A large amount has been devoted to the influence of massage on the nervous system. scientific works. Different massage techniques have different effects on the nervous system. Some of them irritate and excite her (tapping, chopping, shaking), while others calm her (stroking, rubbing). In sports massage, knowledge of how individual techniques affect the nervous system acquires great practical importance.

The effect of massage on the human nervous system is very complex and depends on the degree of irritation of the receptors embedded in the skin, muscles, and ligaments. Using all kinds of massage techniques, you can influence the excitability of the nervous system in different ways, and through it the functions of the most important organs and systems. If excitation caused by irritation of exteroreceptors, reaching the cerebral cortex, gives us clear sensations, then sensations from interoreceptors and proprioceptors are subcortical and do not reach consciousness. This, according to Sechenov, “dark feeling” results in a total of either a pleasant feeling of vivacity, freshness, or, conversely, causes a state of depression.

Massage has a great effect on the peripheral and central nervous system. Afferent impulses arising during massage in the skin, muscles and joints irritate the kinesthetic cells of the cortex and stimulate the corresponding centers to activity. Sensory skin stimulation creates intradermal reflexes and causes responses from deep organs in the form of movement, secretion, etc.

In addition to the vegetative-reflex effect of massage, its direct effect on reducing the conductivity of sensory and motor nerves is also observed. Verbov used vibration to cause muscle contraction in cases where it no longer responded to the faradic current. Massage can regulate the skin's sensitivity to painful irritations and soothe pain, which is so important in sports practice. With the direct effect of massage, small vessels dilate, but this does not exclude a reflex effect through the sympathetic section of the autonomic nervous system on the blood vessels of the massaged area.

The importance of massage for relieving fatigue is generally recognized, which we discussed in detail in the section on the physiology of massage. Massage relieves fatigue rather than rest. As is known, in the process of fatigue, the fatigue of the nervous system is of decisive importance.

Massage gives rise to various subjective sensations in athletes, which to a certain extent can serve as a criterion for assessing the correctness of the applied technique in each individual case.

Our numerous surveys of athletes about their feelings after a massage in the vast majority of cases caused a positive assessment, indicating the appearance after the massage of “vigor,” “freshness,” and “lightness” when performing various sports movements.

Observations of student-athletes receiving a massage at rest and after stress, for example after practical training in gymnastics, weightlifting, boxing, wrestling, etc., showed differences in sensations.

Massage on tired muscles after difficult physical work causes excitement, a pleasant feeling of vivacity, lightness, increased performance, and massage after long periods of rest, especially with the predominance of stroking techniques, light kneading and squeezing, gives rise to a feeling of pleasant fatigue.

The famous boxer Mikhailov, who has been receiving massages for 20 years, noted the following effects of massage on himself: light massage before the performance had a good effect on his athletic performance. A strong and vigorous massage before a performance worsened the boxer’s well-being in the first round. But in the second round he felt good. If after the competition he immediately received a massage, then he would become excited. The same massage, but taken 2-3 hours after the competition, caused a cheerful and good feeling. If the massage was taken at night, general agitation and insomnia appeared. Thanks to the massage after the competition, the muscles never became stiff.

We and the gymnastics teachers at the institute noted this fact. Students, after practical work on sports massage, which they go through by massaging each other for an hour, at the next gymnastics lesson perform exercises on apparatus poorly.

The effect of massage on the nervous system of an athlete is very diverse, and its effect on the psyche of both sick and healthy people is beyond doubt.

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Topic: The effect of massage on the human nervous system

Completed by: Elena Korablina

Human nervous system

Nervous system person classified :

according to the conditions of formation and type of management as:

Lowest nervous activity

Higher nervous activity

by the method of transmitting information as:

Neurohumoral regulation

Reflex activity

by localization area as:

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

by functional affiliation as:

Vegetative nervous system

Somatic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Nervous system (sustema nervosum) is a complex of anatomical structures that ensure the individual adaptation of the body to the external environment and the regulation of the activity of individual organs and tissues.

The nervous system acts as integrative system, linking sensitivity into one whole, motor activity and the work of other regulatory systems (endocrine and immune). The nervous system, together with the endocrine glands, is the main integrating and coordinating apparatus, which, on the one hand, ensures the integrity of the body, and on the other, its behavior adequate to the external environment.

The nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, as well as nerves, nerve ganglia, plexuses, etc. All these formations are predominantly built from nervous tissue, which: - is capable of being excited under the influence of irritation from the environment internal or external to the body and - conducts excitation in the form of a nerve impulse to various nerve centers for analysis, and then - transmits the “order” generated in the center to the executive organs to perform the body’s response in the form of movement (movement in space) or changes in the function of internal organs. Excitation- an active physiological process by which some types of cells respond to external influences. The ability of cells to generate excitation is called excitability. Excitable cells include nerve, muscle and glandular cells. All other cells have only irritability, i.e. the ability to change their metabolic processes when exposed to any factors (stimulants). In excitable tissues, especially nervous tissues, excitation can spread along the nerve fiber and is a carrier of information about the properties of the stimulus. In muscle and glandular cells, excitation is a factor that triggers their specific activity - contraction, secretion. Braking in the central nervous system - an active physiological process, the result of which is a delay in the excitation of the nerve cell. Together with excitation, inhibition forms the basis of the integrative activity of the nervous system and ensures the coordination of all functions of the body.

As a result of long evolutionary development, the nervous system turned out to be represented by two sections. They are clearly different in appearance, but structurally and functionally they form a single whole. These are the central nervous system in the form of the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system, represented by nerves, nerve plexuses and nodes.

Central nervous systems and (systema nervosum centrale) is represented by the brain and spinal cord. In their thickness, areas are clearly defined gray(gray matter), this is the appearance of clusters of neuron bodies, and white matter, formed by the processes of nerve cells, through which they establish connections with each other. The number of neurons and the degree of their concentration are much higher in the upper section, which as a result takes on the appearance of a three-dimensional brain.

Head brain consists of three main parts, or departments. Its trunk is an extension of the spinal cord and serves as a support for the greater medullary vault, the brain responsible for much of conscious thinking. Below is the cerebellum. Although many sensory and motor neurons end and begin in the brain, respectively, most brain neurons are interneurons whose job is to filter, analyze, and store information.

One of the most important functions of the brain is storing information received from the senses. This information can later be recalled and used in decision making. For example, the painful sensation of touching a hot stove is remembered, and later the memory will influence the decision whether to touch other stoves.

Responsible for most conscious actions top part, or cerebral cortex. Some of its lobes are involved in the perception of information, others are responsible for speech and language, and the rest serve as the beginning of motor pathways and control movements.

Between these motor-sensory and speech areas of the cerebral cortex are associated areas consisting of millions of interconnected neurons. They are associated with reasoning, emotions and decision making. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem immediately below the cerebrum and is primarily responsible for motor activity. It sends signals that cause involuntary movements in the muscles, allowing you to maintain posture and balance, and, together with the motor areas of the brain, ensures the coordination of body movements.

The brain stem itself is made up of a number of different structures that perform different tasks, and the most important among them are the “centers” that control the functioning of the lungs, heart and blood vessels. Functions such as blinking and vomiting are also controlled here. Other structures act as relay stations, transmitting signals from the spinal cord or cranial nerves.

Although the hypothalamus is one of the smallest elements of the brain stem, it controls the chemical, hormonal and temperature balance of the body.

Dorsal brain located in the spinal canal from the first cervical to the second lumbar vertebra. Externally, the spinal cord resembles a cylindrical cord. 31 pairs of spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord, which leave the spinal canal through the corresponding intervertebral foramina and branch symmetrically in the right and left halves of the body. The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections, respectively; among the spinal nerves, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1-3 coccygeal nerves are considered.

The section of the spinal cord corresponding to a pair (right and left) of the spinal nerves is called a spinal cord segment. Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of the anterior and posterior roots that arise from the spinal cord. On the dorsal root there is a thickening - the spinal ganglion, where the bodies are located sensory neurons.

