Children's vaccinations... How much controversy they cause among parents! There are so many fears about how the baby will survive the vaccination!

At what age and what vaccinations a child needs, the table of childhood vaccinations will help you figure it out.

Is vaccination voluntary?

Whether or not to vaccinate a child is up to each parent. There are no administrative or criminal penalties for refusing vaccination.

Gossip

Why do parents refuse vaccinations? Often, due to fear of how vaccination will affect the baby’s health. After all, vaccination is nothing more than the introduction into the body healthy person weakened or dead infectious agents against which the vaccine is intended. Sometimes the vaccine consists of artificially synthesized proteins that are completely identical to the proteins of the living pathogen. This is where the view of vaccination as an injection of “poison” arose. Rumors that children die or become disabled from vaccinations are also spreading panic among parents.

Reality

In reality, the vaccine is designed to induce immunity to viruses and diseases: the vaccine enters the body, and the immune system begins to produce antibodies. And when a person encounters a real virus in life, the disease does not occur at all or proceeds very slowly. mild form. Naturally, after vaccination, the child may have a fever or be lethargic: when the immune system adapts, everything will return to normal.

The fact that in countries with good level medicine, where vaccination is widespread, there are no longer outbreaks of epidemics that claimed thousands of lives a hundred years ago! Suffice it to remember how much of the population was exterminated smallpox, but since 1982, vaccination against it in our country has been completed, since the disease has been completely defeated.

The benefits and harms of vaccinations must be adequately assessed by parents before signing consent or refusal.

What types of vaccinations are there?

Vaccination is planned and epidemic indications. Routine vaccination is mandatory vaccinations prescribed in the vaccination calendar. There are one-time vaccinations, and there are also those that are given multiple times at intervals.

Revaccination is the administration of a vaccine to maintain immunity from a disease.

According to epidemic indications, mass vaccination is carried out independently of both children (some of them from a certain age) and adults, if there is an epidemic outbreak in the region, for example, influenza, tick-borne encephalitis, anthrax, Q fever, plague, etc.

Mandatory vaccinations by age

In Russia, vaccinations are given to the population in accordance with the vaccination calendar. This is a document approved by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation and determines the timing and types of vaccinations.

Routine vaccinations are free. What vaccinations are required for children by month/year?

In the maternity hospital

Each mother, in the first hours after birth, signs a consent or refusal to vaccinate her newborn against hepatitis B.

Why is hepatitis B dangerous? It causes disturbances in the liver and can lead to cirrhosis or cancer. The virus is transmitted through blood and other fluids human body. You should not refuse vaccination if the mother is a carrier of the virus. The vaccination is done according to the scheme: 0-1-6 months, or 0-3-6 months. Children at risk according to the scheme 0:1:2:12 months.

Children's vaccinations from birth include vaccination against tuberculosis, it is done on days 3-7. Everyone knows how dangerous tuberculosis is and how many lives it has claimed. Vaccination against tuberculosis is done according to the scheme: 0 months. – 7 years – 14 years (according to indications).

In the first year of life

During the first 12 months, the baby is vaccinated more than 10 times. Some vaccines are combined, and several vaccinations are given with one injection, such as DTP - against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough. Some vaccinations are given on the same day, such as DPT and polio.

At 3 and 4.5 months, children receive DPT vaccine and against polio. What do these vaccines protect against?

Tetanus caused by bacteria that grow in the intestines of humans and animals and may be present in feces. Therefore, you can become infected through soil contaminated with them. Tetanus is transmitted through damaged tissue body and even through the umbilical cord, which was cut with a non-sterile scalpel. Tetanus affects nervous system human and can lead to death.

Diphtheria manifests itself as inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and can cause respiratory arrest.

Whooping cough manifests itself in severe coughing attacks, and also causes severe consequences such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pleurisy. Whooping cough can cause bleeding in the brain.

Polio– a disease of the nervous system that can cause paralysis, affect muscles, paralyze the diaphragm, which is dangerous by stopping breathing. Vaccination against this disease causes a lot of controversy. It is believed that unvaccinated children very rarely become ill with polio, and the administered vaccine can cause mild to moderate forms of this disease.

Mumps- a disease known as mumps. When it occurs, the glands (salivary, pancreas, seminal) are damaged. In a complicated course, the disease can develop into meningitis, encephalitis; Deafness and infertility (usually male infertility) may develop.

Measles, a disease that occupies a leading position in mortality, poses a danger to the baby already in the prenatal period if an unvaccinated mother falls ill. Pneumonia, otitis, deafness, blindness, mental retardation– these are the complications measles brings to sick children.

Rubella in young children it is relatively mild, but complications such as encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) are known. An unvaccinated woman who gets rubella during pregnancy may lose her baby altogether, or give birth to a child with central nervous system disorders, heart disease, blindness or deafness.

