Atrophy of any organ is characterized by a decrease in its size and loss of function due to lack of nutrition. Atrophic processes are irreversible and indicate a severe form of any disease. Atrophy optic nerve- complex pathological condition, which is almost untreatable and often ends in vision loss.
In this article
Functions of the optic nerve
The optic nerve is the white matter of the large brain, as if brought to the periphery and connected to the brain. This substance conducts visual images from the retina, on which light rays fall, into the cerebral cortex, where the final image is formed, which a person sees. In other words, the optic nerve acts as a supplier of messages to the brain and is the most important component of the entire process of transforming the light information received by the eyes.
Optic atrophy: general description
With atrophy of the optic nerve, its fibers are completely or partially destroyed. They are subsequently replaced by connective tissue. The death of the fibers causes the light signals received by the retina to be converted into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. For the brain and eyes, this process is pathological and very dangerous. Against this background, various disorders develop, including decreased visual acuity and narrowing of its fields. Optic nerve atrophy is quite rare in practice, although even the most minor eye injuries can provoke its onset. However, approximately 26% of cases of the disease end with the patient completely losing vision in one eye.
Causes of optic nerve atrophy
Optic nerve atrophy is one of the symptoms of various eye diseases or a stage in the development of any disease. There are many reasons that can lead to this pathology. Among the ophthalmological diseases that can provoke atrophic changes in the optic nerve are the following ailments:
- glaucoma;
- pigmentary dystrophy retina;
- myopia;
- uveitis;
- retinitis;
- optic neuritis,
- damage to the central artery of the retina.
Atrophy can also be associated with tumors and diseases of the orbit: optic glioma, neuroma, orbital cancer, meningioma, osteosarcoma and others.
All kinds of diseases of the brain and central nervous system in some cases lead to atrophic processes in the eyes, affecting primarily the optic nerves. Such diseases include:
- multiple sclerosis;
- pituitary tumors;
- meningitis;
- brain abscess;
- encephalitis;
- traumatic brain injuries;
- damage to the facial skeleton with injury to the optic nerve.
Types and forms of optic nerve atrophy
This pathological condition can be congenital or acquired. Acquired atrophy is divided into descending and ascending. In the first case, the fibers of the optic nerve are directly affected. In the second, the cells of the retina come under attack.
According to another classification, acquired atrophy can be:
- Primary. It is also called a simple form of atrophy, in which the optic disc becomes pale, but has clear boundaries. The vessels in the retina with this type of pathology narrow.
- Secondary, which develops due to inflammation of the optic nerve or its stagnation. The boundaries of the disc become unclear.
- Glaucomatous, accompanied by increased intraocular pressure.
Based on the extent of damage to the optic nerve fibers, atrophy is divided into partial and complete. The partial (initial) form manifests itself in severe deterioration of vision, which cannot be corrected with contact lenses and glasses. At this stage, the remaining visual functions can be preserved, but color perception will be severely impaired. Complete atrophy is damage to the entire optic nerve, in which a person can no longer see anything with the affected eye. Optic nerve atrophy manifests itself in a stationary form (does not develop, but remains at the same level) and progressive. With stationary atrophy, visual functions remain in a stable state. The progressive form is accompanied by a rapid decrease in visual acuity. Another classification divides atrophy into unilateral and bilateral, that is, with damage to one or both organs of vision.
Symptoms of optic atrophy
The first and main symptom that manifests itself in any form of optic nerve atrophy is blurred vision. However, it cannot be corrected. This is a sign by which the atrophic process can be distinguished from ametropia - a change in the ability of the human eye to correctly refract light rays. Vision can deteriorate gradually and rapidly. It depends on the form in which atrophic changes occur. In some cases, visual functions decrease within 3-4 months, sometimes a person becomes completely blind in one or both eyes within a few days. Besides general decline visual acuity, its fields narrow. 
The patient almost completely loses lateral vision, which leads to the development of the so-called “tunnel” type of perception of the surrounding reality, when a person sees everything as if through a pipe. In other words, only what is directly in front of the person is visible, and not to the side of him.
Another common symptom optic nerve atrophy - the appearance of scotomas - dark or blind areas that appear in the field of vision. By the location of the scotomas, you can determine which fibers of the nerve or retina are damaged the most. If spots appear right in front of the eyes, then the nerve fibers located closer to the central part of the retina or directly in it are affected. Color vision disorder becomes another problem that a person faces with atrophy. Most often, the perception of green and red hues is impaired, rarely - the blue-yellow spectrum.
All these symptoms are signs of the primary form, that is, its initial stage. The patient himself can notice them. Symptoms of secondary atrophy are visible only during examination.
Symptoms of secondary optic atrophy
As soon as a person consults a doctor with symptoms such as decreased visual acuity and narrowing of its fields, the doctor conducts an examination. One of the main methods is ophthalmoscopy - examination of the fundus of the eye using special instruments and devices. During ophthalmoscopy, it is revealed following signs optic nerve atrophy: 
- vasoconstriction;
- varicose veins;
- disc blanching;
- decreased pupil reaction to light.