The processes of sensory neurons carry excitation from the receptors to the spinal cord. The anterior roots of the spinal nerves are formed by processes of motor neurons, which transmit commands from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles and internal organs. At the level of the spinal cord, reflex arcs close, providing the simplest reflex reactions, such as tendon reflexes (for example, the knee reflex), flexion reflexes when irritating pain receptors in the skin, muscles and internal organs. An example of a simple spinal reflex is the withdrawal of a hand when it touches a hot object. The reflex activity of the spinal cord is associated with maintaining posture, maintaining a stable body position when turning and tilting the head, alternating flexion and extension of paired limbs when walking, running, etc. In addition, the spinal cord plays an important role in regulating the activity of internal organs, in particular the intestines, bladder, and blood vessels.

Peripheral nervous system (systerna nervosum periphericum)

a conditionally allocated part of the nervous system, the structures of which are located outside the brain and spinal cord. The PNS provides two-way communication between the central parts of the nervous system and the organs and systems of the body. Anatomically, the PNS is represented by the cranial (cranial) and spinal nerves, as well as the relatively autonomous enteric nervous system, located in the intestinal wall. All cranial nerves (12 pairs) are divided into motor, sensory or mixed. Motor nerves begin in the motor nuclei of the trunk, formed by the bodies of the motor neurons themselves, and sensory nerves are formed from the fibers of those neurons whose bodies lie in ganglia outside the brain. 31 pairs of spinal nerves depart from the spinal cord: 8 pairs of cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. They are designated according to the position of the vertebrae adjacent to the intervertebral foramina from which these nerves emerge. Each spinal nerve has an anterior and a posterior root, which fuse to form the nerve itself. The posterior root contains sensory fibers; it is closely connected with the spinal ganglion (dorsal root ganglion), consisting of the cell bodies of neurons, the axons of which form these fibers. The anterior root consists of motor fibers formed by neurons whose cell bodies lie in the spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves (Cranial nerves), their roots, sensory and autonomic ganglia located along the trunks and branches of these nerves, as well as the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, sensory ganglia, nerve plexuses (see Cervical plexus, Brachial plexus, Lubosacral plexus), peripheral nerve trunks of the trunk and limbs, right and left sympathetic trunks, autonomic plexuses, ganglia and nerves. The convention of the anatomical division of the central and peripheral nervous systems is determined by the fact that the nerve fibers that make up the nerve are either axons of motor neurons located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord segment, or dendrites of sensory neurons of the intervertebral ganglia (the axons of these cells are directed along the dorsal roots to the spinal cord) .

Thus, the bodies of neurons are located in the central nervous system, and their processes are in the peripheral (for motor cells), or, conversely, the processes of neurons located in the peripheral nervous system constitute the conductive pathways of the c. n. With. (for sensitive cells). The main function of P. n. With. is to ensure communication c. n. With. with the external environment and target organs. It is carried out either by conducting nerve impulses from extero-, proprio- and interoreceptors to the corresponding segmental and suprasegmental formations of the spinal cord and brain, or in the opposite direction - regulatory signals from the c. n. With. to the muscles that ensure the movement of the body in the surrounding space, to the internal organs and systems. Structures of P. n. With. have their own vascular and innervation supply that supports the trophism of nerve fibers and ganglia; as well as its own liquor system in the form of capillary slits along the nerves and plexuses. It is formed starting from the intervertebral ganglia (directly in front of which, on the spinal roots, the subarachnoid space with cerebrospinal fluid that washes the central nervous system ends in blind sacs). Thus, both cerebrospinal fluid systems (central and peripheral nervous systems) are separate and have a kind of barrier between themselves at the level of the intervertebral ganglia. In the peripheral nervous system, nerve trunks may contain motor fibers (anterior roots of the spinal cord, facial, abducens, trochlear, accessory and hypoglossal cranial nerves), sensory (dorsal roots of the spinal cord, sensory part of the trigeminal nerve, auditory nerve) or autonomic (visceral branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems). But the main part of the upper trunks of the trunk and limbs is mixed (contains motor, sensory and autonomic fibers). Mixed nerves include intercostal nerves, trunks of the cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses and the nerves emanating from them of the upper (radial, median, ulnar, etc.) and lower (femoral, sciatic, tibial, deep peroneal, etc.) extremities. The ratio of motor, sensory and autonomic fibers in the trunks of mixed nerves can vary significantly. The median and tibial nerves contain the largest number of autonomic fibers, as well as nervus vagus. Despite the external disunity of the individual nerve trunks of P. n. pp., there is a certain functional relationship between them, provided by nonspecific structures of c. n. With.

This or that lesion of a separate nerve trunk affects the functional state of not only the symmetrical nerve, but also distant nerves on one’s own and the opposite side of the body: in the experiment, the performance of the contralateral neuromuscular drug increases, and in the clinic, in case of mononeuritis, conduction rates in other nerve trunks increase . The specified functional relationship to some extent (along with other factors) determines the characteristic of P. n. With. multiplicity of damage to its structures - polyneuritis and polyneuropathy, polyganglionitis, etc.

Lesions of P. n. With. may be caused by a variety of factors: trauma, metabolic and vascular disorders, infections, intoxications (domestic, industrial and medicinal), vitamin deficiency and other deficiency conditions. A large group of diseases of P. n. With. constitute hereditary polyneuropathies: neural amyotrophy Charcot-Marie-Tooth (see Amyotrophies), Roussy-Lévy syndrome, hypertrophic polyneuropathies Dejerine-Sotta and Marie-Boveri, etc. In addition, a number of hereditary diseases c. n. With. accompanied by P.'s defeat. p.: Friedreich's familial ataxia (see Ataxia), Strumpell's familial paraplegia (see Paraplegia (Paraplegia)), Louis-Bar ataxia-telangiectasia, etc. Depending on the predominant localization of the lesion P. n. With. There are radiculitis, plexitis, ganglionitis, neuritis, as well as combined lesions - polyradiculoneuritis, polyneuritis (polyneuropathies). The most common cause of radiculitis is metabolic-dystrophic changes in the spine due to osteochondrosis and herniated intervertebral discs. Plexitis is often caused by compression of the trunks of the cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses by pathologically altered muscles, ligaments, vessels, the so-called cervical ribs and other formations, for example, tumors, enlarged lymph nodes). Spinal ganglia are predominantly affected by the herpes virus. A large group of compression lesions of P. n. has been described. pp., associated with compression of its structures in fibrous, bone, and muscle canals (Tunnel syndromes). Symptoms of damage to structures of P. n. With. is caused by the involvement of motor, sensory and autonomic fibers that are part of the nerve trunks (paralysis, paresis, muscle atrophy, disorders of superficial and deep sensitivity in the area of ​​impaired innervation in the form of pain, paresthesia, anesthesia, causalgia syndromes and phantom sensations, vegetative-vascular and trophic violations are more common in distal sections limbs). A separate group consists of pain syndromes, which often occur in isolation, not accompanied by symptoms of loss of function - neuralgia, plexalgia, radicular pain.

The most severe pain syndromes are observed with ganglionitis (sympathalgia), as well as injuries of the median and tibial nerves with the development of causalgia (Causalgia).

IN childhood a special form of pathology P. n. With. are birth injuries to the spinal roots (mainly at the level of the cervical, less often lumbar segments), as well as the trunks of the brachial plexus with the development of birth traumatic paralysis of the arm, less often the leg. With a birth injury to the brachial plexus and its branches, Duchenne-Erb or Dejerine-Klumpke palsies occur (see Brachial plexus).

Tumors of P. n. With. (neurinomas, neurofibromas, glomus tumors) are relatively rare, but can occur at various levels.