Since 2014, the vaccination calendar in Russia has been supplemented with vaccination against pneumococcus (an infection that causes meningitis, pneumonia, otitis, etc.). In addition, children at risk for hemophilia (incoagulability) are vaccinated against of this disease according to the scheme 3-4.5-6 months.

Vaccinations after one year

In the second year of life, visits to the vaccination office will become less frequent. So, at one and a half years the child will receive DPT revaccination and the first revaccination against polio, and at 20 months. – repeated revaccination against polio.

If you doubt the quality of the vaccine offered by the clinic, purchase the vaccine yourself at the pharmacy! As a rule, both the transportation conditions and the storage method are strictly observed. Ask for a “snowball” (a bag of cooling material) to accompany the vaccine to deliver the vaccine without disturbing temperature regime. You have no right to refuse treatment room injected with your vaccine.

The child goes to kindergarten

As a rule, kindergartens require you to provide a vaccination certificate. They exclusively require everyone to prove that you have decided to refuse all vaccinations and this does not contradict the laws, sometimes it becomes difficult. However, children who have not received vaccinations have the right to attend all educational institutions!

Special vaccinations for kindergarten are not given, but if they are checked and a deficiency is detected, the child can be vaccinated unscheduled. At 6 years of age, routine revaccination against rubella, measles and mumps is appropriate.

You can optionally vaccinate your child against rotavirus and chickenpox. Vaccination against rotavirus is free in some regions. It will protect the baby from the “dirty hands disease” that preschoolers often suffer from. Vaccine from chickenpox costs from 1,500 rubles, but will protect the baby from chickenpox, which still kills one person for every million people who are sick!

You need to be prepared for the fact that every year your child will be tested for the Mantoux test - this is the best way to detect tuberculosis in time.

Vaccinations for schoolchildren

At the age of 7 years, the child is given a revaccination against tuberculosis, and a 3rd revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria.

14 summer teenagers a second revaccination is done against tuberculosis (BCG) and a third – against tetanus, polio and diphtheria.

Sometimes a vaccine against the human papillomavirus may be recommended. Be careful! Although they claim that the vaccine will protect girls from uterine cancer, research on the vaccine has not been completed. There is an opinion (not confirmed by science) that vaccination leads to infertility.

Video on the topic: Children's vaccinations Pros and cons

Table of calendar vaccinations for children

Child's age		Graft
0-1 year	1st day	1st vaccination against hepatitis B
	1st week	BCG is the 1st vaccine against pulmonary tuberculosis
	1st month	2nd vaccination against hepatitis B
	2 months	3rd vaccination against hepatitis B (for children at risk)
	3 months	1st DTP (diphtheria, tetanus and whooping cough) 1st polio vaccination 1st vaccination against pneumococcus
	4 months	2nd DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough) 2nd polio vaccination 2nd vaccination against pneumococcus 1st vaccination against hemophilia (for children at risk)
	6 months	3rd DTP 3rd polio vaccination 3rd vaccination against hepatitis B 2nd vaccination against hemophilia (for children at risk)
	12 months	Vaccination against rubella, measles, mumps.
2 years	and 3 months	revaccination against pneumococcus
	and 6 months	1st revaccination against polio revaccination against hemophilia (children at risk)
	and 12 months	2nd revaccination against polio
6 years		Revaccination against measles, mumps and rubella
7 years		2nd revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Revaccination with BCG
14 years		3rd revaccination against tetanus, diphtheria 3rd revaccination against polio

Epidemic indications

If an unfavorable epidemic situation is detected (a virus outbreak) or if there is contact with a carrier of the infection (for example, a dog bite), vaccination is done according to epidemic indications.

Influenza vaccination should be carried out in advance, in the summer and autumn. When a flu outbreak has already begun, a shot will not prevent infection.

Outside the Russian Federation

If you are going on vacation to another country, you need to be prepared that your child will have to be vaccinated. Many countries have special vaccination requirements for those entering and leaving them. So, what vaccinations are needed when traveling to other countries?

When traveling to African countries and South America It is recommended to get vaccinated against yellow fever. Yellow fever is transmitted through mosquito bites, mortality occurs in more than half of the cases. It is also worth getting vaccinated against typhoid fever and hepatitis A.

Travelers to Asian countries should take care of vaccination against Japanese encephalitis, which is caused by a mosquito bite. When the disease occurs, brain damage occurs.

You can enter many European countries only with proof of vaccination against cholera, plague and rabies. Why are these diseases dangerous? Cholera manifests itself as diarrhea, dehydration, wrinkled skin and loss of elasticity, blue lips and ears. If left untreated, cholera leads to death in most cases. Those sick with the plague (most often from rodent bites or contact with a sick person) without treatment taken on the most early stage diseases die within 48 hours (depending on the type of disease).

Contraindications to vaccination

If a child had an allergic reaction to a previous vaccination, vaccination of this type is excluded. Children with immunodeficiency are completely exempt from vaccinations with live vaccines.