Diagnostics
As already described above, the first method used to identify pathology is ophthalmoscopy. However, symptoms that can be detected by this study, do not allow an accurate diagnosis. Deterioration of vision, lack of pupillary response to light, narrowing of the blood vessels in the eye are signs of many eye diseases, for example, peripheral cataracts. In this regard, many different methods are used to diagnose atrophy:
Laboratory tests are also carried out. The patient donates blood and urine for analysis. Tests are prescribed for syphilis, borreliosis and to determine other non-ophthalmological diseases.
How is optic nerve atrophy treated?
It is impossible to restore fibers that have already been destroyed. Treatment helps stop atrophy and save those fibers that are still functioning. There are three ways to combat this pathology:
- conservative;
- therapeutic;
- surgical.
At conservative treatment the patient is prescribed vasoconstrictors and medications, the actions of which are aimed at normalizing the blood supply to the optic nerve. The doctor also prescribes anticoagulants, which inhibit blood clotting activity. 
Drugs that stimulate metabolism and medications that relieve inflammation, including hormonal ones, help stop the death of fibers.
Physiotherapeutic treatment involves prescribing:
The surgical treatment method is aimed at removing formations that put pressure on the optic nerve. During the operation, the surgeon can implant biogenic materials into the patient, which will help improve blood circulation in the eye and in the atrophied nerve, in particular. The pathology suffered in most cases leads to the fact that a person is assigned a disability. Patients who are blind or visually impaired are sent for rehabilitation.
Prevention
To prevent optic nerve atrophy, it is necessary to begin treating ophthalmological diseases in a timely manner. 
At the first signs of a decrease in visual acuity, you should immediately make an appointment with an ophthalmologist. When atrophy begins, not a minute can be lost. If at the initial stage it is still possible to preserve most of the visual functions, then as a result of further atrophic changes a person may become disabled.
- a process characterized by the gradual death of fibers.
Pathology is often caused by ophthalmological diseases.
The disease is diagnosed when the fibers are damaged. Nerve tissues are located in almost all human organs.
What it is
The optic nerve is a kind of transmission channel. With its help, the image enters the retinal region, then into the brain compartment.
The brain reproduces the signal, turning the description into a clear picture. The optic nerve is connected to many blood vessels from which it receives nutrition.
In a number of processes this relationship is disrupted. Die-off occurs optic nerve, subsequently blindness and disability occur.
Causes of pathology
During scientific experiments, it was found that 2/3 of cases of optic nerve atrophy were bilateral. The cause is intracranial tumors, edema and impairment vascular system, especially in patients aged 42 - 45 years.
The causes of the disease are:
- Nerve damage. These include: glaucoma chronic form, neuritis, neoplasms.
- Neuropathy (ischemic), chronic neuritis, edema is a secondary pathology.
- Hereditary neuropathy (Leber).
- Neuropathy (toxic). The disease is caused by methanol. This component is found in surrogate alcoholic drinks and medications (Disulfiram, Ethambutol).
The causes of the disease include: retinal damage, TAY-SAXS pathology, syphilis.
The development of atrophy in children is influenced by a congenital anomaly, negative hereditary factor, malnutrition of the optic nerve. Pathology entails disability.
Main classification of the disease
Atrophy of the optic nerve is determined by pathological and ophthalmoscopic signs.
Acquired and congenital form
The acquired form is primary or secondary in nature. Caused by exposure etiological factors. The process occurs as a result of: inflammation, glaucoma, myopia, and metabolic disorders in the body.
Congenital form: occurs against the background genetic pathology. There are 6 types of hereditary atrophy: infantile (from birth to 3 years), dominant (juvenile blindness from 3 to 7 years), opto-oto-diabetic (from 2 to 22 years), Beer syndrome (complicated form, appears from 1 year) , increasing (from early age, gradually progressive), Lester's disease (hereditary), occurs at the age of 15 - 35 years.
Primary and secondary atrophy
The primary form is localized in a healthy eyeball. Occurs when microcirculation and nutrition of nerve fibers are disrupted.
The occurrence of secondary atrophy is caused by various eye pathologies.
Descending and ascending form
Descending atrophy is characterized by an inflammatory process in the proximal zone of the axon. Retinal disc damage is observed.
In the ascending form, the retina is initially affected. Gradually, the destructive process is directed to the brain. The rate of degeneration will depend on the thickness of the axons. 
Partial and full degree
Diagnosing the extent of damage:
- initial (damage to some fibers);
- partial (diameter damaged);
- incomplete (the disease progresses, but vision is not completely lost);
- complete (loss of visual functions in full).
There is unilateral and bilateral atrophy. In the first case, damage to the innervation of one eye is observed, in the second - two.