Diagnosis of lesions of P. n. With. is based primarily on data from a clinical examination of the patient. Characterized predominantly by distal paralysis and paresis with impaired sensitivity, vegetative-vascular and trophic disorders in the zone of innervation of one or another nerve trunk. In case of damage to peripheral nerve trunks, a certain diagnostic value has a thermal imaging study that reveals the so-called amputation syndrome in the denervation zone due to a violation of thermoregulation in it and a decrease in skin temperature. Electrodiagnostics and chronaximetry are also carried out, but recently these methods are inferior to electromyography and electroneuromyography, the results of which are much more informative. Electromyography reveals a characteristic denervation type of change in neural lesions bio electrical activity paretic muscles. The study of the speed of impulse conduction along the nerves makes it possible to determine the exact localization of damage to the nerve trunk by their decrease, as well as to identify the degree of involvement of motor or sensory nerve fibers in the pathological process. To defeat P. n. With. a decrease in the amplitudes of evoked potentials of the affected nerve and denervated muscles is also characteristic. To clarify the nature of the pathological process in polyneuropathies and nerve tumors, a biopsy of the skin nerves is used, followed by histological and histochemical examination. For clinically detected tumors of the nerve trunks, computed tomography can be used, which is of particular importance in cases of tumors of the cranial nerves (for example, with acoustic neuroma). Computed tomography allows one to localize a herniated disc, which is important for its subsequent surgical removal.

Treatment of diseases of P. n. With. is aimed at eliminating the action of the etiological factor, as well as improving microcirculation and metabolic and trophic processes in the nervous system. B vitamins, potassium preparations and anabolic hormones are effective, anticholinesterase drugs and other neural conduction stimulants, drugs nicotinic acid, Cavinton, Trental, as well as medicinal Metameric therapy. Physiotherapeutic procedures (electrophoresis, pulsed currents, electrical stimulation, diathermy and other thermal effects), massage, physical therapy, and sanatorium treatment are prescribed. For tumors of the nerves, as well as for their injuries, according to indications, surgical treatment. IN last years the drug Kronasial has been developed, containing a certain composition of gangliosides - receptors for neuronal membranes; its intramuscular use stimulates synaptogenesis and regeneration of nerve fibers.

Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic, or autonomic, nervous system regulates the activity of involuntary muscles, the heart muscle, and various glands. Its structures are located both in the central nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system. The activity of the autonomic nervous system is aimed at maintaining homeostasis, i.e. a relatively stable state of the body's internal environment, such as a constant body temperature or blood pressure that meets the body's needs.

Signals from the central nervous system enter the working (effector) organs through pairs of sequentially connected neurons. The bodies of neurons of the first level are located in the central nervous system, and their axons end in autonomic ganglia, lying outside the central nervous system, and here they form synapses with the bodies of second-level neurons, the axons of which are in direct contact with the effector organs. The first neurons are called preganglionic, the second - postganglionic. In the part of the autonomic nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system, the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic (thoracic) and lumbar (lumbar) spinal cord. Therefore, the sympathetic system is also called the thoracolumbar system. The axons of its preganglionic neurons terminate and form synapses with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located in a chain along the spine. Axons of postganglionic neurons contact effector organs. The endings of postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine (a substance close to adrenaline) as a neurotransmitter, and therefore the sympathetic system is also defined as adrenergic. The sympathetic system is complemented by the parasympathetic nervous system.

The bodies of its preganglinar neurons are located in the brainstem (intracranial, i.e. inside the skull) and the sacral (sacral) part of the spinal cord. Therefore, the parasympathetic system is also called the craniosacral system. The axons of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons terminate and form synapses with postganglionic neurons in ganglia located near the working organs. The endings of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, on the basis of which the parasympathetic system is also called cholinergic. As a rule, the sympathetic system stimulates those processes that are aimed at mobilizing the body's forces in extreme situations or under stress. The parasympathetic system contributes to the accumulation or restoration of the body's energy resources. Reactions sympathetic system are accompanied by the consumption of energy resources, an increase in the frequency and strength of heart contractions, an increase in blood pressure and blood sugar, as well as an increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles due to a decrease in its flow to internal organs and skin. All of these changes are characteristic of the "fear, flight or fight" response. The parasympathetic system, on the contrary, reduces the frequency and strength of heart contractions, lowers blood pressure, stimulates digestive system. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act in a coordinated manner and cannot be viewed as antagonistic. They jointly support the functioning of internal organs and tissues at a level corresponding to the intensity of stress and the emotional state of a person.

Both systems function continuously, but their activity levels fluctuate depending on the situation.

massage has a positive effect on functional disorders blood circulation, diseases of the respiratory system, digestion, chronic dystrophic diseases of the spine and joints, genitourinary system, consequences of injuries, with functional disorders of the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system.

Massage has a healing effect, alleviates the condition of patients, improves the body's resistance to respiratory diseases, and increases tone skeletal muscles and can be used for cosmetic purposes.

The effect of massage on the nervous system

Since the effect of a massage procedure in its physiological essence is mediated by nervous structures, massage therapy has a significant effect on the nervous system: it changes the ratio of excitation and inhibition processes (it can selectively calm - sedate or excite - tone the nervous system), improves adaptive reactions, increases the ability to withstand stress factors , increases the speed of regenerative processes in the peripheral nervous system.

Noteworthy is the work of I. B. Granovskaya (1960), who studied the effect of massage on the state of the peripheral nervous system of dogs in an experiment with transection of the sciatic nerve. It has been found that the nervous component responds primarily to massage. At the same time, the greatest changes in the spinal ganglia and nerve trunks were noted after 15 massage sessions and were manifested by accelerated regeneration of the sciatic nerve. Interestingly, as the course of massage continued, the body's responses decreased. Thus, the dosage of the massage course was experimentally substantiated - 10 - 15 procedures.

The human somatic muscular system includes about 550 muscles, located on the body in several layers and built from striated muscle tissue. Skeletal muscles are innervated by the anterior and posterior branches of the spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord, and are controlled by commands from the higher parts of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex and controlled by commands from the higher parts of the central nervous system - the cerebral cortex and subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal system. Due to this, skeletal muscles are voluntary, i.e. capable of contracting, obeying a conscious volitional command. This command in the form of an electrical impulse comes from the cerebral cortex to the interneurons of the spinal cord, which, based on extrapyramidal information, model the activity of motor nerve cells, the axons of which end directly on the muscles.

massage nervous system peripheral

The axons of motor neurons and the dendrites of sensory nerve cells that perceive sensations from muscles and skin are combined into nerve trunks (nerves).

These nerves run along the bones and lie between the muscles. Pressure on points close to the nerve trunks causes their irritation and “switching on” of the arc of the skin-somatic reflex. At the same time, the functional state of the muscles and underlying tissues innervated by this nerve changes.

Under the influence of acupressure of the nerve trunks or grasping and linear massage of the muscles themselves, the number and diameter of open capillaries in the muscles increases. The fact is that the number of functioning muscle capillaries in a muscle is not constant and depends on the condition of the muscle and regulatory systems.

In an idle muscle, there is a narrowing and partial destruction of the capillary bed (decapillarization), which causes a narrowing of muscle tone, degeneration of muscle tissue and clogging of the muscle with metabolites. Such a muscle cannot be considered completely healthy.

With massage, just like with physical activity, the level of metabolic processes increases. The higher the metabolism in the tissue, the more functioning capillaries it has. It has been proven that under the influence of massage the number of open capillaries in the muscle reaches 1400 per 1 mm2 cross section, and its blood supply increases 9-140 times (Kunichev L.A. 1985).

In addition, massage, unlike physical activity, does not cause the formation of lactic acid in the muscles. On the contrary, it promotes the washing out of kenotoxins (so-called traffic poisons) and metabolites, improves trophism, and accelerates restoration processes in tissues.

As a result, massage has a general strengthening and healing (in cases of myositis, hypertonicity, muscle atrophy, etc.) effect on the muscular system.

Under the influence of massage, the elasticity and tone of muscles increases, contractile function improves, strength increases, efficiency increases, and fascia strengthens.

The influence of kneading techniques on the muscular system is especially great.