Children receive medical withdrawal (schedule shift) from vaccinations:

• during the period of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections;
• premature;
• after surgery or blood transfusion;
• at feeling unwell(fever, diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy).

Before vaccination, the pediatrician should examine the child, ideally taking tests. But no one except the mother can accurately assess the baby’s well-being, so do not hesitate to refuse scheduled vaccinations if you notice that something is wrong with the child.

Show sources

Sources

1. Vaccination is also carried out to contact persons without age restrictions from foci of the disease who have not previously been ill, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles or have been vaccinated once; adults from 36 to 55 years old belonging to risk groups (medical and educational organizations, trade, transport, utility and social sphere; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation) who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated previously, have been vaccinated once, and have no information about vaccinations against measles.
2. Adults working in certain professions and positions (workers of medical and educational organizations, transport, public utilities); pregnant women, persons subject to conscription for military service; faces with chronic diseases, including those with lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity.
3. Infection prevention is included in the calendar for epidemic indications for risk groups.
4. Adults from risk groups, including those subject to military service.
5. Persons living in regions disadvantaged by the incidence of hepatitis A, as well as persons at occupational risk of infection ( medical workers, public service workers employed in food industry enterprises, as well as those servicing water supply and sewerage facilities, equipment and networks).
   Persons traveling to disadvantaged countries (regions) where outbreaks of hepatitis A are registered.
   Contact persons in hepatitis A outbreaks.
6. In outbreaks meningococcal infection caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C. Vaccination is carried out in endemic regions, as well as in the event of an epidemic caused by meningococci of serogroups A or C.
   Persons subject to conscription for military service.
7. For preventive purposes, people who have high risk rabies infection: persons working with the “street” rabies virus, veterinarians, rangers, hunters, foresters, persons performing work on catching and keeping animals.
8. In foci of goat-sheep type brucellosis, persons performing the following work: procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where livestock diseases with brucellosis are registered; for the slaughter of livestock suffering from brucellosis, the procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from it; livestock breeders, veterinarians, livestock specialists in farms enzootic for brucellosis; persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of brucellosis.
9. Persons engaged in the field of municipal improvement (workers servicing sewer networks, structures and equipment, as well as organizations carrying out sanitary cleaning of populated areas, collection, transportation and disposal of household waste).
   Persons working with live cultures of typhoid pathogens. Population living in areas with chronic water epidemics of typhoid fever. Persons traveling to countries (regions) hyperendemic for typhoid fever.
   Contact persons in areas of typhoid fever for epidemic indications. According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened region.
10. People at risk, including those subject to military service, who have not previously been vaccinated and have not had chickenpox.
11. Persons traveling outside Russian Federation to enzootic yellow fever countries (regions). Persons working with live cultures of the yellow fever pathogen.
12. Persons living in areas where tick-borne viral encephalitis is endemic; persons traveling to areas endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, irrigation, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population. Persons working with live cultures of tick-borne encephalitis.
13. Persons performing the following work: procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms located in areas enzootic for leptospirosis; for the slaughter of livestock with leptospirosis, procurement and processing of meat and meat products obtained from animals with leptospirosis; on catching and keeping stray animals.
    Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of leptospirosis.
14. Persons performing work on the procurement, storage, processing of raw materials and livestock products obtained from farms where Q fever diseases are registered.
    Persons performing work on the procurement, storage and processing of agricultural products in enzootic areas with Q fever.
    Persons working with live cultures of Q fever pathogens.
15. Contact persons in foci of polio, persons working with live poliovirus, with materials infected (potentially infected) with wild poliovirus, without age restrictions.
16. Persons performing the following work: livestock workers and other persons professionally engaged in pre-slaughter livestock maintenance, as well as slaughter, skinning and cutting of carcasses; collection, storage, transportation and primary processing of raw materials of animal origin; agricultural, drainage, construction, excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expeditionary on enzootic anthrax territories.
    Persons working with material suspected of being infected with anthrax.
17. Persons living in territories enzootic for tularemia, as well as persons arriving in these territories performing the following work: agricultural, drainage, construction, other work on excavation and movement of soil, procurement, fishing, geological, survey, expedition, deratization and disinfestation; for logging, clearing and landscaping of forests, health and recreation areas for the population.
    Persons working with live cultures of the causative agent of tularemia.
18. Persons traveling to countries (regions) affected by cholera. Population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the event of complications in the sanitary and epidemiological situation regarding cholera in neighboring countries, as well as on the territory of the Russian Federation.
19. Persons living in areas enzootic for plague. Persons working with live cultures of the plague pathogen.
20. Workers medical organizations(their structural divisions) infectious profile. Persons engaged in the field of public catering and municipal improvement.
    According to epidemic indications, vaccinations are carried out when there is a threat of an epidemic or outbreak (natural disasters, major accidents in the water supply and sewerage networks), as well as during an epidemic, while mass vaccination of the population is carried out in the threatened region. Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal rise in the incidence of shigellosis.
    Preventive vaccinations are preferably carried out before the seasonal rise in the incidence of shigellosis.
21. Contact persons from the foci of the disease who have not been sick, have not been vaccinated and do not have information about preventive vaccinations against mumps.