Localization and intensity of optic disc pathology
Visual acuity is affected by the localization and intensity of the atrophic process:
- Modification of the field of view. The disorder is determined by topical diagnostics. The process is influenced by localization, not intensity. Damage to the papillomacular bundle provokes the occurrence of a central scotoma. Damaged optic fiber contributes to a narrowing of the peripheral limits of the visual field.
- Violation color ranges. This symptomatology is clearly expressed in the descending form of the optic disc. The course of the process is determined by previous neuritis or swelling. In the first stages of the disease, the visible outlines of green and red hues are lost.
- Pale color of the optic disc. Additional examination using campimetry is required. It is necessary to collect information about the patient's initial visual acuity. In some cases, visual sharpness exceeds one.
If unilateral atrophy is diagnosed, repeated examination will be required to avoid damage to the second eye (bilateral atrophy).
Symptoms of eye disease
The main symptoms of the onset of atrophy are expressed by progressive deterioration of vision in one or both eyes. Vision cannot be treated or improved with ordinary correction methods.
Symptoms are expressed:
- loss of lateral visibility (fields narrow);
- the appearance of tunnel vision;
- formation dark spots;
- decreased pupillary reflex to light rays.
When the optic nerve is damaged, optic neuropathy develops, which leads to partial or complete blindness.
Correct medical diagnosis
Determines the presence and extent of the disease ophthalmological examination. The patient should consult a neurosurgeon and neurologist.
To establish a correct diagnosis you need to go through:
- ophthalmoscopy (examination of the fundus of the eye);
- visometry (the degree of damage to visual perception is determined);
- perimetry (visual fields are examined);
- computer perimetry (the affected area is determined);
- evaluation score of color readings (the location of the fiber is determined);
- video - ophthalmography (the nature of the pathology is revealed);
- craniography (an X-ray of the skull is taken).
May be assigned additional examinations, which consist of undergoing a CT scan, magnetically nuclear resonance, laser Dopplerography.
Treatment of the disease - preventing disability
After diagnosis, the specialist prescribes intensive care. The doctor’s task is to eliminate the causes of the pathology, stop the progression of the atrophic process, and prevent the patient from becoming completely blind and disabled.
Effective drug treatment of the patient
It is impossible to restore dead nerve fibers. That's why therapeutic measures aimed at stopping inflammatory processes with the help of drugs.
This ophthalmological disease is treated:
- Vasodilators. The drugs stimulate blood circulation. The most effective: No-shpa, Dibazol, Papaverine.
- Anticoagulants. The action of the drugs is aimed at preventing blood clotting and the formation of thrombosis. The specialist prescribes: Heparin, Tiklid.
- Biogenic stimulants. The metabolic process in nerve tissue structures is enhanced. This group of products includes: Peat, Aloe extract.
- Vitamin complex. Vitamins are a catalyst for biochemical reactions that occur in the eye tissue structures. For the treatment of pathology, the following is prescribed: Ascorutin, B1, B6, B12.
- Immunostimulants. Promote cell regeneration, suppress inflammatory processes (in case of infection). The most effective: Ginseng, Eleutherococcus.
- Hormonal medications. Inflammatory symptoms are relieved. Prescribed: Dexamethasone, Prednisolone individually (in the absence of contraindications).
The patient receives certain results from acupuncture and physiotherapy (ultrasound, electrophoresis).
Surgical intervention - main types of operations
The surgical procedure is indicated for patients with a poor prognosis: optic nerve atrophy with the possibility of blindness.
Types of operations:
- Vasoconstructive. The temporal or carotid arteries are ligated, and the blood flow is redistributed. The blood supply to the orbital arteries improves.
- Extrascleral. Own tissue is transplanted. An antiseptic effect is created on the affected areas, causing healing effect, blood circulation is stimulated.
- Decompression. The scleral or bony canaliculus of the optic nerve is dissected. There is an outflow of venous blood. The pressure on the beam section is reduced. Result: improved functional abilities optic nerve.
After medication or surgical treatment will appropriate use alternative medicine.
Traditional medicines stimulate metabolism and increase blood circulation. The use of folk remedies is allowed after consultation with the attending physician (ophthalmologist).
Fighting illness in children
Therapy in children is aimed at saving nerve fibers and stopping the process. Without adequate treatment the child will become completely blind and disabled.
Despite measures taken at the beginning of treatment, optic atrophy often progresses and develops. In some cases, the duration of therapy will be 1 to 2 months. For advanced forms of atrophy, treatment lasts from 5 to 10 months.
After the examination, the doctor prescribes for the child:
- magnetic stimulation;
- electrical stimulation;
- vasodilators;
- biostimulating medications;
- vitamin cocktail;
- enzymes.
If taking medications does not bring results and the disease continues to progress, a course is prescribed laser therapy or operational activities.
Tabetic nerve atrophy
Tabes is a disease of the nervous system due to infection with syphilis. If timely treatment is not applied, the disease progresses, causing ocular trophic disorders.