Kneading is an active irritant and helps to maximize the performance of tired muscles, since massage is a kind of passive gymnastics for muscle fibers. An increase in performance is also observed with massage of muscles that did not take part in physical work. This is explained by the generation under the influence of massage of sensitive nerve impulses, which, entering the central nervous system, increase the excitability of the control centers of the massaged and neighboring muscles. Therefore, when individual muscle groups are tired, it is advisable to massage not only the tired muscles, but also their anatomical and functional antagonists (Kunichev L.A. 1985).

The main task of massage is to restore the normal course of metabolic processes (metabolism, energy, bioenergy) in tissues, organs, organ systems. Of course, the formations of the cardiovascular system are of paramount importance here as a structural basis, a kind of “transport network” for metabolism. This point of view is shared by both traditional and alternative medicine.

It has been established that with massage therapy of local, segmental and meridian points, the lumen of aoterioles, precapillary sphincters and true capillaries expands. This massage effect on the underlying and projection vascular bed is realized through the following main factors:

1) increasing the concentration of histamine - a biologically active substance that affects vascular tone and is intensively released by skin cells when pressed, especially in the area of ​​the active point;

2) mechanical irritation of skin and vascular receptors, which causes reflex motor reactions of the muscle layer of the vessel wall;

3) an increase in the concentration of hormones (for example, adrenaline and norepinephrine, which cause a central vasoconstrictor effect and, as a result, an increase in blood pressure) during massage of the projection skin zones of the adrenal glands;

4) local increase in skin temperature (local hyperthermia), causing a vasodilator reflex through temperature skin receptors.

The entire complex of the listed and a number of other mechanisms involved in massage therapy leads to an increase in blood flow, the level of metabolic reactions and the rate of oxygen consumption, the elimination of congestion and a decrease in the concentration of metabolites in the underlying tissues and projected tissues. internal organs. This is the basis and necessary condition for maintaining a normal functional state and treating individual organs and the body as a whole.

References

1. Badalyan L.O. and Skvortsov I.A. Clinical electroneuromyography, M., 1986;

2. Gusev E.I., Grechko V.E. and Buryag S. Nervous diseases, p. 379, M. 1988;

3. Popelyansky Ya.Yu. Diseases of the peripheral nervous system, M., 1989

4. Biryukov A.A. Massage - M.: Fi S, 1988 Biryukov A.A., Kafarov K.A. Means for restoring the performance of an athlete M.: Fi S, 1979-151p.

5. Belaya N.A. Guide therapeutic massage. M.: Medicine, 1983 Vasichkin V.I. Handbook of massage. St. Petersburg, - 1991

Application

1) Ganglion (other - Greek gbnglypn - node) or nerve ganglion - a collection of nerve cells consisting of bodies, dendrites and axons of nerve cells and glial cells. Typically, the ganglion also has a sheath of connective tissue. Found in many invertebrates and all vertebrates. They often connect with each other, forming various structures (nerve plexuses, nerve chains, etc.).

There are two large groups of ganglia: dorsal ganglia and autonomic ganglia. The former contain the bodies of sensory (afferent) neurons, the latter - the bodies of neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

2) NERVE PLEXUS - (plexus ervorum), a mesh connection of nerve fibers, consisting of somatic and autonomic nerves; provides sensitivity and motor innervation to the skin, skeletal muscles and internal organs of vertebrates.

3) Neuron (from the Greek nйuron - nerve) is a structural and functional unit of the nervous system. This cell has a complex structure, is highly specialized and in structure contains a nucleus, a cell body and processes.

4) Dendrite (from the Greek dEndspn - “tree”) is a dichotomously branching process of a nerve cell (neuron), which receives signals from other neurons, receptor cells, or directly from external stimuli.

5) Axon (Greek ?opn - axis) - neurite, axial cylinder, process of a nerve cell, along which nerve impulses travel from the cell body (soma) to innervated organs and other nerve cells.

6) Symnaps (Greek uenbshit, from uhnbrfein - hug, clasp, shake hands) - the place of contact between two neurons or between a neuron and the effector cell receiving the signal.

7) Perikaryon - the body of a neuron, can have different sizes and shapes. Numerous synaptic contacts with the processes of other neurons are formed on the cytolemma of the perikaryon.

8) Polyneuritis (from poly... and Greek nйuron - nerve) - multiple nerve lesions. The main causes of polyneuritis are infectious (especially viral) diseases, intoxication (usually alcoholic).

9) Polyneuropathy- This is multiple damage to peripheral nerves. This lesion can develop in various diseases of internal organs and in some cases can be hereditary.

10) Polyganglionitis - (polyganglionitis; Poly - + Ganglionitis) multiple inflammation of the nerve ganglia.

11) Causalgia - a persistent unpleasant burning sensation in a limb after partial damage to the sympathetic and somatic sensory nerves in it.

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The role of the central nervous system in the integrative, adaptive activity of the body. Neuron as a structural and functional unit of the central nervous system. Reflex principle of regulation of functions. Nerve centers and their properties. Study of types of central inhibition.

presentation, added 04/30/2014


The effect of alcohol on the central nervous system. Conditions associated with its toxic effects or nutritional deficiency in patients with alcoholism. Gaye-Wernicke encephalopathy, its clinical symptoms and causes. Diagnosis of nerve damage.

Massage improves functional ability central nervous system, enhances its regulatory and coordinating function, stimulates regenerative processes and processes of restoring the function of peripheral nerves.

The excitability of the nervous system, depending on its initial functional state and massage technique, can decrease or increase. It is known, in particular, that subjective sensations during a massage are usually manifested by positive emotions of a pleasant state of peace, freshness and lightness. At the same time, massage can also have a stimulating effect on the central nervous system. If the indications are incorrectly established and the technique is selected, the effect of the massage may be manifested by deterioration. general condition, irritability, general weakness, pain in the tissues or increased pain in the pathological focus up to an exacerbation of the process. When practicing massage, one should not allow the appearance of pain, since painful stimuli reflexively cause a number of unfavorable autonomic reactions, which can be accompanied by an increase in the level of adrenaline and glucose in the blood, an increase in blood pressure and blood clotting.

In the laboratory of I.P. Pavlov it was established that the leading role in the formation of the feeling of pain belongs to the cerebral cortex and that the reaction to painful stimulation can be suppressed by a conditioned stimulus. Massage is such an irritant if it is used differentially according to indications, taking into account the state of reactivity of the patient’s body, the form and stage of his disease. An adequate response to the massage procedure is manifested by a pleasant feeling of tissue warming, easing their tension, reducing pain, and improving overall well-being. If massage enhances painful sensations, causes adverse reactions from the cardiovascular and other systems, is accompanied by the appearance of general weakness, deterioration of the patient’s well-being, such procedures are contraindicated. In such cases, it is necessary to more carefully and differentiatedly select the method and dosage. In older people, a negative reaction to massage can manifest itself in the form of pain, hemorrhages in the skin, vascular spasm, and increased muscle tone (A.F. Verbov, 1966). When prescribing massage to patients in acute period diseases, paradoxical reactions of the borderline sympathetic trunk may be observed, expressed by increased pain, stiffness, deterioration of the contractile function of the myocardium and peripheral circulation, and a decrease in the electrical activity of the muscles.

By using massage manipulations differentiated in form, strength and duration, it is possible to change the functional state of the cerebral cortex, reduce or increase general nervous excitability, enhance deep and revive lost reflexes, improve tissue trophism, as well as the activity of various internal organs and tissues (A. F. Verbov, 1966).

V. M. Andreeva and N. A. Belaya (1965) studied the effect of massage on the functional state of the cerebral cortex in patients with cervicothoracic and lumbosacral radiculitis. According to electroencephalography data, the authors found that after massage (lumbar region, leg, back, arm), indicators of bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex improved. Under the influence of massage, an increase in the severity of the alpha rhythm was noted, slight increase its index and amplitude, improvement in the shape of vibrations, more distinct reactions to the light stimulus. At the same time, the registered changes “were more pronounced on the side opposite to the massaged one, and in case of damage to the sympathetic nodes - on the side of the influence.” N.A. Belaya also points out that under the influence of massage there is an increase in the lability of the skin's receptor apparatus.