Vaccination of children in Russia is carried out according to a certain schedule, which is called the vaccination calendar. Our national vaccination calendar is one of the most comprehensive in the world. It is approved at the legislative level and is used throughout the country. In addition to routine vaccinations, there are vaccinations for epidemic indications, which are given in some regions when there is a threat of an epidemic.

Despite the thoroughness of the vaccination calendar, vaccinations are not mandatory. Parents may well refuse to vaccinate their child by providing a written refusal. Read more about the vaccination schedule, vaccines and vaccination rules, as well as about refusing it.

What laws govern childhood vaccinations?

There are several laws behind the development of the vaccination schedule and vaccination of children:

1. Federal Law “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.
2. “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on protecting the health of citizens.”
3. Law of the Russian Federation “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.”

These documents describe the entire vaccination procedure, including a list of recommended vaccinations and possible complications after them. So, vaccination of children under one year of age involves vaccinations against the following diseases:

• Viral hepatitis;
• Tuberculosis;
• Whooping cough;
• Diphtheria;
• Tetanus;
• Haemophilus influenzae infection;
• Polio;
• Measles;
• Rubella;
• Mumps.

In the event of an epidemic of other diseases, vaccinations may be given unscheduled. The situation regarding outbreaks of infection is constantly monitored and regions falling into the “risk zone” are under the control of the Ministry of Health.

National calendar of preventive vaccinations for children under one year of age

Every year the vaccination calendar changes slightly, and some additions are made to it. They mainly concern the procedure for vaccination, and the vaccination schedule remains the same:

Age	Name of vaccination	Vaccine	Notes
1 day(newborn)	— First vaccination against viral hepatitis IN	Engerix V, Combiotech	It is especially necessary for newborns whose mothers are carriers of the virus or have acute or chronic hepatitis.
3-7 days(newborn)	— Vaccination against tuberculosis	BCG-M	Not to be confused with the Mantoux reaction. Mantoux is not a vaccination, but a test for the presence of immunity, it is carried out after a year. If there is no immunity - BCG vaccination do it again.
Baby at 1 month	— Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech
Baby at 2 months		Engerix V, Combiotech	It is given only to children at risk.
Baby at 3 months	— First vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim	There is a different vaccine for each vaccination, but all 3 vaccinations can be given in “one shot” if you use combination vaccine Pentaxim.
	— First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— First polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 4.5 months	— Second vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DTP, Infanrix, Pentaxim
	— Second vaccination against hemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Second polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
Baby at 6 months	— Third vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus	DPT, Infanrix, Pentaxim, Bubo-Kok	Vaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus can be given in “one shot” with the hepatitis vaccine if you use the combined Bubo-Kok vaccine.
	— Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae infection	Act-HIB, Hiberix, Pentaxim
	— Third polio vaccine	OPV, IPV, Pentaxim
	— Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech, Bubo-Kok
Baby at 12 months	— Vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps	MMR II, Priorix
	— Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B	Engerix V, Combiotech	Only for children at risk.

The next vaccinations await the baby at 1.5 years and at 1 year and 8 months. - This is a revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus, as well as against polio.

About vaccines

Before one year of age, a child will have to receive 14 vaccinations (taking into account the fact that some vaccinations are given in several stages), and mothers will have to learn the many names of vaccines and decide which vaccine to give their child. Let's try to figure out what vaccines are.

1. Hepatitis vaccine. It contains individual proteins of the hepatitis B virus. There is no genetic material of the virus. In response to the introduction of a vaccine, immunity is formed; it is impossible to get sick in this way.
2. Vaccine against tuberculosis. Contains weakened bovine tuberculosis bacteria. They do not cause disease in humans, but lead to the formation of stable immunity. To develop lasting immunity, the tuberculosis bacillus must be in the body constantly.
3. Vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus. The most serious thing about these diseases is the poisoning of the body with toxins. The vaccine contains toxins, but in a very weakened form. They do not cause disease, but the body develops immunity.
4. Polio vaccine. There are two types: live and inactivated. Live vaccine- This is the polio virus itself in a very weakened form. This vaccine comes in drop form and may cause light form polio in a child. An inactivated vaccine contains only the protein shells of viruses. It is administered subcutaneously and cannot cause disease, but its effect is lower. Since the polio vaccine is given in 2 stages, sometimes the inactivated vaccine, and the second vaccination is done live.
5. Vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Contains weakened viruses that cause these diseases. The vaccine is safe, that is, it is impossible to get sick from it, and immunity is developed.