Tabetic atrophy of the optic nerve is the only manifestation of tabes ( early symptom neurosyphilis). The tabetic form of atrophy is characterized by bilateral vision loss.
A sign of the disease is reflex immobility of the pupils. The optic nerve papilla becomes discolored and becomes gray-white.
There is a sharp decline in vision, the pathology is difficult to treat. Therapy is prescribed by a venereologist and neurologist (treatment of the primary infection is mandatory). Initially, medications are prescribed and vitamin supplements, which stimulate metabolic processes in tissue structures. 
Prescribed internally:
- vitamin A;
- ascorbic acid;
- a nicotinic acid;
- calcium (pangamate);
- riboflavin.
After three days, intramuscular injections are prescribed: vitamin B, B6, B12. The drugs are combined with aloe extract or vitreous. Treatment is carried out under the strict supervision of a specialist in a medical institution.
Atrophy due to methyl alcohol poisoning
Methyl alcohol and technical alcohol mixtures can cause serious damage to vision. Pathology sometimes occurs due to methyl alcohol poisoning.
The first sign of poisoning is characterized by: migraine, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. The pupil becomes dilated, the clarity of vision is impaired, and light reflections cannot be distinguished. Observed a sharp decline vision.
Therapy for this form of atrophy consists of using: alkalizing medications, calcium, B vitamins, ascorbic acid.
In patients diagnosed with methyl arthophy, the prognosis for recovery is pessimistic. Vision restoration is observed in only 15% of patients.
Optic nerve atrophy is damage to nerve fibers. When the process is prolonged, the neurons die, which leads to loss of vision.
Diagnosis of atrophy
When examining patients with optic atrophy, it is necessary to determine the presence concomitant diseases, the fact of taking medications and contact with chemicals, Availability bad habits, as well as complaints indicating possible intracranial lesions.
During a physical examination, the ophthalmologist determines the absence or presence of exophthalmos and examines mobility eyeballs, checks the reaction of the pupils to light, the corneal reflex. Visual acuity testing, perimetry, and color vision testing are required.
Basic information about the presence and degree of optic nerve atrophy is obtained using ophthalmoscopy. Depending on the causes and form of optic neuropathy, the ophthalmoscopic picture will differ, but there is typical characteristics, found in various types of optic nerve atrophy.
These include: pallor of the optic disc varying degrees and prevalence, changes in its contours and color (from grayish to waxy), excavation of the disc surface, a decrease in the number of small vessels on the disc (Kestenbaum’s symptom), narrowing of the caliber of the retinal arteries, changes in the veins, etc. The condition of the optic disc is clarified using tomography (optical coherence , laser scanning).
An electrophysiological study (EPS) reveals a decrease in lability and an increase in the threshold sensitivity of the optic nerve. In the glaucomatous form of optic nerve atrophy, tonometry is used to determine an increase in intraocular pressure.
Pathology of the orbit is detected using plain radiography orbits. Examination of retinal vessels is carried out using fluorescein angiography. The study of blood flow in the orbital and supratrochlear arteries, and the intracranial portion of the internal carotid artery is performed using Doppler ultrasound.
If necessary, the ophthalmological examination is supplemented by a study of the neurological status, including consultation with a neurologist, radiography of the skull and sella, CT or MRI of the brain. If a patient has a brain mass or intracranial hypertension consultation with a neurosurgeon is necessary.
In the case of a pathogenetic connection between optic nerve atrophy and systemic vasculitis, consultation with a rheumatologist is indicated. The presence of orbital tumors dictates the need to examine the patient by an ophthalmic-oncologist. Treatment tactics for occlusive lesions of the arteries (orbital, internal carotid) is determined by an ophthalmologist or vascular surgeon.
For optic nerve atrophy caused by infectious pathology, informative laboratory tests: ELISA and PCR diagnostics.
The differential diagnosis of optic atrophy should be made with peripheral cataracts and amblyopia.
Forecast
The degree of vision loss in a patient depends on two factors - the severity of damage to the nerve trunk and the time of treatment. If the pathological process has affected only a part of the neurocytes, in some cases it is possible to almost completely restore the functions of the eye, with adequate therapy.
Unfortunately, with atrophy of all nerve cells and the cessation of impulse transmission, there is a high probability of the patient developing blindness. The solution in this case may be surgical restoration of tissue nutrition, but such treatment does not guarantee the restoration of vision.
Physiotherapy
There are two physiotherapeutic techniques, whose positive effects are confirmed by scientific research:
- Pulsed magnetic therapy (MPT) - this method is not aimed at restoring cells, but at improving their functioning. Thanks to the directed influence of magnetic fields, the contents of neurons are “condensed”, which is why the generation and transmission of impulses to the brain is faster.
- Bioresonance therapy (BT) - its mechanism of action is associated with improvement metabolic processes V damaged tissues and normalization of blood flow through microscopic vessels (capillaries).