I.M. Sarkizov-Serazini (1957) noted that gentle stroking has a calming effect, and with prolonged action it is one of the most effective “local painkillers and anesthetics.” Massage techniques operate on the basis of reflex acts, and a conditioned reflex can be formed to any effect of massage techniques. If stroking is used as a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned reflex is developed to it, then other tactile skin stimuli can cause a conditioned reaction.

E. I. Sorokina (1966), observing patients with neurasthenia with increased sensitivity of the heart region to various irritations, showed that massage of the heart region reduces cardiac pain syndrome, has a reflex effect on the functions of the heart, slowing its rhythm by 5-15 beats and several improving contractile function. Massage of the core area reduces the sensitivity of skin receptors to pain stimuli and promotes the appearance of an inhibitory reaction from the central nervous system. Light stroking and rubbing of the precordial area, initially short-term (from 4 minutes) with a gradual increase in their duration to 8-12 minutes during the course of treatment (10-12 procedures) are, according to the author, training the heart area to external irritations. Light monotonous irritations, gradually increasing over time, contribute not only to the training of skin receptors to external irritations, but also cause inhibition in the cortical end of the skin analyzer, which, irradiating, can help restore the disturbed balance of the brain.

Metameric relationships between internal organs and skin explain the possibility of metameric and segmental reflex reactions in the body. Such reactions include viscero-cutaneous reflexes (Zakharyin-Ged zones), viscero-motor reflexes (Mackenzie zones), viscero-visceral and other reflexes. By influencing the reflexogenic zones, rich in vegetative innervation and connected with the skin by metameric relationships, with massage techniques, it is possible to have a reflex therapeutic effect on the pathologically altered activity of various tissues and internal organs (Fig. 8, 9). There is a two-way connection between striated and non-striated muscle tissue of internal organs and blood vessels: increasing the tone of striated muscle tissue helps to increase the tone of non-striated muscle tissue and vice versa. It is known, for example, that mental stress is accompanied by increased electrical activity of muscles, as well as zonal or generalized tension of striated muscle tissue. The greater the mental load and the stronger the fatigue, the stronger and more generalized muscle tension(A. A. Krauklis, 1964). According to the observations of N.A. Akimova (1970), in most cases, during fatigue, points of increased muscle tone are localized in the cervical and thoracic segments from Dxv upward on both sides spinal column. At the same time, clearly defined zones of hyperalgesia are often found in the neck region (Civ-Cvni), interscapular region (Dn-Div), to the right and left of the spinal column (Dvi-Dvin), in front and below the clavicle (Di). When studying the effectiveness of using some means of muscle relaxation for mental fatigue, it was found that in cases where there is a strong increase in muscle tone, as well as persistent emotional arousal that cannot be weakened, a light massage in the area of ​​the cervical and thoracic segments up from Dxn is advisable.

A. V. Sirotkina (1964) studied changes in the bioelectric activity of muscles under the influence of massage in patients with paresis and paralysis of central origin. In cases of severe rigidity and contractures, light stroking of the contracted flexors was used, and weakened muscles were massaged using stroking and rubbing techniques. Based on electromyographic studies, it was found that such massage procedures reduce the excitability of the motor cells of the spinal cord, helping to improve the functional state of the neuromuscular system.

Massage has a pronounced effect on the peripheral nervous system. By activating the dynamics of basic nervous processes, massage improves blood supply, redox and metabolic processes in nervous tissue. It has been proven that massage causes pronounced reactive changes in the terminal parts of the nervous system. A study of microscopic preparations of the skin of experimental animals has established that massage causes various changes in skin receptors, ranging from irritation to destruction and decay, depending on the number of procedures. Such changes are dyschromia of the axial cylinders, swelling of their neuroplasm, expansion of myelin incisions and perineural sheaths. Massage has a stimulating effect on the regeneration of the nerve when it is cut, causing acceleration of axon growth, slowing down the maturation of scar tissue and more intense resorption of decay products.

Vibration massage has the most pronounced reflex effect on the body. M. Ya. Breitman (1908) wrote that mechanical vibration “is capable of awakening to life what is still viable.”

The mechanism of action of vibration on the body comes down to the perception of mechanical stimulation by nerve tissue receptors and the transmission of nerve impulses to the central nervous system, where sensations arise. Vibration sensitivity is classified as a type of tactile sensitivity, considering it as the reception of intermittent pressure. However, a number of authors recognize the independence of vibrational reception.

A.E. Shcherbak believed that vibration acts on the nerve endings in the periosteum, from here the excitation goes to the spinal cord and along special paths to the cerebellum and other accumulating centers of the brain stem. He pointed out that the action vibration massage differs in selectivity and is aimed at nerve endings adapted to the perception of mechanical stimulation.

The effect of vibrations on the nervous system is closely related to the degree of excitability of the nerves. Weak vibrations cause excitation of inactive nerves, and relatively strong vibrations cause a decrease in nervous excitability.

E. K. Sepp (1941) noted that vibration in trigeminal neuralgia causes not only vasomotor phenomena, but also long-term changes in the peripheral nervous system, manifested in a decrease in pain. In this case, two phases are revealed in the mechanism of action of vibration: in the first there is no anesthetic and vasodilating effect and a vasoconstrictor effect is achieved; the second phase occurs after the first. Pain relief lasts from half an hour to several days. At a certain frequency, vibration can have a pronounced analgesic and even anesthetic effect. Vibration, having a pronounced reflex effect, causes strengthening and sometimes restoration of extinct deep reflexes. Depending on the location of exposure and nature, vibration causes distant cutaneous-visceral, motor-visceral and, in some cases, visceral-visceral reflexes.

Massage in medicine is the uniform mechanical irritation of parts of the human body, performed either by the hand of a massage therapist or by special devices and devices. Despite this definition, the effect of massage on the human body cannot be considered simply as a mechanical effect on the tissues being massaged. This is a complex physiological process in which the central nervous system plays a leading role. In the mechanism of action of massage on the body, it is customary to distinguish three factors: nervous, humoral and mechanical.

First of all, massage has an effect on the central and autonomic nervous system. At the initial stage of the massage, irritation of receptors embedded in the skin, muscles, tendons, joint capsules, ligaments and vascular walls occurs. Then, along sensitive pathways, the impulses caused by this irritation are transmitted to the central nervous system and reach the corresponding parts of the cerebral cortex. There a general complex reaction occurs, causing functional changes in the body. This mechanism was described in detail in the works of the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov: This means that one or another receptor nerve device is hit by one or another agent of the external or internal world of the body. This blow is transformed into a nervous process, into a phenomenon of nervous excitation. Excitation along nerve waves, as if through wires, runs to the central nervous system and from there, thanks to established connections, to other wires it is brought to the working organ, transforming, in turn, into a specific process of the cells of this organ. Thus, one or another agent is naturally associated with one or another activity of the organism, like a cause with its effect.”

The effect of massage on the human body depends to a large extent on what processes in this moment prevail in his central nervous system: excitation or inhibition, as well as on the duration of the massage, the nature of its techniques and much more. During the massage process, along with the nervous factor, the humoral factor is also taken into account (from the Greek word humor - liquid). The fact is that under the influence of massage, they are formed in the skin and enter the blood biologically. active substances(tissue hormones), with the help of which vascular reactions, transmission of nerve impulses and other processes occur. Russian scientists D.E. Alpern, N.S. Zvonitsky and others have proven in their works that under the influence of massage there is a rapid formation of histamine and histamine-like substances. Together with the products of protein breakdown (amino acids, polypeptides), they are carried by the blood and lymph throughout the body and have a beneficial effect on blood vessels, internal organs and systems. Thus, histamine, acting on the adrenal glands, causes increased secretion adrenaline.