How to vaccinate correctly - what mothers need to know

Parents are most frightened by the possible consequences of vaccinations, among which there are very serious complications:

• Anaphylactic shock;
• Strong allergic reactions(Quincke's edema, Steven-Johnson syndrome);
• Poliomyelitis (after polio vaccination);
• Encephalitis, meningitis, neuritis and other central nervous system lesions;
• Generalized infection, osteitis, osteomyelitis after BCG vaccination;
• Chronic arthritis after rubella vaccine.

The likelihood of such complications, of course, frightens young parents. To reduce the risk of complications, vaccination must be carried out in compliance with all rules.

Basic Rules

1. The vaccination schedule is the recommended vaccination schedule for your baby. It can be changed if there are reasons to delay or even cancel vaccination. The reason for temporary medical withdrawal may be:

• Malaise, cold, fever;
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• Recent blood transfusion;
• Prematurity.

In each case, the duration of medical withdrawal is determined individually, usually a period from a week to 1 month. Indications for complete cancellation of vaccination are:

• Allergic reaction to a previous vaccination;
• Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.

2. Vaccination can be given only after a thorough examination by a doctor. The doctor’s task is not only to thoroughly examine the child, measure the temperature and ask the mother about the characteristics of the baby’s body. Another important point is informing the mother about the vaccination itself. The doctor must tell you what vaccine will be given, how it works, what vaccine will be administered, and what complications are possible after vaccination. Good to know! — .

3. The mother can choose which vaccine to give her child. At the clinic, all vaccinations are given free of charge, but if parents do not want to receive the vaccine purchased at the clinic, they can buy their own. Usually they do this if they want to supply a higher quality imported vaccine or get a comprehensive vaccination.

Note to moms!

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4. The vaccine can only be stored and transported in the cold, at a temperature of 2-8C. This rule applies, first of all, to the situation when the mother buys the vaccine herself, since in the pharmacy and clinic all storage and transportation rules are observed unconditionally. When purchasing a vaccine at a pharmacy, you need to buy a cold pack (“snowball”) for it and be sure to take a receipt. This may be needed at your pediatrician's office to confirm that the vaccine is fresh and has been stored correctly.

5. The vaccination itself is given to the child by a nurse in the treatment room. She enters all the information about the vaccination (date, name of the vaccine) into the card. After vaccination, the parents’ task is to monitor the baby’s condition and take action if the vaccination produces a reaction. The most common occurrence is an increase in temperature. How to control your reaction child's body and what to do if the temperature rises - read here (link).

Important:

How to refuse vaccination

Vaccinations are not mandatory, so if parents are against vaccinations for fear of complications, they can write a written refusal. An application can be written by one of the parents addressed to the head physician of the children's clinic (or maternity hospital, if the refusal to vaccinate occurs there). There is no clear form for the statement, but here is a good example of what it should be:

Statement:

I, (full name), residing at the address: (...) declare that I refuse all preventive vaccinations(including vaccinations against hepatitis B, tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae, measles, mumps, rubella) and anti-tuberculosis care for my child (full name) until he reaches 15 years of age.

This refusal is a deliberate decision, and is fully consistent with the norms of current legislation, including:

1) art. 32 (on consent to medical intervention) and Art. 33 (on the right to refuse medical intervention) “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens” dated July 22, 1993 No. 5487-1;

2) art. 5 (on the right to refuse vaccination) and Art. 11 (on vaccination with the consent of the parents of minors) of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases” dated September 17, 1998 No. 157-FZ;

3) art. 7, part 3 (on providing anti-tuberculosis care to minors only with the consent of their legal representatives) of the federal law “On preventing the spread of tuberculosis in the Russian Federation” of June 18, 2001 No. 77-FZ.

I ask you to provide registration medical documentation for my child unconditionally, without requirements for vaccination. In form 063, please note that there are no vaccinations based on Art. 5 and 11 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases”.

If you refuse, a copy of this application and my complaint will be sent to the relevant authorities and organizations to take measures to suppress your illegal actions.

________________(date) ________________ (signature)

Refusal of vaccinations should be a truly thoughtful decision, made not only on the basis of horror stories from the Internet, but also on the basis of consultation with a specialist whom you personally trust.

Each family decides the issue of vaccinations in its own way: to get them or not, to buy their own vaccines or to trust the doctors from the clinic. The most important thing is that the children are healthy.

Vaccination calendar – School of Dr. Komarovsky

On guard of health. Vaccine prevention. National calendar of preventive vaccinations

In accordance with the Federal legislation of Russia, there is a certain... Parents need to find out in advance what vaccinations their children need at a certain age. This list contains not only mandatory vaccinations, but also those that can protect the child’s body from other, no less dangerous diseases.

To prevent seasonal outbreaks of viral and infectious diseases, and epidemics of dangerous diseases in Russia, the Ministry of Health carries out routine vaccination of children, starting from the first days of their life. During artificial immunization, antigens of microorganisms are introduced into the child's body in a certain amount.