They are very specific and are used only in large regional or private ophthalmological centers, due to the need for expensive equipment. As a rule, for most patients these technologies are paid, so BMI and BT are used quite rarely.
Prevention
Optic atrophy is a serious disease.
To prevent it, you need to follow some rules:
- consultation with a specialist if there is the slightest doubt about the patient’s visual acuity;
- warning various types intoxication;
- promptly treat infectious diseases;
- do not abuse alcohol;
- monitor blood pressure;
- prevent eye and traumatic brain injuries;
- repeated blood transfusion for profuse bleeding.
Timely diagnosis and treatment can restore vision in some cases, and slow or stop the progression of atrophy in others.
Complications
The diagnosis of optic atrophy is very serious. At the slightest decrease in vision, you should immediately consult a doctor so as not to miss your chance of recovery. Without treatment and as the disease progresses, vision may disappear completely, and it will be impossible to restore it.
To prevent the occurrence of optic nerve pathologies, you must carefully monitor your health and undergo regular examination from specialists (rheumatologist, endocrinologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist). At the first signs of vision deterioration, you should consult an ophthalmologist.
Disability
Disability group I is established with IV degree of functional impairment visual analyzer— significantly pronounced dysfunctions (absolute or practical blindness) and a decrease in one of the main categories of life activity to the 3rd degree with the need for social protection.
Basic criteria of IV degree of dysfunction of the visual analyzer.
- blindness (vision equal to 0) in both eyes;
- corrected visual acuity better eye not higher than 0.04;
- bilateral concentric narrowing of the boundaries of the visual field to 10-0° from the point of fixation, regardless of the state of central visual acuity.
Disability group II is established in case of III degree of dysfunction of the visual analyzer - pronounced dysfunction (high degree of low vision), and a decrease in one of the main categories of life activity to 2 degree with the need for social protection.
The main criteria for severe visual impairment are:
- visual acuity of the better eye from 0.05 to 0.1;
- bilateral concentric narrowing of the boundaries of the visual field to 10-20° from the point of fixation, when work activity is possible only in specially created conditions.
Disability group III is established for degree II - moderate dysfunction (moderate low vision) and a decrease in one of the main categories of life activity to degree 2 with the need for social protection.
The main criteria for moderate visual impairment are:
- decrease in visual acuity of the better seeing eye from 0.1 to 0.3;
- unilateral concentric narrowing of the boundaries of the visual field from the point of fixation of less than 40°, but more than 20°;
In addition, when making a decision on the disability group, all diseases that the patient has are taken into account.
Optic nerve atrophy is characterized by the development of the process of complete or partial death of nerve fibers, accompanied by the replacement of healthy connective tissue.
Types of disease
Optic disc atrophy is divided into several types depending on its etiology. These include:
- Primary form (ascending and descending optic nerve atrophy). This pathological process develops as an independent disease. The descending type is diagnosed much more often than the ascending type. This disease is usually observed in males, since it is linked only to the X chromosome. The first manifestations of the disease occur at approximately 15-25 years of age. In this case, damage directly to the nerve fibers occurs.
- Secondary atrophy of the optic nerve. In this case, the pathological process develops against the background of other diseases. In addition, the disorder may be caused by a failure in the flow of blood to the nerve. A disease of this nature can occur in any person, regardless of his age and gender.
Based on the nature of the course, the following types of this disease are distinguished:
- Partial atrophy of the optic nerve (initial). The main difference between this type is the partial preservation of visual ability, which is most important in case of poor vision (which is why wearing glasses or contact lenses does not improve the quality of vision). Despite the fact that residual visual ability can usually be preserved, disruptions in color perception often occur. Those areas of the field of view that were saved will continue to be accessible.
- Complete atrophy of the optic nerve. IN in this case the symptoms of the disease have some similarities with such eye pathologies as cataracts and amblyopia. In addition, this type of disease can manifest itself in a non-progressive form, which does not have specific symptoms. This fact indicates that the state of the necessary visual functions remains stable. However, most often there is a progressive form of pathology, during which rapid loss of vision occurs, which, as a rule, cannot be restored. This greatly complicates the diagnostic process.
Symptoms
If optic atrophy develops, symptoms manifest themselves mainly in the form of deterioration in the quality of vision in both eyes at the same time or in just one. Restoring visual ability in this case is impossible. Depending on the type of pathology, this symptom may have different manifestations.
As the disease progresses, vision gradually deteriorates. In the most severe cases, it occurs complete atrophy optic nerve, which causes complete loss of vision. This process can last for many weeks, or can develop in a couple of days.
If partial atrophy of the optic nerve is observed, there is a gradual slowdown in progression, after which it completely stops at a certain stage. At the same time, visual activity stops decreasing.
Signs of optic nerve atrophy often appear as: Usually they narrow, which is characterized by loss of lateral vision. This symptom can be practically unnoticeable, but sometimes tunnel vision occurs, that is, when the patient is able to see only those objects that are located directly in the direction of his gaze, as if through a thin tube. Very often, with atrophy, dark, light or colored spots appear before the eyes, and it becomes difficult for a person to distinguish colors.