Acetylcholine acts as an active mediator in the transmission of nervous excitation from one nerve cell to another, which creates favorable conditions for the activity of skeletal muscles. In addition, acetylcholine helps to dilate small arteries and stimulate breathing. It is also believed to be a local hormone in many tissues. The third factor of the impact of massage on the human body - mechanical - manifests itself in the form of stretching, displacement, pressure, leading to increased circulation of lymph, blood, interstitial fluid, removal of rejecting cells of the epidermis, etc. Mechanical effects during massage eliminate congestion in the body, enhance metabolism and skin breathing in the massaged area of ​​the body.

The effect of massage on the skin.
Skin makes up about 20% of the total mass of the human body. Its importance for the normal functioning of internal organs can hardly be overestimated. It protects the body from adverse external influences(mechanical, chemical, microbial). The most complex processes taking place in the skin complement and sometimes duplicate the functions of some internal organs. A healthy skin surface is involved in the process of respiration, metabolism, heat exchange, and removal of excess water and waste products from the body. The skin consists of the cuticle (epidermis) and the skin itself (dermis). Through the subcutaneous fat layer it connects to the underlying tissues. The epidermis, in turn, consists of two layers: the upper (horny) and lower.

The flat, keratinized cells of the upper layer gradually exfoliate and are replaced by new ones from the lower layer. The stratum corneum is elastic and does not allow water and heat to pass through. It conducts gases well, such as oxygen, and is highly resistant to mechanical and atmospheric influences. The thickness of the stratum corneum is not the same: it is thicker on the soles, palms, and gluteal region, that is, in those places that receive more pressure. The lower layer of the epidermis is very sensitive to various kinds touching. It does not contain blood vessels and receives nutrition from interstitial spaces. The skin itself is a connective tissue consisting of two types of fibers: collagen and elastic. The skin itself contains sweat and sebaceous glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers that are sensitive to heat, cold and tactile stimulation. Its nerve endings are connected to the central nervous system.

There are about 2 million sweat glands in the skin, especially on the soles and palms of the hands. The gland itself is located in the dermis, and its excretory duct, passing through the epidermis, has an outlet between its cells. Per day sweat glands secrete 600-900 ml of sweat, consisting mainly of water (98-99%). The composition of sweat also includes urea, alkali metal salts, etc. With severe physical exertion, the content of lactic acid and nitrogenous substances increases in sweat. The skin performs a very important function for the body - the function of heat regulation. As a result of heat radiation, heat conduction and evaporation of water, 80% of the heat generated in the body is released through the skin. The skin temperature of a healthy person in various parts of his body is 32.0-36.6 degrees.

The outlet of the sebaceous glands, as a rule, opens into the hair bags, so they are located mainly on the hairy areas of the skin. Most of the sebaceous glands are located on the skin of the face. Cholesterol fats secreted by these glands are not decomposed by microorganisms, so they are a good defense for the skin against external infection. During the day, the sebaceous glands produce from 2 to 4 g of fat, which is evenly distributed over the entire surface of the skin. The amount of fat secreted depends on the state of the nervous system and age.

The skin is supplied with blood through arteries. Moreover, in places exposed to greater pressure, their network is thicker, and they themselves have a tortuous shape, which protects them from rupture when the skin is displaced. The veins located in the skin form four venous plexuses connected to each other. The degree of saturation of the skin with blood is very high: it can contain up to one third of the body’s total blood. Beneath the blood vessels in the skin there is a very extensive network of lymphatic capillaries. The skin plays a very important role in the overall metabolism: water, salt, heat, carbohydrates, fat and vitamins. People have long noticed that the skin is one of the first to react to disturbances in the functioning of internal organs. This may manifest itself as acute pain, tingling, itching or numbness in limited areas of the skin. In addition, the skin may develop rashes, spots, blisters, etc.

The effect of massage on the skin is as follows:
1. Irritation is transmitted through the skin to the central nervous system, which determines the response of the body and its individual organs.
2. Massage helps remove obsolete horny cells of the epidermis from the surface of the skin, which, in turn, improves the functioning of the sebaceous and sweat glands.
3. During the massage, the blood supply to the skin is improved and venous congestion is eliminated.
4. The temperature of the massaged area increases, which means metabolic and enzymatic processes accelerate.

The massaged skin becomes pink and elastic due to increased blood supply. Its resistance to mechanical and temperature influences increases. When stroking, the movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels accelerates and congestion in the veins is eliminated. These processes occur not only in the vessels located in the massaged area, but also in those located nearby. This suction effect of massage is explained by a decrease in pressure in the massaged vessels. By increasing skin and muscle tone, massage affects the appearance of the skin, making it smooth and elastic. Accelerating metabolism in skin tissues has a positive effect on the overall metabolism in the body.

The effect of massage on joints, ligaments, tendons

Joints are one of the forms of connection between bones. The main part of the joint, in which, in fact, the articulation of two bones occurs, is called the articular capsule. Through connective tissue it is attached to the muscle tendons. The joint capsule has two layers: internal (synovial) and external (fibrous).

Synovial fluid secreted inner layer, reduces friction and supports nutrition of the cartilage tissue that covers the articular surfaces of bones. In the depths of the outer layer or near it there are ligaments. Under the influence of massage, the blood supply to the joint and nearby tissues improves, the formation and movement of synovial fluid accelerates, and as a result, the ligaments become more elastic. Due to overloads and microtraumas in the joints, inactivity, swelling, wrinkling of the joint capsules, and changes in the composition of the synovial fluid can be observed.

With the help of massage, leading to improved nutrition of joint tissues, you can not only get rid of these painful phenomena, but also prevent them. In addition, timely massage prevents damage to cartilage tissue, leading to the occurrence of arthrosis. Under the influence of massage, you can increase the range of motion in the hip, shoulder, elbow, and intervertebral joints.

The effect of massage on muscles

A person has more than 400 skeletal muscles, they make up from 30 to 40% of the total weight. In this case, the weight of the muscles of the limbs makes up 80% of the total muscle weight. Skeletal muscles cover the entire human body, and when we talk about the beauty of the human body, we primarily mean their harmonious development and arrangement. All skeletal muscles are divided into the muscles of the trunk, the muscles of the head and the muscles of the limbs. The muscles of the trunk, in turn, are divided into posterior (muscles of the back and neck) and anterior (muscles of the neck, chest and abdomen).

Muscles consist of muscle fibers, the main properties of which are excitability and contractility. Skeletal muscle can be classified as a special sensory organ that transmits signals to the central nervous system. On the way back, the nerve impulse, passing through the neuromuscular ending, promotes the formation of acetylcholine in it, which causes excitation of the muscle fiber. We have already said that acetylcholine transmits nervous excitement from one cell to another, so increasing its formation during massage increases the overall performance of muscles.

According to experimental studies, the performance of tired muscles after a massage can increase 5-7 times. After intense physical activity, a ten-minute massage is enough to not only restore the original muscle performance, but also increase it. This reaction of muscle fibers to massage is also facilitated by irritation of special model nerve fibers contained in the muscle bundle. Under the influence of massage, blood circulation and redox processes improve in the muscles: the rate of oxygen delivery and removal of metabolic products increases. As a result, the sensations of stiffness, pain and swelling of the muscles are eliminated.

The effect of massage on the circulatory system

The main function of the circulatory system is to ensure metabolism between tissues and the external environment: supply tissues with oxygen and energy substances and remove metabolic products. The circulatory system consists of the systemic and pulmonary circulations. In the systemic circulation, arterial blood from the left ventricle of the heart enters the aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. In the pulmonary circulation, venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart enters the pulmonary artery, arterioles and capillaries of the lungs, where it is saturated with oxygen and flows through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.