This specially prepared material is capable of maximizing the resistance of children to infectious and infectious diseases. viral origin. Immediately after the introduction of antigens, a process begins in the child’s body that stimulates the production of antibodies to specific pathogens.

Vaccination of children, in accordance with Russian legislation, is carried out both for the purpose of prevention and treatment of diseases. Today, many parents are categorically against vaccinations, as they believe that they can harm their babies. When deciding to refuse routine vaccination, you need to be aware of all the consequences and problems that you may encounter.

Vaccination of children in Russia can be carried out in several ways, depending on the type of vaccination. The most common method of administration is intramuscular which allows you to achieve maximum effect.

Antigens introduced in this way quickly spread through the bloodstream, and children quickly begin to develop immunity to a specific disease.

Preoral administration The vaccine involves the introduction of an infection of enterovirus origin (poliomyelitis). Subcutaneous method Vaccination of a child is advisable only for live vaccines, fever (yellow), mumps, rubella, measles, etc. Cutaneous and intradermal method vaccination is carried out with the introduction of dry tularemia vaccine and the following antigens: BCG, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, smallpox.

There is another method of vaccinating children in Russia, which does not lead to the development of stable immunity to diseases. Intranasal method vaccinations (through the nose) involves the use of vaccinations made on the basis of ointments, creams, aerosols and aqueous solutions.

Such vaccination allows for a short period of time to create a barrier to harmful microorganisms, which enter the body of children by airborne droplets (rubella, measles, influenza).

Is it mandatory to vaccinate children? Is it possible to refuse?

Parents who have decided not to give their children routine vaccinations should carefully study the legislation in force in Russia. In accordance with the regulations of Article 11 of the law of September 17, 1998. No. 157 of the Federal Law, any vaccinations for children under the age of majority must be done only with the consent of their parents. Using the same legal act(Article 5) routine vaccination can be refused directly in the maternity hospital.

In order to legally not participate in vaccinations in Russia, parents need to know what documents need to be filled out and where they should be submitted. First of all, you need to draw up a statement in two copies, which requires you to indicate that the parents refuse to vaccinate their children.

On the second form of the document, a representative of the institution where the application is being submitted (maternity hospital, school, kindergarten, etc.) must put a stamp on receipt, indicate the date included registration number and signature. If parents decide to send their waiver by mail, they must include the form in certified mail, complete an inventory, and provide a notice.

List of mandatory (scheduled) vaccinations

The Russian Ministry of Health has approved a list of vaccinations that medical workers should give to children, starting with early age. The same department approved a calendar for preventive vaccination (Order No. 51n dated January 31, 2011), according to which Russian children should be vaccinated against the following diseases:

Diseases for which vaccination is carried out	Characteristics of the disease	At what age is vaccination given?
Hepatitis group B	Affects the liver, often progresses to chronic form. In case of untimely and poor quality treatment liver cirrhosis may develop	During the first 24 hours of life. Revaccination is carried out in 4 stages: 1 month of life; 2 months life; at 12 months
	An infectious disease that is transmitted by airborne droplets. When patients suffer from tuberculosis, their lungs are affected	From 3rd to 7th day of life. Revaccination: at 7 years; at 14 years old; at 21 years old; at 28 years old.
Diphtheria	An acute disease caused by bacteria that, when entering the body, affect the kidneys, heart, Airways and nervous system
Polio	An acute disease that develops as a result of a viral infection entering the body. The danger of polio is that patients often experience paralysis and irreversible paresis	The first vaccination is at 3 months, the second from 4 to 5 months, the third at 6 months. Revaccination is carried out at 18 months; 20 months; 14 years
Whooping cough	Once bacteria enter the body, the disease develops rapidly. Patients have a paroxysmal cough that continues long time until recovery	The first vaccination is at 3 months, the second from 4 to 5 months, the third at 6 months. Revaccination is carried out at 18 months; 6-7 years; 14 years old; 18 years
	A viral disease that usually occurs in acute form. Patients experience fever, intoxication of the body, damage to the nasopharyngeal mucosa and rash. Patients often experience severe complications	At 12 months. Revaccination should be done at 6 years of age
	Almost immediately after infection with this disease, patients develop a rash, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes	At 13 years old
Tetanus	Accompanied by damage to the central nervous system, convulsions and asphyxia	The first vaccination is at 3 months, the second from 4 to 5 months, the third at 6 months. Revaccination should be carried out at 18 months; 6-7 years; 14 years old; 18 years
Haemophilus influenzae infection	A disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae and occurring in an acute form. Affects the child’s nervous system, causes breathing problems and multiple purulent foci	Vaccination can be done according to three schemes: 1. The first vaccination is at 3 months, the second from 3 to 5 months, the third at 6 months. 2. The first vaccination is at 6 months, the second at 7.5 months. 3. The vaccination is done once from 1 year to 5 years. Revaccination should be done at 18 months of age

Before enrollment in kindergarten, the child must undergo a medical examination, the results of which are reflected in the appropriate form. The form also indicates all vaccinations given to the baby, both mandatory and optional.