The appearance of dark or white spots in front of the eyes (both closed and open) indicates that the destruction process is affecting nerve fibers that are located in the central part of the retina or very close to it. Narrowing of the visual fields begins if peripheral nerve tissues have been affected.
With a more extensive spread of the pathological process, a large part of the visual field may disappear. This type of disease can spread to only one eye or affect both.
Causes
The causes of optic nerve atrophy can be different. Both acquired and congenital diseases, which are directly related to the visual organs, act as a provoking factor.
The appearance of atrophy can be triggered by the development of diseases that directly affect the nerve fibers or the retina of the eye. The following pathological processes can be cited as examples:
- mechanical damage (burn or injury) to the retina;
- inflammatory processes;
- congenital optic nerve dystrophy (OND);
- fluid stagnation and swelling;
- toxic effects of certain chemicals;
- impaired access of blood to nerve tissues;
- compression of certain areas of the nerve.
Besides, important role Diseases of the nervous and other body systems play a role in the development of this pathological process.
Quite often, the onset of this pathological condition is caused by the development of diseases that directly affect the human central nervous system. It can be;
- syphilitic brain damage;
- development of abscesses;
- neoplasms of various types in the brain;
- meningitis;
- encephalitis;
- mechanical damage to the skull;
- development of multiple sclerosis.
More rare causes are alcohol poisoning of the body and intoxication with other chemicals.
Sometimes this pathology develops against the background of hypertension or atherosclerosis, as well as other cardiovascular diseases. In rare cases, the cause may be a lack of vitamins and macroelements in the human body.
In addition to the listed reasons, the development of an atrophic disorder can be affected by obstruction of the central or peripheral retinal arteries. This is explained by the fact that these arteries provide nutrients to the organ. As a result of their blockage, metabolism is disrupted, which provokes deterioration general condition. Quite often, obstruction is a consequence of the development of glaucoma.
Diagnostics
During the examination of the patient, the doctor must identify the presence of concomitant diseases, the use of certain medications and contact with caustic substances, the presence of bad habits and symptoms indicating the development of intracranial disorders.
In most cases, diagnosing diseases of this nature does not cause great difficulties. In order to determine an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary first to check the quality visual function, namely, to determine visual acuity and fields and conduct color vision tests. After this, ophthalmoscopy is performed. This procedure makes it possible to identify the pallor of the optic disc and a decrease in the lumens of the fundus vessels, characteristic of such a disease. Another mandatory procedure is.
Very often, diagnosis involves the use of the following instrumental methods:
- X-ray examination;
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI);
- computed tomography of the brain;
- electrophysiological diagnostics;
- contrast methods (used to determine the patency of retinal vessels).
IN mandatory laboratory diagnostic methods are carried out, in particular general and biochemical blood tests.
Treatment options
Treatment for optic nerve atrophy should be carried out immediately after diagnosis. It should be remembered that it is impossible to completely get rid of the disease, but it is quite possible to slow down its progression and even stop it.
During therapy, it is necessary to take into account the fact that this pathological process is not an independent disease, but the result of diseases affecting one or another department visual organ. Therefore, in order to cure optic nerve atrophy, it is necessary to first eliminate the provoking factor.
In most cases, complex therapy is used, including the use of drugs and optical surgery. Treatment can be carried out with the following medications:
- vasodilators (Papaverine, Dibazol, Sermion);
- anticoagulants (Heparin);
- drugs that improve metabolism (aloe extract);
- vitamin complexes;
- enzyme preparations (Lidase, Fibrinolysin);
- agents that enhance immunity (Eleutherococcus extract);
- hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs (Dexamethasone);
- drugs that improve the functioning of the central nervous system (Nootropil, Emoxipin).
The listed medications can be used in the form of tablets, solutions, eye drops and injections. In the most severe cases, surgery is required. Many people are interested in whether this disease can be cured only conservative ways. Sometimes this is possible, but only a specialist can answer the question of how to treat atrophy in a particular case.
Any medicine should be taken only after prescription by the attending physician, observing the prescribed dosage. It is strictly prohibited to choose medications on your own.
Quite often, physiotherapeutic procedures are performed during the treatment of optic nerve atrophy. Acupuncture or laser and magnetic stimulation of the optic nerve are especially effective.
In some cases, treatment may be used folk remedies. To restore the optic nerve, various infusions and decoctions are used medicinal plants. However, this method can only be used as an additional therapy in combination with traditional medicine and only after consultation with your doctor.
Surgery is usually prescribed in the presence of neoplasms of various types and hereditary atrophy of the optic nerve. Surgery required if there are congenital anomalies development of the visual organ, for example Leber optic atrophy.
Currently, the following surgical methods are used for Leber optic nerve atrophy and other congenital disorders:
- extrascleral methods (the most common type surgical intervention for eye pathologies);
- vasoconstructive therapy;
- decompression methods (used very rarely).