Muscles contract and move venous blood. The veins contain special valves that ensure the forward movement of blood to the heart and prevent its reverse flow. The speed of blood movement in veins is less than in arteries. Venous blood pressure is insignificant. The main function of the lymphatic system is the absorption of water, colloidal solutions of protein substances, emulsions of fatty substances, foreign particles and bacteria from tissues. It consists of a dense network lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. The total number of lymphatic vessels is many times greater than the number of blood vessels. They form two lymphatic trunks that flow into large veins near the heart.

Lymph washes all cells of the body. Its movement occurs due to higher pressure in the lymphatic vessels than in the blood vessels, the presence of a greater number of valves that prevent its reverse flow, contraction of the skeletal muscles surrounding it, the suction action of the chest during inhalation and the pulsation of large arteries. The speed of lymph movement is 4 mmsec. By chemical composition it is close to blood plasma. Lymph nodes perform a very important function for the body, called a barrier function. They are a kind of mechanical and biological filters, passing through which the lymph is freed from 1 Particles suspended in it. Besides, in lymph nodes Lymphocytes are formed that destroy infectious bacteria and viruses that enter them. Lymph nodes are collections of lymphoid tissue. Their size ranges from 1 to 20 mm. They are located in groups: on the lower extremities (inguinal, femoral, popliteal), on the chest (axillary), on the upper extremities (elbow), on the neck (cervical), on the head (occipital and submandibular).

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

When massaging the head and neck - from top to bottom, 1st to the subclavian nodes;
- during massage upper limbs- to the lok-Fev and axillary nodes;
- when massaging the chest - from the sternum to the sides, to the axillary nodes;
- when massaging the upper and middle parts with your back from the spinal column to the sides, towards the armpits;
- when massaging the lumbar and sacral areas of the back - to the inguinal nodes;
- when massaging the lower extremities - to the popliteal and inguinal nodes.

Under the influence of massage, the movement of all body fluids, especially blood and lymph, accelerates, and this happens not only in the massaged area of ​​the body, but also in distant veins and arteries. So, foot massage can cause redness of the scalp. Of particular note is the effect of massage on the skin capillary system, which carries out the exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues (lymph). Under the influence of massage, the capillaries open, and the temperature of the massaged and nearby skin areas increases from 0.5 to 5 degrees, which helps improve redox processes and more intensive blood supply to tissues. The expansion of the capillary network of the skin and improvement of venous circulation that occurs during massage facilitate the work of the heart.

Massage in some cases can cause a slight increase in blood pressure and an increase in the number of platelets, leukocytes, red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. But within a very short time after the massage, the composition of the Blood returns to normal, and arterial pressure decreases. Even the simplest and least demanding massage techniques, such as stroking, can cause the lymphatic vessels to empty and accelerate the flow of lymph. And rubbing or percussive techniques can lead to a significant expansion of the lymphatic vessels. Lymph nodes are not massaged. Increased lymph flow due to swollen and painful lymph nodes can lead to the spread of infection in the body.

The effect of massage on the nervous system

The nervous system performs the most important function of the human body - regulation.

It is customary to distinguish three parts of the nervous system:
- central nervous system (brain and spinal cord);
- peripheral (nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord with all organs);
- vegetative, which controls the processes occurring in internal organs that are not subject to conscious control and management.

In turn, the autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The body's response to external stimulation through the nervous system. system is called a reflex. The reflex mechanism was carefully described in the works of the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov and his followers. They proved that higher nervous activity is based on temporary nerve connections that are formed in the cerebral cortex in response to various external stimuli. Massage has an effect on the peripheral and central nervous system. When massaging the skin, the nervous system is the first to respond to mechanical irritation. At the same time, a whole stream of impulses is sent to the central nervous system from numerous nerve-end organs that perceive pressure, tactile and various temperature stimuli. Under the influence of massage, impulses arise in the skin, muscles and joints, stimulating the motor cells of the cerebral cortex and stimulating the activity of the corresponding centers.

The positive effect of massage on the neuromuscular system depends on the type and nature of massage techniques (massage therapist’s hand pressure, duration of passage, etc.) and is expressed in an increase in the frequency of muscle contraction and relaxation and in musculocutaneous sensitivity. We have already noted the fact that massage improves blood circulation. This, in turn, leads to improved blood supply to nerve centers and peripheral nerve formations. The results of experimental studies have shown that a cut nerve recovers faster if you regularly massage the damaged tissue. Under the influence of massage, axonal growth accelerates, the formation of scar tissue slows down, and decay products are absorbed. In addition, massage techniques help reduce pain sensitivity, improve nerve excitability and the conduction of nerve impulses along the nerve.

If massage is performed regularly over a long period of time, it can acquire the character of a conditioned reflex stimulus. Among existing massage techniques, vibration (especially mechanical) has the most pronounced reflex effect.

The effect of massage on the respiratory system

Various types of chest massage (rubbing and kneading the back muscles, cervical and intercostal muscles, the area where the diaphragm attaches to the ribs) improve respiratory function and relieve fatigue of the respiratory muscles.

Regular massage over a certain period of time has a beneficial effect on the smooth muscles of the lungs, promoting the formation of conditioned reflexes. The main effect of massage techniques performed on chest(effleurage, chopping, rubbing the intercostal spaces), is expressed in a reflex deepening of breathing.

Of particular interest to researchers are the reflex connections of the lungs with other organs, expressed in the excitability of the respiratory center under the influence of various kinds of muscle and joint reflexes.

The effect of massage on metabolism and excretory function

Science has long known the fact that massage increases urination. Moreover, increased urination and an increasing amount of nitrogen released from the body: continue for 24 hours after the massage session. If you massage immediately after physical activity, the release of nitrogenous substances will increase by 15%. In addition, massage performed after muscular work accelerates the release of lactic acid from the body.

Massage performed before physical activity:
increases gas exchange by 10-20%,
after physical activity - by 96-135%.

The above examples indicate that massage performed after physical activity contributes to faster recovery processes in the body. The recovery process is even faster if you perform thermal procedures(use of paraffin, mud or hot baths). This is explained by the fact that during the massage, protein breakdown products are formed, which, when absorbed into the blood, create an effect similar to that of protein therapy. In addition, massage, unlike physical exercise, does not lead to an excess of lactic acid in the body, which means that the acid-base balance in the blood is not disturbed. People who do not engage in physical labor experience muscle pain after heavy muscular work, caused by a large accumulation of lactic acid in them. The massage will help remove excess fluid from the body and eliminate painful phenomena.

The effect of massage on the functional state of the body

Drawing a conclusion from the above, we can confidently say that with the help of massage you can purposefully change the functional state of the body. There are five main types of effects of massage on the functional state of the body: tonic, calming, trophic, energy-tropic, normalization of functions. The tonic effect of massage is expressed in enhancing excitation processes in the central nervous system. It is explained, on the one hand, by an increase in the flow of nerve impulses from the proprioceptors of the massaged muscles to the cerebral cortex, and on the other hand, by an increase in the functional activity of the reticular formation of the brain. The tonic effect of massage is used to eliminate the negative effects of physical inactivity caused by a forced sedentary lifestyle or various. pathologies (traumas, mental disorders, etc.).

Among the massage techniques that have a good tonic effect, the following can be distinguished: vigorous deep kneading, shaking, shaking and all percussive techniques (chopping, tapping, patting). In order for the tonic effect to be maximum, the massage must be carried out at a fast pace for a short period of time. The calming effect of massage is manifested in inhibition of the central nervous system, caused by moderate, rhythmic and prolonged stimulation of extero- and proprioceptors. The fastest way to achieve a calming effect is through massage techniques such as rhythmic stroking the entire surface of the body and rubbing. They must be carried out at a slow pace over a fairly long period of time.

The trophic effect of massage, associated with the acceleration of blood and lymph flow, is expressed in improved delivery of oxygen and other tissue cells nutrients. The role of the trophic effect of massage in restoring muscle performance is especially important. The energy-tropic effect of massage is aimed, first of all, at increasing the performance of the neuromuscular system.