If the child's medical record does not contain a record of the following vaccines, he may be denied admission to kindergarten:

Mandatory:

• polio;
• BCG, DTP (calendar);
• mumps;
• rubella;
• measles.

Additional:

• meningococcal and hemophilic infections (2 months before visiting kindergarten);
• pneumococcal infection (30 days before visiting kindergarten).

Vaccination against meningococcal and hemophilus influenzae infections in Russia should be carried out no earlier than the child reaches 18 years of age. one month old. If in the region in which a family with small children lives there is an unfavorable epidemiological situation, then vaccinations against these diseases begin at 6 months, followed by revaccination after 3 months.

Children should be vaccinated against influenza annually, between September and October. Vaccination against pneumococcal infection can be carried out once, after the child reaches two years of age.

How should children be vaccinated?

To avoid complications after vaccination, children must be carefully prepared:

1. IN mandatory you need to take blood and urine tests.
2. Get advice from a neurologist, allergist and therapist, who will give professional opinions on the possibility of vaccinating your child.
3. Immediately on the day of vaccination, children need to have their temperature measured. If there is the slightest hesitation, the vaccination should be postponed to another, more favorable day.

Every parent should carefully monitor the quality of the vaccine that is given to their child. If there is such a possibility, then you need to find out under what conditions ampoules with antigens are stored. In the specialist’s office, you should find out what the expiration date is for the vaccination that he is going to give to the child.

If you have any doubts about the quality of the vaccine or professionalism medical personnel, parents need to refuse vaccination and choose a more reliable medical institution.

After vaccination, the following rules must be observed:

• There is no need to leave the medical facility immediately after vaccination. It is advisable to be in close proximity to the therapist’s office for 30-60 minutes, who will be able to provide qualified assistance in case of any problems.
• After vaccination, you should not wet the area where the injection was given.
• If DTP vaccination was done in the summer, parents need to carefully monitor the child’s temperature. If it increases slightly, then the baby should be given an antipyretic drug, which was recommended by the local physician. It is important to remember that children under 5 years old should not be given Aspirin. If the temperature rises rapidly, you need to seek help as soon as possible. medical institution or call an ambulance.
• The usual diet of children can be changed only one day after vaccination.
• If, after vaccination, the behavior of children causes anxiety among parents, they urgently need to obtain specialist advice.

Problems that may arise if children do not have routine vaccinations

Today, for many parents, the issue of childhood vaccination is an urgent one. Many people do not know whether or not to get mandatory vaccinations. This is due to the fact that the number of children who have complications after routine vaccinations increases every year.

As a result, everything more families decides not to vaccinate his children. By deliberately taking such a risk, they may encounter problems when registering their children for kindergarten or school, or when traveling to sanatoriums or summer camps.

The legislation in force in the Russian Federation does not force children to undergo mandatory vaccination. Only their parents have the right to decide this issue. If a family decides not to vaccinate their child, they may only encounter temporary difficulties when registering him for kindergarten or educational institution.

The Directorate does not have legal grounds refuse to admit unvaccinated children. Parents can receive a temporary refusal only if, at the time of registration of documents, there is a mass illness of children (infectious or viral) in the institution.

In practice, the management of schools and kindergartens usually tries in every possible way to prevent such children from joining the team, since they pose a “threat” of epidemics and outbreaks serious illnesses. Managers either don’t accept medical records without notes on scheduled vaccinations, or they appeal their reluctance to register a child who did not participate in vaccination by the lack of free places.

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The World Health Organization considers vaccination one of the most effective ways disease prevention.

Timely vaccination provides 89% protection for the child.

Antibiotics are less effective. There is no other method of protecting against diseases in medicine yet.

Opponents of vaccination justify the refusal by complications after the procedure. But minor discomfort after vaccination cannot be compared with the consequences of a serious illness.

Since October 1998, it has been operating in Russia the federal law No. 157-FZ “On immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases”. Paragraph 1 of Article 5 of this law states: “Citizens have the right to refuse preventive vaccinations.”

Vaccination happens:

• preventive (vaccinal prophylaxis);
• therapeutic (vaccine therapy).

They contribute to the formation of immunity in the child.

Correctly constructing an individual vaccination schedule will protect the baby and minimize health problems.

1. To vaccinate a child, the pediatrician must examine the baby.
2. If there are contraindications, the procedure must be abandoned.
3. It is not advisable to change the child’s diet, lifestyle, or expose him to stress a few days before vaccination.
4. You need to get a complete certificate from your doctor about what type of vaccine will be used, what it consists of, who produces it, what side effects it causes and how to avoid them.