With this pathology, symptoms and treatment are interrelated, since the doctor prescribes therapy depending on the symptoms and type of disease.
In order not to risk your vision, self-medication is strictly prohibited. At the first symptoms of a disorder, it is recommended to seek help from a doctor. In this case, you should find a suitable clinic where the disease can be treated most effectively.
Prognosis and prevention
Timely detection of complete or partial atrophy of the optic nerve and its treatment make it possible to prevent the development of destructive disorders in the tissues. Correctly prescribed therapy will help maintain the quality of visual function, and sometimes even improve it. However, to achieve full recovery vision is impossible due to severe damage and death of nerve fibers.
Lack of timely treatment can provoke very serious complications that lead not only to decreased vision, but also to its complete loss. In this case, the prognosis is disappointing, since it will no longer be possible to restore visual ability.
In order to prevent the development of this pathological process, the following rules must be observed:
- engage in prevention and timely treatment any infectious and inflammatory diseases body;
- prevent mechanical damage to the eye tissue and brain injuries;
- undergo periodic examination by a doctor and carry out all necessary diagnostic measures For early detection diseases;
- stop smoking;
- remove alcohol from your life;
- regularly measure blood pressure;
- adhere to proper nutrition;
- to live an active lifestyle;
- take regular walks in the fresh air.
A disease of this nature is very serious, therefore, at the first symptoms, it is imperative to consult a specialist and in no case self-medicate.
Video
Optic nerve atrophy is usually called the process of partial (PAN), and in some cases, complete destruction of the fibers included in the optic nerve with their replacement by connective tissue.
Causes
According to experts, partial atrophy of the optic nerve is very often caused by: heredity and congenital pathologies, some diseases of the organ of vision, pathologies in the optic nerve itself or in (including inflammation, trauma, swelling, congestion, toxic damage, dystrophy, circulatory disorders and compression of the optic nerve), diseases of the nervous system, general diseases.
Lesions of the central nervous system are considered to be the main “culprits” for the development of atrophy, these include: tumors, syphilitic lesions, meningitis, brain abscesses, encephalitis, skull injuries, multiple. In addition, the reasons for the development of such an anomaly can be atherosclerosis, hypertonic disease, quinine poisoning, profuse bleeding, vitamin deficiencies.
Tissue starvation internal structures eyes due to obstruction of the central or peripheral arteries can also cause nerve atrophy. In addition, such atrophy is considered the main symptom.
Manifestations of the disease
In ophthalmology, it is customary to divide optic nerve atrophy into primary and secondary, partial and complete, complete and progressive, as well as unilateral and bilateral.
A characteristic symptom of this pathology is uncorrectable vision loss. This symptom can appear different ways, depending on the type of atrophy. The progression of the disease leads to a continuous decrease in vision due to the death of the optic nerve, which ultimately leads to complete blindness. This process, as a rule, occurs either rapidly - in a few days, or gradually - over the course of months.
Partial atrophy of the optic nerve in its course always stops the process of vision deterioration at some stage, after which vision stabilizes. This makes it possible to distinguish between progressive and complete atrophy.
Visual impairments during the course of the disease are of a very diverse nature, including changes in visual fields (usually narrowing with loss of “lateral vision”), up to “tunnel vision”, when a person sees as if through a tube, i.e. only those objects that are directly in front of it. This condition is associated with the appearance of dark spots in some areas of the visual field or color vision disorder.
With CHAZN, changes in visual fields are not only “tunnel”, which is due to the localization of the pathological process. Thus, the development of scotomas before the eyes may indicate a change in the nerve fibers of the central part of the retina or the area immediately adjacent to it. When the nerve fibers of the periphery are affected, a narrowing of the visual fields develops, and when the lesions are deep enough, the disappearance of half the visual field is observed. These changes can develop in either one or both eyes.
Diagnosis of CHAZN
It is unacceptable to engage in self-diagnosis, and even more so self-medication, in case of optic nerve atrophy, since similar symptoms are also observed in peripheral atrophy, in which, first, lateral vision undergoes a change, with the involvement of the central parts to a greater extent. later stages. It must be remembered that optic nerve atrophy is not always an independent disease. Often, this is a manifestation of a serious disease of the nervous system. Therefore, establishing its causes in the early stages seems especially important.
The symptoms described above are a reason for immediate contact with specialists (including an ophthalmologist and a neurologist).
Diagnosis of optic atrophy is usually not difficult. To identify it, an examination is prescribed, including: determination of visual acuity, its fields, as well as tests for color perception. At the same time, it is necessary to carry out a test, which can reveal the characteristic pallor of the optic nerve head and some narrowing of the fundus. Intraocular pressure is measured.
Often, to clarify the diagnosis, an X-ray examination (craniography with an image of the sella turcica), magnetic resonance or computed tomography brain, fluorescein angiographic or electrophysiological research methods, using contrast, when inspecting the patency of retinal vessels.
