolaryngology who treat ear pathologies are: otosurgeon, audiologist, otoneurologist. Otosurgeon (otiatrician) is a doctor who specializes in surgical interventions in the field of ear surgery. An audiologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats hearing impairment.
An otoneurologist is a specialist who deals with the treatment and prevention of pathologies that simultaneously affect the auditory and nervous system(dizziness, tinnitus and others).
In narrowing the specialization of doctors, both negative and positive sides. The advantage is that the doctor has more complete knowledge and understanding in the field of a specific pathology. The downside is the reduction of information regarding other diseases.
At first glance, it may seem that otolaryngologists treat a small number of diseases. But, despite the fact that the doctor’s competence includes only ENT organs, there are many pathologies associated with them. Often, ear diseases cause problems with the nose or throat, and vice versa. These organs are located in close proximity and are interconnected. The treatment of ENT diseases must be approached responsibly, since protracted and complicated pathologies can cause serious hearing impairment, even complete loss.