In this article you will learn what mandatory vaccinations are and when you need to get them. The information is intended for informational purposes only. Make a vaccination schedule with your pediatrician.

How to prepare a child

• Do not give medications that alleviate the effects of vaccination. Some substances are incompatible with the vaccine composition.
• The baby will tolerate immunization better if his stomach is not overloaded. The day before the procedure, switch to a light meal (vegetables, fruits, cereals). If he doesn't want to eat, don't force him.
• Do not let your child eat for several hours before vaccination.
• Don't dress your baby too warmly. You cannot vaccinate if he has lost a lot of fluid. If he's sweaty, change his clothes and give him something to drink.
• A few days before the procedure, limit contact with strangers. Do not attend crowded events, do not travel by public transport.
• At the clinic, try not to communicate with visitors. It will be better if dad stays in line while mom and baby take a walk.

Calendar of preventive and additional vaccinations

This year, the vaccination calendar will be similar to last year’s calendar with minor adjustments that came into effect on April 13, 2017 No. 175n.

The immunization schedule for children is based on order No. 125n of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation “On approval national calendar preventive vaccinations and a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications”, which became valid on March 21, 2014, with clarifications in order No. 370n dated June 16, 2016.

The immunization plan applies to the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The table below contains required vaccinations.

Name of vaccination	Child's age
From viral hepatitis B	On the first day after birth
For tuberculosis (BCG-M)	3-7 days after birth
Second hepatitis B vaccine	1 month
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B	2 months
For pneumococcal infection	2 months
For diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (DTP)	3 months
From polio	3 months
For hemophilus influenzae infection	Between 3 and 6 months of age.
	4.5 months
Revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	4.5 months
Revaccination against polio	4.5 months
Revaccination against pneumococcal infection	4.5 months
Third DTP vaccination	6 months
Third vaccination against hepatitis B	6 months
Third vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	6 months
Third polio vaccine	6 months
For rubella, measles, mumps	1 year
Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis	1 year
Repeated vaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus	1.5 years
Repeated polio vaccination	1.5 years
Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae	1.5 years
Booster vaccination against polio	1.8 years
Revaccination against rubella, measles, mumps	6 years
Repeated vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus (DT)	6-7 years
Repeated vaccination against tuberculosis (with a negative Mantoux test)	7 years
The third stage of revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus	14 years
The third stage of polio revaccination	14 years

Additional conditions for some vaccinations

In addition to regular immunization, there is also an extraordinary one. It is done for medical reasons if the child is part of a vulnerable group and lives in areas with a difficult epidemiological situation.

These are vaccinations against rotavirus, papillomavirus, pneumococcal, meningococcal infections, influenza, and hepatitis A.

You need to get vaccinated against the flu in early autumn, before the seasonal wave of diseases begins.

The body needs a certain amount of time to develop immunity.

If you are getting vaccinated after the disease has spread widely, you need to use a drug that contains an immunomodulator.

Before enrollment in school or preschool, the baby is vaccinated against meningitis and hepatitis A when he turns 2 years old.

Vaccination against pneumococcal infection

Pleurisy, arthritis, pneumonia, purulent meningitis, acute otitis media, endocarditis is caused by pneumococcal bacteria. They are dangerous with serious complications. The best way protection - vaccination with the American-made drug Prevenar.

Parents must adhere to the following rules:

1. Do not carry out the procedure if the baby has health problems;
2. The use of Prevenar in combination with other vaccines is acceptable, but not recommended;
3. After immunization, you should undergo regular medical examination for 1-2 weeks.

Drug administration regimen

Pneumococcal infection provokes serious illnesses and even death. Vaccination is required.

Features of vaccination against rubella

This viral disease may lead to encephalitis. A rash appears on the body and the lymph nodes become enlarged.

Immune protection against the disease decreases over 12 years, so secondary vaccination is necessary.

The drug contains live rubella viruses in a weakened state. A subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is given.

Schedule of preventive vaccinations:

• Vaccination 1 year
• Revaccination 7 years
• Vaccination 13 years

Immunization does not cause side effects. In some cases it is noted elevated temperature, increased The lymph nodes, the appearance of a rash.

Girls especially need vaccinations. Motherhood awaits them in the future, and the rubella virus is dangerous for pregnant women.

The infection causes serious harm to the health of the fetus, causing pathologies. Girls aged 13 should be vaccinated against this disease.

Vaccination against measles

The disease is transmitted by airborne droplets and affects children under 5 years of age. Older people rarely suffer from measles, but it is more acute.

The disease leads to serious complications:

• Meningitis.
• Encephalitis.
• Pathologies of the nervous system.

A newborn is not at risk of measles, because mother's milk provides the baby with immunity.

Routine measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccinations are given twice:

1. At the age of 1 year, the first dose is administered.
2. At 6 years old - the second.

The child’s body’s reaction to the MMR vaccine is neutral, but a mild allergy is possible.