Specifically, this is expressed as follows:
- activation of muscle bioenergy;
- improving muscle metabolism;
- increased formation of acetylcholine, which leads to accelerated transmission of nerve excitation to muscle fibers;
- increasing the formation of histamine, which dilates muscle blood vessels;
- an increase in the temperature of the massaged tissues, leading to the acceleration of enzymatic processes and an increase in the rate of muscle contraction.

Normalization of body functions under the influence of massage is manifested primarily in the regulation of the dynamics of nervous processes in the cerebral cortex. This massage effect is especially important when there is a sharp predominance of processes of excitation or inhibition in the nervous system. During the massage process, a focus of excitation is created in the area of ​​the motor analyzer, which, according to the law of negative induction, is able to suppress the focus of stagnant, pathological excitation in the cerebral cortex. The normalizing role of massage is of great importance in the treatment of injuries, as it promotes rapid tissue restoration and the elimination of atrophy. When normalizing the functions of various organs, it is usually used segmental massage certain reflexogenic zones.

The nervous system performs the most important function of the human body - regulation. It is customary to distinguish three parts of the nervous system:

central nervous system (brain and spinal cord);

peripheral (nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord with all organs);

vegetative, which controls the processes occurring in internal organs that are not subject to conscious control and management.

In turn, the autonomic nervous system is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

The body's response to external stimulation through the nervous system is called a reflex. The reflex mechanism was carefully described in the works of the Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov and his followers. They proved that higher nervous activity is based on temporary nerve connections that are formed in the cerebral cortex in response to various external stimuli.

Massage has an effect on the peripheral and central nervous system. When massaging the skin, the nervous system is the first to respond to mechanical irritation. At the same time, a whole stream of impulses is sent to the central nervous system from numerous nerve-end organs that perceive pressure, tactile and various temperature stimuli.

Under the influence of massage, impulses arise in the skin, muscles and joints, stimulating the motor cells of the cerebral cortex and stimulating the activity of the corresponding centers.

The positive effect of massage on the neuromuscular system depends on the type and nature of massage techniques (massage therapist’s hand pressure, duration of passage, etc.) and is expressed in an increase in the frequency of muscle contraction and relaxation and in musculocutaneous sensitivity.

We have already noted the fact that massage improves blood circulation. This, in turn, leads to improved blood supply to nerve centers and peripheral nerve formations.

The results of experimental studies have shown that a cut nerve recovers faster if you regularly massage the damaged tissue. Under the influence of massage, the growth of axons accelerates, the formation of scar tissue slows down, and the resorption of decay products occurs.

In addition, massage techniques help reduce pain sensitivity, improve nerve excitability and the conduction of nerve impulses along the nerve. If massage is performed regularly over a long period of time, it can acquire the character of a conditioned reflex stimulus. Among existing massage techniques, vibration (especially mechanical) has the most pronounced reflex effect.

1.Static exercises (isometric)- these are exercises in which, during execution, the muscles do not contract, that is, the muscle tenses, but there is no movement. From a mechanical standpoint, work is not being done. When performing static exercises, your muscles hold the body or a specific joint in a stationary position. A striking example of a static exercise, which was reviewed on our website, is this exercise bar. The essence of this exercise is to keep the body motionless for a certain period of time, for example 1 minute. It perfectly works not only your abs, but also many other muscle groups. No wonder it was included in the list of the most best exercises for pumping the press.

Static exercises should not scare you, because they are as natural as dynamic ones. Dynamic exercises are exercises in which your muscles are contracted (activated) and your body is allowed to move. A striking example is: lifting a barbell for biceps with a reverse grip, lifting legs while hanging, crunching on a block, etc. Static and dynamic work involves keeping your body motionless (back muscles). When you perform barbell curls, the static work is performed by the deltoid muscles, as well as the back muscles. Examples can be given endlessly, but my task is to convey this material to you in an accessible form so that the meaning itself is clear.

2.How do muscles work and what happens in them when performing static exercises?

Most of the work is taken on by red muscle fibers, or slow muscle fibers as they are called, if the work is performed at half strength or less. They are called red because they contain more myoglobin compared to white ones; it is myoglobin that gives them a redder tint.

If, however, a static exercise is performed with a large expenditure of energy or even to the maximum, white muscle fibers come into play. If the static tension is high, then the exercise develops strength and increases muscle volume, slightly yielding to the usual dynamics. With increased static load, the capillaries in the muscle fibers are pinched, accordingly the blood flow stops, and oxygen and glucose are no longer supplied to the muscles. All together leads to an increase in the load on the heart and the entire circulatory system, which has a negative impact.

It is impossible not to notice a feature in which muscles that are constantly exposed to static loads noticeably reduce their flexibility.

Of course, one cannot fail to note such a big advantage of static exercises as the fact that they can be performed practically anywhere, in any conditions. They do not require you to carry any additional equipment with you. Of course, if you perform static loads in a well-equipped gym, you can increase the effectiveness of the execution by adding additional equipment.

How to perform static loading and make it more effective?

Of course, before each workout you should definitely do a good warm-up and stretching.

To develop slow-twitch (red) muscle fibers, the exercise should be performed without the additional use of weights. Sets of exercises from yoga or Pilates can be excellent.

How to perform the exercise: you should take the desired body position and remain in this position until a burning sensation begins to appear, after which you need to wait 5-10 seconds and complete the exercise. A single exercise can be performed in several approaches.

To engage red muscle fibers, the exercise should be performed at half strength or less.

If you want to engage white muscle fibers, you should perform the load with maximum force, using some external means (use additional weight), etc., which will make the exercise more difficult.

After performing sets of static exercises, you should do additional warm-up and stretching. You can also include some breathing exercises.

Based on all of the above, we can draw the following conclusions and recommendations:

1. If you have problems with the cardiovascular system, heart problems, or any contraindications, you should not perform static exercises with high voltage.

2. Accordingly, in the absence of problems or any contraindications, increased load can be used to increase muscle volume and strength.

3. To effectively burn excess fat tissue, static exercises should be added to the training process (they need to be performed at half strength).

4. If you decide to supplement your workout with static loads, you need to pay special attention to warming up and stretching before performing.

5. Isometric (static) exercises can be performed daily, because after them, you don’t feel particularly tired the next day. Of course, you should also not abuse such loads. Everything should be in moderation.

6. Despite all the positive aspects of static loads, they cannot fully replace dynamic exercises.

7. Static exercises to develop strength should be performed with maximum load.

Dynamic exercises
Dynamic exercises are performed with a full range of motion, which stretches and contracts the working muscles.
When squatting, we first lower ourselves to a right angle with the surface (we should not squat lower, as this creates a traumatic angle for the knee joints), and then we rise to the initial state with the strength of our muscles.
If you can do 10 squats (with or without weight), then trying to do the 11th squat will be exactly the mental stress that will be followed by the release of hormones. You can complete this 11th rep with the help of a training partner or by maximal tension.
With this form of movement, as the muscles become stronger, you can squat with increasingly increasing weights.
However, with this form of exercise there is necessarily a breath hold at the moment of maximum effort. This means a strong increase in blood pressure and powerful blood circulation. And if cholesterol deposits have already formed on the walls of blood vessels, they can be torn off by a strong blood flow.
Thus, dynamic exercises are contraindicated until the vessels are completely cleared of atherosclerosis.

Static exercises
With static exercises (otherwise known as isometric exercises), there is no movement in the joints. The muscles tense only at one specific point without moving in amplitude.
For example, when we squat, we struggle to get up, but we cannot shift the weight. Or another example: if we press with all our might into the wall of a house, the house will not move, but the muscles will be tense all the time while working, but will not perform movements.
This type of training can bring tangible benefits. For example, it is believed that the famous strength athlete of the past, Alexander Zass, trained mainly using this method.
And, of course, maximum mental stress during static exercises will force the endocrine system to release a portion of hormones.
However, this type of exercise presents the same negative aspects that are inherent in dynamic exercises: high blood pressure and increased blood circulation.