Laboratory tests are also necessary - general analysis blood, its biochemistry, test for borelliosis, as well as syphilis.
Video about the latest developments in the treatment of CHAZN
Optic nerve atrophy, including partial, is almost impossible to cure, because the affected nerve fibers cannot be restored. There is little hope that there will be an effect from therapy for those fibers that are not yet completely destroyed and partially retain their vital functions. True, if this moment has already been missed, vision is lost forever.
It is worth remembering that often partial optic atrophy is not separate disease, but develops due to certain pathological processes developing in parts of the visual pathway. Therefore, its treatment, as a rule, begins with eliminating the causes of the pathology. If by this time the atrophy has not yet developed sufficiently, then within some time (sometimes up to two months) the picture will most likely normalize, with the restoration of visual functions.
Drug treatment for this disease is aimed at the timely elimination of swelling and inflammation, improving the trophism of the optic nerve and its blood circulation, and restoring the conductivity of nerve fibers.
It should be noted that this process is lengthy, with a weakly expressed effect, which is completely absent in advanced cases. Therefore, the success of treatment certainly depends on how quickly atrophy is diagnosed.
- As noted above, the main thing is the treatment of the disease that caused atrophy, therefore it is prescribed complex therapy with various forms of drugs: eye drops, injections (general and local), tablets, physiotherapy. Such treatment aims to:
- Improving blood circulation and vessels supplying the nerve. For this purpose, vasodilators are used (complamin, no-shpu, nicotinic acid, papaverine, dibazol, halidor, aminophylline, sermion, trental), as well as anticoagulants (heparin or ticlid);
- Improving tissue metabolic processes and activating the regeneration of affected tissues. For this, biogenic stimulants (aloe extract, peat, etc.), tamines (B1, B2, B6, ascorutin), enzymatic agents (fibrinolysin, lidase), essential amino acids ( glutamic acid), as well as immunostimulants (ginseng, eleuthorococcus);
- Relief of inflammatory processes through hormonal drugs(dexamethasone, );
- Improving the functions of the central nervous system (Cerebrolysin, nootropil, Fezam, emoxipin, Cavinton).
Any medications must be taken strictly according to the regimen prescribed by the attending physician after diagnosis. Since only a specialist can choose the optimal treatment, taking into account concomitant diseases.
At the same time, physiotherapeutic procedures and acupuncture may be prescribed; sessions of laser, magnetic, and electrical stimulation of optic nerve tissue.
Such treatment must be repeated in courses several times a year.
If there is an obvious decrease in vision, a disability group may be assigned.
Those who are blind due to disease and visually impaired are prescribed rehabilitation courses, which are aimed at eliminating or compensating for the limitations in life that have arisen due to loss of vision.
Remember that this disease cannot be treated with folk remedies; do not waste precious time on it when there is still a chance to cure atrophy and preserve vision.
Where to treat?
Choice medical institution for the treatment of optic nerve atrophy is a very important issue, since the result of treatment, including the prognosis for recovery, completely depends on the thoroughness of the examination and the professionalism of the doctor. Be sure to pay attention to the level of equipment of the clinic, as well as the qualifications of its specialists, because only the attention and experience of the medical staff allows you to achieve best effect in the treatment of eye diseases.
Israeli medicine In recent decades, it has been among the leaders in the field of ophthalmology. This country employs highly qualified specialists with a worldwide reputation. Thanks to the use of modern, including innovative treatment methods, and high-precision, latest equipment, it is possible to achieve significant results even in difficult cases.
One of the successful areas in ophthalmology, treatment of optic atrophy in Israel, attracts many patients from other countries, since with high quality services, the cost of procedures and manipulations is much lower than in Europe or the USA.
Leading Israeli clinics for the diagnosis and treatment of optic atrophy
Diagnosis of the condition of the optic nerves
Basic diagnostic procedures
Additional Research
- Fluorescein angiography,
- Laser Dopplerography.
Operations for optic nerve atrophy
Types of operations
- Vasoreconstructive,
- Implantation of electrodes to the optic nerve head,
- Nerve revascularization.
New methods for treating optic atrophy include tissue regenerative microsurgery, the use of stem cells and nanotechnology. The latter allow delivery using nanoparticles nutrients and medications directly to the optic nerve itself.
Treatment at the Top Assuta clinic
Oncogynecology at Top Assuta
Cost of treatment and diagnosis
Diagnostic procedures for examination for optic nerve atrophy will cost from $1,500 to $2,500. It all depends on the set necessary procedures. If the patient has fresh research results from another clinic, the doctor can take them into account.
In case of mistrust or need to clarify the diagnosis, the same diagnostic procedure can be re-prescribed in the ophthalmology department in Israel.
The cost of treatment must be clarified when contacting the clinic. You can contact a consultant through the form feedback on the website and find out approximate cost performed medical procedures.
For more information, see the section.
